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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-K

| ☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022
or

| ☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number: 1-6686
THE INTERPUBLIC GROUP OF COMPANIES, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 13-1024020
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

909 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10022
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
(212)704-1200
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.10 per share | IPG | The New York Stock Exchange

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No ý
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer |  | ¨
Non-accelerated filer |  | ¨ |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company |  | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ý
As of June 30, 2022, the aggregate market value of the shares of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates was approximately $10.8 billion. The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding as of February 15, 2023 was 385,107,739.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
The following sections of the Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 25, 2023 are incorporated by reference in Part III: “Election of Directors,” “Director Selection Process,” “Code of Conduct,” “Committees of the Board of Directors,” “Audit Committee Report,” “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports,” “Executive Compensation,” “Non-Management Director Compensation,” “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Compensation and Leadership Talent Committee Report,” “Outstanding Shares and Ownership of Common Stock,” “Transactions with Related Persons,” “Director Independence” and “Appointment of Registered Public Accounting Firm.”

TABLE OF CONTENTS

| Page
PART I
Item 1. | Business | 2
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 11
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 17
Item 2. | Properties | 17
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 17
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 17
PART II
Item 5. | Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 18
Item 6. | [Reserved] |
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 19
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 44
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 46
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 95
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 95
Item 9B. | Other Information | 95
Item 9C. | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections | 95
PART III
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 96
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 96
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 96
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 96
Item 14. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 96
PART IV
Item 15. | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules | 97
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 97

STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING DISCLOSURE
This annual report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements. Statements in this report that are not historical facts, including statements regarding goals, intentions, and expectations as to future plans, trends, events, or future results of operations or financial position, constitute forward-looking statements. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “project,” “forecast,” “plan,” “intend,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “estimate,” “will likely result” or comparable terminology are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that are subject to risks and uncertainties, which could cause our actual results and outcomes to differ materially from those reflected in the forward-looking statements.
Actual results and outcomes could differ materially for a variety of reasons, including, among others:
•the effects of a challenging economy on the demand for our advertising and marketing services, on our clients’ financial condition and on our business or financial condition;
•our ability to attract new clients and retain existing clients;
•our ability to retain and attract key employees;
•the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, including potential developments like the emergence of more transmissible or virulent coronavirus variants, and associated mitigation measures, such as restrictions on businesses, social activities and travel, on the economy, our clients and demand for our services;
•risks associated with the effects of global, national and regional economic and political conditions, including counterparty risks and fluctuations in interest rates, inflation rates and currency exchange rates;
•the economic or business impact of military or political conflict in key markets;
•risks associated with assumptions we make in connection with our critical accounting estimates, including changes in assumptions associated with any effects of a challenging economy;
•potential adverse effects if we are required to recognize impairment charges or other adverse accounting-related developments;
•developments from changes in the regulatory and legal environment for advertising and marketing services companies around the world, including laws and regulations related to data protection and consumer privacy; and
•the impact on our operations of general or directed cybersecurity events;
Investors should carefully consider the foregoing factors and the other risks and uncertainties that may affect our business, including those outlined under Item 1A, Risk Factors, in this annual report on Form 10-K and our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q. Investors are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date they are made. We undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any of them in light of new information, future events, or otherwise.
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PART I

Item 1. | Business

The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc. ("Interpublic," the "Company," "IPG," "we," "us" or "our") was incorporated in Delaware in September 1930 under the name of McCann-Erickson Incorporated as the successor to the advertising agency businesses founded in 1902 by A.W. Erickson and in 1911 by Harrison K. McCann. The Company has operated under the Interpublic name since January 1961.
About Us
We provide marketing, communications and business transformation services that help marketers and brands succeed in today’s digital economy. Combining the power of creativity and technology, our 58,400 employees and operations span all major world markets. Our companies specialize in data, creativity, media, consulting, commerce, behavioral science and communications. Our agencies create customized marketing solutions for clients that range in scale from large global marketers to regional and local clients. Comprehensive global services are critical to effectively serve our multinational and local clients in markets throughout the world as they seek to build brands, increase sales of their products and services, and gain market share.
The work we produce for our clients is specific to their unique needs. Our solutions vary from project-based activity involving one agency to long-term, fully integrated campaigns created by multiple IPG agencies working together. With operations in over 100 countries, we can operate in a single region or deliver global integrated programs.
The role of our holding company is to provide resources and support to ensure that our agencies can best meet clients’ needs and to facilitate collaborative client service among our agencies. Based in New York City, our holding company sets company-wide financial objectives and corporate strategy, establishes financial management and operational controls, guides personnel policy, directs collaborative inter-agency programs, conducts investor relations, manages environmental, social and governance ("ESG") programs, provides enterprise risk management and oversees mergers and acquisitions. In addition, we provide certain centralized functional services that offer our companies operational efficiencies, including accounting and finance, information technology, executive compensation management and recruitment assistance, employee benefits, market research, internal audit, legal services, real estate expertise and travel services.
Our Brands
IPG is a client‐centric company. Accordingly, our offerings and businesses can be integrated by design, in recognition of today’s complex, high‐velocity markets, and the digital‐first, fragmented media environment in which our clients operate. These factors have increased the need for specialized marketing capabilities, developed and housed within IPG’s strong and collaborative agency brands. Our operations support the strategic position that marketers have access to the best and most appropriate Company resources to drive business success, and may access these capabilities from across the IPG network in a seamless model called Open Architecture®. Consistent with this strategic principle, IPG’s agency brands are grouped into reportable segments based on the agencies’ primary capabilities.
•Media, Data & Engagement Solutions provides innovative capabilities and scale in global media and communications services, digital services and products, advertising and marketing technology, e‐commerce services, data management and analytics, strategic consulting, and digital brand experience. Our brands in this segment include IPG Mediabrands, UM, Initiative, Kinesso, Acxiom, and our digital and commerce specialist agencies Huge, MRM and R/GA.
•Integrated Advertising & Creativity Led Solution s provides advertising, corporate and brand identity services, and strategic consulting. The IPG brands include our leading global networks FCB, IPG Health, McCann Worldgroup, and MullenLowe Group as well as our domestic integrated agencies Campbell Ewald, Carmichael Lynch, Deutsch NY and LA, Hill Holliday, The Martin Agency, Tierney and others. These agencies have the leading role of ideation and the execution of creative ideas across complex integrated campaigns that are foundational to client brand identities.
•Specialized Communications & Experiential Solutions provides best‐in‐class global public relations and communications services, live events, sports and entertainment marketing, and strategic consulting. IPG brands include DXTRA Health, The Weber Shandwick Collective, Golin, Jack Morton, Momentum and Octagon. These agencies create engaging experiences that allow consumers to build emotional connections and lasting relationships with brands.
All our brands leverage IPG’s data and tech offerings to connect brand marketing and performance marketing, driving accelerated growth for our clients.
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We list approximately 100 of our companies on our website under the "Our Companies" section, with descriptions, capabilities and office locations for each. To learn more about our broad range of capabilities, visit our website at www.interpublic.com. Information on our website is not part of this report.
Market Strategy
We operate in a media, consumer and technology ecosystem that continues to evolve at a rapid pace. Media channels continue to fragment, and clients face an increasingly complex consumer environment. To stay ahead of these challenges and to achieve our objectives, we have made and continue to make investments in creative, strategic and technology talent in areas including commerce, fast-growth digital marketing channels, high-growth geographic regions and strategic world markets. In addition, we consistently review opportunities within our Company to enhance our operations through acquisitions and strategic alliances and internal programs that encourage client-centric collaboration. As appropriate, we also develop relationships with technology and emerging media companies that are building leading-edge marketing tools that complement our agencies' skill sets and capabilities.
In recent years, we have taken several major strategic steps to position our agencies as leaders in the global advertising and communications market. These include:
•Investment in leading talent: We believe our continued ability to attract and develop top talent and to be the industry’s employer of choice for an increasingly diverse workforce have been key differentiators for IPG. We continue to acquire and develop top strategic, creative and digital talent from a range of backgrounds.
•Growing our data, commerce and precision marketing capabilities: Our investments in talent and technology - growing data, emerging media and platform capabilities - promise to drive further growth in this dynamic sector of our business. The world in which we live is increasingly digital, and more than ever clients need audience-led thinking to solve for a widening set of business problems and opportunities.
•Reinventing healthcare marketing: We have enhanced and strengthened our position to deliver a comprehensive suite of services and global reach for healthcare clients. To do so, we have attracted and developed the industry’s most awarded and experienced talent, including scientists, strategists, creatives and engagement specialists across the entire healthcare marketing spectrum, enabling us to deliver healthcare information at speed, in ways that are highly personal, culturally relevant, as well as respectful of privacy.
•Integrated marketing solutions: A differentiating aspect of our business is our utilization of Open Architecture solutions that integrate the best talent from our strong agency brands to fulfill the needs of our clients.
Together, these steps have built a culture of strategic creativity and high performance across IPG. In 2022, we once again delivered strong growth. Our three-year organic growth stack stands at 14% – a level of performance that speaks to the strength and relevance of our offerings, particularly in services and sectors demanding emerging media, precision and accountability. These results demonstrate the continued competitiveness of our offerings, the value of our long-term strategy, and the strength of our culture.
In 2022, IPG was once again ranked as the #1 most creatively effective holding company at the U.S. Effie Awards. Other distinctions of note included being listed on the Dow Jones Sustainability Index for North America for the third year in a row, on the Bloomberg Gender Equality Index (GEI) Index for the fourth year in a row and on Newsweek’s Most Responsible Companies for the second year in a row.
Data Offerings
IPG has incorporated data expertise into the core of the Company, as reflected most clearly in our acquisition in 2018 and subsequent integration of Acxiom, a leading enterprise data management company. Understanding data and its power is critical to the current and future success of our Company and our clients. We believe an ethical and conscious approach to data that respects consumer privacy will continue to be crucial as we navigate increased regulation in the digital media space.
Going forward, we plan to continue to enhance the technology layer within our offerings and to build tech-enabled marketing solutions, informed by a holistic understanding of audiences. This allows us to deliver personalized user experiences and more accountable marketing for brands. Combining the power of creativity and technology, we are able to provide marketing, communications and business transformation services that help marketers and brands succeed in today’s digital economy.
Diversity, Equity and Inclusion
IPG and our agencies are committed to diversity and inclusion, and we reinforce these values through a comprehensive set of award-winning programs. These include business resource groups that develop career building programs, as well as training around topics like unconscious bias. We seek to ensure accountability by tying executive compensation directly to the ability of
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our leaders to hire, promote and retain diverse talent, and we regularly measure the inclusiveness of our culture with a company-wide climate for inclusion survey.
We began our formal programs over a decade ago. Since then, IPG has seen notable improvements in the diversity of our workforce, and further progress is a management priority. In 2020, IPG became the first advertising holding company to release race and gender composition of its leadership based on its EEO-1 report, and we released our most recent updated report in September 2022. We believe that an environment that encourages respect and trust is key to a creative business like ours, and that a competitive advantage comes with having a variety of perspectives and beliefs in our workforce.
We have been widely recognized for our efforts in this area. In January 2023 we announced that IPG had been included on the Bloomberg GEI for the fourth consecutive year. The index gauges the performance of public companies dedicated to reporting gender related data, and measures gender equality across five pillars: leadership & talent pipeline, equal pay & gender pay parity, inclusive culture, anti-sexual harassment policies, and external brand. Additionally, IPG was listed on Forbes and Statista’s “America’s Best Large Employers 2023” and “World’s Top Female Friendly Companies 2022” indices. The “World’s Top Female Friendly Companies 2022” list is based on a survey of 85,000 women around the world who evaluated their company on topics including supportive policies for women in the workplace and balanced recruitment.
Acquisition Strategy
A disciplined acquisition strategy, focused on high-growth capabilities and regions of the world, is one component of growing our services in today's rapidly-changing marketing services and media landscape. When an outstanding resource or a strong tactical fit becomes available, we have been opportunistic over the years in making tuck-in, niche acquisitions that enhance our service offerings.
In recent years, IPG has acquired agencies across the marketing spectrum, including firms specializing in data and tech, e-commerce, mobile marketing, social media, healthcare communications and public relations, as well as agencies with full-service capabilities. These acquired agencies have been integrated into one of our global networks or specialist agencies.
During 2022, IPG continued to further evolve our offerings, investing in new capabilities and innovation to help our clients succeed in today’s digital economy. This included acquiring a stake in The Famous Group, a company that creates mixed and augmented reality for sports and other live events. We also formed a joint venture with LeBron James’ The SpringHill Company, known for empowering creative and diverse voices for marketers.
In October 2022, we completed our majority acquisition of RafterOne, a leading global provider of multi-cloud commerce solutions on the Salesforce platform, with options to purchase the remaining outstanding shares. We plan for RafterOne to continue to focus on building around Salesforce to support clients across the IPG network that want to leverage the CRM platform.
Our People
Because of the service character of our business, the quality of personnel is of crucial importance to our continuing success, and our employees, including creative, digital, research, media and account specialists, and their skills and relationships with clients, are among our most valuable assets. We conduct extensive employee training and development throughout our agencies and benchmark our compensation programs against those of our industry for their competitiveness and effectiveness in recruitment and retention. There is keen competition for qualified employees.
As of December 31, 2022, we employed approximately 58,400 people, of which approximately 25,000 were employed in the United States.

| As of December 31, 2022
Total | 58,400
Domestic | 25,000
International | 33,400
United Kingdom | 5,400
Continental Europe | 6,700
Asia Pacific | 10,300
Latin America | 7,000
Other | 4,000

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We employ a balanced approach in managing our human capital resources. Depending on where a human-capital management function is most effective or efficient, processes are either managed at the holding company or designated to our operating units to adopt strategies appropriate for their client sector, workforce makeup, talent requirements and business demands.
The holding company retains oversight of all human capital resources and activities, setting standards and providing support and policy guidance and sharing programs. At the corporate level, centralized human capital management processes include development of human resources governance and policy; executive compensation for senior leaders across the Company; benefits programs; succession planning focusing on the performance, development and retention of the Company’s senior-most executives and key roles in the operating units; and executive development.
IPG sets specific standards for human capital management and, on a yearly basis, assesses each operating unit’s performance in managing and developing its workforce. We undertake human capital initiatives with an aim of ensuring that employees have the high level of competence and commitment our businesses need to succeed. We formally assess our operating units against their efforts in the areas of people development, diversity and inclusion, performance management, talent acquisition and organization development in order to drive or support the units’ strategic business and growth goals. Accordingly, the operating units create and deploy skills-training programs, management training, employee goal-setting and feedback platforms, applicant-tracking systems, new-employee onboarding processes, and other programs intended to enhance the performance and engagement of the workforce.
As discussed above under Market Strategy — Diversity, Equity and Inclusion, diversity, equity and inclusion are essential priorities for IPG. Our goal is that our talent represents the diversity of our communities and consumers, with a corporate culture that drives belonging, well-being and growth. We believe that such a workplace will enable us to provide cultural insights to help our clients make authentic and responsible connections with their customers. The programs we provide in support of diversity, equity and inclusion include events, training and curated and bespoke content, research and tools, to foster awareness and action on an array of critical issues that we believe are vital for the recruitment, retention, advancement, well-being and belonging for people who are part of under-represented groups. We also foster business resource groups that offer programs on all facets of diversity and inclusion in support of specific communities of employees.
Environmental Sustainability Initiatives
IPG understands that climate change has consequences for all of us, bringing challenges for environmental protection, social wellbeing and good governance (ESG). It is a priority for the entire IPG network to take action to address both causes and impacts of climate change. Interpublic is committed to operating sustainably. On the environmental front, this commitment includes measuring our carbon footprint and working toward limiting that footprint. We plan to continue to report regularly on our greenhouse gas emissions, and have set ambitious climate goals to move forward on our emissions reduction targets.
We believe that an integrated approach to ESG – which pursues environmental protection, social protection and good governance simultaneously – brings mutual benefits to our people and the communities where we live and work. To further its environmental goals, the Company works to limit carbon emissions by focusing on areas that include:
•using energy efficiently,
•managing travel with a sustainability lens,
•employing green building practices in our real estate holdings,
•tracking progress on sustainability metrics, and
•working toward greater responsibility for waste and consumption in the spaces we occupy.
In June 2021, Interpublic announced that as part of its commitment to environmental sustainability, the Company is moving forward on an ambitious climate action plan that consists of three simultaneous quantitative goals:
•Science-Based Targets: The Company has submitted its emissions reduction targets to the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi). This commitment also makes Interpublic a signatory to the Business Ambition for 1.5°C and a member of the United Nations-backed Race to Zero campaign.
•Renewable Electricity: The Company also committed to sourcing 100% renewable electricity by 2030 for its entire portfolio.
•Net-Zero Carbon Emissions: Additionally, the Company formally joined The Climate Pledge, a commitment to reaching net-zero carbon across our business by 2040.
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As part of our sustainability efforts and to record our commitments and progress, we currently report annually on our energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. This data which we began measuring in 2015, is reported in line with frameworks that include the Global Reporting Initiative (“GRI”), the CDP (formerly the Carbon Disclosure Project) and the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (“SASB”) and the Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures ("TCFD").
In our 2020 GRI report, IPG, for the first time, reported the operational emissions (scope one and scope two emissions) across its entire global portfolio. For 2021, we expanded our assessment of and reporting on scope three emissions to account for and work on reducing impacts throughout the Company’s entire value chain. With IPG’s 2021 ESG report, the Company became the first U.S.-based advertising holding company to receive limited external assurance on certain ESG data and the first to disclose in accordance with TCFD recommendations. Our 2022 report will add third-party assurance for GHG emissions from Scope 3/Category 6, Business Travel.
As part of its sustainability efforts, IPG supports numerous community-based organizations and is actively involved in partnerships that bring together companies to advance diversity, equity and inclusion, and climate action. Among these, IPG is a member of the Global Leadership Group of Ad Net Zero, a trade organization with a goal of supporting the advertising industry as it moves toward a net-zero carbon future for advertising production. We are also a signatory to the U.N. Global Compact and an active supporter of the U.N. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 17 global goals adopted by the United Nations General Assembly as part of its 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. We have specifically adopted SDG #6: Access to Water and Sanitation for all.
In recognition of our commitment to and implementation of sustainable business practices, IPG is listed on several ESG-related indices. IPG has once again been included on the Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI) North America. The DJSI North America scores and ranks the ESG performance of the 600 largest U.S. and Canadian companies; the top 20% of sustainability performers are listed on the Index. IPG was also listed on the S&P 500 ESG and the S&P Global 1200 ESG, two S&P indices that recognize companies’ work in the ESG space. The Company was also included for a fourth consecutive year on the FTSE4Good Index, which identifies companies that demonstrate strong ESG practices measured against international standards.
Our latest ESG report and CDP response are available on the “ESG Reporting” page of our website, www.interpublic.com. Information on our website is not part of this report.
Impact of COVID-19
Although the pace and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has abated in recent months in many locations, both in the United States and internationally, COVID-19 continues to spread extensively, with the regular emergence of new variants of concern of varying degrees of transmissibility and virulence. The early months of the pandemic were characterized by extensive public and private sector measures to address the spread of the virus and its impact on public health systems worldwide, including business closures and limits on operations and public and private adoption of social distancing measures, which adversely impacted our business throughout 2020. In 2021 and early 2022, despite the economic and health impacts from the spread of the Delta and Omicron variants of the COVID-19 virus, we positively benefited from the effects of robust economic recovery in many of our principal markets as vaccination efforts took hold and the overall public health situation improved in many markets. 2022 was characterized by a steady decrease in the impact on our business attributable to COVID-19 and the efforts to address its spread. Although the future course of the pandemic is unpredictable, we continue to believe that our focus on our strategic strengths, which include talent, our differentiated go-to-market strategy, data management capabilities, and the relevance of our offerings, position us well to navigate a rapidly changing marketplace.
At the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic, 95 percent of our global workforce moved to a remote work environment. By the end of 2022, a significant portion of our workforce had returned to the office at least part of the time. We continue to adjust our policies and practices to facilitate the new hybrid working environments.
We believe we have had significant success in maintaining and continuing to advance the quality of our services notwithstanding extensive changes precipitated by the pandemic. In 2020, we took restructuring actions to lower our operating expenses structurally and permanently relative to revenue and to accelerate the transformation of our business. Most of these actions were based on our experience and learning in the COVID-19 pandemic and a resulting review of our operations. Additionally, i n the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company took further restructuring actions related to new real estate exits and lease terminations to further optimize the real estate footprint supporting our office-home hybrid service model in a post-pandemic economy. We discuss these restructuring actions in more detail in Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”).
Financial Objectives
Our financial goals include competitive organic growth of revenue before billable expenses and expansion of Adjusted EBITA margin, as defined and discussed within the Non-GAAP Financial Measure section of the MD&A, which we expect
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will further strengthen our balance sheet and total liquidity and increase value to our shareholders. Accordingly, we remain focused on meeting the evolving needs of our clients while concurrently managing our cost structure. Our disciplined approach to our balance sheet and liquidity provides us with a solid financial foundation and financial flexibility to manage and grow our business. We believe that our strategy and execution position us to meet our financial goals and to deliver long-term value to all of our stakeholders.
Financial Reporting Segments
Effective January 1, 2022, the Company completed a managerial and operational review, which resulted in organizational realignments to our financial reporting segment structure. As a result, the Company determined we conduct our business across three reportable segments described in Note 15 in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. The three reportable segments are: Media, Data & Engagement Solutions ("MD&E"), Integrated Advertising & Creativity Led Solutions ("IA&C"), and Specialized Communications & Experiential Solutions ("SC&E"). MD&E is comprised of IPG Mediabrands, Acxiom, and Kinesso, as well as our digital and commerce specialist agencies, which include MRM, R/GA, and Huge. IA&C is comprised of leading global networks and agencies that provide a broad range of services, including McCann Worldgroup, IPG Health, MullenLowe Group, Foote, Cone & Belding ("FCB"), and our domestic integrated agencies. SC&E is comprised of agencies that provide a range of marketing services expertise, including Weber Shandwick, Golin, our sports, entertainment, and experiential agencies, and DXTRA Health.
In conjunction with the new reporting structure, the Company has recast certain prior period amounts, wherever applicable, to reflect our revised organizational alignment. We also report results for the “Corporate and other” group. See Note 15 in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, for further information.
Sources of Revenue
Our revenues are primarily derived from the planning and execution of multi-channel advertising, marketing and communications programs around the world. Our revenues are directly dependent upon the advertising, marketing and corporate communications requirements of our existing clients and our ability to win new clients. Most of our client contracts are individually negotiated, and, accordingly, the terms of client engagements and the bases on which we earn commissions and fees vary significantly. As is customary in the industry, our contracts generally provide for termination by either party on relatively short notice, usually 30 to 90 days, although our data management contracts typically have non-cancelable terms of more than one year.
Revenues for the creation and production of advertising or the planning and placement of media are determined primarily on a negotiated fee basis and, to a lesser extent, on a commission basis. Fees are usually calculated to reflect hourly rates plus proportional overhead and a mark-up. Many clients include an incentive compensation component in their total compensation package. This provides added revenue based on achieving mutually agreed-upon qualitative or quantitative metrics within specified time periods. Commissions are earned based on services provided.
We also generate revenue from data and technology offerings and in negotiated fees from our public relations, sales promotion, experiential marketing, sports and entertainment marketing, and corporate and brand identity services.
In most of our businesses, our agencies enter into commitments to pay production and media costs on behalf of clients, as is customary in the advertising and marketing industries. To the extent possible, we pay production and media charges after we have received funds from our clients, and in some instances we agree with the provider that we will only be liable to pay the production and media costs after the client has paid us for the charges. Generally, we act as the client’s agent rather than the primary obligor in these arrangements.
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Our revenue is typically lowest in the first quarter and highest in the fourth quarter.

| Consolidated Total Revenues for the Three Months Ended
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
(Amounts in Millions) |  |  | % of Total |  |  |  | % of Total |  |  |  | % of Total
March 31 | $ | 2,568.5 |  |  | 23.5% |  | $ | 2,257.0 |  |  | 22.0% |  | $ | 2,359.8 |  |  | 26.0%
June 30 | 2,735.7 |  |  | 25.1% |  | 2,509.6 |  |  | 24.6% |  | 2,025.7 |  |  | 22.4%
September 30 | 2,637.7 |  |  | 24.1% |  | 2,542.0 |  |  | 24.8% |  | 2,125.5 |  |  | 23.5%
December 31 | 2,985.9 |  |  | 27.3% |  | 2,932.1 |  |  | 28.6% |  | 2,550.0 |  |  | 28.1%
| $ | 10,927.8 |  |  |  |  | $ | 10,240.7 |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,061 |  |  |

Clients
Our large and diverse client base includes many of the most recognizable companies and brands throughout the world. Our holding company structure allows us to maintain a diversified client base across and within a full range of industry sectors. In the aggregate, our top ten clients based on revenue before billable expenses accounted for approximately 20% of revenue before billable expenses in 2022 and 2021. Our largest client accounted for approximately 4% and 3% of revenue before billable expenses in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Based on revenue before billable expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022, our largest client sectors (in alphabetical order) were financial services, healthcare, and technology and telecom. We represent several different clients, brands or divisions within each of these sectors in a number of geographic markets, as well as provide services across multiple advertising and marketing disciplines, in each case through more than one of our agency brands. Representation of a client rarely means that we handle advertising for all brands or product lines of the client in all geographical locations. Any client may transfer its business from one of our agencies to another one of our agencies or to a competing agency, and a client may change its marketing budget at any time.
We operate in a highly competitive advertising and marketing communications industry. Our operating companies compete against other large multinational advertising and marketing communications companies as well as numerous independent and niche agencies and new forms of market participants to win new clients and maintain existing client relationships.
Regulatory Environment
The advertising and marketing services that our agencies provide are subject to governmental regulation and other action in all of the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. While these governmental regulations and other actions can impact the Company’s operations, the specific marketing regulations we may face in a given market do not as a general matter significantly impact the Company’s overall service offerings or the nature in which we provide these services.
Governments, government agencies and industry self-regulatory bodies have adopted laws, regulations and standards, and judicial bodies have issued rulings, that directly or indirectly affect the form and content of advertising, public relations and other marketing activities we produce or conduct on behalf of our clients. These laws, regulations and other actions include content-related rules with respect to specific products and services, restrictions on media scheduling and placement, required disclosures regarding influencers and other endorsers and labeling or warning requirements with respect to certain products, for example pharmaceuticals, alcoholic beverages, tobacco products, and food and nutritional supplements. We are also subject to rules related to marketing directed to certain groups, such as children.
Digital marketing services are a dynamic and growing sector of our business. Our service offerings in this area are covered by laws and regulations concerning user privacy, use of personal information, data protection and online tracking technologies. We are also subject to laws and regulations that govern whether and how we can transfer, process or receive certain data that we use in our operations, including data shared between countries or regions in which we operate. While we maintain policies and operational procedures to promote effective privacy protection and data management, existing and proposed laws and regulations in this area, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) in the European Union; the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”), and other comprehensive privacy laws in Colorado, Connecticut, Utah, and Virginia in the United States; and other different forms of privacy legislation enacted or under consideration across the markets in which we operate, can impact the development, efficacy and profitability of internet-based and other digital marketing. Limitations on the scheduling, content or delivery of direct marketing activities can likewise impact the activities of our agencies offering those services.
With agencies and clients located in over 100 countries worldwide, we are also subject to laws governing our international operations. These include broad anti-corruption laws such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ("FCPA") and the U.K. Bribery Act (2010), which generally prohibit the making or offering of improper payments to government officials and political figures. Export controls and economic sanctions regimes, such as those maintained by the U.S. government and comparable ones by the U.K., the member states of the European Union and the U.N., impose limitations on the Company’s ability to operate in certain geographic regions, including Russia, or to seek or service certain potential clients. Likewise, our Treasury
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operations must comply with exchange controls, restrictions on currency repatriation and the control requirements of applicable anti-money-laundering statutes.
Available Information
Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to these reports are available, free of charge, on our website at www.interpublic.com under the "For Investors" section, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such reports with, or furnish them to, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") at www.sec.gov.
Our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Interpublic Group Code of Conduct, Supplier Code of Conduct and the charters for each of the Audit Committee, Compensation and Leadership Talent Committee, and Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility Committee are available, free of charge, on our website at www.interpublic.com in the "Corporate Governance" subsection of the "About" section. Information on our website is not part of this report.
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Executive Officers of IPG

