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Employee Benefits (Notes) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2015
Defined Benefit Pension Plans and Defined Benefit Postretirement Plans Disclosure [Abstract] |
Employee Benefits | Employee Benefits Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans We have a defined benefit pension plan covering certain U.S. employees (the “Domestic Pension Plan”) that consists of approximately 3,700 participants and is closed to new participants. We also have numerous funded and unfunded plans outside the U.S. The Interpublic Limited Pension Plan in the U.K. is a defined benefit plan and is our most material foreign pension plan in terms of the benefit obligation and plan assets. Some of our domestic and foreign subsidiaries provide postretirement health benefits and life insurance to eligible employees and, in certain cases, their dependents. The domestic postretirement benefit plan is our most material postretirement benefit plan in terms of the benefit obligation. This plan consists of approximately 1,900 participants, is closed to new participants and is unfunded. Differences between the aggregate income statement and balance sheet amounts listed in the tables below and the totals reported in our Consolidated Statements of Operations, Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income and Consolidated Balance Sheets relate to non-material foreign pension and postretirement benefit plans. Pension and Postretirement Benefit Obligation The change in the benefit obligation, the change in plan assets, the funded status and amounts recognized for the Domestic Pension Plan, the significant foreign pension plans and the domestic postretirement benefit plan are listed below.
| Domestic Pension Plan |  | Foreign Pension Plans |  | Domestic Postretirement Benefit Plan
December 31, | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Benefit Obligation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Projected benefit obligation as of January 1 | $ | 146.9 |  |  | $ | 133.1 |  |  | $ | 589.5 |  |  | $ | 569.9 |  |  | $ | 39.5 |  |  | $ | 37.9 |
Service cost | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 11.1 |  |  | 10.3 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.1 |
Interest cost | 0.3 |  |  | 6.2 |  |  | 18.9 |  |  | 23.4 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 1.7 |
Benefits paid | (9.3 | ) |  | (10.4 | ) |  | (20.9 | ) |  | (24.1 | ) |  | (5.9 | ) |  | (5.6 | )
Plan participant contributions | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 1.5 |
Actuarial (gains) losses | (11.0 | ) |  | 18.0 |  |  | (28.0 | ) |  | 55.7 |  |  | (2.3 | ) |  | 4.4 |
Settlements and curtailments | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | (2.4 | ) |  | (4.0 | ) |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |
Foreign currency effect | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | (30.1 | ) |  | (42.8 | ) |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |
Other | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | (0.7 | ) |  | 0.5 |  |  | (0.4 | ) |  | (0.5 | )
Projected benefit obligation as of December 31 | $ | 126.9 |  |  | $ | 146.9 |  |  | $ | 537.9 |  |  | $ | 589.5 |  |  | $ | 33.9 |  |  | $ | 39.5 |
Fair Value of Plan Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets as of January 1 | $ | 111.5 |  |  | $ | 109.6 |  |  | $ | 415.5 |  |  | $ | 398.5 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |
Actual return on plan assets | (4.3 | ) |  | 9.6 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | 44.7 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |
Employer contributions | 3.2 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 21.6 |  |  | 25.7 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 4.1 |
Plan participant contributions | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 1.5 |
Benefits paid | (9.3 | ) |  | (10.4 | ) |  | (20.9 | ) |  | (24.1 | ) |  | (5.9 | ) |  | (5.6 | )
Settlements | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | (2.0 | ) |  | (4.0 | ) |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |
Foreign currency effect | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | (19.1 | ) |  | (25.9 | ) |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.0 |
Fair value of plan assets as of December 31 | $ | 101.1 |  |  | $ | 111.5 |  |  | $ | 399.6 |  |  | $ | 415.5 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |
Funded status of the plans at December 31 | $ | (25.8 | ) |  | $ | (35.4 | ) |  | $ | (138.3 | ) |  | $ | (174.0 | ) |  | $ | (33.9 | ) |  | $ | (39.5 | )
| Domestic Pension Plan |  | Foreign Pension Plans |  | Domestic Postretirement Benefit Plan
December 31, | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Amounts recognized in Consolidated Balance Sheets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-current asset | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 8.8 |  |  | $ | 8.3 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |
Current liability | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | (6.4 | ) |  | (8.0 | ) |  | (3.5 | ) |  | (4.0 | )
Non-current liability | (25.8 | ) |  | (35.4 | ) |  | (140.7 | ) |  | (174.3 | ) |  | (30.4 | ) |  | (35.5 | )
Net liability recognized | $ | (25.8 | ) |  | $ | (35.4 | ) |  | $ | (138.3 | ) |  | $ | (174.0 | ) |  | $ | (33.9 | ) |  | $ | (39.5 | )
Accumulated benefit obligation | $ | 126.9 |  |  | $ | 146.9 |  |  | $ | 518.6 |  |  | $ | 566.2 |  |  |  |  |
Amounts recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss | $ | 49.9 |  |  | $ | 56.1 |  |  | $ | 137.3 |  |  | $ | 161.0 |  |  | $ | 0.6 |  |  | $ | 2.9 |
Prior service cost (credit) | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | (0.7 | ) |  | (0.4 | )
Total amount recognized | $ | 49.9 |  |  | $ | 56.1 |  |  | $ | 137.9 |  |  | $ | 162.1 |  |  | $ | (0.1 | ) |  | $ | 2.5 |
In 2016, we estimate that we will recognize $7.5 and $3.7 of net actuarial losses from accumulated other comprehensive loss, net into net periodic cost related to our domestic pension plan and significant foreign pension plans, respectively.
