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SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | 2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Revenue The Company’s revenue is primarily derived from:
• | software license revenue from sales of the Company’s Pega Platform and software applications. Software licenses represent functional intellectual property and are delivered separately from maintenance and services.
• | maintenance revenue from client support including software upgrades (on a when and-if available basis), telephone support, and bug fixes or patches.
• | services revenue from cloud revenue, which is sales of the Company’s hosted Pega Platform and software applications, and consulting revenue, which is primarily related to new software license implementations, training, and reimbursable costs.
Performance Obligations The Company’s software license and cloud arrangements often contain multiple performance obligations. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, the Company accounts for individual performance obligations separately if they are distinct. Transaction price is allocated to the separate performance obligations on a relative stand-alone selling price basis. If the transaction price contains discounts or the Company expects to provide a future price concession, these elements are considered when determining the transaction price prior to allocation. The Company’s policy is to exclude from the determination of transaction price sales and similar taxes collected from clients. The Company’s typical performance obligations are:
Performance Obligation |  | How Standalone Selling Price is Typically Determined |  | When Performance Obligation is Typically Satisfied |  | When Payment is Typically Due
Perpetual license |  | Residual approach |  | Upon transfer of control to the client, defined when the client can use and benefit from the license (point in time) |  | Effective date of the license
Term license |  | Residual approach |  | Upon transfer of control to the client, defined when the client can use and benefit from the license (point in time) |  | Annually, or more frequently, over the term of the license
Maintenance |  | Consistent pricing relationship as a percentage of the related license and observable in stand-alone renewal transactions (1) |  | Ratably over the term of the maintenance (over time) |  | Annually, or more frequently, over the term of maintenance
Consulting - time and materials |  | Observable hourly rate for time and materials-based services in similar geographies for similar contract sizes |  | Based on hours incurred to date |  | Monthly
Consulting - fixed price |  | Observable hourly rate for time and materials-based services in similar geographies for similar contract sizes multiplied by estimated hours for the project |  | Based on hours incurred as a percentage of total estimated hours |  | As contract milestones are achieved
Cloud |  | Residual approach |  | Ratably over the term of the service (over time) |  | Annually, or more frequently, over the term of the service
(1) Technical support and software updates are considered distinct services but accounted for as a single performance obligation, as they have the same pattern of transfer to the client. The Company utilizes the residual approach for performance obligations since the selling price is highly variable and stand-alone selling price is not discernible from past transactions or other observable evidence. Periodically, the Company reevaluates whether the residual approach remains appropriate. As required the Company evaluates its residual approach estimate compared to all available observable data in order to conclude the estimate is representative of its standalone selling price. If the contract grants the client the option to acquire additional products or services, the Company assesses whether the option represents a material right to the client that the client would not receive without entering into that contract. Discounts on options to purchase additional products and services that are in excess of discounts available to similar clients are accounted for as an additional performance obligation. Variable consideration The Company’s arrangements can include variable fees, such as the option to purchase additional usage of a previously delivered software license. In addition, the Company may provide pricing concessions to clients, a business practice that also gives rise to variable fees in contracts. The Company includes in the determination of total transaction price an estimate of variable fees if it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. The Company uses the expected value method to estimate variable consideration and the estimates are based on expected purchase volumes and the level of historical price concessions offered to clients. Significant financing components The Company generally does not intend to provide financing to its clients, as financing arrangements are not contemplated as part of the negotiated terms of contracts between the Company and its clients. Although there may be instances with an intervening period between the delivery of the license and the payment, typically in term license arrangements, the purpose of that timing difference is to align the client’s payment with the timing of the use of the software license or service. In certain circumstances, however, there are instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of payment due to extended payment terms or fees that are non-proportional to the associated usage of software licenses. In these instances, the Company evaluates whether a significant financing component exists. This evaluation includes determining the difference between the consideration the client would have paid at the time the performance obligation was satisfied and the amount of consideration actually paid. Contracts that include a significant financing component are adjusted for the time value of money at the rate inherent in the contract, the client’s borrowing rate, or the Company’s incremental borrowing rate depending upon the recipient of the financing. During 2018, 2017 and 2016, significant financing components were not material. Contract modifications The Company assesses contract modifications to determine:
• | if the additional products and services are distinct from the products and services in the original arrangement; and
• | if the amount of consideration expected for the added products and services reflects the stand-alone selling price of those products and services.