Name |  | Age |  | Office
Philippe Krakowsky |  | 60 |  | Chief Executive Officer
Ellen Johnson |  | 57 |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Andrew Bonzani |  | 59 |  | Executive Vice President and General Counsel
Christopher F. Carroll |  | 56 |  | Senior Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer

There is no family relationship among any of the executive officers.
Mr. Krakowsky is Chief Executive Officer of IPG, a role he assumed on January 1, 2021. He is also a member of IPG’s Board of Directors. Prior to being named IPG's CEO, Mr. Krakowsky served as the company’s Chief Operating Officer beginning in September 2019, managing business operations across Interpublic, with direct oversight of IPG’s independent companies including Carmichael Lynch, Deutsch, Hill Holliday, Huge and R/GA and IPG's Media, Data and Technology offerings including IPG Mediabrands, Acxiom, Kinesso and Matterkind. During that time, Mr. Krakowsky was also Chairman of IPG Mediabrands. Over the course of his nearly two-decade tenure at IPG, Mr. Krakowsky has also led the strategy, talent, communications and business development functions for the holding company. Before taking on the COO role at IPG, Mr. Krakowsky spent a number of years as CEO of Mediabrands, leading the 10,500-person media investment unit, as well as served as interim-CEO of FCB. From February 2011 until assuming the role of COO, Mr. Krakowsky was also IPG’s Chief Strategy and Talent Officer, where he oversaw key functions that have been vital to the company’s development and growth.
Ms. Johnson became Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, effective January 1, 2020. Prior to that time, Ms. Johnson served as Senior Vice President of Finance and Treasurer from February 2013 to December 31, 2020, and as Senior Vice President and Treasurer from October 2004 to February 2013. She served as Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer of The Partnership, a division of IPG from May 2004 to October 2004, and prior to that, served as Assistant Treasurer, International from February 2000 to May 2004.
Mr. Bonzani was hired as Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary in April 2012. He was promoted to Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary in February 2019 and now serves as Executive Vice President and General Counsel as of February 2021. Prior to joining IPG, Mr. Bonzani worked at IBM for 18 years, holding a number of positions in the legal department, most recently as Vice President, Assistant General Counsel and Secretary from July 2008 to March 2012.
Mr. Carroll was named Senior Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer in April 2006. Mr. Carroll has also served as the finance lead for multiple units within IPG, including as Senior Vice President and Controller of McCann Worldgroup in 2005 and 2006, and as Segment Manager of what is now our Specialized Communications & Experiential Solutions segment from 2017 until 2022. Prior to joining us, Mr. Carroll served in various Chief Accounting Officer and Controller roles, as well as a Financial Vice President at Lucent Technologies, Inc. and began his professional career at PricewaterhouseCoopers from October 1991 to September 2000.
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Item 1A. | Risk Factors

We are subject to a variety of possible risks that could adversely impact our revenues, results of operations or financial condition. Some of these risks relate to general economic and financial conditions, while others are more specific to us and the industry in which we operate. The following factors set out potential risks we have identified that could adversely affect us. The risks described below may not be the only risks we face. Additional risks that we do not yet know of, or that we currently think are immaterial, could also have a negative impact on our business operations or financial condition. See also Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Disclosure.
Risks Related to the Global Market and the Economy
•Our results of operations are highly susceptible to unfavorable economic conditions.
We are exposed to risks associated with weak or uncertain regional or global economic conditions and disruption in the financial markets. Market conditions can be and have been adversely affected by natural and human disruptions, such as natural disasters, public health crises, severe weather events, military conflict or civil unrest. The global economy continues to be challenging and may be deteriorating in certain of our principal markets, including as a result of the adverse effects of the continuing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and related supply chain and labor disruptions, inflationary pressures and conflict in Ukraine. Economic downturns or uncertainty about the strength of the global economy generally, or economic conditions in certain regions or market sectors, and caution on the part of marketers, can have an effect on the demand for advertising and marketing communication services. Our industry can be affected more severely than other sectors by an economic downturn and can recover more slowly than the economy in general. In the past, including in connection with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, some clients have responded to weak economic and financial conditions by reducing their marketing budgets, which include discretionary components that are easier to reduce in the short term than other operating expenses. This pattern may recur in the future. Furthermore, unexpected revenue shortfalls can result in misalignments of costs and revenues, resulting in a negative impact to our operating margins. If our business is significantly adversely affected by unfavorable economic conditions or other market disruptions that adversely affect client spending, the negative impact on our revenue could pose a challenge to our operating income and cash generation from operations.
•The continuing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic remains uncertain and may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The global reach of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the emergence of new variants of the virus, continues to create both regional and worldwide operational volatility, uncertainty and disruption. The extent of the continuing impact will depend on numerous evolving factors, which are highly uncertain and unpredictable, including:
•the duration, severity and scope of the pandemic, including as new variants emerge and spread;
•governmental actions that may be taken in response to the outbreak, including travel restrictions and local or regional business shut-downs and other restrictions;
•the impact of the pandemic on labor costs and supply; and
•the effect of the pandemic on our clients and other business partners, including the impact of supply-chain disruptions.
In the past, some clients, particularly in the early months of the pandemic, responded to weak or volatile economic and financial conditions by reducing their marketing budgets, thereby decreasing the market and demand for our services, or adjusted, reduced or suspended operating activities, which negatively impacted certain of the markets or industries we serve. These patterns may recur in future periods, including as a result of pandemic developments such as the emergence of new virus variants that may be more transmissible, virulent or both.
Risks Related to Our Industry and Operations
•We operate in a highly competitive industry.
The advertising and marketing communications business is highly competitive and constantly changing. Our agencies and media services compete with other agencies and other providers of creative, marketing or media services to maintain existing client relationships and to win new business. Our competitors include not only other large multinational advertising and marketing communications companies, but also smaller entities that operate in local or regional markets as well as new forms of market participants.
Competitive challenges also arise from rapidly-evolving and new technologies in the marketing and advertising space, creating opportunities for new and existing competitors and a need for continued significant investment in tools, technologies and process improvements. As data-driven marketing solutions become increasingly core to the success of our brands, any failure to keep up with rapidly changing technologies and standards in this space could harm our competitive position.
The client’s perception of the quality of our agencies’ creative work, its confidence in our ability to protect the confidentiality of their and their customers’ data and its relationships with key personnel at the Company or our agencies are important factors that affect our competitive position. An agency’s ability to serve clients, particularly large international clients, on a broad geographic basis and across a range of services and technologies may also be an important competitive
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consideration. On the other hand, because an agency’s principal asset is its people and freedom of entry into the industry is almost unlimited, our relationships with clients can be affected by the departure of key personnel and a small agency is, on occasion, able to take all or some portion of a client’s account from a much larger competitor.
•Clients may terminate or reduce their relationships with us on short notice.
Many companies put their advertising and marketing communications business up for competitive review from time to time, and we have won and lost client accounts in the past as a result of such periodic competitions. Our clients may choose to terminate their contracts, or reduce their relationships with us, on a relatively short time frame and for any reason. A relatively small number of clients contribute a significant portion of our revenue. In the aggregate, our top ten clients based on revenue before billable expenses accounted for approximately 20% of revenue before billable expenses in 2022. A substantial decline in a large client’s advertising and marketing spending, or the loss of a significant part of its business, could have a material adverse effect upon our business and results of operations.
Our ability to attract new clients and to retain existing clients may also, in some cases, be limited by clients’ policies or perceptions about conflicts of interest, or our own exclusivity arrangements with certain clients. These policies can, in some cases, prevent one agency, or even different agencies under our ownership, from performing similar services for competing products or companies.
•We may lose or fail to attract and retain key employees and management personnel.
Our employees, including creative, digital, research, media and account specialists, and their skills and relationships with clients, are among our most valuable assets. An important aspect of our competitiveness is our ability to identify and develop the appropriate talent and to attract and retain key employees and management personnel. Our ability to do so is influenced by a variety of factors, including the compensation we award and factors which may be beyond our control. The advertising and marketing services industry can be particularly sensitive to shifts in labor markets, as it is characterized by a high degree of employee mobility and significant use of third-party or temporary workers to staff new, growing or temporary assignments. The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic has contributed in recent years to an increase in labor costs, shortages, disruptions and turnover. In addition, changes to U.S. or other immigration policies or travel restrictions imposed as a result of public health, political or security concerns that restrain the flow of professional talent also may inhibit our ability to staff our offices or projects. If we were to fail to attract key personnel or lose them to competitors or clients, or fail to manage our workforce effectively, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected.
•We are subject to industry regulations and other legal or reputational risks that could restrict our activities or negatively impact our performance or financial condition.
Our industry is subject to government regulation and other governmental action, both domestic and foreign. Advertisers and consumer groups may challenge advertising through legislation, regulation, judicial actions or otherwise, for example on the grounds that the advertising is false and deceptive or injurious to public welfare. Our business is also subject to specific rules, prohibitions, media restrictions, labeling disclosures and warning requirements applicable to advertising for certain products.
Existing and proposed laws and regulations, in particular in the European Union, the United Kingdom and the United States, concerning user privacy, use and protection of personal information and on-line tracking technologies could affect the efficacy and profitability of internet-based, digital and targeted marketing. We are also subject to laws and regulations that govern whether and how we can transfer, process or receive certain data that we use in our operations. Since July 2020, the transfer of personal data, including via cookies or other tracking technologies, under GDPR from the European Economic Area to the United States has come under scrutiny, the lawfulness of which, and the adequacy of protection afforded that data in the United States, continue to be the subject of negotiations between the European Commission and the United States. Separate negotiations are underway between the United Kingdom Information Commissioner’s Office and the United States to determine the lawfulness of data transfers from the United Kingdom to the United States. The collection, processing, and storage of biometric identifiers is increasingly regulated in the United States, and is the subject of class action litigation. Changes in the interpretation of existing consumer protection laws, including restrictions on digital or targeted advertising practices or the enactment or future enforcement of state privacy laws, such as the California CCPA, as amended by the CCPA, or other comprehensive privacy laws in Colorado, Connecticut, Utah, and Virginia, or the application in an unanticipated manner of such laws and regulations, may increase the costs of compliance, harm our business or result in significant penalties or legal liability.
The imposition of restrictions on certain technologies by private market participants in response to privacy concerns could also have a negative impact on our digital business. If we are unable to transfer data between countries and regions in which we operate, or if we are prohibited from sharing data among our products and services, it could affect the manner in which we provide our services or adversely affect our financial results.
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Legislators, agencies and other governmental units may also continue to initiate proposals to ban the advertising of specific products, such as alcohol, tobacco or marijuana products, and to impose taxes on or deny deductions for advertising, which, if successful, may hinder our ability to accomplish our clients’ goals and have an adverse effect on advertising expenditures and, consequently, on our revenues or results. Governmental action, including judicial rulings, on the relative responsibilities of clients and their marketing agencies for the content of their marketing can also impact our operations. Furthermore, we could suffer reputational risk as a result of governmental or legal action or from undertaking work that may be challenged by consumer groups or considered controversial, in poor taste or not conforming to contemporary social standards.
•We rely extensively on information technology systems and could face cybersecurity risks.
We rely extensively and increasingly on information technologies and infrastructure to manage our business (including the digital storage of marketing strategies and client information), develop new business opportunities and digital products, and process business transactions. Our business operations depend on the secure processing, storage, and transmission of confidential and sensitive information over the internet and through interconnected systems, including those of our vendors or service providers. The incidence of malicious technology-related events, such as cyberattacks, computer hacking, computer viruses, worms or other destructive or disruptive software, phishing attacks and other attempts to gain access to confidential or personal data, denial of service or ransomware attacks or other malicious activities is on the rise worldwide and highlights the need for continual and effective cybersecurity awareness and education. We, our clients and our vendors are increasingly the target of hackers and other threat actors, denial of service attacks and malicious code, which can result in the unauthorized access, misuse, loss, or destruction of data (including confidential and sensitive data), unavailability of services and supply chain disruptions, or other adverse events.
Our business, which increasingly involves the collection, use and transmission of customer data, may make us and our agencies attractive targets for malicious third-party attempts to access this data. Power outages, equipment failure, natural disasters (including extreme weather), terrorist activities or human error may also affect our systems and result in disruption of our services or loss or improper disclosure of personal data, business information, including intellectual property, or other confidential information. We utilize in-house and third-party services, including third-party “cloud” computing services, to perform key operational functions, including the storage, transfer or processing of data. System failures or network disruptions or breaches in such in-house or third-party systems could adversely affect our reputation or business or expose us to increased risk of litigation or regulatory enforcement action. We maintain, and we require our third-party service providers to maintain, security controls designed to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our systems and the confidential and sensitive information we maintain and process. Despite our best efforts, however, the threat landscape is constantly evolving. A cybersecurity incident or data breach affecting the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of the information we process, our data systems, or those operated on our behalf by third-party service providers could adversely affect our ability to manage our risk exposure and could significantly harm our business. We operate in many respects on a decentralized basis, with a large number of agencies and legal entities, and the resulting size, diversity and disparity of our technology systems and complications in implementing standardized technologies and procedures could increase our potential vulnerability to such breakdowns, malicious intrusions or attacks.
Data privacy or cybersecurity breaches, as well as improper use of social media, by employees and others may pose a risk that sensitive data, such as personal identifiable information, strategic plans and trade secrets, could be exposed to third parties or to the general public. Any such breaches or breakdowns could result in a loss of our or our clients’ or vendors’ proprietary information, expose us to legal liability and be expensive to remedy. We consider the ethical treatment of data to be a business strength, and the damage to our reputation and business from any such breach could be significant and costly. Efforts to develop, implement and maintain security measures are costly, may not be successful in preventing these events from occurring and require ongoing monitoring and updating as technologies and cyberattack techniques change frequently, or are not recognized until successful and efforts to overcome security measures become more sophisticated. We operate worldwide, and the legal rules governing data transfers are often complex, conflicting, unclear or ever-changing. Increased privacy and cybersecurity requirements may increase our operating costs and negatively impact our business.
Furthermore, in response to the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic, modified processes, procedures and controls have been required to respond to the changes in our business environment as a significant number of our employees have continued to work from home for at least a portion of the work week. The increase in remote working of our employees may exacerbate risks related to the increased demand for information technology resources, malicious technology-related events, including cyberattacks and phishing attacks, and improper dissemination of personal, proprietary or confidential information.
•International business risks could adversely affect our operations.
We are a global business, with agencies operating in over 100 countries, including every significant world market. Operations outside the United States represent a significant portion of our revenue before billable expenses, approximately 35% in 2022. These operations are exposed to risks that include local legislation, currency variation, exchange control restrictions, local labor and employment laws that hinder workforce flexibility, large-scale local or regional public health crises, and other difficult social, political or economic conditions. We also must comply with applicable U.S., local and other international anti-
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corruption laws, including the FCPA and the U.K. Anti-Bribery Act (2010), which can be comprehensive, complex and stringent, in all jurisdictions where we operate, certain of which present heightened compliance challenges. Export controls and economic sanctions, such as those maintained by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, can impose limitations on our ability to operate in certain geographic regions or to seek or service certain potential clients, including in Russia and, increasingly, China. These restrictions can place us at a competitive disadvantage with respect to those competitors who may not be subject to comparable restrictions. Failure to comply or to implement business practices that sufficiently prevent corruption or violation of sanctions laws could result in significant remediation expense and expose us to significant civil and criminal penalties and reputational harm.,
In addition, in developing countries or regions, we may face further risks, such as slower receipt of payments, nationalization, social and economic instability, currency repatriation restrictions and undeveloped or inconsistently enforced commercial laws. These risks may limit our ability to grow our business and effectively manage our operations in those countries.
•The costs of compliance with sustainability or other environmental, social responsibility or governance (ESG) laws, regulations or policies, including investor and client-driven policies and standards, could adversely affect our business.
While as a non–location–specific, non–manufacturing service business we have to date been sheltered from or able to mitigate many direct impacts from climate change and related laws and regulations, we are nevertheless increasingly impacted by the effects of climate change and laws and regulations related to other ESG concerns. We could also incur related costs indirectly through our clients or investors. Increasingly our clients request that we comply with their own social responsibility, sustainability or other business policies or standards, which may be more restrictive than current laws and regulations, before they commence, or continue, doing business with us, and ESG issues are increasingly a focus of the investor community. If large shareholders were to reduce their ownership stakes in our Company as a result of dissatisfaction with our policies or efforts in this area, there could be negative impact on our stock price, and we could also suffer reputational harm. Further, if clients’ costs are adversely affected by climate change or related laws and regulations, this could negatively impact their spending on our advertising and marketing services. We could also face increased prices from our own suppliers that face climate change-related and other ESG costs and seek to pass on their increased costs to their customers.
In 2021, we committed to certain science-based emissions targets, the sourcing of 100% of our electricity needs from renewable sources by 2030 and the realization of net-zero carbon emissions by 2040. Some clients and investors may request that we commit to emissions targets and timeframes that may be more aggressive than the commitments we have already undertaken. Any setbacks in the feasibility or timing of the achievement of our commitments could result in reputational harm or damaged relationships with clients or consumers. We expect the financial and operational costs of complying with ESG laws and regulations or achieving our ESG goals and related certification requirements will grow significantly in future years.
•If our clients experience financial distress, it could negatively affect our own financial position and results.
We have a large and diverse client base, and at any given time, one or more of our clients may experience financial difficulty, file for bankruptcy protection or go out of business. Unfavorable economic and financial conditions, including those resulting from regional or global economic downturns, the COVID-19 pandemic, and military conflict and other geopolitical risks, could result in an increase in client financial difficulties that affect us. The direct impact on us could include reduced revenues and write-offs of accounts receivable and expenditures billable to clients, and if these effects were severe, the indirect impact could include impairments of intangible assets, credit facility covenant violations and reduced liquidity.
•If our clients seek to change or delay payment terms, it could negatively affect our own financial position and results.
In most of our businesses, our agencies enter into commitments to pay production and media costs on behalf of clients. The amounts involved substantially exceed our revenues and primarily affect the level of accounts receivable, expenditures billable to clients, accounts payable and accrued liabilities. To the extent possible, we pay production and media charges only after we have received funds from our clients. However, if clients are unable to pay for commitments that we have entered into on their behalf, or if clients seek to significantly delay or otherwise alter payment terms, there could be an adverse effect on our working capital, which would negatively impact our operating cash flow.
•We face risks associated with our acquisitions and other investments.
We regularly undertake acquisitions and other investments that we believe will enhance our service offerings to our clients, such as our acquisition of Acxiom in 2018 and RafterOne in 2022. These transactions can involve significant challenges and risks, including that the transaction does not advance our business strategy or fails to produce a satisfactory return on our investment. Our customary business, legal and financial due diligence with the goal of identifying and evaluating the material risks involved may be unsuccessful in ascertaining or evaluating all such risks. Though we typically structure our acquisitions to provide for future contingent purchase payments that are based on the future performance of the acquired entity, our forecasts of the investment’s future performance also factor into the initial consideration. When actual financial results differ, our returns on the investment could be adversely affected.
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We may also experience difficulty integrating new employees, businesses, assets or systems into our organization, including with respect to our internal policies and required controls. We may face reputational and legal risks in situations where we have a significant minority investment but limited control over the investment's operations. Furthermore, it may take longer than anticipated to realize the expected benefits from these transactions, or those benefits may ultimately be smaller than anticipated or may not be realized at all. Talent is among our most valuable assets, and we also may not realize the intended benefits of a transaction if we fail to retain targeted personnel. Acquisition and integration activity may also divert management’s attention and other corporate resources from other business needs. If we fail to realize the intended advantages of any given investment or acquisition, or if we do not identify or correctly measure the associated risks and liabilities, our results of operations and financial position could be adversely affected.
Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Results
•Our financial condition could be adversely affected if our available liquidity is insufficient.
Agency operating cash flows have a significant impact on our liquidity, and we maintain a commercial paper program, a committed corporate credit facility and uncommitted lines of credit to increase flexibility in support of our operating needs. If any of these sources were unavailable or insufficient, our liquidity and ability to adequately fund our operations could be adversely affected, and we could be required to refinance, restructure or otherwise amend some or all of our obligations, sell assets or raise additional cash in the capital markets, and there could be a negative impact on our credit ratings. Rising interest rates will likely increase borrowing costs. We cannot assure you that we would be able to access any new sources of liquidity, including in the capital markets, on commercially reasonable terms or at all or, if accomplished, that we would raise sufficient funds to meet our needs.
We maintain a $1.5 billion committed corporate credit facility (the “Credit Agreement”) as a backstop source of liquidity. The Credit Agreement also supports borrowings under our commercial paper program. Under our commercial paper program, we are authorized to issue short-term debt up to an aggregate amount outstanding at any time of $1.5 billion, which we may use for working capital and general corporate purposes. If credit under the Credit Agreement or our ability to access the commercial paper market were unavailable or insufficient, our liquidity could be adversely affected.
The Credit Agreement contains a leverage ratio and other, non-financial, covenants, and events like a material economic downturn could adversely affect our ability to comply with them. For example, compliance with the financial covenant would be more difficult to achieve if we were to experience increased indebtedness or substantially lower revenues, including as a result of economic downturns, client losses or a substantial increase in client defaults. If we were unable to comply with any of the covenants contained in the Credit Agreement, we could be required to seek an amendment or waiver from our lenders, and our costs under these agreements could increase. If we were unable to obtain a necessary amendment or waiver, the Credit Agreement could be terminated, any outstanding amounts could be subject to acceleration, and we could lose access to certain uncommitted financing arrangements and commercial paper.
For further discussion of our liquidity profile and outlook, see Liquidity and Capital Resources in Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
•Downgrades of our credit ratings could adversely affect us.
Because ratings are an important factor influencing our ability to access capital and the terms of any new indebtedness, including covenants and interest rates, we could be adversely affected if our credit ratings were downgraded or if they were significantly weaker than those of our competitors. Our access to the commercial paper market is contingent on our maintenance of sufficient short-term debt ratings, and any downgrades to those ratings could increase our borrowing costs and reduce the market capacity for, or our ability to issue, commercial paper. Our clients and vendors may also consider our credit profile when negotiating contract terms, and if they were to change the terms on which they deal with us, it could have an adverse effect on our liquidity.
•Our earnings would be adversely affected if we were required to recognize asset impairment charges or increase our deferred tax valuation allowances.
We evaluate all of our long-lived assets (including goodwill, other intangible assets, fixed assets and operating lease right-of-use assets), investments and deferred tax assets for possible impairment or realizability annually or whenever there is an indication that they are impaired or not realizable. If certain criteria are met, we are required to record an impairment charge or valuation allowance.
As of December 31, 2022, we had substantial amounts of long-lived assets, deferred tax assets and investments on our Consolidated Balance Sheet, including approximately $5.1 billion of goodwill. Future events, including our financial performance, market valuation of us or market multiples of comparable companies, loss of a significant client’s business or strategic decisions, could cause us to conclude that impairment indicators exist and that the asset values associated with long-lived assets, deferred tax assets and investments may have become impaired. Any significant impairment loss would have an adverse impact on our reported earnings in the period in which the charge is recognized. For further discussion of goodwill and
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other intangible assets, as well as our sensitivity analysis of our valuation of these assets, see Critical Accounting Estimates in Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
•Our financial results are exposed to exchange rate risk.
Because a significant portion of our business is denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar, such as the British Pound Sterling, the Euro, the Japanese Yen and Australian Dollar, fluctuations in exchange rates between the U.S. Dollar and such currencies may adversely affect our financial results.
•We may not be able to meet our performance targets and milestones.
From time to time, we communicate to the public certain targets and milestones for our financial and operating performance that are intended to provide metrics against which to evaluate our performance. They should not be understood as predictions or guidance about our expected performance. Our ability to meet any target or milestone is subject to inherent risks and uncertainties, and we caution investors against placing undue reliance on them. See Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Disclosure.
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Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. | Properties

Substantially all of our office space is leased from third parties. Certain leases are subject to rent reviews or contain escalation clauses, and certain of our leases require the payment of various operating expenses, which may also be subject to escalation. Physical properties include leasehold improvements, furniture, fixtures and equipment located in our offices. In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company took actions to further optimize our real estate footprint as a result of a shift in our hybrid model used to deliver and support our services in a post-pandemic economy. These Real Estate Actions, taken during the fourth quarter of 2022, reduced our occupied global real estate footprint by approximately 6.7% or 500,000 square feet. In 2020, we took restructuring actions to lower our operating expenses based on our recent experience and learning in the COVID-19 pandemic and a resulting review of our operations. These actions reduced our global real estate footprint by approximately 15% or 1,700,000 square feet. We believe that facilities leased or owned by us are adequate for the purposes for which they are currently used and are well maintained. See Note 3 in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for further information on our lease commitments and the discussion under "2022 Real Estate Actions" and “2020 Restructuring Plan” in our Item 7 MD&A for further detail.

Item 3. | Legal Proceedings

We are involved in various legal proceedings, and subject to investigations, inspections, audits, inquiries and similar actions by governmental authorities, arising in the normal course of our business. The types of allegations that arise in connection with such legal proceedings vary in nature, but can include claims related to contract, employment, tax and intellectual property matters. While any outcome related to litigation or such governmental proceedings in which we are involved cannot be predicted with certainty, we believe that the outcome of these matters, individually and in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. See Note 16 in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for further information relating to our legal matters.

Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.
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PART II

Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information
Our common stock is listed and traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “IPG”. As of February 15, 2023, there were approximately 8,200 registered holders of our outstanding common stock.
We announced on February 9, 2023 that our Board of Directors (the "Board") had declared a common stock cash dividend of $0.310 per share, payable on March 15, 2023 to holders of record as of the close of business on March 1, 2023. Although it is the Board's current intention to declare and pay future dividends, there can be no assurance that such additional dividends will in fact be declared and paid. Any and the amount of any such declaration is at the discretion of the Board and will depend upon factors such as our earnings, financial position and cash requirements.
Equity Compensation Plans
See Item 12 for information about our equity compensation plans.
Sales of Unregistered Securities
Not applicable.
Repurchases of Equity Securities
The following table provides information regarding our purchases of our equity securities during the period from October 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022.

| Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased 1 |  | Average Price Paid per Share (or Unit) 2 |  | Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs 3 |  | Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares (or Units) that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
October 1 - 31 | 833,385 |  |  | $ | 27.34 |  |  | 824,727 |  |  | $ | 155,992,682 |
November 1 - 30 | 946,467 |  |  | $ | 30.68 |  |  | 945,657 |  |  | $ | 126,984,596 |
December 1 - 31 | 1,427,778 |  |  | $ | 32.90 |  |  | 1,425,000 |  |  | $ | 80,105,214 |
Total | 3,207,630 |  |  | $ | 30.80 |  |  | 3,195,384 |  |  |

1 The total number of shares of our common stock purchased includes shares withheld under the terms of grants under employee stock-based compensation plans to offset tax withholding obligations that arose upon vesting and release of restricted shares (the “Withheld Shares”). We repurchased 8,658 Withheld Shares in October 2022; 810 Withheld Shares in November 2022; and 2,778 Withheld Shares in December 2022, for a total of 12,246 Withheld Shares during the three-month period.
2 The average price per share for each of the months in the fiscal quarter and for the three-month period was calculated by dividing (a) the sum for the applicable period of the aggregate value of the tax withholding obligations and the aggregate amount we paid for shares acquired under our share repurchase program, described in Note 7 of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, by (b) the sum of the number of Withheld Shares and the number of shares acquired in our share repurchase program.
On February 10, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors reauthorized a program to repurchase, from time to time, up to $400.0 million of our common stock. On February 8, 2023, the Board authorized a share repurchase program to repurchase from time to time up to $350.0, excluding fees, of our common stock, which was in addition to any amounts remaining under the 2022 share repurchase program. We may effect such repurchases through open market purchases, trading plans established in accordance with U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") rules, derivative transactions or other means. We expect to continue to repurchase our common stock in future periods, although the timing and amount of the repurchases will depend on market conditions and other funding requirements. There are no expiration dates associated with the share repurchase programs.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)

Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") is intended to help you understand The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the "Company," "IPG," "we," "us" or "our"). MD&A should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying notes included in this report. Our MD&A includes the following sections:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY provides a discussion about our strategic outlook, factors influencing our business and an overview of our results of operations and liquidity.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS provides an analysis of the consolidated and segment results of operations for 2022 compared to 2021 and 2021 compared to 2020.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES provides an overview of our cash flows, funding requirements, contractual obligations, financing and sources of funds, and debt credit ratings.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES provides a discussion of our accounting policies that require critical judgment, assumptions and estimates.
RECENT ACCOUNTING STANDARDS, by reference to Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, provides a discussion of certain accounting standards that have been adopted during 2022 or that have not yet been required to be implemented and may be applicable to our future operations.
NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURE provides a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measure with the most directly comparable generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("U.S. GAAP") financial measures and sets forth the reasons we believe that presentation of the non-GAAP financial measure contained therein provides useful information to investors regarding our results of operations and financial condition.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Our Business
We are one of the world’s premier global advertising and marketing services companies. With approximately 58,400 employees and operations in all major world markets, we help our clients’ businesses and brands thrive in a consumer economy increasingly defined by digital media, data and continuous change. At IPG, we combine the power of creativity with the benefits of technology, fueling our offerings with a deep understanding of audiences at the individual level, driven by ethical business practices. We have exceptionally talented people, across a balanced portfolio of strong agency brands, who together have set a standard for growth in our industry in recent years.
Our companies specialize in consumer advertising, digital marketing, communications planning and media buying, public relations, specialized communications disciplines and data science. Our networks create customized marketing solutions for clients that range in scale from large global marketers to regional and local clients. Comprehensive global services are critical to effectively serve our multinational and local clients in markets throughout the world as they seek to build brands, increase sales of their products and services, and gain market share.
We operate in a marketing and media landscape that continues to evolve at a rapid pace. Media channels continue to fragment, and clients face an increasingly complex consumer environment. To stay ahead of these challenges and to achieve our objectives, we have made and continue to make investments in creative, strategic and technology talent in areas including fast-growth digital marketing channels, high-growth geographic regions and strategic world markets. We consistently invest in opportunities within our Company to enhance the professional skills of our employees and encourage intra-company collaboration. As appropriate, we also make acquisitions, enter into strategic alliances, and develop relationships with technology and media companies that are building leading-edge marketing tools that complement our agencies’ skill sets and capabilities.
Our financial goals include competitive organic growth of revenue before billable expenses and expansion of Adjusted EBITA margin, as defined and discussed within the Non-GAAP Financial Measure section of this MD&A, which we expect will further strengthen our balance sheet and total liquidity and increase value to our stakeholders. Accordingly, we remain focused on meeting the evolving needs of our clients while concurrently managing our cost structure. We continually seek greater efficiency in the delivery of our services, focusing on more effective resource utilization, including the productivity of our employees, real estate, information technology and shared services, such as finance, human resources and legal. The improvements we have made and continue to make in our financial reporting and business information systems in recent years allow us more timely and actionable insights from our global operations. Our disciplined approach to our balance sheet and
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
liquidity provides us with a solid financial foundation and financial flexibility to manage and grow our business. We believe that our strategy and execution position us to meet our financial goals and to deliver long-term value to all of our stakeholders.
Current Market Conditions
In 2022, we experienced organic growth of revenue before billable expenses, driven in our domestic market by growth across nearly all disciplines, most notably in our advertising. media and experiential businesses. We also had organic growth in our international markets across all geographic regions and all disciplines. In contrast, we have begun to see some impact of heightened economic uncertainty, most notably in our digital project-based offerings. The principal macroeconomic risks to our performance include the impact of any general economic slowdown or contraction, the extent of inflation of labor costs and potential for labor shortages, inflationary pressures on our clients and their customers, the economic impacts of geopolitical conflict and uncertainty, and the impact of continuing and unpredictable supply chain disruptions across the global economy. The continued spread of new COVID-19 variants did not have a significant impact on our growth in the quarter or the year. The future course of the pandemic could negatively impact economic conditions generally or locally and our resulting financial performance. See Item 1A, Risk Fact ors, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Our Financial Information
When we analyze period-to-period changes in our operating performance, we determine the portion of the change that is attributable to changes in foreign currency rates and the net effect of acquisitions and divestitures, and the remainder we call organic change, which indicates how our underlying business performed. We exclude the impact of billable expenses in analyzing our operating performance as the fluctuations from period to period are not indicative of the performance of our underlying businesses and have no impact on our operating income or net income.
The change in our operating performance attributable to changes in foreign currency rates is determined by converting the prior-period reported results using the current-period exchange rates and comparing these prior-period adjusted amounts to the prior-period reported results. Although the U.S. Dollar is our reporting currency, a substantial portion of our revenues and expenses are generated in foreign currencies. Therefore, our reported results are affected by fluctuations in the currencies in which we conduct our international businesses. Our exposure is mitigated as the majority of our revenues and expenses in any given market are generally denominated in the same currency. Both positive and negative currency fluctuations against the U.S. Dollar affect our consolidated results of operations, and the magnitude of the foreign currency impact to our operations related to each geographic region depends on the significance and operating performance of the region. The foreign currencies that most adversely impacted our results during the year ended December 31, 2022 were the British Pound Sterling, the Euro, the Japanese Yen and the Australian Dollar.
For purposes of analyzing changes in our operating performance attributable to the net effect of acquisitions and divestitures, transactions are treated as if they occurred on the first day of the quarter during which the transaction occurred. During the past few years, we have acquired companies that we believe will enhance our offerings and disposed of businesses that are not consistent with our strategic plan.
The metrics that we use to evaluate our financial performance include organic change in revenue before billable expenses as well as the change in certain operating expenses, and the components thereof, expressed as a percentage of consolidated revenue before billable expenses, as well as Adjusted EBITA. These metrics are also used by management to assess the financial performance of our reportable segments, MD&E, IA&C, and SC&E. In certain of our discussions, we analyze revenue before billable expenses by geographic region and by business sector, in which we focus on our top 500 clients, which typically constitute approximately 85% of our annual consolidated revenue before billable expenses.
The Consolidated Financial Statements and MD&A presented herein reflect the latest estimates and assumptions made by us that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and related disclosures as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods presented. We believe we have used reasonable estimates and assumptions to assess the fair values of the Company’s goodwill, long-lived assets and indefinite-lived intangible assets; assessment of the annual effective tax rate; valuation of deferred income taxes and the allowance for expected credit losses on future uncollectible accounts receivable. If actual market conditions vary significantly from those currently projected, these estimates and assumptions could materially change resulting in adjustments to the carrying values of our assets and liabilities.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
The following table presents a summary of our financial performance for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.

| Years ended December 31, |  | Change
|  | 2022 vs 2021 |  | 2021 vs 2020
Statement of Operations Data | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | % Increase/ (Decrease) |  | % Increase/ (Decrease)
REVENUE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue before billable expenses | $ | 9,449.4 |  |  | $ | 9,107.9 |  |  | $ | 8,064.5 |  |  | 3.7 | % |  | 12.9 | %
Billable expenses | 1,478.4 |  |  | 1,132.8 |  |  | 996.5 |  |  | 30.5 | % |  | 13.7 | %
Total revenue | $ | 10,927.8 |  |  | $ | 10,240.7 |  |  | $ | 9,061.0 |  |  | 6.7 | % |  | 13.0 | %
OPERATING INCOME 1 | $ | 1,381.2 |  |  | $ | 1,436.2 |  |  | $ | 588.4 |  |  | (3.8) | % |  | 144.1 | %
Adjusted EBITA 1, 2 | $ | 1,465.9 |  |  | $ | 1,522.4 |  |  | $ | 674.3 |  |  | (3.7) | % |  | 125.8 | %
NET INCOME AVAILABLE TO IPG COMMON STOCKHOLDERS | $ | 938.0 |  |  | $ | 952.8 |  |  | $ | 351.1 |  |  |  |  |
Earnings per share available to IPG common stockholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic 1 | $ | 2.40 |  |  | $ | 2.42 |  |  | $ | 0.90 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted 1 | $ | 2.37 |  |  | $ | 2.39 |  |  | $ | 0.89 |  |  |  |  |
Operating Ratios |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Organic change in revenue before billable expenses | 7.0 | % |  | 11.9 | % |  | (4.8) | % |  |  |  |
Operating margin on revenue before billable expenses 1 | 14.6 | % |  | 15.8 | % |  | 7.3 | % |  |  |  |
Operating margin on total revenue 1 | 12.6 | % |  | 14.0 | % |  | 6.5 | % |  |  |  |
Adjusted EBITA margin on revenue before billable expenses 1, 2 | 15.5 | % |  | 16.7 | % |  | 8.4 | % |  |  |  |
Expenses as a % of revenue before billable expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and related expenses | 66.2 | % |  | 65.6 | % |  | 66.3 | % |  |  |  |
Office and other direct expenses | 14.2 | % |  | 14.0 | % |  | 17.0 | % |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 0.9 | % |  | 1.3 | % |  | 0.7 | % |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 2.9 | % |  | 3.1 | % |  | 3.6 | % |  |  |  |
Restructuring charges 1 | 1.1 | % |  | 0.1 | % |  | 5.1 | % |  |  |  |

1 For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, results include restructuring charges of $102.4, $10.6 and $413.8, respectively. See "Restructuring Charges" in MD&A and Note 11 of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for further information.
2 Adjusted EBITA is a financial measure that is not defined by U.S. GAAP. Adjusted EBITA is calculated as net income available to IPG common stockholder before provision for incomes taxes, total (expenses) and other income, equity in net income of unconsolidated affiliates, net income attributable to noncontrolling interests and amortization of acquired intangibles. Refer to the Non-GAAP Financial Measure section of this MD&A for additional information and for a reconciliation to U.S. GAAP measures.
Total revenue, which includes billable expenses, increased 6.7% during the year ended year ended December 31, 2022. Our organic increase of revenue before billable expenses of 7.0% for the year ended December 31, 2022 was driven by net higher spending from existing clients across nearly all sectors, most notably in the healthcare, financial services, other and retail sectors, which also each increased from net client wins. During the year ended December 31, 2022, our Adjusted EBITA margin on revenue before billable expenses decreased to 15.5% from 16.7% in the prior-year period as the increase in revenue before billable expenses, discussed below in the “Results of Operations” section, was outpaced by the overall increase in our operating expenses, excluding billable expenses and amortization of acquired intangibles. Adjusted EBITA includes $98.6 of restructuring charges related to the 2022 Real Estate Actions which had a negative 1.0% impact on Adjusted EBITA margin on revenue before billable expenses.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
Total Revenue, which includes billable expenses, increased 13.0% during the year ended December 31, 2021. Our organic increase of revenue before billable expenses of 11.9% for the year ended December 31, 2021 was driven by net higher spending from existing clients across all sectors, most notably in the healthcare, retail, technology and telecom and other sectors, which also each increased from net client wins. During the year ended December 31, 2021, our Adjusted EBITA margin on revenue before billable expenses increased to 16.7% from 8.4% in the prior-year period as the increase in revenue before billable expenses, discussed below in the “Results of Operations” section, outpaced the overall increase in our operating expenses, excluding billable expenses and amortization of acquired intangibles.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Consolidated Results of Operations
Revenue before billable expenses
Our revenue before billable expenses is directly impacted by the retention and spending levels of existing clients and by our ability to win new clients. Most of our expenses are recognized ratably throughout the year and are therefore less seasonal than revenue. Our revenue before billable expenses is typically lowest in the first quarter and highest in the fourth quarter, reflecting the seasonal spending of our clients.

| Year ended December 31, 2021 |  | Components of Change |  | Year ended December 31, 2022 |  | Change
| Foreign Currency |  | Net Acquisitions/ (Divestitures) |  | Organic |  | Organic |  | Total
Consolidated | $ | 9,107.9 |  |  | $ | (266.9) |  |  | $ | (27.4) |  |  | $ | 635.8 |  |  | $ | 9,449.4 |  |  | 7.0 | % |  | 3.7 | %
Domestic | 5,763.1 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 14.4 |  |  | 380.2 |  |  | 6,157.7 |  |  | 6.6 | % |  | 6.8 | %
International | 3,344.8 |  |  | (266.9) |  |  | (41.8) |  |  | 255.6 |  |  | 3,291.7 |  |  | 7.6 | % |  | (1.6) | %
United Kingdom | 781.5 |  |  | (79.7) |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 40.4 |  |  | 742.2 |  |  | 5.2 | % |  | (5.0) | %
Continental Europe | 799.7 |  |  | (90.6) |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 55.5 |  |  | 764.6 |  |  | 6.9 | % |  | (4.4) | %
Asia Pacific | 791.4 |  |  | (57.4) |  |  | (4.1) |  |  | 42.8 |  |  | 772.7 |  |  | 5.4 | % |  | (2.4) | %
Latin America | 396.4 |  |  | (19.4) |  |  | (4.6) |  |  | 51.2 |  |  | 423.6 |  |  | 12.9 | % |  | 6.9 | %
Other | 575.8 |  |  | (19.8) |  |  | (33.1) |  |  | 65.7 |  |  | 588.6 |  |  | 11.4 | % |  | 2.2 | %

The 6.6% organic increase in our domestic market was primarily driven by growth in our advertising and media businesses in addition to our experiential businesses and public relations agencies, as well as data management and analytics. In our international markets, the 7.6% o rganic increase was primarily driven by strong performance at our media, advertising and experiential businesses and our public relations agencies across all geographic regions.

| Year ended December 31, 2020 |  | Components of Change |  | Year ended December 31, 2021 |  | Change
| Foreign Currency |  | Net Acquisitions/ (Divestitures) |  | Organic |  | Organic |  | Total
Consolidated | $ | 8,064.5 |  |  | $ | 115.2 |  |  | $ | (34.9) |  |  | $ | 963.1 |  |  | $ | 9,107.9 |  |  | 11.9 | % |  | 12.9 | %
Domestic | 5,211.4 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | (14.7) |  |  | 566.4 |  |  | 5,763.1 |  |  | 10.9 | % |  | 10.6 | %
International | 2,853.1 |  |  | 115.2 |  |  | (20.2) |  |  | 396.7 |  |  | 3,344.8 |  |  | 13.9 | % |  | 17.2 | %
United Kingdom | 664.3 |  |  | 49.7 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 66.6 |  |  | 781.5 |  |  | 10.0 | % |  | 17.6 | %
Continental Europe | 683.6 |  |  | 27.4 |  |  | (3.7) |  |  | 92.4 |  |  | 799.7 |  |  | 13.5 | % |  | 17.0 | %
Asia Pacific | 710.5 |  |  | 23.1 |  |  | (20.6) |  |  | 78.4 |  |  | 791.4 |  |  | 11.0 | % |  | 11.4 | %
Latin America | 323.4 |  |  | (9.8) |  |  | 9.2 |  |  | 73.6 |  |  | 396.4 |  |  | 22.8 | % |  | 22.6 | %
Other | 471.3 |  |  | 24.8 |  |  | (6.0) |  |  | 85.7 |  |  | 575.8 |  |  | 18.2 | % |  | 22.2 | %

The 10.9% organic increase in our domestic market was primarily driven by growth across all disciplines, most notably in our advertising, media and public relations agencies as well as data management and analytics. In our international markets, the 13.9% organic increase was primarily driven by strong performance at our media and advertising businesses and our digital project-based offerings across all geographic regions.
Refer to the segment discussion later in this MD&A for information on changes in revenue by segment.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
Salaries and Related Expenses

| Years ended December 31, |  | Change
|  | 2022 vs 2021 |  | 2021 vs 2020
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | % Increase/ (Decrease) |  | % Increase/ (Decrease)
Salaries and related expenses | $ | 6,258.3 |  |  | $ | 5,975.4 |  |  | $ | 5,345.0 |  |  | 4.7 | % |  | 11.8 | %
As a % of revenue before billable expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and related expenses | 66.2 | % |  | 65.6 | % |  | 66.3 | % |  |  |  |
Base salaries, benefits and tax | 56.6 | % |  | 53.4 | % |  | 55.9 | % |  |  |  |
Incentive expense | 3.6 | % |  | 5.2 | % |  | 3.8 | % |  |  |  |
Severance expense | 0.8 | % |  | 0.9 | % |  | 1.5 | % |  |  |  |
Temporary help | 4.1 | % |  | 4.8 | % |  | 3.8 | % |  |  |  |
All other salaries and related expenses | 1.1 | % |  | 1.3 | % |  | 1.3 | % |  |  |  |

Revenue before billable expenses growth of 3.7% was outpaced by the increase in salaries and related expenses of 4.7% during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the prior-year period, primarily driven by increases in base salaries, benefits and tax, partially offset by decreased performance-based employee incentive compensation and temporary help expense.
Revenue before billable expenses growth of 12.9% outpaced the increase in salaries and related expenses of 11.8% during the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the prior-year period. The ratio improvement was primarily driven by leverage in base salaries, benefits and tax that includes the benefit of initiatives taken in 2020, as well as lower severance expense, partially offset by increased performance-based employee incentive compensation expense as a result of strong operating performance, and increased temporary help expense.
Office and Other Direct Expenses

| Years ended December 31, |  | Change
|  | 2022 vs 2021 |  | 2021 vs 2020
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | % Increase/ (Decrease) |  | % Increase/ (Decrease)
Office and other direct expenses | $ | 1,346.4 |  |  | $ | 1,279.6 |  |  | $ | 1,367.9 |  |  | 5.2 | % |  | (6.5) | %
As a % of revenue before billable expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Office and other direct expenses | 14.2 | % |  | 14.0 | % |  | 17.0 | % |  |  |  |
Occupancy expense | 4.8 | % |  | 5.0 | % |  | 6.2 | % |  |  |  |
All other office and other direct expenses 1 | 9.4 | % |  | 9.0 | % |  | 10.8 | % |  |  |  |

1 Includes production expenses, travel and entertainment, professional fees, spending to support new business activity, telecommunications, office supplies, bad debt expense, adjustments to contingent acquisition obligations, foreign currency losses (gains) and other expenses.
Office and other direct expenses increased by 5.2% compared to our revenue before billable expenses increase of 3.7% during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the prior-year period. The increase in office and other direct expenses was related to increases in travel and entertainment expenses, professional consulting fees as well as expenses related to client service costs and company meetings and conferences, partially offset by a decrease in occupancy expense and a reduction in the year-over-year change in contingent acquisition obligations.
Office and other direct expenses decreased by 6.5% compared to our revenue before billable expenses increase of 12.9% during the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the prior-year period. The decrease in office and other direct expenses was related to savings on occupancy expense as a result of real estate restructuring actions taken in 2020, a reduction in the year-over-year change in contingent acquisition obligations, lower travel and entertainment expenses and lower bad debt expense attributable to an improved credit outlook over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, partially offset by an increase in employee recruitment costs.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses ("SG&A") are primarily the unallocated expenses of our Corporate and other group, as detailed further in the segment discussion later in this MD&A, excluding depreciation and amortization. SG&A decreased in 2022 as compared to the prior-year period, primarily due to a decrease in performance-based incentive compensation expense, partially offset by an increase in professional consulting fees.
SG&A increased in 2021 as compared to the prior-year period, primarily due to increases in salaries and related expenses and performance-based incentive compensation expense.
Depreciation and Amortization
For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, depreciation and amortization was $189.3, $197.6 and $204.7, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, amortization of acquired intangibles was $84.7, $86.2 and $85.9, respectively.
Restructuring Charges

|  |  | Years ended December 31,
|  |  | 2022 1 |  | 2021 2 |  | 2020
Severance and termination costs |  |  | $ | (0.1) |  |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 140.4 |
Lease restructuring costs |  |  | 85.4 |  |  | 6.3 |  |  | 256.0 |
Other restructuring costs |  |  | 17.1 |  |  | 3.9 |  |  | 17.4 |
Total restructuring charges |  |  | $ | 102.4 |  |  | $ | 10.6 |  |  | $ | 413.8 |

1 The amounts for the year ended December 31, 2022 represent 2022 Real Estate Actions, as well as adjustments to the actions taken in 2020. The 2022 Real Estate Actions did not include any severance and termination costs.
2 The amounts for the year ended December 31, 2021 represent adjustments to the actions taken in 2020.
2022 Real Estate Actions
In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company took Real Estate Actions related to new real estate exits and lease terminations to further optimize the real estate footprint supporting our office-home hybrid service model in a post-pandemic economy. All included opportunities for further efficiencies as a result of the current working environment were identified and completed during the fourth quarter of 2022.
A summary of the restructuring activities related to the 2022 Real Estate Actions is as follows:

| 2022 Real Estate Actions
| Restructuring Expense |  | Non-Cash Items |  | Cash Payments |  |  |  | Liability at December 31, 2022
Lease impairment costs | $ | 84.4 |  |  | $ | 84.4 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.0 |
Other restructuring costs | 14.2 |  |  | 13.5 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  |  | 0.0 |
Total | $ | 98.6 |  |  | $ | 97.9 |  |  | $ | 0.7 |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.0 |

Our restructuring charges for these actions totaled $98.6 for the year ended December 31, 2022. These Real Estate Actions, taken during the fourth quarter of 2022, reduced our occupied global real estate footprint by approximately 6.7% or 500,000 square feet.
Net restructuring charges related to the 2022 Real Estate Actions were comprised of $64.1 at MD&E, $25.9 at IA&C, $8.0 at SC&E and $0.6 at Corporate and Other for the year ended December 31, 2022, which include non-cash lease impairment costs of $54.3, $22.3, $7.0 and $0.8, respectively.
Lease impairment costs, which relate to the office spaces that were vacated as part of the 2022 Real Estate Actions, included impairments of operating lease right-of-use assets and associated leasehold improvements, furniture and asset retirement obligations. Lease impairments were calculated based on estimated fair values using market participant assumptions including forecasted net discounted cash flows related to the operating lease right-of-use assets.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
2020 Restructuring Plan
Beginning in the second quarter of 2020, the Company took restructuring actions to lower its operating expenses structurally and permanently relative to revenue and to accelerate the transformation of our business (the “2020 Plan”).
All restructuring actions were identified and initiated in 2020, with all actions completed by the end of the fourth quarter of 2020 and were based on our experience and learning in the COVID-19 pandemic and a resulting review of our operations to address certain operating expenses such as occupancy expense and salaries and related expenses.
A summary of the restructuring activities related to the 2020 Plan is as follows:

| 2020 Plan
| Liability at December 31, 2021 |  | Restructuring Expense |  | Non-Cash Items |  | Cash Payments |  |  |  | Liability at December 31, 2022
Severance and termination costs | $ | 9.4 |  |  | $ | (0.1) |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 7.0 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2.3 |
Lease impairment costs | 0.0 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  |  | 0.0 |
Other restructuring costs | 0.0 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  |  | 0.0 |
Total | $ | 9.4 |  |  | $ | 3.8 |  |  | $ | 3.9 |  |  | $ | 7.0 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2.3 |

Our restructuring charges for the year ended December 31, 2022 totaled $3.8, consisting of adjustments to the Company's restructuring actions taken during 2020.
Net restructuring charges related to the 2020 Plan were comprised of $0.1 at MD&E, $7.7 at IA&C, $(4.2) at SC&E and $0.2 at Corporate and Other for the year ended December 31, 2022, which include non-cash lease impairment costs of $0.0, $7.0, $(5.9) and $(0.1), respectively.

| 2020 Plan
| Liability at December 31, 2020 |  | Restructuring Expense |  | Non-Cash Items |  | Cash Payments |  |  |  | Liability at December 31, 2021
Severance and termination costs | $ | 74.6 |  |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 65.3 |  |  |  |  | $ | 9.4 |
Lease impairment costs | 0.0 |  |  | 6.3 |  |  | 6.3 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  |  | 0.0 |
Other restructuring costs | 0.0 |  |  | 3.9 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  |  | 0.0 |
Total | $ | 74.6 |  |  | $ | 10.6 |  |  | $ | 9.8 |  |  | $ | 66.0 |  |  |  |  | $ | 9.4 |

Our restructuring charges for the year ended December 31, 2021 totaled $10.6, consisting of adjustments to the Company's restructuring actions taken during 2020.
Net restructuring charges were comprised of $0.1 at MD&E, $2.6 at IA&C, $10.0 at SC&E and $(2.1) at Corporate and Other for the year ended December 31, 2021, which include non-cash lease impairment costs of $(0.9), $(0.1), $7.3 and $0.0, respectively.

| 2020 Plan
| Restructuring Expense |  | Non-Cash Items |  | Cash Payments |  |  |  | Liability at December 31, 2020
Severance and termination costs | $ | 140.4 |  |  | $ | 4.5 |  |  | $ | 61.3 |  |  |  |  | $ | 74.6 |
Lease impairment costs | 256.0 |  |  | 256.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  |  | 0.0 |
Other | 17.4 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  | 12.3 |  |  |  |  | 0.0 |
Total | $ | 413.8 |  |  | $ | 265.6 |  |  | $ | 73.6 |  |  |  |  | $ | 74.6 |