| Domestic Pension Plan |  | Foreign Pension Plans
December 31, | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Pension plans with underfunded or unfunded accumulated benefit obligation |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aggregate projected benefit obligation | $ | 126.9 |  |  | $ | 146.9 |  |  | $ | 525.9 |  |  | $ | 577.1 |
Aggregate accumulated benefit obligation | 126.9 |  |  | 146.9 |  |  | 511.1 |  |  | 559.5 |
Aggregate fair value of plan assets | 101.1 |  |  | 111.5 |  |  | 379.2 |  |  | 395.8 |
Net Periodic Cost The components of net periodic benefit cost and key assumptions are listed below.
| Domestic Pension Plan |  | Foreign Pension Plans |  | Domestic Postretirement Benefit Plan
Years ended December 31, | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Service cost | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 11.1 |  |  | $ | 10.3 |  |  | $ | 9.9 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |
Interest cost | 0.3 |  |  | 6.2 |  |  | 5.5 |  |  | 18.9 |  |  | 23.4 |  |  | 21.7 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 1.6 |
Expected return on plan assets | (7.6 | ) |  | (7.3 | ) |  | (7.7 | ) |  | (20.6 | ) |  | (24.7 | ) |  | (19.2 | ) |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |
Settlement and curtailment (gains) losses | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  | 0.5 |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |
Amortization of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prior service cost (credit) | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | (0.2 | ) |  | (0.1 | )
Net actuarial losses | 6.5 |  |  | 6.6 |  |  | 7.9 |  |  | 4.1 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 2.8 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |
Net periodic cost | $ | (0.8 | ) |  | $ | 5.5 |  |  | $ | 5.7 |  |  | $ | 13.4 |  |  | $ | 13.1 |  |  | $ | 15.3 |  |  | $ | 1.4 |  |  | $ | 1.6 |  |  | $ | 1.6 |
Assumptions
| Domestic Pension Plan |  | Foreign Pension Plans |  | Domestic Postretirement Benefit Plan
Years ended December 31, | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Net periodic cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount rate | 4.15 | % |  | 4.85 | % |  | 4.00 | % |  | 3.41 | % |  | 4.29 | % |  | 4.32 | % |  | 4.00 | % |  | 4.85 | % |  | 4.00 | %
Rate of compensation increase | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | 2.99 | % |  | 3.97 | % |  | 3.57 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
Expected return on plan assets | 7.00 | % |  | 7.00 | % |  | 7.00 | % |  | 5.01 | % |  | 6.18 | % |  | 5.24 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
Benefit obligation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount rate | 4.80 | % |  | 4.15 | % |  | 4.85 | % |  | 3.61 | % |  | 3.41 | % |  | 4.29 | % |  | 4.65 | % |  | 4.00 | % |  | 4.85 | %
Rate of compensation increase | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | 3.25 | % |  | 2.98 | % |  | 3.97 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Initial rate (weighted-average) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7.00 | % |  | 7.00 | % |  | 7.50 | %
Year ultimate rate is reached |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2019 |
Ultimate rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5.00 | % |  | 5.00 | % |  | 5.00 | %
Discount Rates – At December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, we determined our discount rates for our Domestic Pension Plan, foreign pension plans and domestic postretirement benefit plan based on either a bond selection/settlement approach or bond yield curve approach. Using the bond selection/settlement approach, we determine the discount rate by selecting a portfolio of corporate bonds appropriate to provide for the projected benefit payments. Using the bond yield curve approach, we determine the discount rate by matching the plans' cash flows to spot rates developed from a yield curve. Both approaches utilize high-quality AA-rated corporate bonds and the plans' projected cash flows to develop a discounted value of the benefit payments, which is then used to develop a single discount rate. In countries where markets for high-quality long-term AA corporate bonds are not well developed, a portfolio of long-term government bonds is used as a basis to develop hypothetical corporate bond yields, which serve as a basis to derive the discount rate. Expected Return on Assets – Our expected rate of return is determined at the beginning of each year and considers asset class index returns over various market and economic conditions, current and expected market conditions, risk premiums associated with asset classes and long-term inflation rates. We determine both a short-term and long-term view and then select a long-term rate of return assumption that matches the duration of our liabilities. Fair Value of Pension Plan Assets The following table presents the fair value of our domestic and foreign pension plan assets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized to determine such fair value. See Note 11 for a description of the fair value hierarchy.