A contract modification meeting both criteria is accounted for as a separate contract. A contract modification not meeting both criteria is considered a change to the original contract and is accounted for on either:
• | a prospective basis as a termination of the existing contract and the creation of a new contract; or
• | a cumulative catch-up basis.
Deferred contract costs The Company recognizes an asset for the incremental costs of obtaining a client contract, primarily related to sales commissions, if the Company expects to benefit from those costs for more than one year. Deferred contract costs are allocated to each performance obligation within the contract and amortized over the expected benefit period of the related performance obligations. The expected benefit period is determined based on the length of the client contracts, client attrition rates, the underlying technology life-cycle, and the influence of the competitive marketplace in which the products and services are sold. Deferred costs for maintenance renewals and cloud arrangements are amortized over an average expected benefit period of five years. Deferred costs for software licenses and consulting are amortized over a period that is consistent with the pattern of transfer of control for the related products and services. Financial instruments The principal financial instruments held by the Company consist of cash equivalents, marketable securities, receivables, and accounts payable. The Company considers debt securities that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash with maturities of three months or less from the purchase date to be cash equivalents. Interest is recorded when earned. All of the Company’s investments are classified as available-for-sale and are carried at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses considered to be temporary in nature are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of related income taxes. The Company reviews all investments for reductions in fair value that are other-than-temporary. When such reductions occur, the cost of the investment is adjusted to fair value through recording a loss on investments in the consolidated statements of operations. Gains and losses on investments are calculated based upon the specific investment. See "Note 4. Receivables, Contract Assets, And Deferred Revenue" and "Note 11. Fair Value Measurements" for additional information. Property and equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which are three years for computer equipment and five years for furniture and fixtures. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the term of the lease or the useful life of the asset. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Internal-use software The Company capitalizes and amortizes certain direct costs associated with computer software developed or purchased for internal use incurred during the application development stage. Costs related to preliminary project activities and post implementation activities are expensed as incurred. The Company amortizes capitalized software costs generally over three to five years, commencing on the date the software is placed into service. Goodwill Goodwill represents the residual purchase price paid in a business combination after the fair value of all identified assets and liabilities have been recorded. Goodwill is not amortized. The Company has a single reporting unit. The Company performed a qualitative assessment as of November 30, 2018, 2017, and 2016, and concluded that there was no impairment since it was not more likely than not that the fair value of its reporting unit was less than its carrying value. Intangible and long-lived assets All of the Company’s intangible assets are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful life. The Company evaluates its long-lived tangible and intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Impairment is assessed by comparing the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the intangible asset to its carrying value. If impairment exists, the Company calculates the impairment by comparing the carrying value of the intangible asset to its fair value as determined by discounted expected cash flows. The Company did not have any impairments in the 2018, 2017, or 2016. Business combinations The Company uses its best estimates and assumptions to accurately assign fair value to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date. The Company’s estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. During the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the fair value of these tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. In addition, uncertain tax positions and tax-related valuation allowances are initially established in connection with a business combination as of the acquisition date. The Company continues to collect information and reevaluates these estimates and assumptions quarterly and records any adjustments to the Company’s preliminary estimates to goodwill provided that the Company is within the measurement period. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the fair value of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Research and development and software development costs Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Capitalization of computer software developed for resale begins upon the establishment of technological feasibility, generally demonstrated by a working model or an operative version of the computer software product. Such costs have not been material to date, as technological feasibility is established within a short time frame from the software’s general availability and, as a result, no costs were capitalized in 2018, 2017, or 2016. Stock-based compensation The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense associated with equity awards based on the fair value of these awards at the grant date. Stock-based compensation is recognized over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the equity award and is adjusted each period for anticipated forfeitures. See "Note 13. Stock-Based Compensation" for discussion of the Company’s key assumptions included in determining the fair value of its equity awards at the grant date. Foreign currency translation and remeasurement The translation of assets and liabilities for the Company’s subsidiaries with functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar are made at period-end exchange rates. Revenue and expense accounts are translated at the average exchange rates during the period transactions occurred. The resulting translation adjustments are reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income. Realized and unrealized exchange gains or losses from transactions and remeasurement adjustments are reflected in foreign currency transaction gain (loss) in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Accounting for income taxes The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on temporary differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The Company regularly assesses the need for a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets. Future realization of the Company’s deferred tax assets ultimately depends on the existence of sufficient taxable income within the available carryback or carryforward periods. Sources of taxable income include taxable income in prior carryback years, future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, tax planning strategies, and future taxable income. The Company records a valuation allowance to reduce its deferred tax assets to an amount it believes is more-likely-than-not to be realized. Changes in the valuation allowance impacts income tax expense in the period of adjustment. The Company’s deferred tax valuation allowance requires significant judgment and uncertainties, including assumptions about future taxable income that are based on historical and projected information. The Company recognizes excess tax benefits when they are realized, as a reduction of the provision for income taxes. The Company assesses its income tax positions and records tax benefits based upon management’s evaluation of the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date. For those tax positions where it is more-likely-than-not that a tax benefit will be sustained, the Company records the largest amount of tax benefit with a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority having full knowledge of all relevant information. For those income tax positions where it is not more-likely-than-not that a tax benefit will be sustained, no tax benefit is recognized in the financial statements. The Company classifies liabilities for uncertain tax positions as non-current liabilities unless the uncertainty is expected to be resolved within one year. The Company classifies interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions as income tax expense. As a global company, the Company uses significant judgment to calculate and provide for income taxes in each of the tax jurisdictions in which it operates. In the ordinary course of the Company’s business, there are transactions and calculations undertaken whose ultimate tax outcome cannot be certain. Some of these uncertainties arise as a consequence of transfer pricing for transactions with the Company’s subsidiaries and nexus and tax credit estimates. In addition, the calculation of acquired tax attributes and the associated limitations are complex. See "Note 15. Income Taxes" for additional information. Advertising expense Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs were $6.9 million, $6.1 million, and $8.9 million during 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. Revenue Standard Adopted On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted the ASC 606 revenue recognition standard and has adjusted prior periods to conform to the new standard. The most significant adoption impacts were:
• | Perpetual licenses with extended payment terms and term licenses - Revenue from perpetual licenses with extended payment terms and term licenses is now recognized when control is transferred to the client, which is defined as the point in time when the client can use and benefit from the license. Previously, the Company recognized revenue over the term of the agreements as payments became due or earlier if prepaid. Any unrecognized license revenue from these arrangements is recognized in the period that control transfers or as a cumulative adjustment to retained earnings as of January 1, 2016. Unbilled receivables in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets increased significantly upon adoption due to the revenue from term licenses being recognized prior to amounts being due, or prepaid, by clients and perpetual licenses with extended payment terms.
• | Allocation of future credits and significant discounts - Perpetual and term licenses are a separate performance obligation and the Company is now required to allocate any future credits and discounts to performance obligations in the arrangement based upon their relative stand-alone selling prices, determined using the residual approach.
• | Deferred contract costs - Sales incentive programs and other incremental costs to obtain a contract were previously expensed when incurred. ASC 340-40 requires these costs be recognized as an asset when incurred and expensed over the period of expected benefit, which is on average five years. This change primarily impacts the Company’s contracts related to multi-year cloud offerings, maintenance on term and perpetual licenses, and multi-year term and perpetual licenses with client usage rights that increase over time.