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
Our restructuring charges for the year ended December 31, 2020 totaled $413.8 and were designed to reduce our expenses, such as occupancy expense and salaries and related expenses, relative to our revenue before billable expenses on an ongoing basis. These actions, taken during the second, third and fourth quarters of 2020, reduced our global real estate footprint by approximately 15% or 1,700,000 square feet and, further, downsized selected levels of management and staff with severance costs for 1,520 employees or approximately 3%. Of the total charges for the year ended December 31, 2020, $265.6 or 64%, is non-cash, mainly representing the impairment of right-of-use assets of operating leases.
Net restructuring charges were comprised of $159.9 at MD&E, $148.1 at IA&C, $88.7 at SC&E and $17.1 at Corporate and Other for the year ended December 31, 2020, which include non-cash lease impairment costs of $89.3, $101.1, $59.8 and $5.8, respectively.
Lease impairment costs, which relate to the office spaces that were vacated as part of the 2020 Plan, included impairments of operating lease right-of-use assets and associated leasehold improvements, furniture and asset retirement obligations. Lease impairments were calculated based on estimated fair values using market participant assumptions including forecasted net discounted cash flows related to the operating lease right-of-use assets.
EXPENSES AND OTHER INCOME

| Years ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Cash interest on debt obligations | $ | (171.3) |  |  | $ | (168.0) |  |  | $ | (186.3) |
Non-cash interest | (3.4) |  |  | (5.1) |  |  | (5.9) |
Interest expense | (174.7) |  |  | (173.1) |  |  | (192.2) |
Interest income | 63.4 |  |  | 29.7 |  |  | 29.5 |
Net interest expense | (111.3) |  |  | (143.4) |  |  | (162.7) |
Other expense, net | (1.0) |  |  | (70.7) |  |  | (64.4) |
Total (expenses) and other income | $ | (112.3) |  |  | $ | (214.1) |  |  | $ | (227.1) |

Net Interest Expense
Net interest expense decreased by $32.1 in 2022 compare d to a year ago, primarily attributable to decreased cash interest expense as a result of our $500.0 in aggregate principal amount 3.750% unsecured senior notes that matured in the fourth quarter of 2021 and higher interest yield on our cash deposits, partially offset by higher interest expense on bank overdrafts, resulting in increased interest income. Net interest expense decreased by $19.3 in 2021 as compared to 2020, primarily attributable to decreased cash interest expense as a result of our $500.0 in aggregate principal amount 3.500% unsecured senior notes that matured in the fourth quarter of 2020.
Other Expense, Net
Results of operations include certain items that are not directly associated with our revenue-producing operations.

| Years ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Net losses on sales of businesses | $ | (11.3) |  |  | $ | (19.4) |  |  | $ | (67.0) |
Loss on early extinguishment of debt | 0.0 |  |  | (74.0) |  |  | 0.0 |
Other | 10.3 |  |  | 22.7 |  |  | 2.6 |
Total other expense, net | $ | (1.0) |  |  | $ | (70.7) |  |  | $ | (64.4) |

Net losses on sales of businesses – During 2022, 2021 and 2020, the amounts recognized were related to sales of businesses and the classification of certain assets and liabilities, consisting primarily of cash, as hel d for sale within our MD&E, IA&C, and SC&E reportable segments. The businesses held for sale as of year-end primarily represent unprofitable, non-strategic agencies which are expected to be sold within the next twelve months. The sales of businesses and the classification of certain assets and liabilities as held for sale included cash, net of proce eds, of $22.4, $13.3 and $62.9 for the years ended 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, which is classified within the Other Investing Activities line in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
L oss on early extinguishment of debt – During the first quarter of 2021, we recorded a loss of $74.0 related to the early extinguishment of all $250.0 in aggregate principal amount of our 4.000% Senior Notes, all $500.0 in aggregate principal amount of our 3.750% Senior Notes, and $250.0 of the $500.0 in aggregate principal amount of our 4.200% Senior Notes.
Other – During 2022, the majority of the amounts recognized were primarily related to a cash gain from the sale of an equity investment, partially offset by a non-cash loss related to the deconsolidation of a previously consolidated entity in which we maintain an equity interest. During 2021, the majority of the amounts recognized were related to a non-cash gain related to the deconsolidation of a previously consolidated entity in which we maintain an equity interest, and pension and postretirement costs. During 2020, the amounts recognized were primarily a result of gains on remeasurement of equity interests arising from a change in ownership.
INCOME TAXES

| Years ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Income before income taxes | $ | 1,268.9 |  |  | $ | 1,222.1 |  |  | $ | 361.3 |
Provision for income taxes | $ | 318.4 |  |  | $ | 251.8 |  |  | $ | 8.0 |
Effective income tax rate | 25.1 | % |  | 20.6 | % |  | 2.2 | %

Effective Tax Rate
Our tax rates are affected by many factors, including our worldwide earnings from various countries, changes in legislation and tax characteristics of our income.
In 2022, our effective income tax rate of 25.1% was adversely impacted by the establishment of net valuation allowances primarily in Continental Europe, and by net losses on sales of businesses and the classification of certain assets as held for sale for which we received minimal tax benefit. This was partially offset by excess tax benefits on employee share-based payments, the majority of which were recognized in the first quarter due to the timing of the vesting of awards and by the release of previously recorded reserves for tax contingencies.
In August 2022, the U.S. enacted the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”), which creates a new book minimum tax of at least 15% of consolidated GAAP pre-tax income for corporations with average book income in excess of $1 billion. The book minimum tax will first apply to our 2023 year. We do not expect an increase in our tax liability from this new book minimum tax in 2023. The IRA also creates an excise tax of 1% of the value of any stock repurchased by IPG after December 31, 2022. We expect to be subject to this new excise tax, but the amount will vary depending on various factors, including the amount and frequency of any stock issuances and repurchases. As a result of the IRA, tax associated with share repurchases will be included as part of the cost basis of the shares repurchased and recorded as an adjustment to treasury stock.
In 2021, our effective income tax rate of 20.6% was positively impacted by the reversal of valuation allowances primarily in Continental Europe. This was partially offset by net losses on sales of businesses and the classification of certain assets as held for sale for which we received minimal tax benefit.
In 2020, our effective income tax rate of 2.2% was positively impacted by the settlement of the U.S. Federal income tax audit of the years 2006 to 2016, partially offset by losses in certain foreign jurisdictions where we received no tax benefit due to 100% valuation allowances, by net losses on sales of businesses and the classification of certain assets as held for sale for which we received minimal tax benefit and by tax expense associated with the change to our assertion regarding the permanent reinvestment of undistributed earnings attributable to certain foreign subsidiaries.
On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) was enacted and signed into law. The CARES Act includes several provisions for corporations including increasing the amount of deductible interest, allowing companies to carryback certain net operating losses (“NOLs”) and increasing the amount of NOLs that corporations can use to offset income. The CARES Act did not materially affect our quarter or year-to-date income tax provision, deferred tax assets and liabilities, or related taxes payable.
In the second quarter of 2020, in response to changes in non-U.S. tax law, a decision was made to change our indefinite reinvestment assertion on a $120.0 of undistributed foreign earnings of specific subsidiaries. We recorded $10.4 of income tax costs associated with this change to our assertion.
In the third quarter of 2020, in response to restructuring actions taken within foreign subsidiaries, a decision was made to change our indefinite reinvestment assertion on a $46.0 of undistributed foreign earnings of specific subsidiaries. We recorded $3.2 of income tax costs associated with this change to our assertion.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
On July 29, 2020, the Internal Revenue Service notified the Company that the U.S. Federal income tax audit of years 2006 through 2016 has been finalized and settled. As a result, we recognized an income tax benefit of $136.2 in the third quarter of 2020.
See Note 9 in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for further information.
EARNINGS PER SHARE
Basic earnings per share available to IPG common stockholders for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $2.40, $2.42 and $0.90 per share, respectively. Diluted earnings per share available to IPG common stockholders for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $2.37, $2.39 and $0.89 per share, respectively.
Basic and diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2022 included a negative impact of $0.17 from the amortization of acquired intangibles, negative impacts of $0.20 and $0.19, respectively, from restructuring charges, a negative impact of $0.03 from net losses on sales of businesses and the classification of certain assets as held for sale, a negative impact of $0.01 from the deconsolidation of a previously consolidated entity and a negative impact of $0.02 related to the net set-up of income tax valuation allowances, partially offset by a positive impact of $0.03 from the sale of an equity investment.
Basic and diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2021 included negative impacts of $0.18 and $0.17, respectively, from the amortization of acquired intangibles, a negative impact of $0.02 from restructuring charges, a negative impact of $0.04 from net losses on sales of businesses and the classification of certain assets as held for sale, a negative impact of $0.14 from the loss on early extinguishment of debt, partially offset by a positive impact of $0.15 related to income tax valuation allowance reversals and a positive impact of $0.01 from the deconsolidation of a previously consolidated entity.
Basic and diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2020 included a negative impact of $0.18 from the amortization of acquired intangibles, a negative impact of $0.82 from restructuring charges, a negative impact of $0.16 from net losses on sales of businesses and the classification of certain assets as held for sale, partially offset by a net positive impact of $0.31 from various discrete tax items.
Segment Results of Operations
As discussed in Note 15 in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, we have three reportable segments as of December 31, 2022: MD&E, IA&C and SC&E. We also report results for the "Corporate and other" group. Segment information for the prior period has been recast to conform to the current-period presentation.
Media, Data & Engagement Solutions
Revenue before billable expenses

| Year ended December 31, 2021 |  | Components of Change |  | Year ended December 31, 2022 |  | Change
| Foreign Currency |  | Net Acquisitions/ (Divestitures) |  | Organic |  | Organic |  | Total
Consolidated | $ | 3,973.6 |  |  | $ | (132.6) |  |  | $ | 17.1 |  |  | $ | 253.4 |  |  | $ | 4,111.5 |  |  | 6.4 | % |  | 3.5 | %
Domestic | 2,403.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 14.4 |  |  | 94.1 |  |  | 2,512.1 |  |  | 3.9 | % |  | 4.5 | %
International | 1,570.0 |  |  | (132.6) |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 159.3 |  |  | 1,599.4 |  |  | 10.1 | % |  | 1.9 | %

The organic increase was mainly attributable to net client wins in our financial services sector and net higher spending from existing clients in our retail and other sectors. The 3.9% organic increase in our domestic market was driven by increases at our media businesses and data management and analytics. In our international markets, the 10.1% organic increase was driven by growth across all disciplines, primarily at our media businesses, and was most notable in the Continental Europe, Latin America and Asia Pacific regions.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)

| Year ended December 31, 2020 |  | Components of Change |  | Year ended December 31, 2021 |  | Change
| Foreign Currency |  | Net Acquisitions/ (Divestitures) |  | Organic |  | Organic |  | Total
Consolidated | $ | 3,451.2 |  |  | $ | 49.2 |  |  | $ | (0.1) |  |  | $ | 473.3 |  |  | $ | 3,973.6 |  |  | 13.7 | % |  | 15.1 | %
Domestic | 2,168.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 234.7 |  |  | 2,403.6 |  |  | 10.8 | % |  | 10.8 | %
International | 1,282.3 |  |  | 49.2 |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | 238.6 |  |  | 1,570.0 |  |  | 18.6 | % |  | 22.4 | %

The organic increase was mainly attributable to net higher spending from existing clients in our retail, healthcare and financial services sectors. The 10.8% organic increase in our domestic market was primarily driven by growth across all disciplines, most notably our media businesses and data management and analytics. In our international markets, the 18.6% organic increase was primarily driven by increases at our media businesses and digital project-based offerings, and was most notable in the Continental Europe and Asia Pacific regions.
Segment EBITA

| Years ended December 31, |  | Change
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2022 vs 2021 |  | 2021 vs 2020
Segment EBITA 1 | $ | 701.8 |  |  | $ | 818.0 |  |  | $ | 385.7 |  |  | (14.2) | % |  | 112.1 | %
Segment EBITA margin on revenue before billable expenses 1 | 17.1 | % |  | 20.6 | % |  | 11.2 | % |  |  |  |

1 Segment EBITA and Segment EBITA margin on revenue before billable expenses inclu de $64.2, $0.1 and $159.9 of restructuring charges in the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 respectively. See "Restructuring Charges" in MD&A and Note 11 of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for further information.
Segment EBITA margin decreased during 2022 when compared to 2021, as the increase in revenue before billable expenses, was outpaced by the overall increase in our operating expenses, excluding billable expenses and amortization of acquired intangibles, primarily due to an increase in restructuring charges in 2022. Revenue before billable expenses growth of 3.5% was outpaced by the increase in salaries and related expenses as compared to the prior-year period, primarily driven by increases in base salaries, benefits and tax, which was driven by hiring to support revenue growth, partially offset by decreases in performance-based incentive compensation and temporary help expense. Office and other direct expense increased due to increases in travel and entertainment expenses, as well as expenses related to company meetings and conferences and professional consulting fees, partially offset by a decrease in occupancy expense. Depreciation and amortization, excluding amortization of acquired intangibles, as a percentage of revenue before billable expenses decreased slightly to 2.6% in 2022 from the prior-year period.
Segment EBITA margin increased during 2021 when compared to 2020, as the increase in revenue before billable expenses, outpaced the overall increase in our operating expenses, excluding billable expenses and amortization of acquired intangib les. Revenue before billable expenses growth of 15.1% outpaced the increase in salaries and related expenses as compared to the prior-year period, primarily driven by increases in base salaries, benefits and tax, performance-based incentive compensation expense as well as temporary help expense, partially offset by lower severance expense. Office and other direct expense increased due to increases in client service costs, professional consulting fees and new business development, offset by a decrease in bad debt expense. Depreciation and amortization, excluding amortization of acquired intangibles, as a percentage of revenue before billable expenses decreased to 2.7% in 2021 from the prior-year period.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
Integrated Advertising & Creativity Led Solutions
Revenue before billable expenses

| Year ended December 31, 2021 |  | Components of Change |  | Year ended December 31, 2022 |  | Change
| Foreign Currency |  | Net Acquisitions/ (Divestitures) |  | Organic |  | Organic |  | Total
Consolidated | $ | 3,823.8 |  |  | $ | (99.5) |  |  | $ | (43.0) |  |  | $ | 270.4 |  |  | $ | 3,951.7 |  |  | 7.1 | % |  | 3.3 | %
Domestic | 2,454.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 208.1 |  |  | 2,662.5 |  |  | 8.5 | % |  | 8.5 | %
International | 1,369.4 |  |  | (99.5) |  |  | (43.0) |  |  | 62.3 |  |  | 1,289.2 |  |  | 4.5 | % |  | (5.9) | %

The organic increase was mainly attributable to a combination of net higher spending from existing clients and net client wins in our healthcare, other and financial services sectors. The 8.5% organic increase in our domestic market was driven by growth in our advertising businesses. In our international markets, the 4.5% organic increase was driven by growth in our advertising businesses, and was most notable in the Other region led by the Middle East and Canada.

| Year ended December 31, 2020 |  | Components of Change |  | Year ended December 31, 2021 |  | Change
| Foreign Currency |  | Net Acquisitions/ (Divestitures) |  | Organic |  | Organic |  | Total
Consolidated | $ | 3,427.5 |  |  | $ | 46.4 |  |  | $ | (17.7) |  |  | $ | 367.6 |  |  | $ | 3,823.8 |  |  | 10.7 | % |  | 11.6 | %
Domestic | 2,230.3 |  |  | — |  |  | (8.1) |  |  | 232.2 |  |  | 2,454.4 |  |  | 10.4 | % |  | 10.0 | %
International | 1,197.2 |  |  | 46.4 |  |  | (9.6) |  |  | 135.4 |  |  | 1,369.4 |  |  | 11.3 | % |  | 14.4 | %

The organic increase was mainly attributable to net higher spending from existing clients in across all sectors, most notably in the healthcare, technology & telecom, retail and other sectors. The 10.4% organic increase in our domestic market was driven by growth in our advertising businesses. In our international markets, the 11.3% organic increase was driven by growth in our advertising businesses, and was most notable in the Other region led by the Middle East and Canada.
Segment EBITA

| Years ended December 31, |  | Change
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2022 vs 2021 |  | 2021 vs 2020
Segment EBITA 1 | $ | 624.1 |  |  | $ | 645.2 |  |  | $ | 328.5 |  |  | (3.3) | % |  | 96.4 | %
Segment EBITA margin on revenue before billable expenses 1 | 15.8 | % |  | 16.9 | % |  | 9.6 | % |  |  |  |

1 Segment EBITA and Segment EBITA margin on revenue before billable expenses include $33.6, $2.6 and $148.1 of restructuring charges in the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 respectively. See "Restructuring Charges" in MD&A and Note 11 of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for further information.
Segment EBITA margin decreased during 2022 when compared to 2021, as the increase in revenue before billable expenses, was outpaced by the overall increase in our operating expenses, excluding billable expenses and amortization of acquired intangibles, primarily due to an increase in restructuring charges in 2022. Revenue before billable expenses growth of 3.3% was outpaced by the increase in salaries and related expenses as compared to the prior-year period, primarily driven by increases in base salaries, benefits and tax, which was driven by hiring to support revenue growth, partially offset by decreases in performance-based incentive compensation and temporary help expense. Office and other direct expense increased due to increases in travel and entertainment expense, client service costs and new business development, partially offset by decreases in occupancy expense and professional consulting fees and a reduction in the year-over-year change in contingent acquisition obligations. Depreciation and amortization, excluding amortization of acquired intangibles, as a percentage of revenue before billable expenses decreased to 1.5% in 2022 from the prior-year period.
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Segment EBITA margin increased during 2021 when compared to 2020, as the increase in revenue before billable expenses, outpaced the overall increase in our operating expenses, excluding billable expenses and amortization of acquired intangibles. Revenue before billable expenses growth of 11.6% outpaced the increase in salaries and related expenses as compared to the prior-year period, primarily driven by increases in performance-based incentive compensation and temporary help expense, offset by leverage in base salaries, benefits and tax, as well as lower severance expense. Office and other direct expense increased due to increases in employee recruitment and client service costs, new business development and professional consulting fees, offset by a decrease in bad debt expense as well as decreased occupancy expense as a result of restructuring actions taken in 2020. Depreciation and amortization, excluding amortization of acquired intangibles, as a percentage of revenue before billable expenses decreased to 1.7% in 2021 from the prior-year period.
Specialized Communications & Experiential Solutions
Revenue before billable expenses

| Year ended December 31, 2021 |  | Components of Change |  | Year ended December 31, 2022 |  | Change
| Foreign Currency |  | Net Acquisitions/ (Divestitures) |  | Organic |  | Organic |  | Total
Consolidated | $ | 1,310.5 |  |  | $ | (34.8) |  |  | $ | (1.5) |  |  | $ | 112.0 |  |  | $ | 1,386.2 |  |  | 8.5 | % |  | 5.8 | %
Domestic | 905.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 78.0 |  |  | 983.1 |  |  | 8.6 | % |  | 8.6 | %
International | 405.4 |  |  | (34.8) |  |  | (1.5) |  |  | 34.0 |  |  | 403.1 |  |  | 8.4 | % |  | (0.6) | %

The organic increase was mainly attributable to net higher spending from existing clients in our technology & telecom, auto & transportation and food & beverage sectors and net client wins in our healthcare sector. The 8.6% organic increase in our domestic market was driven by revenue increases at both our experiential businesses and public relations agencies. In our international market, the 8.4% organic increase was driven by growth at both our experiential businesses and public relations agencies, and was most notable in the United Kingdom, Asia Pacific and Continental Europe regions.

| Year ended December 31, 2020 |  | Components of Change |  | Year ended December 31, 2021 |  | Change
| Foreign Currency |  | Net Acquisitions/ (Divestitures) |  | Organic |  | Organic |  | Total
Consolidated | $ | 1,185.8 |  |  | $ | 19.6 |  |  | $ | (17.1) |  |  | $ | 122.2 |  |  | $ | 1,310.5 |  |  | 10.3 | % |  | 10.5 | %
Domestic | 812.2 |  |  | — |  |  | (6.6) |  |  | 99.5 |  |  | 905.1 |  |  | 12.3 | % |  | 11.4 | %
International | 373.6 |  |  | 19.6 |  |  | (10.5) |  |  | 22.7 |  |  | 405.4 |  |  | 6.1 | % |  | 8.5 | %

The organic increase was mainly attributable to net higher spending from existing clients across nearly all sectors, most notably in the other, food & beverage and auto & transportation sectors. The 12.3% organic increase in our domestic market was driven by revenue increases at both our public relations agencies and experiential businesses. In our international market, the 6.1% organic increase was driven by growth at both our public relations agencies and experiential businesses, and was most notable in the United Kingdom region.
Segment EBITA

| Years ended December 31, |  | Change
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2022 vs 2021 |  | 2021 vs 2020
Segment EBITA 1 | $ | 234.5 |  |  | $ | 188.6 |  |  | $ | 41.4 |  |  | 24.3 | % |  | 355.6 | %
Segment EBITA margin on revenue before billable expenses 1 | 16.9 | % |  | 14.4 | % |  | 3.5 | % |  |  |  |

1 Segment EBITA and Segment EBITA margin on revenue before billable expenses include $3.8, $10.0 and $88.7 of restructuring charges in the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 respectively. See "Restructuring Charges" in MD&A and Note 11 of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for further information.
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(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
Segment EBITA margin increased during 2022 when compared to 2021, as the increase in revenue before billable expenses, outpaced the overall increase in our operating expenses, excluding billable expenses and amortization of acquired intangibles. Revenue before billable expenses growth of 5.8% outpaced the increase in salaries and related expenses as compared to the prior-year period which was primarily driven by increases in base salaries, benefits and tax, driven by hiring to support revenue growth, offset by decreased performance-based incentive compensation and severance expense. Office and other direct expense increased due to increases in travel and entertainment expenses and new business development, offset by a reduction in the year-over-year change in contingent acquisition obligations as well as decreases in occupancy expense and professional consulting fees. Depreciation and amortization, excluding amortization of acquired intangibles, as a percentage of revenue before billable expenses decreased to 1.2% in 2022 from the prior-year period.
Segment EBITA margin increased during 2021 when compared to 2020, as the increase in revenue before billable expenses, outpaced the overall decrease in our operating expenses, excluding billable expenses and amortization of acquired intangibles. Revenue before billable expenses growth of 10.5% was outpaced by the increase in salaries and related expenses as compared to the prior-year period, primarily driven by increases in base salaries, benefits and tax and increases in performance-based incentive compensation and temporary help expense. Office and other direct expense decreased due to a decrease in occupancy expense, the year-over-year change in contingent acquisition obligations, as well as decreases in bad debt expense and new business development. Depreciation and amortization, excluding amortization of acquired intangibles, as a percentage of revenue before billable expenses decreased to 1.4% in 2021 from the prior-year period.
CORPORATE AND OTHER
Our corporate and other segment is primarily comprised of selling, general and administrative expenses including corporate office expenses as well as shared service center and certain other centrally managed expenses that are not fully allocated to operating divisions; salaries, long-term incentives, annual bonuses and other miscellaneous benefits for corporate office employees; professional fees related to internal control compliance, financial statement audits and legal, information technology and other consulting services that are engaged and managed through the corporate office; and rental expense for properties occupied by corporate office employees. A portion of centrally managed expenses is allocated to operating divisions based on a formula that uses the planned revenues of each of the operating units. Amounts allocated also include specific charges for information technology-related projects, which are allocated based on utilization.
Corporate and other expenses decreased by $34.9 to $94.5 during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 2021, primarily attributable to decreases in selling, general and administrative expenses, which was discussed in the Results of Operations section, partially offset by an increase in restructuring charges, Corporate and other expenses in 2021 increased by $48.1 to $129.4 compared to 2020, primarily attributable to an increase in selling, general and administrative expenses, which was discussed in the Results of Operations section, partially offset by a decrease in restructuring charges.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 corporate and other expense include s $0.8, $(2.1) and $17.1 of restructuring charges, respectively. See "Restructuring Charges" in MD&A and Note 11 of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for further information.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
CASH FLOW OVERVIEW
The following tables summarize key financial data relating to our liquidity, capital resources and uses of capital.

| Years ended December 31,
Cash Flow Data | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Net income | $ | 956.1 |  |  | $ | 972.8 |  |  | $ | 354.2 |
Adjustments to reconcile to net cash provided by operating activities 1 | 417.6 |  |  | 458.7 |  |  | 734.7 |
Net cash (used in) provided by working capital 2 | (672.3) |  |  | 743.4 |  |  | 900.1 |
Changes in other non-current assets and liabilities | (92.6) |  |  | (99.3) |  |  | (141.8) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 608.8 |  |  | $ | 2,075.6 |  |  | $ | 1,847.2 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (430.1) |  |  | (185.3) |  |  | (216.2) |
Net cash used in financing activities | (899.4) |  |  | (1,084.2) |  |  | (346.2) |