| December 31, 2015 |  | December 31, 2014
Asset Class | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Investment funds | $ | 16.8 |  |  | $ | 335.8 |  |  | $ | 57.9 |  |  | $ | 410.5 |  |  | $ | 18.8 |  |  | $ | 372.6 |  |  | $ | 40.1 |  |  | $ | 431.5 |
Limited partnerships | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 31.0 |  |  | 31.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 32.1 |  |  | 32.1 |
Fixed income securities | 22.1 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 22.5 |  |  | 17.6 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 19.0 |
Insurance contracts | 0.0 |  |  | 13.7 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 13.7 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 19.3 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 19.3 |
Other | 23.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 23.0 |  |  | 24.8 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 25.1 |
Total | $ | 61.9 |  |  | $ | 349.9 |  |  | $ | 88.9 |  |  | $ | 500.7 |  |  | $ | 61.2 |  |  | $ | 393.3 |  |  | $ | 72.5 |  |  | $ | 527.0 |
Investment funds include mutual funds, common/collective trusts, hedge funds and other commingled assets that are invested primarily in equity and fixed income securities. Mutual funds, which are publicly traded, are primarily valued using recently reported sales prices. All other investment funds, which are not publicly traded, are valued based on the net asset value of shares held by the plan at year end, which reflects the fair value of the underlying investments. Limited partnerships are invested primarily in equity and fixed income securities. Fixed income securities include government and investment-grade corporate bonds. Insurance contracts are valued based on the cash surrender value of the contract. Other investments primarily include cash and cash equivalents, equity securities and derivatives. The following table presents additional information about our domestic and foreign pension plan assets for which we utilize Level 3 inputs to determine fair value.
| Year ended December 31, 2015 |  | Year ended December 31, 2014
| Investment Funds |  | Limited Partnerships |  | Other |  | Total |  | Investment Funds |  | Limited Partnerships |  | Other |  | Total
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 40.1 |  |  | $ | 32.1 |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 72.5 |  |  | $ | 25.4 |  |  | $ | 36.1 |  |  | $ | 0.6 |  |  | $ | 62.1 |
Actual return on assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets sold during the year | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.4 |
Assets still held at year end | (0.7 | ) |  | (1.1 | ) |  | 0.0 |  |  | (1.8 | ) |  | (0.7 | ) |  | (0.3 | ) |  | (0.3 | ) |  | (1.3 | )
Net purchases, sales and settlements | 18.5 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 18.6 |  |  | 15.2 |  |  | (3.9 | ) |  | 0.0 |  |  | 11.3 |
Transfers in/out of Level 3 | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | (0.4 | ) |  | (0.4 | ) |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |
Balance at end of period | $ | 57.9 |  |  | $ | 31.0 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 88.9 |  |  | $ | 40.1 |  |  | $ | 32.1 |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 72.5 |
Asset Allocation The primary investment goal for our plans’ assets is to maximize total asset returns while ensuring the plans’ assets are available to fund the plans’ liabilities as they become due. The plans’ assets in aggregate and at the individual portfolio level are invested so that total portfolio risk exposure and risk-adjusted returns best achieve this objective. The aggregate amount of our own stock held as investment for our domestic and foreign pension funds is considered negligible relative to the total fund assets. As of December 31, 2015, the weighted-average target and actual asset allocations relating to our domestic and foreign pension plans' assets are listed below.