For additional information on the Company’s accounting policies because of the adoption of ASC 606 and ASC 340-40 see "Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies". The impact of the adoption of ASC 606 and ASC 340-40 on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and consolidated statement of operations is:
| December 31, 2017
(in thousands) | Previously Reported |  | Adjustments |  | As Adjusted
Assets |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, unbilled receivables, and contract assets | $ | 248,331 |  |  | $ | 135,402 |  |  | $ | 383,733 |
Long-term unbilled receivables | — |  |  | 160,708 |  |  | 160,708 |
Deferred income taxes | 57,127 |  |  | (42,887 | ) |  | 14,240 |
Deferred contract costs | — |  |  | 37,924 |  |  | 37,924 |
Other assets (1) | 416,148 |  |  | — |  |  | 416,148 |
Total assets | $ | 721,606 |  |  | $ | 291,147 |  |  | $ | 1,012,753 |
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |
Deferred revenue | $ | 195,073 |  |  | $ | (29,223 | ) |  | $ | 165,850 |
Long-term deferred revenue | 6,591 |  |  | (2,885 | ) |  | 3,706 |
Deferred income tax liabilities | — |  |  | 38,463 |  |  | 38,463 |
Other liabilities (2) | 148,864 |  |  | — |  |  | 148,864 |
Total liabilities | 350,528 |  |  | 6,355 |  |  | 356,883 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | (3,494 | ) |  | (2,979 | ) |  | (6,473 | )
Retained earnings | 221,926 |  |  | 287,771 |  |  | 509,697 |
Other equity (3) | 152,646 |  |  | — |  |  | 152,646 |
Total stockholders’ equity | 371,078 |  |  | 284,792 |  |  | 655,870 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 721,606 |  |  | $ | 291,147 |  |  | $ | 1,012,753 |
(1) Includes cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, income taxes receivable, other current assets, property and equipment, intangible assets, goodwill, and other long-term assets (as reflected in the consolidated balance sheets in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017). (2) Includes accounts payable, accrued expenses, accrued compensation, and related expenses, income taxes payable, and other long-term liabilities (as reflected in the consolidated balance sheets in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017). (3) Includes common stock, additional paid-in capital, and net unrealized loss on available-for-sale marketable securities (as reflected in the consolidated balance sheets in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017).
| 2017 |  | 2016
(in thousands, except per share amounts) | Previously Reported |  | Adjustments |  | As Adjusted |  | Previously Reported |  | Adjustments |  | As Adjusted
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Software license | $ | 288,334 |  |  | $ | 50,960 |  |  | $ | 339,294 |  |  | $ | 279,995 |  |  | $ | 17,289 |  |  | $ | 297,284 |
Maintenance | 244,347 |  |  | (2,027 | ) |  | 242,320 |  |  | 220,336 |  |  | (1,701 | ) |  | 218,635 |
Services | 307,901 |  |  | (1,048 | ) |  | 306,853 |  |  | 249,935 |  |  | (3,625 | ) |  | 246,310 |
Total revenue | 840,582 |  |  | 47,885 |  |  | 888,467 |  |  | 750,266 |  |  | 11,963 |  |  | 762,229 |
Cost of revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Software license | 5,085 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,085 |  |  | 4,943 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,943 |
Maintenance | 27,905 |  |  | — |  |  | 27,905 |  |  | 25,505 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,505 |
Services | 246,683 |  |  | — |  |  | 246,683 |  |  | 208,808 |  |  | — |  |  | 208,808 |
Total cost of revenue | 279,673 |  |  | — |  |  | 279,673 |  |  | 239,256 |  |  | — |  |  | 239,256 |
Gross profit | 560,909 |  |  | 47,885 |  |  | 608,794 |  |  | 511,010 |  |  | 11,963 |  |  | 522,973 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling and marketing | 307,210 |  |  | (6,632 | ) |  | 300,578 |  |  | 278,849 |  |  | (922 | ) |  | 277,927 |
Research and development | 162,886 |  |  | — |  |  | 162,886 |  |  | 145,548 |  |  | — |  |  | 145,548 |
General and administrative | 52,153 |  |  | — |  |  | 52,153 |  |  | 45,951 |  |  | — |  |  | 45,951 |
Acquisition-related | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,903 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,903 |
Total operating expenses | 522,249 |  |  | (6,632 | ) |  | 515,617 |  |  | 473,251 |  |  | (922 | ) |  | 472,329 |
Income from operations | 38,660 |  |  | 54,517 |  |  | 93,177 |  |  | 37,759 |  |  | 12,885 |  |  | 50,644 |