1 Consists primarily of depreciation and amortization of fixed assets and intangible assets, non-cash restructuring charges, amortization of restricted stock and other non-cash compensation, net losses on sales of businesses and provision for uncollectible receivables.
2 Reflects changes in accounts receivable, other current assets, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and contract liabilities.
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(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
Operating Activities
The presentation of the three components of net cash provided by operating activities above reflects the manner in which management views and analyzes this information. Management believes this presentation is useful as it presents cash provided by operating activities separately from the impact of changes in working capital, which is seasonal in nature and is impacted by the timing of media buying on behalf of our clients. Additionally, we view changes in other non-current assets and liabilities separately, as these items are not impacted by the factors described below.
Due to the seasonality of our business, we typically use cash from working capital in the first nine months of a year, with the largest impact in the first quarter, and generate cash from working capital in the fourth quarter, driven by the seasonally strong media spending by our clients. Quarterly and annual working capital results are impacted by the fluctuating annual media spending budgets of our clients as well as their changing media spending patterns throughout each year across various countries.
The timing of media buying on behalf of our clients across various countries affects our working capital and operating cash flow and can be volatile. In most of our businesses, our agencies enter into commitments to pay production and media costs on behalf of clients. To the extent possible, we pay production and media charges after we have received funds from our clients. The amounts involved, which substantially exceed our revenues, primarily affect the level of accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and contract liabilities. Our assets include both cash received and accounts receivable from clients for these pass-through arrangements, while our liabilities include amounts owed on behalf of clients to media and production suppliers. Our accrued liabilities are also affected by the timing of certain other payments. For example, while annual cash incentive awards are accrued throughout the year, they are generally paid during the first quarter of the subsequent year.
Net cash provided by operating activities during 2022 was $608.8, which was a decrease of $1,466.8 as compared to 2021. The decrease was primarily driven by an increase in our working capital use and this comparison includes $672.3 used in working capital in 2022, compared with $743.4 generated from working capital in 2021. Working capital in 2022 was primarily impacted by client spending and timing of collections and payments.
Net cash provided by operating activities during 2021 was $2,075.6, which was an increase of $228.4 as compared to 2020. The increase was primarily driven by an increase in our net income of $618.6. This comparison includes $743.4 generated from working capital in 2021, compared with $900.1 generated from working capital in 2020. Working capital in 2021 was primarily impacted by the variation in the timing of collections and payments around the reporting period.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities during 2022 consisted primarily of payments for acquisitions, net of cash acquired, of $232.2 primarily related to the acquisition of RafterOne which closed on October 3, 2022, as well as payments for capital expenditures of $178.1, related mostly to computer software and hardware.
Net cash used in investing activities during 2021 consisted primarily of payments for capital expenditures of 195.3, related mostly to computer hardware, computer software and leasehold improvements.
Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities during 2022 was driven primarily by payments for common stock dividends of $457.3 and common stock repurchases of $320.1, as well as the settlement of a senior note.
Net cash used in financing activities during 2021 was driven by payment for the early extinguishment of long-term debt of $1,066.8 in the first quarter of 2021, repayment of our $500.0 3.750% Senior Notes that matured on October 1, 2021 and the payment of common stock dividends of $427.7, partially offset by net proceeds of $998.1 from the issuance of $500.0 of our 2.400% Senior Notes and $500.0 of our 3.375% Senior Notes in the first quarter of 2021.
Foreign Exchange Rate Changes
The effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash included in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows resulted in a net increase of $1.6 in 2022. This increase was primarily a result of the U.S. dollar being weaker than several foreign currencies, including the British Pound Sterling.
The effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash included in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows resulted in a net decrease of $45.4 in 2021.
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(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
LIQUIDITY OUTLOOK
We expect our cash flow from operations and existing cash and cash equivalents to be sufficient to meet our anticipated operating requirements at a minimum for the next twelve months. We also have a commercial paper program, a committed corporate credit facility, and uncommitted lines of credit to support our operating needs. Borrowings under our commercial paper program are supported by our committed corporate credit agreement. We continue to maintain a disciplined approach to managing liquidity, with flexibility over significant uses of cash, including our capital expenditures, cash used for new acquisitions, our common stock repurchase program and our common stock dividends.
From time to time, we evaluate market conditions and financing alternatives for opportunities to raise additional funds or otherwise improve our liquidity profile, enhance our financial flexibility and manage market risk. Our ability to access the capital markets depends on a number of factors, which include those specific to us, such as our credit ratings, and those related to the financial markets, such as the amount or terms of available credit. There can be no guarantee that we would be able to access new sources of liquidity, or continue to access existing sources of liquidity, on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.
Funding Requirements
Our most significant funding requirements include our operations, non-cancelable operating lease obligations, capital expenditures, acquisitions, common stock dividends, taxes and debt service. Additionally, we may be required to make payments to minority shareholders in certain subsidiaries if they exercise their options to sell us their equity interests.
Notable funding requirements include:
•Debt service – As of December 31, 2022, we had outstanding short-term borrowings of $44.3 from our uncommitted lines of credit used primarily to fund short-term working capital needs. We paid $29.9, net of cash acquired, related to the acquisition of the outstanding ownership interests of a non-operating entity in which we previously held a minority interest, and which resulted in a $36.1 settlement of a senior note issued by IPG previously recorded within long-term debt. The remainder of our debt is primarily long-term, with maturities scheduled from 2024 through 2048.
•Acquisitions – On September 23, 2022, we entered into a definitive purchase agreement to acquire approximately 83.9% of the outstanding shares of RafterOne, with options to purchase the remaining outstanding shares. We paid $232.2, net of cash acquired, related to the acquisition which closed on October 3, 2022, subject to customary closing adjustments. We paid deferred payments of $18.9 for prior acquisitions as well as ownership increases in our consolidated subsidiaries. In addition to potential cash expenditures for new acquisitions, we expect to pay approxim ately $19.0 over the next twelve months related to all completed acquisitions as of December 31, 2022. We may also be required to pay approximately $5.0 related to put options held by minority shareholders if exercised, over t he next twelve months. We will continue to ev aluate strategic opportunities to grow and continue to strengthen our market position, particularly in our digital and marketing services offerings, and to expand our presence in high-growth and key strategic world markets.
•Dividends – During 2022, we paid four quarterly cash dividends of $0.290 per share on our common stock, which corresponded to aggregate dividend payments of $457.3. On February 9, 2023, we announced that our Board of Directors (the "Board") had declared a common stock cash dividend of $0.310 per share, payable on March 15, 2023 to holders of record as of the close of business on March 1, 2023. Assuming we pay a quarterly dividend of $0.310 per share and there is no significant change in the number of outstanding shares as of December 31, 2022, we would expect to pay approximately $479.0 over the next twelve months. Whether to declare and the amount of any such future dividend is at the discretion of our Board and will depend upon factors such as our earnings, financial position and cash requirements.
•Restructuring charges – Restructuring charges of $102.4 during the year ended December 31, 2022 are related to real estate impairment charges in the fourth quarter of 2022, as well as adjustments to the actions taken in 2020. As of December 31, 2022, our remaining liability related to restructuring charges was $2.3, which relates solely to the actions taken in 2020.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
The following summarizes our estimated contractual cash obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2022 and their effect on our liquidity and cash flow in future periods.

| Years ended December 31, |  | Thereafter |  | Total
| 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |
Long-term debt 1 | $ | 0.6 |  |  | $ | 249.8 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 2,620.8 |  |  | $ | 2,871.3 |
Interest payments on long-term debt 1 | 122.4 |  |  | 117.1 |  |  | 111.9 |  |  | 111.6 |  |  | 110.0 |  |  | 937.3 |  |  | 1,510.3 |
Non-cancelable operating lease obligations 2 | 279.1 |  |  | 278.0 |  |  | 247.9 |  |  | 229.0 |  |  | 201.2 |  |  | 569.3 |  |  | 1,804.5 |
Contingent acquisition payments 3 | 28.2 |  |  | 4.3 |  |  | 16.0 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 24.3 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 72.9 |
Uncertain tax positions 4 | 78.9 |  |  | 90.0 |  |  | 52.8 |  |  | 38.0 |  |  | 5.7 |  |  | 18.1 |  |  | 283.5 |
Total | $ | 509.2 |  |  | $ | 739.2 |  |  | $ | 428.7 |  |  | $ | 378.7 |  |  | $ | 341.2 |  |  | $ | 4,145.5 |  |  | $ | 6,542.5 |

1 Amounts represent maturity at book value and interest payments based on contractual obligations. We may at our option and at any time redeem all or some of any outstanding series of our senior notes reflected in this table at the redemption prices set forth in the applicable supplemental indentures under which such senior notes were issued. See Note 4 in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for further information.
2 Non-cancellable operating lease obligations are presented net of future receipts on contractual sublease arrangements. See Note 3 in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for further information.
3 We have structured certain acquisitions with additional contingent purchase price obligations based on factors including future performance of the acquired entity. See Note 6 and Note 16 in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for further information.
4 The amounts presented are estimates due to inherent uncertainty of tax settlements, including the ability to offset liabilities with tax loss carryforwards.
Share Repurchase Programs
In February 2022, our Board of Directors (the "Board") reauthorized a program to repurchase, from time to time, up to $400.0 of our common stock. As of December 31, 2022, $80.1, excluding fees, remained available for repurchase under the share repurchase program. On February 8, 2023, the Board authorized a share repurchase program to repurchase from time to time up to $350.0 million, excluding fees, of our common stock, which was in addition to any amounts remaining under the 2022 share repurchase program. We may effect such repurchases through open market purchases, trading plans established in accordance with U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") rules, derivative transactions or other means. There are no expiration dates associated with the share repurchase programs.
FINANCING AND SOURCES OF FUNDS
Substantially all of our operating cash flow is generated by our agencies. Our cash balances are held in numerous jurisdictions throughout the world, including at the holding company level. Below is a summary of our sources of liquidity.
At December 31, 2022, we held $617.8 of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities in foreign subsidiaries. The Company has historically asserted that its unremitted foreign earnings are permanently reinvested, and therefore has not recorded any deferred taxes on such amounts. However, as of December 31, 2022, $62.5 of undistributed foreign earnings from certain international entities were not subject to the permanent reinvestment assertion, therefore, the Company has recorded deferred taxes on this amount.
Credit Arrangements
We maintain a committed corporate credit facility, originally dated as of July 18, 2008, which has been amended and restated from time to time (the "Credit Agreement"). We use our Credit Agreement to increase our financial flexibility, to provide letters of credit primarily to support obligations of our subsidiaries and to support our commercial paper program. On November 1, 2021, we amended and restated the Credit Agreement. As amended, among other things, the maturity date of the Credit Agreement was extended to November 1, 2026 and the cost structure of the Credit Agreement was changed. The Credit Agreement continues to include a required leverage ratio of not more than 3.50 to 1.00, among other customary covenants, including limitations on our liens and the liens of our consolidated subsidiaries and limitations on the incurrence of subsidiary debt. At the election of the Company, the leverage ratio may be changed to not more than 4.00 to 1.00 for four consecutive quarters, beginning with the fiscal quarter in which there is an occurrence of one or more acquisitions with an aggregate purchase price of at least $200.0.
The Credit Agreement is a revolving facility under which amounts borrowed by us or any of our subsidiaries designated under the Credit Agreement may be repaid and reborrowed, subject to an aggregate lending limit of $1,500.0, or the equivalent in other currencies. The Company has the ability to increase the commitments under the Credit Agreement from time to time by an additional amount of up to $250.0, provided the Company receives commitments for such increases and satisfies certain other conditions. The aggregate available amount of letters of credit outstanding may decrease or increase, subject to a sublimit of $50.0, or the equivalent in other currencies. Our obligations under the Credit Agreement are unsecured. As of December 31,
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(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
2022, there were no borrowings under the Credit Agreement; however, we had $10.3 of letters of credit under the Credit Agreement, which reduced our total availability to $1,489.7.
We were in compliance with all of our covenants in the Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2022. The financial covenant in the Credit Agreement requires that we maintain, as of the end of each fiscal quarter, a certain leverage ratio for the four quarters then ended. Management utilizes Credit Agreement EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, as well as the amounts shown in the table below, calculated as required by the Credit Agreement, in order to assess our compliance with such covenants.
The table below sets forth the financial covenant in effect as of December 31, 2022.

| Four Quarters Ended |  |  | Four Quarters Ended
Financial Covenant | December 31, 2022 |  | Credit Agreement EBITDA Reconciliation 1 | December 31, 2022
Leverage ratio (not greater than) 1 | 3.50x |  | Net income available to IPG common stockholders | $ | 938.0 |
Actual leverage ratio | 1.61x |  | Non-operating adjustments 2 | 443.2 |
|  |  | Operating income | 1,381.2 |
|  |  | Add: |
|  |  | Depreciation and amortization | 340.3 |
|  |  | Other non-cash charges reducing operating income | 85.4 |
|  |  | Other non-cash adjustments | 6.7 |
|  |  | Credit Agreement EBITDA 1 | $ | 1,813.6 |

1 The leverage ratio is defined as debt as of the last day of such fiscal quarter to EBITDA (as defined in the Credit Agreement) for the four quarters then ended.
2 Includes adjustments of the following items from our Consolidated Statement of Operations in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data: provision for income taxes, total (expenses) and other income, equity in net income (loss) of unconsolidated affiliates, and net income attributable to noncontrolling interests.
Uncommitted Lines of Credit
We also have uncommitted lines of credit with various banks that permit borrowings at variable interest rates and that are primarily used to fund working capital needs. We have guaranteed the repayment of some of these borrowings made by certain subsidiaries. If we lose access to these credit lines, we would have to provide funding directly to some of our operations. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had uncommitted lines of credit in an aggregate amount of $936.2, under which we had outstanding borrowings of $44.3 classified as short-term borrowings on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. The average amount outstanding during 2022 was $61.2, with a weighted-average interest rate of approximately 4.6%.
Commercial Paper
The Company is authorized to issue unsecured commercial paper up to a maximum aggregate amount outstanding at any time of $1,500.0. Borrowings under the commercial paper program are supported by the Credit Agreement described above. Proceeds of the commercial paper are used for working capital and general corporate purposes, including the repayment of maturing indebtedness and other short-term liquidity needs. The maturities of the commercial paper vary but may not exceed 397 days from the date of issue. There was no commercial paper activity during 2022 and as of December 31, 2022, there was no commercial paper outstanding.
Cash Pooling
We aggregate our domestic cash position on a daily basis. Outside the United States, we use cash pooling arrangements with banks to help manage our liquidity requirements. In these pooling arrangements, several IPG agencies agree with a single bank that the cash balances of any of the agencies with the bank will be subject to a full right of set-off against amounts other agencies owe the bank, and the bank provides for overdrafts as long as the net balance for all agencies does not exceed an agreed-upon level. Typically, each agency pays interest on outstanding overdrafts and receives interest on cash balances. Our Consolidated Balance Sheets reflect cash, net of bank overdrafts, under all of our pooling arrangements, and as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 the amounts netted were $2,411.2 and $2,774.7, respectively.
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(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
DEBT CREDIT RATINGS
Our debt credit ratings as of February 15, 2023 are listed below.

| Moody’s Investors Service |  | S&P Global Ratings |  | Fitch Ratings
Short-term rating | P-2 |  | A-2 |  | F2
Long-term rating | Baa2 |  | BBB |  | BBB+
Outlook | Stable |  | Stable |  | Stable

A credit rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities and may be subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the assigning credit rating agency. The rating of each credit rating agency should be evaluated independently of any other rating. Credit ratings could have an impact on liquidity, either adverse or favorable, because, among other things, they could affect funding costs in the capital markets or otherwise. For example, our Credit Agreement fees and borrowing rates are based on a credit ratings grid, and our access to the commercial paper market is contingent on our maintenance of sufficient short-term debt ratings.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
Our Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures requires us to make judgments, assumptions and estimates that affect the amounts reported and disclosed in the accompanying financial statements and footnotes. Our significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. We believe that of our significant accounting policies, the following critical accounting estimates involve management’s most difficult, subjective or complex judgments. We consider these accounting estimates to be critical because changes in the underlying assumptions or estimates have the potential to materially impact our Consolidated Financial Statements. Management has discussed with our Audit Committee the development, selection, application and disclosure of these critical accounting estimates. We regularly evaluate our judgments, assumptions and estimates based on historical experience and various other factors that we believe to be relevant under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
Revenue Recognition
Our revenues are primarily derived from the planning and execution of multi-channel advertising and communications, marketing services, including public relations, meeting and event production, sports and entertainment marketing, corporate and brand identity, strategic marketing consulting, and providing marketing data and technology services around the world.
Most of our client contracts are individually negotiated and, accordingly, the terms of client engagements and the basis on which we earn fees and commissions vary significantly. Our contracts generally provide for termination by either party on relatively short notice, usually 30 to 90 days, although our data management contracts typically have non-cancelable terms of more than one year. Our payment terms vary by client, and the time between invoicing date and due date is typically not significant. We generally have the legally enforceable right to payment for all services provided through the end of the contract or termination date.
We recognize revenue when we determine our customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which we expect to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition, we perform the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue as or when we satisfy the performance obligation. We only apply the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that IPG will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inception, we assess the goods or services promised within each contract and determine those that are distinct performance obligations. We then assess whether we act as an agent or a principal for each identified performance obligation and include revenue within the transaction price for third-party costs when we determine that we act as principal.
Revenue before billable expenses, primarily consisting of fees, commissions and performance incentives, represents the amount of our gross billings excluding billable expenses charged to a client. Generally, our compensation is based on a negotiated fixed price, rate per hour, a retainer, commission or volume. The majority of our fees are recognized over time as services are performed, either utilizing a function of hours incurred and rates per hour, as compared to periodically updated estimates to complete, or ratably over the term of the contract. For certain less-frequent commission-based contracts which
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contain clauses allowing our clients to terminate the arrangement at any time for no compensation, revenue is recognized at a point in time, typically the date of broadcast or publication.
Contractual arrangements with clients may also include performance incentive provisions designed to link a portion of our revenue to our performance relative to mutually agreed-upon qualitative and/or quantitative metrics. Performance incentives are treated as variable consideration which is estimated at contract inception and included in revenue based on the most likely amount earned out of a range of potential outcomes. Our estimates are based on a combination of historical award experience, anticipated performance and our best judgment. These estimates are updated on a periodic basis and are not expected to result in a reversal of a significant amount of the cumulative revenue recognized.
The predominant component of billable expenses are third-party vendor costs incurred for performance obligations where we have determined that we are acting as principal. These third-party expenses are generally billed back to our clients. Billable expenses also includes incidental costs incurred in the performance of our services including airfare, mileage, hotel stays, out-of-town meals and telecommunication charges. We record these billable expenses within total revenue with a corresponding offset to operating expenses.
In international markets, we may receive rebates or credits from vendors based on transactions entered into on behalf of clients. Rebates and credits are remitted back to our clients in accordance with our contractual requirements or may be retained by us based on the terms of a particular client contract and local law. Amounts owed back to clients are recorded as a liability and amounts retained by us are recorded as revenue when earned.
In certain international markets, our media contracts may allow clients to terminate our arrangement at any time for no compensation to the extent that media has not yet run. For those contracts, we do not recognize revenue until the media runs which is the point in time at which we have a legally enforceable right to compensation.
Performance Obligations
Our client contracts may include various goods and services that are capable of being distinct, are distinct within the context of the contract and are therefore accounted for as separate performance obligations. We allocate revenue to each performance obligation in the contract at inception based on its relative standalone selling price.
Our advertising businesses include a wide range of services that involve the creation of an advertising idea, concept, campaign, or marketing strategy in order to promote the client’s brand ("creative services"), and to act as an agent to facilitate the production of advertisements by third-party suppliers ("production services”). Our clients can contract us to perform one or both of these services, as they can derive stand-alone benefits from each. Production services can include formatting creative material for different media and communication mediums including digital, large-scale reproduction such as printing and adaptation services, talent engagement and acquisition, television and radio production, and outdoor billboard production. Our contracts that include both services are typically explicit in the description of which activities constitute the creative advertising services and those that constitute the production services. Both the creative and production services are sold separately, the client can derive utility from each service on its own, we do not provide a significant service of integrating these activities into a bundle, the services do not significantly modify one another, and the services are not highly interrelated or interdependent. As such, we typically identify two performance obligations in the assessment of our advertising contracts.
Our media businesses include services to formulate strategic media plans ("media planning services") and to act as an agent to purchase media (e.g., television and radio spots, outdoor advertising, digital banners, etc.) from vendors on our clients' behalf ("media buying services"). Our contracts that include both services are typically explicit in the description of which activities constitute the planning services and those that constitute the buying services. Both the planning and buying services are sold separately, the client can derive utility from each service on its own, we do not provide a significant service of integrating these activities into a bundle, the services do not significantly modify one another, and the services are not highly interrelated or interdependent. As such, we typically identify two performance obligations in the assessment of our media contracts.
Our events businesses include creative services related to the conception and planning of custom marketing events as well as activation services which entail the carrying out of the event, including, but not limited to, set-up, design and staffing. Additionally, our public relations businesses include a broad range of services, such as strategic planning, social media strategy and the monitoring and development of communication strategies, among others. While our contracts in these businesses may include some or all of these services, we typically identify only one performance obligation in the assessment of our events and public relations contracts as we provide a significant service of integrating the individual services into a combined service for which the customer has contracted.
Our data and technology services businesses include data management, data and data strategy, identity resolution, and measurement and analytics products and services. While our contracts in these businesses may include some or all of these services, we typically identify each product and service as an individual performance obligation.
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(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
Principal vs. Agent
When a third-party is involved in the delivery of our services to the client, we assess whether or not we are acting as a principal or an agent in the arrangement. The assessment is based on whether we control the specified services at any time before they are transferred to the customer. We have determined that in our events and public relations businesses, we generally act as a principal as our agencies provide a significant service of integrating goods or services provided by third parties into the specified deliverable to our clients. In addition, we have determined that we are responsible for the performance of the third-party suppliers, which are combined with our own services, before transferring those services to the customer. We have also determined that we act as principal when providing creative services and media planning services, as we perform a significant integration service in these transactions. For performance obligations in which we act as principal, we record the gross amount billed to the customer within total revenue and the related incremental direct costs incurred as billable expenses.
When a third-party is involved in the production of an advertising campaign and for media buying services, we have determined that we act as the agent and are solely arranging for the third-party suppliers to provide services to the customer. Specifically, we do not control the specified services before transferring those services to the customer, we are not primarily responsible for the performance of the third-party services, nor can we redirect those services to fulfill any other contracts. We do not have inventory risk or discretion in establishing pricing in our contracts with customers. For performance obligations for which we act as the agent, we record our revenue as the net amount of our gross billings less amounts remitted to third parties.
Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes includes U.S. federal, state, local and foreign taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the year in which the temporary differences are expected to be reversed. Changes to enacted tax rates would result in either increases or decreases in the provision for income taxes in the period of change.
We are required to evaluate the realizability of our deferred tax assets, which is primarily dependent on future earnings. A valuation allowance shall be recognized when, based on available evidence, it is “more likely than not” that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The factors used in assessing valuation allowances include all available evidence, such as past operating results, estimates of future taxable income and the feasibility of tax planning strategies. In circumstances where there is negative evidence, establishment of a valuation allowance must be considered. We believe that cumulative losses in the most recent three-year period represent significant negative evidence when evaluating a decision to establish a valuation allowance. Conversely, a pattern of sustained profitability represents significant positive evidence when evaluating a decision to reverse a valuation allowance. Further, in those cases where a pattern of sustained profitability exists, projected future taxable income may also represent positive evidence, to the extent that such projections are determined to be reliable given the current economic environment. Accordingly, the increase and decrease of valuation allowances has had and could have a significant negative or positive impact on our current and future earnings.
The authoritative guidance for uncertainty in income taxes prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement criteria for the financial statement reporting of a tax position that an entity takes or expects to take in a tax return. Additionally, guidance is provided for de-recognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. The assessment of recognition and measurement requires critical estimates and the use of complex judgments. We evaluate our tax positions using the “more likely than not” recognition threshold and then apply a measurement assessment to those positions that meet the recognition threshold. We have established tax reserves that we believe to be adequate in relation to the potential for additional assessments in each of the jurisdictions in which we are subject to taxation. We regularly assess the likelihood of additional tax assessments in those jurisdictions and adjust our reserves as additional information or events require.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
We account for our business combinations using the acquisition accounting method, which requires us to determine the fair value of net assets acquired and the related goodwill and other intangible assets. Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires management's judgment and involves the use of significant estimates, including projections of future cash inflows and outflows, discount rates, asset lives and market multiples. Considering the characteristics of advertising, specialized marketing and communication services companies, our acquisitions usually do not have significant amounts of tangible assets, as the principal asset we typically acquire is creative talent. As a result, a substantial portion of the purchase price is allocated to goodwill and other intangible assets.
The Company transitioned to the new segment reporting structure effective January 1, 2022 which resulted in certain changes to our operating segments and reporting units. We have allocated goodwill to our reporting units using a relative fair
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value approach. In addition, we completed an assessment of any potential goodwill impairment for all reporting units immediately prior and subsequent to the reallocation and determined that no impairment existed.
We review goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite lives not subject to amortization as of October 1 st each year and whenever events or significant changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. We evaluate the recoverability of goodwill at a reporting unit level. We have 10 reporting units that were subject to the 2022 annual impairment testing. Our annual impairment review as of October 1, 2022 did not result in an impairment charge at any of our reporting units.
In performing our annual impairment review, we first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is “more likely than not” that the goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets are impaired. Qualitative factors to consider may include macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors that may have a negative effect on earnings, financial performance, and other relevant entity-specific events such as changes in management, key personnel, strategy or clients, as well as pending litigation. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances such as those described above, an entity determines that it is "more likely than not" that the goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired, then the entity is required to determine the fair value and perform the quantitative impairment test by comparing the fair value with the carrying value. Otherwise, no additional testing is required.
For reporting units not included in the qualitative assessment, or for any reporting units identified in the qualitative assessment as "more likely than not" that the fair value is less than its carrying value, a quantitative impairment test is performed. For our annual impairment test, we compare the respective fair value of our reporting units' equity to the carrying value of their net assets. The sum of the fair values of all our reporting units is reconciled to our current market capitalization plus an estimated control premium. Goodwill allocated to a reporting unit whose fair value is equal to or greater than its carrying value is not impaired, and no further testing is required. Should the carrying amount for a reporting unit exceed its fair value, then the quantitative impairment test is failed, and impaired goodwill is written down to its fair value with a charge to expense in the period the impairment is identified.
For the 2022 and 2021 annual impairment tests, we performed a qualitative impairment assessment for eight and six reporting units, respectively, and performed the quantitative impairment test for two and three reporting units, respectively. For the qualitative analysis we took into consideration all the relevant events and circumstances, including financial performance, macroeconomic conditions and entity-specific factors such as client wins and losses. Based on this assessment, we have concluded that for each of our reporting units subject to the qualitative assessment, it is not “more likely than not” that its fair value was less than its carrying value; therefore, no additional testing was required.
The 2022 and 2021 fair values of reporting units for which we performed quantitative impairment tests were estimated using a combination of the income approach, which incorporates the use of the discounted cash flow method, and the market approach, which incorporates the use of earnings and revenue multiples based on market data. We generally applied an equal weighting to the income and market approaches for our analysis. For the income approach, we used projections, which require the use of significant estimates and assumptions specific to the reporting unit as well as those based on general economic conditions. Factors specific to each reporting unit include revenue growth, profit margins, terminal value growth rates, capital expenditures projections, assumed tax rates, discount rates and other assumptions deemed reasonable by management. For the market approach, we used judgment in identifying the relevant comparable-company market multiples.
These estimates and assumptions may vary between each reporting unit depending on the facts and circumstances specific to that reporting unit. The discount rate for each reporting unit is influenced by general market conditions as well as factors specific to the reporting unit. For the 2022 test, the discount rate we used for our reporting units tested ranged between 11.5% and 13.0%, and the terminal value growth rate was 3.0%. The terminal value growth rate represents the expected long-term growth rate for our industry, which incorporates the type of services each reporting unit provides as well as the global economy. For the 2022 test, the revenue growth rates for our reporting units used in our analysis were generally between 2.0% and 6.5%. Factors influencing the revenue growth rates include the nature of the services the reporting unit provides for its clients, the geographic locations in which the reporting unit conducts business and the maturity of the reporting unit. We believe that the estimates and assumptions we made are reasonable, but they are susceptible to change from period to period. Actual results of operations, cash flows and other factors will likely differ from the estimates used in our valuation, and it is possible that differences and changes could be material. A deterioration in profitability, adverse market conditions, significant client losses, changes in spending levels of our existing clients or a different economic outlook than currently estimated by management could have a significant impact on the estimated fair value of our reporting units and could result in an impairment charge in the future.
We also perform a sensitivity analysis to detail the impact that changes in assumptions may have on the outcome of the first step of the impairment test. Our sensitivity analysis provides a range of fair value for each reporting unit, where the low end of the range increases discount rates by 0.5%, and the high end of the range decreases discount rates by 0.5%. We use the
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average of our fair values for purposes of our comparison between carrying value and fair value for the quantitative impairment test.
The table below displays the midpoint of the fair value range for each reporting unit tested in the 2022 and 2021 annual impairment tests, indicating that the fair value exceeded the carrying value for all reporting units by greater than 20%.

|  | 2022 Impairment Test |  |  |  | 2021 Impairment Test
Reporting Unit |  | Goodwill |  | Fair value exceeds carrying value by: |  | Reporting Unit |  | Goodwill |  | Fair value exceeds carrying value by:
A |  | $ | 448.6 |  |  | > 200% |  | A |  | $ | 536.0 |  |  | > 60%
B |  | $ | 528.3 |  |  | > 100% |  | B |  | $ | 209.1 |  |  | > 85%
|  |  |  |  |  | C |  | $ | 300.4 |  |  | > 175%