|  |  |  | December 31,
Asset Class |  | 2016 Target Allocation |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Equity securities |  | 23 | % |  | 22 | % |  | 22 | %
Fixed income securities |  | 41 | % |  | 38 | % |  | 46 | %
Real estate |  | 8 | % |  | 7 | % |  | 5 | %
Other |  | 28 | % |  | 33 | % |  | 27 | %
Total |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %
Cash Flows During 2015, we contributed $3.2 and $21.6 of cash to our domestic and foreign pension plans, respectively. For 2016, we expect to contribute approximately $21.0 of cash to our foreign pension plans. We expect to make no contributions to our Domestic Pension Plan in 2016. The following estimated future benefit payments, which reflect future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid in the years indicated below.
Years | Domestic Pension Plan |  | Foreign Pension Plans |  | Domestic Postretirement Benefit Plan
2016 | $ | 13.1 |  |  | $ | 21.1 |  |  | $ | 3.9 |
2017 | 12.9 |  |  | 23.1 |  |  | 3.8 |
2018 | 8.6 |  |  | 24.0 |  |  | 3.7 |
2019 | 8.4 |  |  | 24.6 |  |  | 3.5 |
2020 | 8.2 |  |  | 22.2 |  |  | 3.3 |
2021 - 2025 | 38.7 |  |  | 126.5 |  |  | 13.6 |
The estimated future payments for our domestic postretirement benefit plan are before any estimated federal subsidies expected to be received under the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003. The following federal subsidies are expected to be received in the years indicated below.
Years |  | Domestic Postretirement Benefit Plan
2016 |  | $ | 0.4 |
2017 |  | 0.4 |
2018 |  | 0.4 |
2019 |  | 0.4 |
2020 |  | 0.4 |
2021 - 2025 |  | 1.9 |
Savings Plans We sponsor defined contribution plans (the “Savings Plans”) that cover substantially all domestic employees. The Savings Plans permit participants to make contributions on a pre-tax and/or after-tax basis and allow participants to choose among various investment alternatives. We match a portion of participant contributions based upon their years of service. Amounts expensed for the Savings Plans for 2015, 2014 and 2013 were $44.5, $43.0 and $37.7, respectively. Expenses include a discretionary Company contribution of $5.8, $5.2 and $4.9 offset by participant forfeitures of $3.8, $3.6 and $3.3 in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. In addition, we maintain defined contribution plans in various foreign countries and contributed $43.9, $42.4 and $36.9 to these plans in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Deferred Compensation and Benefit Arrangements We have deferred compensation arrangements which (i) permit certain of our key officers and employees to defer a portion of their salary or incentive compensation or (ii) require us to contribute an amount to the participant’s account. The arrangements typically provide that the participant will receive the amounts deferred plus interest upon attaining certain conditions, such as completing a certain number of years of service or upon retirement or termination. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the deferred compensation liability balance was $95.7 and $97.7, respectively. Amounts expensed for deferred compensation arrangements in 2015, 2014 and 2013 were $6.3, $9.8 and $13.4, respectively. We have deferred benefit arrangements with certain key officers and employees that provide participants with an annual payment, payable when the participant attains a certain age and after the participant’s employment has terminated. The deferred benefit liability was $141.5 and $153.2 as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Amounts expensed for deferred benefit arrangements in 2015, 2014 and 2013 were $9.7, $10.8 and $14.0, respectively. We have purchased life insurance policies on participants’ lives to assist in the funding of the related deferred compensation and deferred benefit liabilities. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the cash surrender value of these policies was $167.0 and $165.6, respectively. In addition to the life insurance policies, certain investments are held for the purpose of paying the deferred compensation and deferred benefit liabilities. These investments, along with the life insurance policies, are held in a separate revocable trust for the purpose of paying the deferred compensation and the deferred benefit arrangement liabilities. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the value of such investments in the trust was $10.7 and $8.5, respectively. The short-term investments are included in cash and cash equivalents, and the long-term investments and cash surrender value of the policies are included in other assets. Long-Term Disability Plan We have a long-term disability plan which provides income replacement benefits to eligible participants who are unable to perform their job duties or any job related to his or her education, training or experience. As all income replacement benefits are fully insured, no related obligation is required as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. In addition to income replacement benefits, plan participants may remain covered for certain health and life insurance benefits up to normal retirement age, and accordingly, we have recorded an obligation of $8.0 as of December 31, 2015 and 2014.

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