Foreign currency transaction (loss) gain | (900 | ) |  | (5,513 | ) |  | (6,413 | ) |  | 2,247 |  |  | 7,113 |  |  | 9,360 |
Interest income, net | 731 |  |  | 131 |  |  | 862 |  |  | 776 |  |  | 135 |  |  | 911 |
Other expense, net | (1,391 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,391 | ) |  | (5,580 | ) |  | — |  |  | (5,580 | )
Income before provision (benefit) for income taxes | 37,100 |  |  | 49,135 |  |  | 86,235 |  |  | 35,202 |  |  | 20,133 |  |  | 55,335 |
Provision (benefit) for income taxes | 4,166 |  |  | (16,479 | ) |  | (12,313 | ) |  | 8,216 |  |  | 2,104 |  |  | 10,320 |
Net income | $ | 32,934 |  |  | $ | 65,614 |  |  | $ | 98,548 |  |  | $ | 26,986 |  |  | $ | 18,029 |  |  | $ | 45,015 |
Earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.43 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.27 |  |  | $ | 0.35 |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.59 |
Diluted | $ | 0.40 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.19 |  |  | $ | 0.34 |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.56 |
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 77,431 |  |  |  |  | 77,431 |  |  | 76,343 |  |  |  |  | 76,343 |
Diluted | 82,832 |  |  |  |  | 82,832 |  |  | 79,732 |  |  |  |  | 79,732 |
Adoption of ASC 606 and ASC 340-40 did not change the Company’s total cash provided by or used in operating, financing, or investing activities in the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows for 2017 or 2016. The Company recorded a cumulative-effect adjustment, as of January 1, 2016, to increase retained earnings by $204.1 million due to the adoption of ASC 606 and ASC 340-40 Accounting standards not yet adopted
Standard |  | Description |  | Effective Date
ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)” |  | This standard requires lessees to record most leases on their balance sheets. A modified retrospective transition approach is required, applying the new standard to all leases existing at the date of initial application. An entity may choose to use either: (1) its effective date or (2) the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements as its date of initial application. The Company implemented a new lease management system, which included an assessment of the impact of the new guidance on the Company’s financial position and results of operation. The Company will use the effective date as the date of initial application. As part of adoption the Company does not expect to utilize the hindsight practical expedient but does expect to utilize the package of transition practical expedients available under the standard to not: 1. Reassess whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases. 2. Reassess the lease classification for any expired or existing leases (that is, all existing leases that were classified as operating leases in accordance with Topic 840 will be classified as operating leases, and all existing leases that were classified as capital leases in accordance with Topic 840 will be classified as finance leases). 3. Reassess initial direct costs for any existing leases. On adoption, the Company expects to recognize additional operating liabilities for the Company’s existing operating leases, principally composed of office leases, that are currently not recognized on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets with a corresponding right of use assets based on the present value of the remaining minimum rental payments under current leasing standards for existing operating leases. The Company does not expect a material impact to its results of operations from adoption. |  | January 1, 2019
ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” |  | This standard requires the measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets measured at amortized cost, including trade accounts receivable, upon initial recognition of that financial asset using a forward-looking expected loss model, rather than an incurred loss model for credit losses. Credit losses relating to available-for-sale debt securities should be recorded through an allowance for credit losses when the fair value is below the amortized cost of the asset, removing the concept of “other-than-temporary” impairments. The Company is currently evaluating the effect this ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. |  | January 1, 2020 (1)
(1) Early adoption is permitted

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