Based on the analysis described above, for the reporting units for which we performed the quantitative impairment test, we concluded that our goodwill was not impaired as of October 1, 2022, because these reporting units passed the test as the fair values of each of the reporting units were substantially in excess of their respective carrying values.
We review intangible assets with definite lives subject to amortization whenever events or circumstances indicate that a carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of these assets is determined by comparing the carrying value of these assets to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by these asset groups. These asset groups are impaired when their carrying value exceeds their fair value. Impaired intangible assets with definite lives subject to amortization are written down to their fair value with a charge to expense in the period the impairment is identified. Intangible assets with definite lives are amortized on a straight-line basis with estimated useful lives generally between 7 and 15 years. Events or circumstances that might require impairment testing include the loss of a significant client, the identification of other impaired assets within a reporting unit, loss of key personnel, the disposition of a significant portion of a reporting unit, significant decline in stock price or a significant adverse change in business climate or regulations.
Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized but are evaluated for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that impairment may exist. The Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative impairment test for indefinite-lived intangible assets. Impairment exists if the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than the carrying value. The determination of fair value is based on the relief from royalty method of the income approach, which models the cash flows from indefinite-lived intangibles assuming royalties were received under a licensing arrangement. This discounted cash flow analysis includes assumptions related to forecasted future revenues attributable to indefinite-lived intangibles, royalty rates and risk-adjusted discount rates. If the carrying value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its estimated fair value, the indefinite-lived intangible asset is considered impaired, and an impairment loss will be recognized in an amount equal to the excess of the carrying value over the fair value. Based on this analysis, for the indefinite lived-intangible asset for which we performed a quantitative impairment test as of October 1, 2022, we concluded that it was not impaired because its fair value was in excess of its carrying value.
Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans
We use various actuarial assumptions in determining our net pension and postretirement benefit costs and obligations. Management is required to make significant judgments about a number of actuarial assumptions, including discount rates and expected returns on plan assets, which are updated annually or more frequently with the occurrence of significant events.
The discount rate is a significant assumption that impacts our net pension and postretirement benefit costs and obligations. We determine our discount rates for our domestic pension and postretirement benefit plans and significant foreign pension plans based on either a bond selection/settlement approach or bond yield curve approach. Using the bond selection/settlement approach, we determine the discount rate by selecting a portfolio of corporate bonds appropriate to provide for the projected benefit payments. Using the bond yield curve approach, we determine the discount rate by matching the plans' cash flows to spot rates developed from a yield curve. Both approaches utilize high-quality AA-rated corporate bonds and the plans' projected cash flows to develop a discounted value of the benefit payments, which is then used to develop a single discount rate. In countries where markets for high-quality long-term AA corporate bonds are not well developed, a portfolio of long-term government bonds is used as a basis to develop hypothetical corporate bond yields, which serve as a basis to derive the discount rate.
The discount rate used to calculate net pension and postretirement benefit costs is determined at the beginning of each year. For the year ended December 31, 2022, discount rates of 2.95% for the domestic pension plan and 2.90% for the domestic postretirement benefit plan and a weighted-average discount rate of 1.86% for the significant foreign pension plans were used
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to calculate 2022 net pension and postretirement benefit costs. A 25 basis-point increase or decrease in the discount rate would not have impacted the 2022 net pension and postretirement benefit cost.
The discount rate used to measure our benefit obligations is determined at the end of each year. As of December 31, 2022, we used discount rates of 5.65% for the domestic pension plan and 5.65% for the domestic postretirement benefit plan and a weighted-average discount rate of 4.62% for our significant foreign pension plans to measure our benefit obligations. A 25 basis-point increase or decrease in the discount rate would have decreased or increased the benefit obligation as of December 31, 2022 by approximately $12.0 and $12.0, respectively.
The expected rate of return on pension plan assets is another significant assumption that impacts our net pension cost and is determined at the beginning of the year. Our expected rate of return considers asset class index returns over various market and economic conditions, current and expected market conditions, risk premiums associated with asset classes and long-term inflation rates. We determine both a short-term and long-term view and then select a long-term rate of return assumption that matches the duration of our liabilities.
For 2022, the weighted-average expected rates of return of 5.00% and 4.47% were used in the calculation of net pension costs for the domestic and significant foreign pension plans, respectively. For 2023, we plan to use expected rates of return of 6.00% and 5.62% for the domestic and significant foreign pension plans, respectively. Changes in the rates are typically due to lower or higher expected future returns based on the mix of assets held. A lower expected rate of return would increase our net pension cost. A 25 basis-point increase or decrease in the expected return on plan assets would have decreased or increased the 2022 net pension cost by approximately $1.0.
RECENT ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
See Note 17 in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for further information on certain accounting standards that have been adopted during 2022 or that have not yet been required to be implemented and may be applicable to our future operations.
NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURE
This MD&A includes both financial measures in accordance with U.S. GAAP, as well as a non-GAAP financial measure. The non-GAAP financial measure represents Net Income Available to IPG Common Stockholder before Provision for Income Taxes, Total (Expenses) and Other Income, Equity in Net Income of Unconsolidated Affiliates, Net Income Attributable to Non-controlling Interests and Amortization of Acquired Intangibles which we refer to as “Adjusted EBITA”.
Adjusted EBITA should be viewed as supplemental to, and not as an alternative for Net Income Available to IPG Common Stockholders calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP ("net income") or operating income calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP ("operating income"). This section also includes reconciliation of this non-GAAP financial measure to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measures, as presented below.
Adjusted EBITA is used by our management as an additional measure of our Company’s performance for purposes of business decision-making, including developing budgets, managing expenditures, and evaluati ng potential acquisitions or divestitures. Period-to-period comparisons of Adjusted EBITA help our management identify additional trends in our Company’s financial results that may not be shown solely by period-to-period comparisons of net income or operating income. In addition, we may use Adjusted EBITA in the incentive compensation programs applicable to some of our employees in order to evaluate our Company’s performance. Our management recognizes that Adjusted EBITA has inherent limitations because of the excluded items, particularly those items that are recurring in nature. Management also reviews operating income and net income as well as the specific items that are excluded from Adjusted EBITA, but included in net income or operating income, as well as trends in those items. The amounts of those items are set forth, for the applicable periods, in the reconciliation of Adjusted EBITA to net income that accompany our disclosure documents containing non-GAAP financial measures, including the reconciliations contained in this MD&A.
We believe that the presentation of Adjusted EBITA is useful to investors in their analysis of our results for reasons similar to the reasons why our management finds it useful and because it helps facilitate investor understanding of decisions made by management in light of the performance metrics used in making those decisions. In addition, as more fully described below, we believe that providing Adjusted EBITA, together with a reconciliation of this non-GAAP financial measure to net income, helps investors make comparisons between our Company and other companies that may have different capital structures, different effective income tax rates and tax attributes, different capitalized asset values and/or different forms of employee compensation. However, Adjusted EBITA is intended to provide a supplemental way of comparing our Company with other public companies and is not intended as a substitute for comparisons based on net income or operating income. In making any comparisons to other companies, investors need to be aware that companies may use different non-GAAP measures to evaluate their financial
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performance. Investors should pay close attention to the specific definition being used and to the reconciliation between such measures and the corresponding U.S. GAAP measures provided by each company under the applicable rules of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
The following is an explanation of the items excluded by us from Adjusted EBITA but included in net income:
•Total (Expenses) and Other Income, Provision for Income Taxes, Equity in Net Income of Unconsolidated Affiliates and Net Income Attributable to Non-controlling Interests. We exclude these items (i) because these items are not directly attributable to the performance of our business operations and, accordingly, their exclusion assists management and investors in making period-to-period comparisons of operating performance and (ii) to assist management and investors in making comparisons to companies with different capital structures. Investors should note that these items will recur in future periods.
•Amortization of Acquired Intangibles. Amortization of acquired intangibles is a non-cash expense relating to intangible assets arising from acquisitions that are expensed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the related assets. We exclude amortization of acquired intangibles because we believe that (i) the amount of such expenses in any specific period may not directly correlate to the underlying performance of our business operations and (ii) such expenses can vary significantly between periods as a result of new acquisitions and full amortization of previously acquired intangible assets. Accordingly, we believe that this exclusion assists management and investors in making period-to-period comparisons of operating performance. Investors should note that the use of acquired intangible assets contributed to revenue in the periods presented and will contribute to future revenue generation and should also note that such expense may recur in future periods.
The following table presents the reconciliation of Net Income Available to IPG Common Stockholders to Adjusted EBITA for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.

|  |  | Years ended December 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Revenue before billable expenses |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,449.4 |  |  | $ | 9,107.9 |  |  | $ | 8,064.5 |
Adjusted EBITA Reconciliation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Income Available to IPG Common Stockholders 1 |  |  |  |  | $ | 938.0 |  |  | $ | 952.8 |  |  | $ | 351.1 |
Add Back: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for income taxes |  |  |  |  | 318.4 |  |  | 251.8 |  |  | 8.0 |
Subtract: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total (expenses) and other income |  |  |  |  | (112.3) |  |  | (214.1) |  |  | (227.1) |
Equity in net income of unconsolidated affiliates |  |  |  |  | 5.6 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 0.9 |
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests |  |  |  |  | (18.1) |  |  | (20.0) |  |  | (3.1) |
Operating Income 1 |  |  |  |  | 1,381.2 |  |  | 1,436.2 |  |  | 588.4 |
Add Back: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of acquired intangibles |  |  |  |  | 84.7 |  |  | 86.2 |  |  | 85.9 |
Adjusted EBITA 1 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,465.9 |  |  | $ | 1,522.4 |  |  | $ | 674.3 |
Adjusted EBITA Margin on Revenue before billable expenses 1 |  |  |  |  | 15.5 | % |  | 16.7 | % |  | 8.4 | %

1 Calculations include restructuring charges of $102.4 in 2022, $10.6 in 2021 and $413.8 and 2020. See “Restructuring Charges” in this MD&A and Note 11 in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, for further information.
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Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

(Amounts in millions)
In the normal course of business, we are exposed to market risks related to interest rates, foreign currency rates and certain balance sheet items. From time to time, we use derivative instruments, pursuant to established guidelines and policies, to manage some portion of these risks. Derivative instruments utilized in our hedging activities are viewed as risk management tools and are not used for trading or speculative purposes.
Interest Rates
Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to the fair market value and cash flows of our debt obligations. The majority of our debt (approximately 98% and 97% as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively) bears interest at fixed rates. We do have debt with variable interest rates, but a 10% increase or decrease in interest rates would not be material to our interest expense or cash flows. The fair market value of our debt is sensitive to changes in interest rates, and the impact of a 10% change in interest rates is summarized below.

| Increase/(Decrease) in Fair Market Value
As of December 31, | 10% Increase in Interest Rates |  | 10% Decrease in Interest Rates
2022 | $ | (99.2) |  |  | $ | 127.1 |
2021 | (110.0) |  |  | 69.2 |

We had $2,546.4 of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities as of December 31, 2022 that we generally invest in conservative, short-term bank deposits or securities. The interest income generated primarily from these investments is subject to both domestic and foreign interest rate movements. During 2022 and 2021, we had interest income of $63.4 and $29.7, respectively. Based on our 2022 results, a 100 basis-point increase or decrease in interest rates would affect our interest income by approximately $25.5, assuming that all cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities are impacted in the same manner and balances remain constant from year-end 2022 levels.
Foreign Currency Rates
We are subject to translation and transaction risks related to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Since we report revenues and expenses in U.S. Dollars, changes in exchange rates may either positively or negatively affect our consolidated revenues and expenses (as expressed in U.S. Dollars) from foreign operations. The foreign currencies that most adversely impacted our results during the year ended December 31, 2022 were the British Pound Sterling, the Euro, the Japanese Yen and the Australian Dollar. Based on 2022 exchange rates and operating results, if the U.S. Dollar were to strengthen or weaken by 10%, we currently estimate operating income would decrease or increase approximately 4%, assuming that all currencies are impacted in the same manner and our international revenue and expenses remain constant at 2022 levels.
The functional currency of our foreign operations is generally their respective local currency. Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date, and revenues and expenses are translated at the average exchange rates during the period presented. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, in the stockholders’ equity section of our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our foreign subsidiaries generally collect revenues and pay expenses in their functional currency, mitigating transaction risk. However, certain subsidiaries may enter into transactions in currencies other than their functional currency. Assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are susceptible to movements in foreign currency until final settlement. Currency transaction gains or losses primarily arising from transactions in currencies other than the functional currency are included in office and other direct expenses. We regularly review our foreign exchange exposures that may have a material impact on our business and from time to time use derivative financial instruments, designated as fair value hedges or net investment hedges, to hedge the effects of potential adverse fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates arising from these exposures. We do not enter into foreign exchange contracts or other derivatives for speculative purposes.
We monitor the currencies of countries in which we operate in order to determine if the country should be considered a highly inflationary environment. A currency is determined to be highly inflationary when there is cumulative inflation of approximately 100% or more over a three-year period. If this occurs the functional currency of that country is changed to our reporting currency, the U.S. Dollar, and foreign exchange gains or losses are recognized on all monetary transactions, assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar until the currency is no longer considered highly inflationary.
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Credit and Market Risks
Balance sheet items that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk are primarily cash and cash equivalents, short-term marketable securities, accounts receivable and accounts receivable billable to clients. We invest our cash primarily in investment-grade, short-term securities and bank deposits and limit the amount of credit exposure to any one counterparty. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable are mitigated by our large number of clients and their dispersion across different industries and geographic areas. We perform ongoing credit evaluations on a large number of our clients and maintain an allowance for expected credit losses based upon the expected collectability of all accounts receivable.
Our pension plan assets are also exposed to market risk. The fair value of our pension plan assets may appreciate or depreciate during the year, which can result in lower or higher pension expense and funding requirements in future periods.
45

Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

INDEX

| Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 238) | 47
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 | 49
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 | 50
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 | 51
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 | 52
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 | 53
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 55
1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 55
2. Revenue | 61
3. Leases | 63
4. Debt and Credit Arrangements | 65
5. Earnings Per Share | 68
6. Acquisitions | 68
7. Supplementary Data | 70
8. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets | 72
9. Income Taxes | 73
10. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, Net of Tax | 77
11. Restructuring Charges | 78
12. Incentive Compensation Plans | 80
13. Fair Value Measurements | 83
14. Employee Benefits | 84
15. Segment Information | 90
16. Commitments and Contingencies | 92
17. Recent Accounting Standards | 93
18. Subsequent Events | 94

46

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc.
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive income, of stockholders’ equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
47

Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Impairment Assessment for Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets
As described in Notes 1 and 8 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s other intangible assets balance includes $165.1 million of indefinite-live intangible assets as of December 31, 2022. For intangible assets not subject to amortization, management evaluates for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that an impairment may exist. The determination of fair value is based on the relief from royalty method of the income approach, which incorporates the use of a discounted cash flow analysis. Management’s discounted cash flow analysis includes assumptions related to forecasted future revenues, royalty rates and discount rates.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the impairment assessment for indefinite-lived intangible assets is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the fair value estimate of the indefinite-lived intangible assets; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumptions related to the discount rate and the royalty rate; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s impairment assessment, including controls over the valuation of the Company’s indefinite-lived intangible assets. These procedures also included, among others (i) testing management’s process for developing the fair value estimate for the indefinite-lived intangible assets; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the relief from royalty method; (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used in the relief from royalty method and (iv) evaluating the reasonableness of the significant assumptions used by management related to the discount rate and the royalty rate. Evaluating management’s assumptions related to the discount rate and the royalty rate involved evaluating whether the assumptions used by management were reasonable considering (i) observable royalty rates of comparable businesses and other industry factors; and (ii) whether these assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating (i) the appropriateness of the Company’s relief from royalty method and (ii) the reasonableness of the discount rate and royalty rate assumptions.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
New York, New York
February 21, 2023
We have served as the Company's auditor since 1952.
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THE INTERPUBLIC GROUP OF COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)

| Years ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
REVENUE: |  |  |  |  |
Revenue before billable expenses | $ | 9,449.4 |  |  | $ | 9,107.9 |  |  | $ | 8,064.5 |
Billable expenses | 1,478.4 |  |  | 1,132.8 |  |  | 996.5 |
Total revenue | 10,927.8 |  |  | 10,240.7 |  |  | 9,061.0 |
OPERATING EXPENSES: |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and related expenses | 6,258.3 |  |  | 5,975.4 |  |  | 5,345.0 |
Office and other direct expenses | 1,346.4 |  |  | 1,279.6 |  |  | 1,367.9 |
Billable expenses | 1,478.4 |  |  | 1,132.8 |  |  | 996.5 |
Cost of services | 9,083.1 |  |  | 8,387.8 |  |  | 7,709.4 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 87.1 |  |  | 122.3 |  |  | 58.8 |
Depreciation and amortization | 274.0 |  |  | 283.8 |  |  | 290.6 |
Restructuring charges | 102.4 |  |  | 10.6 |  |  | 413.8 |
Total operating expenses | 9,546.6 |  |  | 8,804.5 |  |  | 8,472.6 |
OPERATING INCOME | 1,381.2 |  |  | 1,436.2 |  |  | 588.4 |
EXPENSES AND OTHER INCOME: |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | (174.7) |  |  | (173.1) |  |  | (192.2) |
Interest income | 63.4 |  |  | 29.7 |  |  | 29.5 |
Other expense, net | (1.0) |  |  | (70.7) |  |  | (64.4) |
Total (expenses) and other income | (112.3) |  |  | (214.1) |  |  | (227.1) |
Income before income taxes | 1,268.9 |  |  | 1,222.1 |  |  | 361.3 |
Provision for income taxes | 318.4 |  |  | 251.8 |  |  | 8.0 |
Income of consolidated companies | 950.5 |  |  | 970.3 |  |  | 353.3 |
Equity in net income of unconsolidated affiliates | 5.6 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 0.9 |
NET INCOME | 956.1 |  |  | 972.8 |  |  | 354.2 |
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests | (18.1) |  |  | (20.0) |  |  | (3.1) |
NET INCOME AVAILABLE TO IPG COMMON STOCKHOLDERS | $ | 938.0 |  |  | $ | 952.8 |  |  | $ | 351.1 |
Earnings per share available to IPG common stockholders: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 2.40 |  |  | $ | 2.42 |  |  | $ | 0.90 |
Diluted | $ | 2.37 |  |  | $ | 2.39 |  |  | $ | 0.89 |
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 391.5 |  | 393.0 |  | 389.4
Diluted | 395.1 |  | 398.4 |  | 393.2

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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Table of Contents
THE INTERPUBLIC GROUP OF COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(Amounts in Millions)

| Years ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
NET INCOME | $ | 956.1 |  |  | $ | 972.8 |  |  | $ | 354.2 |
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation: |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | (98.5) |  |  | (86.1) |  |  | 39.4 |
Reclassification adjustments recognized in net income | 4.3 |  |  | (1.0) |  |  | 20.0 |
| (94.2) |  |  | (87.1) |  |  | 59.4 |
Derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |
Changes in fair value of derivative instruments | 17.5 |  |  | 14.0 |  |  | 11.3 |
Recognition of previously unrealized (gains) losses included in net income | (1.4) |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | 2.4 |
Income tax effect | (4.0) |  |  | (2.1) |  |  | (3.4) |
| 12.1 |  |  | 16.1 |  |  | 10.3 |
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans: |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial gains (losses) for the period | 2.4 |  |  | 58.0 |  |  | (29.2) |
Amortization of unrecognized losses, transition obligation and prior service cost included in net income | 6.3 |  |  | 9.4 |  |  | 7.4 |
Settlement and curtailment losses (gains) included in net income | 0.0 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | (0.1) |
Other | 4.8 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | (3.3) |
Income tax effect | 0.8 |  |  | (13.8) |  |  | 4.6 |
| 14.3 |  |  | 55.5 |  |  | (20.6) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax | (67.8) |  |  | (15.5) |  |  | 49.1 |
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME | 888.3 |  |  | 957.3 |  |  | 403.3 |
Less: comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interests | 16.5 |  |  | 18.5 |  |  | 2.4 |
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO IPG | $ | 871.8 |  |  | $ | 938.8 |  |  | $ | 400.9 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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THE INTERPUBLIC GROUP OF COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Amounts in Millions)

| December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
ASSETS: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 2,545.3 |  |  | $ | 3,270.0 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $48.6 and $68.5, respectively | 5,316.0 |  |  | 5,177.7 |
Accounts receivable, billable to clients | 2,023.0 |  |  | 2,347.2 |
Assets held for sale | 5.9 |  |  | 8.2 |
Other current assets | 435.0 |  |  | 428.7 |
Total current assets | 10,325.2 |  |  | 11,231.8 |
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of $1,244.8 and $1,201.6, respectively | 637.4 |  |  | 675.8 |
Deferred income taxes | 271.7 |  |  | 301.4 |
Goodwill | 5,050.6 |  |  | 4,908.7 |
Other intangible assets | 818.1 |  |  | 847.5 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 1,277.5 |  |  | 1,544.4 |
Other non-current assets | 464.5 |  |  | 399.6 |
TOTAL ASSETS | $ | 18,845.0 |  |  | $ | 19,909.2 |
LIABILITIES: |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 8,235.3 |  |  | $ | 8,960.0 |
Accrued liabilities | 787.1 |  |  | 918.1 |
Contract liabilities | 680.0 |  |  | 688.5 |
Short-term borrowings | 44.3 |  |  | 47.5 |
Current portion of long-term debt | 0.6 |  |  | 0.7 |
Current portion of operating leases | 235.9 |  |  | 265.8 |
Liabilities held for sale | — |  |  | 9.4 |
Total current liabilities | 9,983.2 |  |  | 10,890.0 |
Long-term debt | 2,870.7 |  |  | 2,908.6 |
Non-current operating leases | 1,380.1 |  |  | 1,576.0 |
Deferred compensation | 294.1 |  |  | 329.1 |
Other non-current liabilities | 572.6 |  |  | 600.7 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES | 15,100.7 |  |  | 16,304.4 |
Redeemable non-controlling interests (see Note 6) | 38.3 |  |  | 15.6 |
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY: |  |  |
Common stock, $0.10 par value, shares authorized: 800.0 shares issued: 2022 – 389.6; 2021 – 394.3 shares outstanding: 2022 – 386.5; 2021 – 394.3 | 38.9 |  |  | 39.3 |
Additional paid-in capital | 1,057.5 |  |  | 1,226.6 |
Retained earnings | 3,632.1 |  |  | 3,154.3 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax | (960.4) |  |  | (894.2) |
| 3,768.1 |  |  | 3,526.0 |
Less: Treasury stock, at cost: 2022 – 3.1 shares; 2021 – 0.0 shares | 120.2 |  |  | — |
Total IPG stockholders’ equity | 3,647.9 |  |  | 3,526.0 |
Non-controlling interests | 58.1 |  |  | 63.2 |
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | 3,706.0 |  |  | 3,589.2 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY | $ | 18,845.0 |  |  | $ | 19,909.2 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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THE INTERPUBLIC GROUP OF COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Amounts in Millions)

| Years ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 956.1 |  |  | $ | 972.8 |  |  | $ | 354.2 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 274.0 |  |  | 283.8 |  |  | 290.6 |
Non-cash restructuring charges | 101.8 |  |  | 9.8 |  |  | 265.6 |
Amortization of restricted stock and other non-cash compensation | 50.0 |  |  | 70.1 |  |  | 67.0 |
Net losses on sales of businesses | 11.3 |  |  | 19.4 |  |  | 67.0 |
Net amortization of bond discounts and deferred financing costs | 3.0 |  |  | 5.7 |  |  | 11.4 |
Loss on early extinguishment of debt | — |  |  | 74.0 |  |  | — |
Provision for uncollectible receivables | (8.9) |  |  | (14.6) |  |  | 59.5 |
Deferred income tax | (27.0) |  |  | (8.2) |  |  | (46.4) |
Other | 13.4 |  |  | 18.7 |  |  | 20.0 |
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures, providing (using) cash: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable | (362.7) |  |  | (647.6) |  |  | 551.4 |
Accounts receivable, billable to clients | 244.5 |  |  | (571.0) |  |  | 122.5 |
Other current assets | (61.1) |  |  | (45.9) |  |  | 11.9 |
Accounts payable | (408.0) |  |  | 1,858.1 |  |  | (27.0) |
Accrued liabilities | (102.8) |  |  | 108.9 |  |  | 179.3 |
Contract liabilities | 17.8 |  |  | 40.9 |  |  | 62.0 |
Other non-current assets and liabilities | (92.6) |  |  | (99.3) |  |  | (141.8) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 608.8 |  |  | 2,075.6 |  |  | 1,847.2 |
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired | (232.2) |  |  | — |  |  | (4.9) |
Capital expenditures | (178.1) |  |  | (195.3) |  |  | (167.5) |
Deconsolidation of a subsidiary | (20.4) |  |  | (16.3) |  |  | — |
Net proceeds from investments | 2.6 |  |  | 34.8 |  |  | 13.5 |
Other investing activities | (2.0) |  |  | (8.5) |  |  | (57.3) |
Net cash used in investing activities | (430.1) |  |  | (185.3) |  |  | (216.2) |
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |
Common stock dividends | (457.3) |  |  | (427.7) |  |  | (398.1) |
Repurchases of common stock | (320.1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Tax payments for employee shares withheld | (40.3) |  |  | (25.5) |  |  | (22.3) |
Settlement of senior note | (29.9) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net (decrease) increase in short-term borrowings | (29.4) |  |  | (10.8) |  |  | 1.5 |
Distributions to non-controlling interests | (12.3) |  |  | (15.5) |  |  | (19.5) |
Acquisition-related payments | (9.3) |  |  | (28.0) |  |  | (46.6) |
Early extinguishment of long-term debt | — |  |  | (1,066.8) |  |  | — |
Repayment of long-term debt | — |  |  | (504.1) |  |  | (503.7) |
Proceeds from long-term debt | — |  |  | 998.1 |  |  | 646.2 |
Exercise of stock options | — |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | 6.5 |
Other financing activities | (0.8) |  |  | (11.9) |  |  | (10.2) |
Net cash used in financing activities | (899.4) |  |  | (1,084.2) |  |  | (346.2) |
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 1.6 |  |  | (45.4) |  |  | 31.0 |
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (719.1) |  |  | 760.7 |  |  | 1,315.8 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period | 3,272.2 |  |  | 2,511.5 |  |  | 1,195.7 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 2,553.1 |  |  | $ | 3,272.2 |  |  | $ | 2,511.5 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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THE INTERPUBLIC GROUP OF COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Amounts in Millions)

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, Net of Tax |  |  |  | Total IPG Stockholders’ Equity |  | Non-controlling Interests |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |
Balance at December 31, 2019 | 387.0 |  |  | $ | 38.7 |  |  | $ | 977.3 |  |  | $ | 2,689.9 |  |  | $ | (930.0) |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,775.9 |  |  | $ | 49.7 |  |  | $ | 2,825.6 |
Cumulative effect of accounting change |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6.6) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6.6) |  |  |  |  | (6.6) |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 351.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 351.1 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 354.2 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 49.8 |  |  |  |  | 49.8 |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | 49.1 |
Reclassifications related to redeemable non-controlling interests |  |  |  |  | 6.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6.4 |  |  | 16.9 |  |  | 23.3 |
Distributions to non-controlling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (19.5) |  |  | (19.5) |
Change in redemption value of redeemable non-controlling interests |  |  |  |  | 41.2 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 46.2 |  |  |  |  | 46.2 |
Common stock dividends ($1.02 per share) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (402.5) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (402.5) |  |  |  |  | (402.5) |
Stock-based compensation | 4.4 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 80.8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 81.2 |  |  |  |  | 81.2 |
Exercise of stock options | 0.6 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 7.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7.2 |  |  |  |  | 7.2 |
Shares withheld for taxes | (1.1) |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | (22.2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (22.4) |  |  |  |  | (22.4) |
Other |  |  |  |  | 8.7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8.7 |  |  | (0.6) |  |  | 8.1 |
Balance at December 31, 2020 | 390.9 |  |  | $ | 39.0 |  |  | $ | 1,099.3 |  |  | $ | 2,636.9 |  |  | $ | (880.2) |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,895.0 |  |  | $ | 48.9 |  |  | $ | 2,943.9 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 952.8 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 952.8 |  |  | 20.0 |  |  | 972.8 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (14.0) |  |  |  |  | (14.0) |  |  | (1.5) |  |  | (15.5) |
Reclassifications related to redeemable non-controlling interests |  |  |  |  | 11.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11.3 |  |  | 11.4 |  |  | 22.7 |
Distributions to non-controlling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (15.5) |  |  | (15.5) |
Change in redemption value of redeemable non-controlling interests |  |  |  |  | 39.8 |  |  | (7.4) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 32.4 |  |  |  |  | 32.4 |
Common stock dividends ($1.08 per share) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (428.0) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (428.0) |  |  |  |  | (428.0) |
Stock-based compensation | 3.8 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 95.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 95.8 |  |  |  |  | 95.8 |
Exercise of stock options | 0.6 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 8.7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8.8 |  |  |  |  | 8.8 |
Shares withheld for taxes | (1.0) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (28.0) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (28.1) |  |  |  |  | (28.1) |
Other |  |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (0.1) |
Balance at December 31, 2021 | 394.3 |  |  | $ | 39.3 |  |  | $ | 1,226.6 |  |  | $ | 3,154.3 |  |  | $ | (894.2) |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,526.0 |  |  | $ | 63.2 |  |  | $ | 3,589.2 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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THE INTERPUBLIC GROUP OF COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Amounts in Millions)

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, Net of Tax |  |  |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total IPG Stockholders’ Equity |  | Non-controlling Interests |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |
Balance at December 31, 2021 | 394.3 |  |  | $ | 39.3 |  |  | $ | 1,226.6 |  |  | $ | 3,154.3 |  |  | $ | (894.2) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,526.0 |  |  | $ | 63.2 |  |  | $ | 3,589.2 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 938.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 938.0 |  |  | 18.1 |  |  | 956.1 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (66.2) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (66.2) |  |  | (1.6) |  |  | (67.8) |
Reclassifications related to redeemable non-controlling interests |  |  |  |  | (3.1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3.1) |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | (2.6) |
Distributions to non-controlling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (12.3) |  |  | (12.3) |
Change in redemption value of redeemable non-controlling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3.0) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3.0) |  |  |  |  | (3.0) |
Retirement of treasury stock | (7.2) |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | (199.2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 199.9 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  |  | 0.0 |
Repurchase of common stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (320.1) |  |  | (320.1) |  |  |  |  | (320.1) |
Common stock dividends ($1.16 per share) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (457.2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (457.2) |  |  |  |  | (457.2) |
Stock-based compensation | 3.5 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 71.2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 71.6 |  |  |  |  | 71.6 |
Shares withheld for taxes | (1.0) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (38.7) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (38.8) |  |  |  |  | (38.8) |
Other |  |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | (9.8) |  |  | (9.1) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | 389.6 |  | $ | 38.9 |  |  | $ | 1,057.5 |  |  | $ | 3,632.1 |  |  | $ | (960.4) |  |  |  |  | $ | (120.2) |  |  | $ | 3,647.9 |  |  | $ | 58.1 |  |  | $ | 3,706.0 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
Note 1: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Business Description
The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company,” “IPG,” “we,” “us” or “our”) is one of the world’s premier global advertising and marketing services companies. Our agencies create customized marketing programs for clients that range in scale from large global marketers to regional and local clients. Comprehensive global services are critical to effectively serve our multinational and local clients in markets throughout the world, as they seek to build brands, increase sales of their products and services and gain market share.
Principles of Consolidation
The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries, some of which are not wholly owned. Investments in companies over which we do not have control, but have the ability to exercise significant influence, are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Investments in companies over which we have neither control nor have the ability to exercise significant influence are recorded at cost, less any impairment, adjusted for subsequent observable price changes. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
We have consolidated certain entities meeting the definition of variable interest entities, and the inclusion of these entities does not have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Basis of Presentation
Effective January 1, 2022, the Company completed a managerial and operational review, which resulted in organizational realignments to our financial reporting segment structure. As a result, the Company determined we conduct our business across three reportable segments described in Note 15. The three reportable segments are: Media, Data & Engagement Solutions ("MD&E"), Integrated Advertising & Creativity Led Solutions ("IA&C"), and Specialized Communications & Experiential Solutions ("SC&E"). In conjunction with the new reporting structure, the Company has recast certain prior period amounts, wherever applicable, to reflect our revised organizational alignment. This change does not impact the audited consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, consolidated balance sheets, consolidated statement of cash flows and consolidated statements of stockholders' equity for any of the previously reported periods.
Cost of services is comprised of the expenses of our revenue-producing operating segments including salaries and related expenses, office and other direct expenses and billable expenses, as well as an allocation of the centrally managed expenses from Corporate and other. Office and other direct expenses include rent expense, professional fees, certain expenses incurred by our staff in servicing our clients and other costs directly attributable to client engagements.
Selling, general and administrative expenses are primarily the unallocated expenses from Corporate and other, as disclosed further in Note 15, excluding depreciation and amortization.
Depreciation and amortization of the fixed assets and intangible assets of the Company is disclosed as a separate operating expense.
Restructuring charges relate to the Company's implementation of cost initiatives to better align our cost structure with our revenue, as discussed further in Note 11.
Reclassifications
Certain reclassifications and immaterial changes have been made to prior-period financial statements to conform to the current-period presentation. Segment information for the prior period has been recast to conform to the current-period presentation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) requires us to make judgments, assumptions and estimates that affect the amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the reporting date and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates and assumptions.
Revenue Recognition
Our revenues are primarily derived from the planning and execution of multi-channel advertising and communications, marketing services, including public relations, meeting and event production, sports and entertainment marketing, corporate and brand identity, strategic marketing consulting, and providing marketing data and technology services around the world.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
Most of our client contracts are individually negotiated and, accordingly, the terms of client engagements and the basis on which we earn fees and commissions vary significantly. Our contracts generally provide for termination by either party on relatively short notice, usually 30 to 90 days, although our data management contracts typically have non-cancelable terms of more than one year. Our payment terms vary by client, and the time between invoicing date and due date is typically not significant. We generally have the legally enforceable right to payment for all services provided through the end of the contract or termination date.
We recognize revenue when we determine our customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which we expect to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition, we perform the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue as or when we satisfy the performance obligation. We only apply the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that IPG will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inception, we assess the goods or services promised within each contract and determine those that are distinct performance obligations. We then assess whether we act as an agent or a principal for each identified performance obligation and include revenue within the transaction price for third-party costs when we determine that we act as principal. We typically do not capitalize costs to obtain a contract as these amounts would generally be recognized over a period of one year or less.
Revenue before billable expenses, primarily consisting of fees, commissions and performance incentives, represents the amount of our gross billings excluding billable expenses charged to a client. Generally, our compensation is based on a negotiated fixed price, rate per hour, a retainer, commission or volume. The majority of our fees are recognized over time as services are performed, either utilizing a function of hours incurred and rates per hour, as compared to periodically updated estimates to complete, or ratably over the term of the contract. For certain less-frequent commission-based contracts which contain clauses allowing our clients to terminate the arrangement at any time for no compensation, revenue is recognized at a point in time, typically the date of broadcast or publication. We report revenue net of taxes assessed by governmental authorities that are directly imposed on our revenue-producing transactions.
Contractual arrangements with clients may also include performance incentive provisions designed to link a portion of our revenue to our performance relative to mutually agreed-upon qualitative and/or quantitative metrics. Performance incentives are treated as variable consideration which is estimated at contract inception and included in revenue based on the most likely amount earned out of a range of potential outcomes. Our estimates are based on a combination of historical award experience, anticipated performance and our best judgment. These estimates are updated on a periodic basis and are not expected to result in a reversal of a significant amount of the cumulative revenue recognized.
The predominant component of billable expenses are third-party vendor costs incurred for performance obligations where we have determined that we are acting as principal. These third-party expenses are generally billed back to our clients. Billable expenses also includes incidental costs incurred in the performance of our services including airfare, mileage, hotel stays, out-of-town meals and telecommunication charges. We record these billable expenses within total revenue with a corresponding offset to operating expenses.
In international markets, we may receive rebates or credits from vendors based on transactions entered into on behalf of clients. Rebates and credits are remitted back to our clients in accordance with our contractual requirements or may be retained by us based on the terms of a particular client contract and local law. Amounts owed back to clients are recorded as a liability and amounts retained by us are recorded as revenue when earned.
In certain international markets, our media contracts may allow clients to terminate our arrangement at any time for no compensation to the extent that media has not yet run. For those contracts, we do not recognize revenue until the media runs which is the point in time at which we have a legally enforceable right to compensation.
Performance Obligations
Our client contracts may include various goods and services that are capable of being distinct, are distinct within the context of the contract and are therefore accounted for as separate performance obligations. We allocate revenue to each performance obligation in the contract at inception based on its relative standalone selling price.
Our advertising businesses include a wide range of services that involve the creation of an advertising idea, concept, campaign, or marketing strategy in order to promote the client’s brand ("creative services"), and to act as an agent to facilitate the production of advertisements by third-party suppliers ("production services”). Our clients can contract us to perform one or both of these services, as they can derive stand-alone benefit from each. Production services can include formatting creative material for different media and communication mediums including digital, large-scale reproduction such as printing and adaptation services, talent engagement and acquisition, television and radio production, and outdoor billboard production. Our
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
contracts that include both services are typically explicit in the description of which activities constitute the creative advertising services and those that constitute the production services. Both the creative and production services are sold separately, the client can derive utility from each service on its own, we do not provide a significant service of integrating these activities into a bundle, the services do not significantly modify one another, and the services are not highly interrelated or interdependent. As such, we typically identify two performance obligations in the assessment of our advertising contracts.
Our media businesses include services to formulate strategic media plans ("media planning services") and to act as an agent to purchase media (e.g. television and radio spots, outdoor advertising, digital banners, etc.) from vendors on our clients' behalf ("media buying services"). Our contracts that include both services are typically explicit in the description of which activities constitute the planning services and those that constitute the buying services. Both the planning and buying services are sold separately, the client can derive utility from each service on its own, we do not provide a significant service of integrating these activities into a bundle, the services do not significantly modify one another, and the services are not highly interrelated or interdependent. As such, we typically identify two performance obligations in the assessment of our media contracts.
Our events businesses include creative services related to the conception and planning of custom marketing events as well as activation services which entail the carrying out of the event, including, but not limited to, set-up, design and staffing. Additionally, our public relations businesses include a broad range of services, such as strategic planning, social media strategy and the monitoring and development of communication strategies, among others. While our contracts in these businesses may include some or all of these services, we typically identify only one performance obligation in the assessment of our events and public relations contracts as we provide a significant service of integrating the individual services into a combined service for which the customer has contracted.
Our data and technology services businesses include data management, data and data strategy, identity resolution, and measurement and analytics products and services. While our contracts in these businesses may include some or all of these services, we typically identify each product and service as an individual performance obligation.
We have elected not to disclose information about remaining performance obligations that have original expected durations of one year or less. The majority of our contracts are for periods of one year or less with the exception of our data management contracts.
Principal vs. Agent
When a third-party is involved in the delivery of our services to the client, we assess whether or not we are acting as a principal or an agent in the arrangement. The assessment is based on whether we control the specified services at any time before they are transferred to the customer. We have determined that in our events and public relations businesses, we generally act as a principal as our agencies provide a significant service of integrating goods or services provided by third parties into the specified deliverable to our clients. In addition, we have determined that we are responsible for the performance of the third-party suppliers, which are combined with our own services, before transferring those services to the customer. We have also determined that we act as principal when providing creative services and media planning services, as we perform a significant integration service in these transactions. For performance obligations in which we act as principal, we record the gross amount billed to the customer within total revenue and the related incremental direct costs incurred as billable expenses.
When a third-party is involved in the production of an advertising campaign and for media buying services, we have determined that we act as the agent and are solely arranging for the third-party suppliers to provide services to the customer. Specifically, we do not control the specified services before transferring those services to the customer, we are not primarily responsible for the performance of the third-party services, nor can we redirect those services to fulfill any other contracts. We do not have inventory risk or discretion in establishing pricing in our contracts with customers. For performance obligations for which we act as the agent, we record our revenue as the net amount of our gross billings less amounts remitted to third parties.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments, which include certificates of deposit, government securities, commercial paper and time deposits with original maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase and are stated at estimated fair value, which approximates cost. Cash is maintained at multiple high-credit-quality financial institutions.
Allowance for Expected Credit Losses
We adopted Accounting Standards Codification Topic 326, Current Expected Credit Losses, on January 1, 2020 using the modified retrospective transition method. The allowance for credit losses on expected future uncollectible accounts receivable is estimated based on the aging of accounts receivable, reviews of client credit reports, industry trends and economic indicators, as well as reviews of recent payment history for specific customers. The estimate is based largely on a formula-driven calculation but is supplemented with economic indicators and knowledge of potential write-offs of specific client accounts.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
Accounts Receivable, Billable to Clients
Accounts receivable, billable to clients are primarily comprised of production and media costs that have been incurred but have not yet been billed to clients, as well as fees that have been earned which have not yet been billed to clients. Unbilled amounts are presented in accounts receivable, billable to clients regardless of whether they relate to our fees or production and media costs. A provision is made for unrecoverable costs as deemed appropriate.
Accounts Payable
Accounts payable includes all operating payables, including those related to all media and production costs. These payables are due within one year.
Investments
Equity investments with readily determinable fair values, other than those accounted for using the equity method of accounting, will be measured at fair value. We regularly review our investments to determine whether a significant event or change in circumstances has occurred that may impact the fair value of each investment, with changes to fair value recorded in earnings. We evaluate fair value based on specific information (valuation methodologies, estimates of appraisals, financial statements, etc.) in addition to quoted market price, if available. We consider all known quantitative and qualitative factors in determining if a decline in value of an investment has occurred.
Derivatives
We are exposed to market risk related to interest rates, foreign currency rates and certain balance sheet items. From time to time we enter into derivative instruments for risk management purposes, and not for speculative purposes. All derivative instruments are recorded at fair value on our balance sheet. Changes in fair value are immediately included in earnings if the derivatives are not designated as a hedge instrument or if the derivatives do not qualify as effective hedges. For derivatives designated as hedge instruments, we evaluate for hedge accounting both at inception and throughout the hedge period. If a derivative is designated as a fair value hedge, then changes in the fair value of the derivative are offset against the changes in the fair value of the underlying hedged item. If a derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge, then the changes in the fair value of the derivative are recognized as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income and subsequently reclassified to earnings in our Consolidated Statement of Operations in the same period as the underlying hedged transaction affects earnings. If a derivative is a net investment hedge, then the changes in the fair value of the derivative are recognized in other comprehensive income in the same period as the change in fair value of the underlying hedged foreign investment.
Property and Equipment
Furniture, equipment, leasehold improvements and buildings are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Furniture and equipment are depreciated generally using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, which range from 3 to 7 years for furniture and equipment, 10 to 35 years for buildings and the shorter of the useful life or the remaining lease term for leasehold improvements. Land is stated at cost and is not depreciated.
We capitalize certain internal and external costs incurred to acquire or create internal use software, principally related to our enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) systems. Our ERP systems are stated at cost, net of accumulated amortization, and are amortized using the straight-line method over 10 years. All other internal use computer software are stated at cost, net of accumulated amortization and are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, which range from 3 to 7 years.
Leases
As of December 31, 2022, we do not have a material amount of finance leases and the majority of our operating leases, for which we serve as the lessee, consist primarily of real-estate property for our offices around the world. Both the right-of-use asset and lease liability are measured at the present value of the future lease payments, with the asset being subject to adjustments such as initial direct costs, prepaid lease payments, and lease incentives. Many of our leases provide for renewal and/or termination options, as well as escalation clauses, which are also factored into our lease payments when appropriate. The discount rate used to measure the lease asset and liability is determined at the beginning of the lease term using the rate implicit in the lease, if readily determinable, or using the Company's collateralized credit-adjusted borrowing rate.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
We account for our business combinations using the acquisition accounting method, which requires us to determine the fair value of net assets acquired and the related goodwill and other intangible assets. Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires management's judgment and involves the use of significant estimates, including projections of
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
future cash inflows and outflows, discount rates, asset lives and market multiples. Considering the characteristics of advertising, specialized marketing and communication services companies, our acquisitions usually do not have significant amounts of tangible assets, as the principal asset we typically acquire is creative talent. As a result, a substantial portion of the purchase price is allocated to goodwill and other intangible assets.
We review goodwill as of October 1 st each year and whenever events or significant changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. We evaluate the recoverability of goodwill at a reporting uni t level. We have 10 reporting units that were subject to the 2022 annual impairment testing. Our annual impairment review as of October 1, 2022 did not result in an impairment charge for any of our reporting units.
Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized but are evaluated for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that impairment may exist. The Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative impairment test for indefinite-lived intangible assets. Impairment exists if the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than the carrying value. The determination of fair value is based on the relief from royalty method of the income approach, which models the cash flows from indefinite-lived intangibles assuming royalties were received under a licensing arrangement. This discounted cash flow analysis includes assumptions related to forecasted future revenues attributable to indefinite-lived intangibles, royalty rates and risk-adjusted discount rates. If the carrying value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its estimated fair value, the indefinite-lived intangible asset is considered impaired, and an impairment loss will be recognized in an amount equal to the excess of the carrying value over the fair value. Based on this analysis, for the indefinite lived-intangible asset for which we performed a quantitative impairment test as of October 1, 2022, we concluded that it was not impaired because its fair value was in excess of its carrying value.
For reporting units not included in the qualitative assessment, or for any reporting units identified in the qualitative assessment as "more likely than not" that the fair value is less than its carrying value, the quantitative impairment test is performed. For our annual impairment test, we compare the respective fair value of our reporting units' equity to the carrying value of their net assets. The sum of the fair values of all our reporting units is also reconciled to our current market capitalization plus an estimated control premium. Goodwill allocated to a reporting unit whose fair value is equal to or greater than its carrying value is not impaired, and no further testing is required. Should the carrying amount for a reporting unit exceed its fair value, then the quantitative impairment test is failed and impaired goodwill is written down to its fair value with a charge to expense in the period the impairment is identified.
The fair value of each reporting unit for 2022 and 2021 was estimated using a combination of the income approach, which incorporates the use of the discounted cash flow method, and the market approach, which incorporates the use of earnings and revenue multiples based on market data.
We review intangible assets with definite lives subject to amortization whenever events or circumstances indicate that a carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of these assets is determined by comparing the carrying value of these assets to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by these asset groups. These asset groups are impaired when their carrying value exceeds their fair value. Impaired intangible assets with definite lives subject to amortization are written down to their fair value with a charge to expense in the period the impairment is identified. Intangible assets with definite lives are amortized on a straight-line basis with estimated useful lives generally between 7 and 15 years. Events or circumstances that might require impairment testing include the loss of a significant client, the identification of other impaired assets within a reporting unit, loss of key personnel, the disposition of a significant portion of a reporting unit, significant decline in stock price or a significant adverse change in business climate or regulations.
Foreign Currencies
The functional currency of our foreign operations is generally their respective local currency. Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date, and revenues and expenses are translated at the average exchange rates during the period presented. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the stockholders’ equity section of our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Currency transaction gains or losses primarily arising from transactions in currencies other than the functional currency are included in office and general expenses. Foreign currency transactions resulted in a pre-tax gain of $2.5 for the year ended December 31, 2022, a pre-tax loss of $5.0 for the year ended December 31, 2021, a pre-tax gain of $1.2 for the year ended December 31, 2020.
We monitor the currencies of countries in which we operate in order to determine if the country should be considered a highly inflationary environment. A currency is determined to be highly inflationary when there is cumulative inflation of approximately 100% or more over a three-year period. If this occurs the functional currency of that country is changed to our reporting currency, the U.S. Dollar, and foreign exchange gains or losses are recognized on all monetary transactions, assets and liabilities in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar until the currency is no longer considered highly inflationary.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes includes U.S. federal, state, local and foreign taxes. Income taxes are accounted for under the liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the year in which the temporary differences are expected to be reversed. We evaluate the realizability of our deferred tax assets and establish a valuation allowance when it is “more likely than not” that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We evaluate our tax positions using the “more likely than not” recognition threshold and then apply a measurement assessment to those positions that meet the recognition threshold. The factors used in assessing valuation allowances include all available evidence, such as past operating results, estimates of future taxable income and the feasibility of tax planning strategies. We have established tax reserves that we believe to be adequate in relation to the potential for additional assessments in each of the jurisdictions in which we are subject to taxation. We regularly assess the likelihood of additional tax assessments in those jurisdictions and adjust our reserves as additional information or events require.
Redeemable Non-controlling Interests
Many of our acquisitions include provisions under which the non-controlling equity owners can require us to purchase additional interests in a subsidiary at their discretion. Payments for these redeemable non-controlling interests may be contingent on projected operating performance and satisfying other conditions specified in the related agreements. These payments are also subject to revision in accordance with the terms of the agreements. We record these redeemable non-controlling interests in “mezzanine equity” in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Each reporting period, redeemable non-controlling interests are reported at their estimated redemption value, but not less than their initial fair value. Any adjustment to the redemption value above initial value prior to exercise will also impact retained earnings or additional paid-in capital (“APIC”), but will not impact net income. Adjustments as a result of currency translation will affect the redeemable non-controlling interest balance, but do not impact retained earnings or additional paid-in capital.
Earnings Per Share (“EPS”)
Basic EPS available to IPG common stockholders equals net income available to IPG common stockholders divided by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the applicable period. Diluted EPS equals net income available to IPG common stockholders divided by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding, plus any additional common shares that would have been outstanding if potentially dilutive shares had been issued.
Diluted EPS reflect the potential dilution that would occur if certain potentially dilutive securities were exercised. The potential issuance of common stock is assumed to occur at the beginning of the year (or at the time of issuance of the potentially dilutive instrument, if later) and the incremental shares are included using the treasury stock method. The proceeds utilized in applying the treasury stock method consist of the amount, if any, to be paid upon exercise and, as it relates to stock-based compensation, the amount of compensation cost attributed to future service not yet recognized. These proceeds are then assumed to be used to purchase common stock at the average market price of our stock during the period. The incremental shares (difference between the shares assumed to be issued and the shares assumed to be purchased), to the extent they would have been dilutive, are included in the denominator of the diluted EPS calculation.
We may be required to calculate basic EPS using the two-class method as a result of our redeemable non-controlling interests. To the extent that the redemption value increases and exceeds the then-current fair value of a redeemable non-controlling interest, net income available to IPG common stockholders (used to calculate EPS) could be negatively impacted by that increase, subject to certain limitations. The partial or full recovery of any reductions to net income available to IPG common stockholders (used to calculate EPS) is limited to any cumulative prior-period reductions. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, there was no impact to EPS for adjustments related to our redeemable non-controlling interests.
Pension and Postretirement Benefits
We have pension and postretirement benefit plans covering certain domestic and international employees. We use various actuarial methods and assumptions in determining our net pension and postretirement benefit costs and obligations, including the discount rate used to determine the present value of future benefits, expected long-term rate of return on plan assets and healthcare cost trend rates. The overfunded or underfunded status of our pension and postretirement benefit plans is recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
Stock-Based Compensation
Compensation costs related to share-based transactions, including employee stock options, are recognized in the Consolidated Financial Statements based on fair value. Stock-based compensation expense is generally recognized ratably over the requisite service period based on the estimated grant-date fair value, net of estimated forfeitures.
Treasury Stock
We account for repurchased common stock under the cost method and include such treasury stock as a component of our Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity. Upon retirement, we reduce common stock for the par value of the shares being retired and the excess of the cost of the shares over par value as a reduction to APIC, to the extent there is APIC in the same class of stock, and any remaining amount to retained earnings. These retired shares remain authorized but unissued.
In October 2022, we retired 7.2 shares of our treasury stock, which resulted in a reduction in common stock of $0.7, treasury stock of $199.9 and APIC of $199.2. During 2021 and 2020, there was no significant treasury stock activity due to the suspension of the share repurchase program.
Note 2: Revenue
Disaggregation of Revenue
The following is a description of the principal activities, by reportable segment, from which we generate revenue. For more detailed information about reportable segments, see Note 15.
Media, Data & Engagement Solutions
The MD&E segment provides, and is distinguished by innovative capabilities and scale in, global media and communications services, digital services and products, advertising and marketing technology, e‐commerce services, data management and analytics, strategic consulting, and digital brand experience. MD&E is comprised of IPG Mediabrands, Acxiom, and Kinesso, as well as our digital and commerce specialist agencies, which include MRM, R/GA, and Huge.
Integrated Advertising & Creativity Led Solutions
The IA&C segment provides advertising, corporate and brand identity services, and strategic consulting. IA&C is distinguished by the leading role of complex integrations of ideation and the execution of advertising and creative campaigns across all communications channels that are foundational to client brand identities. IA&C is comprised of leading global networks and agencies that provide a broad range of services, including McCann Worldgroup, IPG Health, MullenLowe Group, Foote, Cone & Belding ("FCB"), and our domestic integrated agencies.
Specialized Communications & Experiential Solutions
The SC&E segment provides best-in-class global public relations and other specialized communications services, events, sports and entertainment marketing, and strategic consulting. SC&E is comprised of agencies that provide a range of marketing services expertise, including Weber Shandwick, Golin, our sports, entertainment, and experiential agencies and DXTRA Health.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
Principal Geographic Markets
Our agencies are located in over 100 countries, including every significant world market. Our geographic revenue breakdown is listed below.

| Years ended December 31,
Total revenue: | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
United States | $ | 7,031.0 |  |  | $ | 6,360.2 |  |  | $ | 5,751.5 |
International: |  |  |  |  |
United Kingdom | 902.7 |  |  | 880.5 |  |  | 742.9 |
Continental Europe | 867.5 |  |  | 892.8 |  |  | 763.5 |
Asia Pacific | 918.5 |  |  | 970.1 |  |  | 879.5 |
Latin America | 454.9 |  |  | 430.3 |  |  | 349.7 |
Other | 753.2 |  |  | 706.8 |  |  | 573.9 |
Total International | 3,896.8 |  |  | 3,880.5 |  |  | 3,309.5 |
Total Consolidated | $ | 10,927.8 |  |  | $ | 10,240.7 |  |  | $ | 9,061.0 |

| Years ended December 31,
Revenue before billable expenses: | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
United States | $ | 6,157.7 |  |  | $ | 5,763.1 |  |  | $ | 5,211.4 |
International: |  |  |  |  |
United Kingdom | 742.2 |  |  | 781.5 |  |  | 664.3 |
Continental Europe | 764.6 |  |  | 799.7 |  |  | 683.6 |
Asia Pacific | 772.7 |  |  | 791.4 |  |  | 710.5 |
Latin America | 423.6 |  |  | 396.4 |  |  | 323.4 |
Other | 588.6 |  |  | 575.8 |  |  | 471.3 |
Total International | 3,291.7 |  |  | 3,344.8 |  |  | 2,853.1 |
Total Consolidated | $ | 9,449.4 |  |  | $ | 9,107.9 |  |  | $ | 8,064.5 |

MD&E | Years ended December 31,
Total revenue: | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
United States | $ | 2,547.8 |  |  | $ | 2,432.6 |  |  | $ | 2,196.6 |
International | 1,648.9 |  |  | 1,629.1 |  |  | 1,323.8 |
Total MD&E | $ | 4,196.7 |  |  | $ | 4,061.7 |  |  | $ | 3,520.4 |
Revenue before billable expenses: |  |  |  |  |
United States | $ | 2,512.1 |  |  | $ | 2,403.6 |  |  | $ | 2,168.9 |
International | 1,599.4 |  |  | 1,570.0 |  |  | 1,282.3 |
Total MD&E | $ | 4,111.5 |  |  | $ | 3,973.6 |  |  | $ | 3,451.2 |

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)

IA&C | Years ended December 31,
Total revenue: | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
United States | $ | 2,768.3 |  |  | $ | 2,555.4 |  |  | $ | 2,323.0 |
International | 1,557.2 |  |  | 1,621.3 |  |  | 1,401.6 |
Total IA&C | $ | 4,325.5 |  |  | $ | 4,176.7 |  |  | $ | 3,724.6 |
Revenue before billable expenses: |  |  |  |  |
United States | $ | 2,662.5 |  |  | $ | 2,454.4 |  |  | $ | 2,230.3 |
International | 1,289.2 |  |  | 1,369.4 |  |  | 1,197.2 |
Total IA&C | $ | 3,951.7 |  |  | $ | 3,823.8 |  |  | $ | 3,427.5 |

SC&E | Years ended December 31,
Total revenue: | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
United States | $ | 1,714.9 |  |  | $ | 1,372.2 |  |  | $ | 1,231.9 |
International | 690.7 |  |  | 630.1 |  |  | 584.1 |
Total SC&E | $ | 2,405.6 |  |  | $ | 2,002.3 |  |  | $ | 1,816.0 |
Revenue before billable expenses: |  |  |  |  |
United States | $ | 983.1 |  |  | $ | 905.1 |  |  | $ | 812.2 |
International | 403.1 |  |  | 405.4 |  |  | 373.6 |
Total SC&E | $ | 1,386.2 |  |  | $ | 1,310.5 |  |  | $ | 1,185.8 |

Contract Balances
The following table provides information about receivables, contract assets and contract liabilities from contracts with customers.

| December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $48.6 and $68.5, respectively | $ | 5,316.0 |  |  | $ | 5,177.7 |
Accounts receivable, billable to clients | 2,023.0 |  |  | 2,347.2 |
Contract assets | 67.4 |  |  | 62.3 |
Contract liabilities (deferred revenue) | 680.0 |  |  | 688.5 |

Contract assets are primarily comprised of contract incentives that are generally satisfied annually under the terms of our contracts and are transferred to accounts receivable when the right to payment becomes unconditional. Contract liabilities relate to advance consideration received from customers under the terms of our contracts primarily related to reimbursements of third-party expenses, whether we act as principal or agent, and to a lesser extent, periodic retainer fees, both of which are generally recognized shortly after billing.
The majority of our contracts are for periods of one year or less with the exception of our data management contracts. For those contracts with a term of more than one year, we had approximately $780.3 of unsatisfied performance obligations as of December 31, 2022, which will be recognized as services are performed over the remaining contractual terms through 2027.
Note 3: Leases
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the majority of our operating leases, for which we serve as the lessee, consist primarily of real-estate property for our offices around the world, and we do not have a material amount of finance leases. Both the right-of-use asset and lease liability are measured at the present value of the future lease payments, with the asset being subject to adjustments such as initial direct costs, prepaid lease payments, and lease incentives. Many of our leases provide for renewal and/or termination options, as well as escalation clauses, which are also factored into our lease payments when appropriate. As of December 31, 2022, our leases have remaining lease terms of 1 year to 14 years. The discount rate used to measure the lease
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
asset and liability is determined at the beginning of the lease term using the rate implicit in the lease, if readily determinable, or using the Company's collateralized credit-adjusted borrowing rate.
The following tables present information on our operating leases for the full years of 2022, 2021 and 2020.

|  | Years ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Operating lease cost |  | $ | 290.7 |  |  | $ | 306.0 |  |  | $ | 318.5 |
Short-term lease cost |  | 6.4 |  |  | 8.1 |  |  | 10.6 |
Sublease income |  | (23.8) |  |  | (21.1) |  |  | (15.8) |
Total lease cost |  | $ | 273.3 |  |  | $ | 293.0 |  |  | $ | 313.3 |
Cash paid related to operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 320.9 |  |  | $ | 347.6 |  |  | $ | 335.7 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities |  | $ | 93.0 |  |  | $ | 431.0 |  |  | $ | 274.4 |
|  | As of December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Weighted-average remaining lease term |  | Eight years |  | Eight years |  | Eight years
Weighted-average discount rate |  | 3.51 | % |  | 3.45 | % |  | 4.00 | %

Our future payments of our operating leases as of December 31, 2022 are listed in the table below.

Period | Net Rent
2023 | $ | 279.1 |
2024 | 278.0 |
2025 | 247.9 |
2026 | 229.0 |
2027 | 201.2 |
Thereafter | 569.3 |
Total future lease payments | 1,804.5 |
Less: imputed interest | 188.5 |
Present value of future lease payments | 1,616.0 |
Less: current portion of operating leases | 235.9 |
Non-current operating leases | $ | 1,380.1 |

As of December 31, 2022, we had additional operating leases that had not yet commenced with future lease payments of approximately $39.0 commencing in 2023 with lease terms of 3 to 11 years.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
Note 4: Debt and Credit Arrangements
Long-Term Debt
A summary of the carrying amounts of our long-term debt is listed below.

| Effective Interest Rate |  | December 31,
| 2022 1 |  | 2021 1
4.200% Senior Notes due 2024 (less unamortized discount and issuance costs of $0.0 and $0.3, respectively) | 4.240 | % |  | $ | 249.7 |  |  | $ | 249.4 |
4.650% Senior Notes due 2028 (less unamortized discount and issuance costs of $1.0 and $2.6, respectively) | 4.780 | % |  | 496.4 |  |  | 495.8 |
4.750% Senior Notes due 2030 (less unamortized discount and issuance costs of $2.9 and $4.5, respectively) | 4.920 | % |  | 642.6 |  |  | 641.7 |
2.400% Senior Notes due 2031 (less unamortized discount and issuance costs of $0.7 and $3.8, respectively) | 2.512 | % |  | 495.5 |  |  | 495.0 |
3.375% Senior Notes due 2041 (less unamortized discount and issuance costs of $1.0 and $5.3, respectively) | 3.448 | % |  | 493.7 |  |  | 493.4 |
5.400% Senior Notes due 2048 (less unamortized discount and issuance costs of $2.6 and $4.8, respectively) | 5.480 | % |  | 492.6 |  |  | 492.3 |
Other notes payable and capitalized leases |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 41.7 |
Total long-term debt |  |  | 2,871.3 |  |  | 2,909.3 |
Less: current portion |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 0.7 |
Long-term debt, excluding current portion |  |  | $ | 2,870.7 |  |  | $ | 2,908.6 |

1 See Note 13 for information on the fair value measurement of our long-term debt.
Annual maturities are scheduled as follows based on the book value as of December 31, 2022.

2023 | $ | 0.6 |
2024 | 249.8 |
2025 | 0.1 |
2026 | 0.0 |
2027 | 0.0 |
Thereafter | 2,620.8 |
Total long-term debt | $ | 2,871.3 |

For those debt securities that have a premium or discount at the time of issuance, we amortize the amount through interest expense based on the maturity date or the first date the holders may require us to repurchase the debt securities, if applicable. A premium would result in a decrease in interest expense, and a discount would result in an increase in interest expense in future periods. Additionally, we have debt issuance costs related to certain financing transactions which are also amortized through interest expense. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had total unamortized debt issuance costs of $26.2 and $29.4, respectively. Our debt securities include covenants that, among other things, limit our liens and the liens of certain of our consolidated subsidiaries, but do not require us to maintain any financial ratios or specified levels of net worth or liquidity.
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the estimated fair value of the Company's long-term debt was $2,552.3 and $3,337.4, respectively. Refer to Note 13 for details.
Debt Transactions
We paid $29.9, net of cash acquired, related to the acquisition of the outstanding ownership interests of a non-operating entity in which we previously held a minority interest, and which resulted in a $36.1 settlement of a senior note issued by IPG previously recorded within long-term debt.
Credit Arrangement
We maintain a committed corporate credit facility, originally dated as of July 18, 2008, which has been amended and restated from time to time (the "Credit Agreement"). We use our Credit Agreement to increase our financial flexibility, to provide letters of credit primarily to support obligations of our subsidiaries and to support our commercial paper program. On
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
November 1, 2021, we amended and restated the Credit Agreement. As amended, among other things, the maturity date of the Credit Agreement was extended to November 1, 2026 and the cost structure of the Credit Agreement was changed. The Credit Agreement continues to include a required leverage ratio, of not more than 3.50 to 1.00, among other customary covenants like limitations on our liens and the liens of our consolidated subsidiaries and limitations on the incurrence of subsidiary debt. At the election of the Company, the leverage ratio may be changed to not more than 4.00 to 1.00 for four consecutive quarters, beginning with the fiscal quarter in which there is an occurrence of one or more acquisitions with an aggregate purchase price of at least $200.0.
The Credit Agreement is a revolving facility, under which amounts borrowed by us or any of our subsidiaries designated under the Credit Agreement may be repaid and reborrowed, subject to an aggregate lending limit of $1,500.0, or the equivalent in other currencies. The Company has the ability to increase the commitments under the Credit Agreement from time to time by an additional amount of up to $250.0, provided the Company receives commitments for such increases and satisfies certain other conditions. The aggregate available amount of letters of credit outstanding may decrease or increase, subject to a sublimit on letters of credit of $50.0, or the equivalent in other currencies. Our obligations under the Credit Agreement are unsecured. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were no borrowings under the Credit Agreement; however, we had $10.3 and $10.7 of letters of credit under the Credit Agreement, which reduced our total availability to $1,489.7 and $1,489.3, respectively. In addition to other customary covenants, we are required to maintain the financial covenant listed below as of the end of each fiscal quarter for the period of four fiscal quarters then ended pursuant to our Credit Agreement. We were in compliance with all of our covenants in the Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2022.
Under the Credit Agreement, we can elect to receive advances bearing interest based on either the Base Rate or the Eurocurrency rate (each as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus an applicable margin that is determined based on our credit ratings. As of December 31, 2022, the applicable margin was 0.125% for Base Rate advances and 1.125% for Eurocurrency Rate borrowings. Letter of credit fees accrue on the average daily aggregate amount of letters of credit outstanding, at a rate equal to the applicable margin for Eurocurrency rate advances, and fronting fees accrue on the aggregate amount of letters of credit outstanding at an annual rate of 0.250%. We also pay a facility fee on each lender's revolving commitment of 0.125%, which is an annual rate determined based on our credit ratings.

|  | Financial Covenant
Leverage ratio (not greater than): 1 |  | 3.50x

1 The leverage ratio is defined as debt as of the last day of such fiscal quarter to EBITDA, as defined in the Credit Agreement, for the four quarters then ended.
Uncommitted Lines of Credit
We also have uncommitted lines of credit with various banks that permit borrowings at variable interest rates and that are primarily used to fund working capital needs. We have guaranteed the repayment of some of these borrowings made by certain subsidiaries. If we lose access to these credit lines, we would have to provide funding directly to some of our operations. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had uncommitted lines of credit in an aggregate amount of $936.2 and $846.2, under which we had outstanding borrowings of $44.3 and $47.5 classified as short-term borrowings on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively. The average amounts outstanding during 2022 and 2021 were $61.2 and $60.2, respectively, with weighted-average interest rates of approximately 4.6% and 3.4%, respectively.
Commercial Paper
The Company is authorized to issue unsecured commercial paper up to a maximum aggregate amount outstanding at any time of $1,500.0. Borrowings under the commercial paper program are supported by the Credit Agreement described above. Commercial paper proceeds are used for working capital and general corporate purposes, including the repayment of maturing indebtedness and other short-term liquidity needs. Commercial paper maturities vary but may not exceed 397 days from the date of issue. As of both December 31, 2022 and 2021, there was no commercial paper outstanding. There was no outstanding commercial paper under the program during both 2022 and 2021.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
Cash Pooling
We aggregate our domestic cash position on a daily basis. Outside the United States, we use cash pooling arrangements with banks to help manage our liquidity requirements. In these pooling arrangements, several IPG agencies agree with a single bank that the cash balances of any of the agencies with the bank will be subject to a full right of set-off against amounts other agencies owe the bank, and the bank provides for overdrafts as long as the net balance for all agencies does not exceed an agreed-upon level. Typically, each agency pays interest on outstanding overdrafts and receives interest on cash balances. Our Consolidated Balance Sheets reflect cash, net of bank overdrafts, under all of our pooling arrangements, and as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 the amounts netted were $2,411.2 and $2,774.7, respectively.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
Note 5: Earnings Per Share
The following sets forth basic and diluted earnings per common share available to IPG common stockholders.

| Years ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Net income available to IPG common stockholders | $ | 938.0 |  |  | $ | 952.8 |  |  | $ | 351.1 |
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding - basic | 391.5 |  |  | 393.0 |  |  | 389.4 |
Dilutive effect of stock options and restricted shares | 3.6 |  |  | 5.4 |  |  | 3.8 |
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding - diluted | 395.1 |  |  | 398.4 |  |  | 393.2 |
Earnings per share available to IPG common stockholders: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 2.40 |  |  | $ | 2.42 |  |  | $ | 0.90 |
Diluted | $ | 2.37 |  |  | $ | 2.39 |  |  | $ | 0.89 |

Note 6: Acquisitions
We continue to evaluate strategic opportunities to expand our industry expertise, strengthen our position in high-growth and key strategic geographical markets and industry sectors, advance technological capabilities and improve operational efficiency through both acquisitions and increased ownership interests in current investments. Our acquisitions typically provide for an initial payment at the time of closing and additional contingent purchase price payments based on the future performance of the acquired entity. We have entered into agreements that may require us to purchase additional equity interests in certain consolidated and unconsolidated subsidiaries. The amounts at which we record these transactions in our financial statements are based on estimates of the future financial performance of the acquired entity, the timing of the exercise of these rights, changes in foreign currency exchange rates and other factors.
During 2022, we completed one acquisition, recorded in the MD&E reportable segment. On September 23, 2022, we entered into a definitive purchase agreement to acquire approximately 83.9% of the outstanding shares of RafterOne with options to purchase the remaining outstanding shares. The transaction closed on October 3, 2022, subject to customary closing adjustments. We paid $232.2, net of cash acquired, related to the acquisition. The purpose of the acquisition is to combine the Company's media, creative, marketing services and analytics capabilities, global scale and consumer insights, with RafterOne's Salesforce capabilities for commerce, service, data, marketing and customer experience. We recorded approximately $209.5 of goodwill and $62.0 of other intangible assets related to the acquisition of RafterOne.
During 2021, no acquisitions occurred.
During 2020, we completed four acquisitions, three of which were included in the IA&C reportable segment, and one of which was included in the SC&E reportable segment. These acquisitions include a traditional advertising agency based in Colombia, a marketing and communications agency based in the U.K., a boutique post-production company based in New York, and a mobile app design agency based in the U.K. During 2020, we recorded approximately $28.0 of goodwill and other intangible assets related to our acquisitions.
The results of operations of our acquired companies were included in our consolidated results from the closing date of each acquisition. We did not make any payments in stock related to our acquisitions in 2022, 2021 or 2020.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
Details of cash paid for current and prior years' acquisitions are listed below.

| Years ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Cost of investment: current-year acquisitions | $ | 235.4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8.5 |
Cost of investment: prior-year acquisitions | 9.3 |  |  | 28.0 |  |  | 45.9 |
Less: net cash acquired | (3.2) |  |  | — |  |  | (2.9) |
Total cost of investment | 241.5 |  |  | 28.0 |  |  | 51.5 |
Operating payments 1 | 9.6 |  |  | 39.1 |  |  | 2.9 |
Total cash paid for acquisitions 2 | $ | 251.1 |  |  | $ | 67.1 |  |  | $ | 54.4 |

1 Represents cash payments for amounts that have been recognized in operating expenses since the date of acquisition either relating to adjustments to estimates in excess of the initial value of contingent payments recorded or were contingent upon the future employment of the former owners of the acquired companies. Amounts are reflected in the operating section of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
2 Of the total cash paid for acquisitions, $232.2, $0.0 and $4.9 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, are classified under the investing section of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as acquisitions, net of cash acquired. These amounts relate to initial payments for new transactions. Of the total cash paid for acquisitions, $9.3, $28.0 and $46.6 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, are classified under the financing section of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as acquisition-related payments. These amounts relate to deferred payments and increases in our ownership interest for prior acquisitions.
For companies acquired, we estimate the fair values of the assets and liabilities based on 100% of the business for consolidation. The purchase price in excess of the estimated fair value of the tangible net assets acquired is allocated to identifiable intangible assets and then to goodwill. Due to the characteristics of advertising, specialized marketing and communication services companies, our acquisitions typically do not have significant amounts of tangible assets since the principal assets we acquire are client relationships and talent. As a result, a substantial portion of the purchase price is primarily allocated to customer lists, trade names and goodwill.
For acquisitions, we record deferred payment and redeemable non-controlling interest amounts on our Consolidated Balance Sheets based on their acquisition-date fair value. Deferred payments are recorded on a discounted basis and adjusted quarterly, if necessary, through operating income or net interest expense, depending on the nature of the arrangement, for both changes in estimate and accretion between the acquisition date and the final payment date. See Note 16 for further information on contingent acquisition obligations. Redeemable non-controlling interests are adjusted quarterly, if necessary, to their estimated redemption value, but not less than their initial fair value. Any adjustments to the redemption value impact retained earnings or additional paid in capital, except for foreign currency translation adjustments. The following table presents changes in our redeemable non-controlling interests.

| Years ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 15.6 |  |  | $ | 93.1 |  |  | $ | 164.7 |
Change in related non-controlling interests balance | (0.5) |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | (5.4) |
Changes in redemption value of redeemable non-controlling interests: |  |  |  |  |
Additions | 30.3 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |
Redemptions and other | (9.9) |  |  | (41.9) |  |  | (20.6) |
Redemption value adjustments | 2.8 |  |  | (37.8) |  |  | (45.6) |
Balance at end of period | $ | 38.3 |  |  | $ | 15.6 |  |  | $ | 93.1 |

For all acquisitions, if a portion of the deferred payments and purchases of additional interests after the effective date of purchase are contingent upon employment terms, then that amount is accounted for separately from the business combination and recognized as compensation expense over the required earn-out period. Payments deemed as compensation are excluded from the fair value purchase price allocation to tangible net assets and intangible assets acquired.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
Note 7: Supplementary Data
Valuation and Qualifying Accounts – Accounts Receivable, Allowance for Expected Credit Losses

| Years ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 68.5 |  |  | $ | 98.3 |  |  | $ | 40.2 |
Cumulative effect of accounting change 1 | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 9.0 |
Charges to costs and expenses 2 | (5.8) |  |  | (14.9) |  |  | 50.5 |
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |
(Dispositions)/Acquisitions | (0.9) |  |  | (3.2) |  |  | 8.6 |
Uncollectible accounts written off | (12.8) |  |  | (9.8) |  |  | (11.2) |
Recoveries | 1.9 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.2 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | (2.3) |  |  | (2.2) |  |  | 1.0 |
Balance at end of period | $ | 48.6 |  |  | $ | 68.5 |  |  | $ | 98.3 |

1 Cumulative effect of accounting change represents the pre-tax adjustment to our allowance for expected credit losses for our adoption of ASC Topic 326, Current Expected Credit Losses, effective January 1, 2020.
2 Includes the reversal of our allowance for credit losses as a result of improved credit outlook over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Property and Equipment

|  | December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021
Furniture and equipment |  | $ | 640.8 |  |  | $ | 653.5 |
Leasehold improvements |  | 528.6 |  |  | 571.3 |
Internal-use computer software |  | 581.4 |  |  | 513.5 |
Land and buildings |  | 131.4 |  |  | 139.1 |
Gross property and equipment |  | 1,882.2 |  |  | 1,877.4 |
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization |  | (1,244.8) |  |  | (1,201.6) |
Total property and equipment, net |  | $ | 637.4 |  |  | $ | 675.8 |

Total depreciation and amortization expense, which excludes the amortization of acquired intangibles, for property and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 wa s $189.3, $197.6 and $204.7, respectively.
Accrued Liabilities
The following table presents the components of accrued liabilities.

| December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Salaries, benefits and related expenses | $ | 554.0 |  |  | $ | 685.4 |
Income taxes payable | 64.7 |  |  | 42.8 |
Interest | 37.3 |  |  | 39.0 |
Office and related expenses | 28.9 |  |  | 30.5 |
Acquisition obligations | 18.7 |  |  | 15.4 |
Restructuring charges | 2.2 |  |  | 8.1 |
Other | 81.3 |  |  | 96.9 |
Total accrued liabilities | $ | 787.1 |  |  | $ | 918.1 |

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
Other Expense, Net
Results of operations include certain items that are not directly associated with our revenue-producing operations.

| Years ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Net losses on sales of businesses | $ | (11.3) |  |  | $ | (19.4) |  |  | $ | (67.0) |
Loss on early extinguishment of debt | — |  |  | (74.0) |  |  | — |
Other | 10.3 |  |  | 22.7 |  |  | 2.6 |
Total other expense, net | $ | (1.0) |  |  | $ | (70.7) |  |  | $ | (64.4) |

Net losses on sales of businesses – During 2022, 2021 and 2020, the amounts recognized were related to sales of businesses and the classification of certain assets and liabilities, consisting primarily of cash, as held for sale within our MD&E, IA&C, and SC&E reportable segments. The businesses held for sale as of year-end primarily re present unprofitable, non-strategic agencies which are expected to be sold within the next twelve months. The sales of businesses and the classification of certain assets and liabilities as held for sale included cash, net of proceeds, o f $22.4, $13.3 and $62.9 for the years ended 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, which is classified within the Other Investing Activities line in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
Loss on early extinguishment of debt – During the first quarter of 2021, we recorded a loss of $74.0 related to the early extinguishment of all $250.0 in aggregate principal amount of our 4.000% Senior Notes, all $500.0 in aggregate principal amount of our 3.750% Senior Notes, and $250.0 of the $500.0 in aggregate principal amount of our 4.200% Senior Notes.
Other – During 2022, the majority of the amounts recognized were primarily related to a cash gain from the sale of an equity investment, partially offset by a non-cash loss related to the deconsolidation of a previously consolidated entity in which we maintain an equity interest. During 2021, the majority of the amounts recognized were related to a non-cash gain related to the deconsolidation of a previously consolidated entity in which we maintain an equity interest, and pension and postretirement costs. During 2020, the amounts recognized were primarily a result of gains on remeasurement of equity interests arising from a change in ownership.
Share Repurchase Programs
In February 2022, our Board of Directors (the "Board") reauthorized a program to repurchase, from time to time, up to $400.0 of our common stock.
On February 8, 2023, the Board authorized a share repurchase program to repurchase from time to time up to $350.0, excluding fees, of our common stock, which was in addition to any amounts remaining under the 2022 share repurchase program.
We may effect such repurchases through open market purchases, trading plans established in accordance with U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") rules, derivative transactions or other means. The timing and amount of repurchases in future periods will depend on market conditions and other funding requirements.
The following table presents our share repurchase activity under our share repurchase programs for the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.

| Years ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Number of shares repurchased | 10.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Aggregate cost, including fees | $ | 320.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Average price per share, including fees | $ | 31.01 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

As of December 31, 2022, $80.1, excluding fees, remains available for repurchase under the share repurchase program reauthorized in 2022, which has no expiration date.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
Supplemental Cash Flow Information

| Years ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Cash paid for interest | $ | 171.1 |  |  | $ | 175.9 |  |  | $ | 182.2 |
Changes in operating lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities 1 | 55.1 |  |  | (35.2) |  |  | 192.6 |
Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds 2 | 255.7 |  |  | 229.1 |  |  | 89.1 |

1 For the year ended December 31, 2022, comprised of the impairments of operating lease right-of-use asset of $85.4 classified in Non-cash restructuring charges, offset by $30.3 net cash outflow, classified in Other non-current assets and liabilities in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. For the year ende d December 31, 2021, comprised of the impairments of operating lease right-of-use asset of $6.3, classified in Non-cash restructuring charges, offset by $41.5 net cash outflow, classified in Other non-current assets and liabilities in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. For th e year ended December 31, 2020, co mprised of the impairments of operating lease right-of-use assets of $209.9, classified in Non-cash restructuring charges and $17.3, classified in Other non-current assets and liabilities in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
2 Refunds of $35.7, $47.1 and $124.2 were received for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Note 8: Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill
Goodwill is the excess purchase price remaining from an acquisition after an allocation of purchase price has been made to identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on estimated fair values. The Company transitioned to the new segment reporting structure effective January 1, 2022 which resulted in certain changes to our operating segments and reporting units. We have allocated goodwill to our reporting units using a relative fair value approach. In addition, we completed an assessment of any potential goodwill impairment for all reporting units immediately prior and subsequent to the reallocation and determined that no impairment existed.
The changes in the carrying value of goodwill for our reportable segments, MD&E, IA&C and SC&E, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 are listed below.

|  | IAN |  | DXTRA |  | MD&E |  | IA&C |  | SC&E |  | Total 1
Balance as of December 31, 2020 |  | $ | 4,264.5 |  |  | $ | 681.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,945.5 |
Dispositions |  | (0.2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.2) |
Foreign currency and other |  | (32.7) |  |  | (3.9) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (36.6) |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 |  | $ | 4,231.6 |  |  | $ | 677.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,908.7 |
Goodwill Reallocation |  | (4,231.6) |  |  | (677.1) |  |  | 2,293.0 |  |  | 1,920.2 |  |  | 695.5 |  |  | — |
Balance as of January 1, 2022 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,293.0 |  |  | $ | 1,920.2 |  |  | $ | 695.5 |  |  | $ | 4,908.7 |
Acquisitions/(Dispositions) and Deconsolidations |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 209.5 |  |  | (6.5) |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 203.0 |
Foreign currency and other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17.9) |  |  | (32.1) |  |  | (11.1) |  |  | (61.1) |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,484.6 |  |  | $ | 1,881.6 |  |  | $ | 684.4 |  |  | $ | 5,050.6 |

1 For all periods presented, no goodwill impairment charge has been recorded.
See Note 1 for information regarding our annual impairment testing methodology.
Other Intangible Assets
Other intangible assets primarily consist of customer lists and know-how and technology, which have definite lives and are subject to amortization on a straight-line basis with estimated useful lives generally between 7 and 15 years, as well as trade names which have both indefinite and definite lives which are subject to amortization on a straight-line basis with estimated useful lives of 15 years. Amortization expense for other intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $84.7, $86.2 and $85.9, respectively. There were no material impairment charges on other intangibles for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. During 2022 and 2021, we recorded approximatel y $62.0 a nd $2.0, respectively, of other intangible assets related to our acquisitions.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
The following table provides a summary of other intangible assets, which are included in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

|  | December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021
|  | Gross Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Amount |  | Gross Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Amount
Customer lists |  | $ | 873.1 |  |  | $ | (378.4) |  |  | $ | 494.7 |  |  | $ | 855.7 |  |  | $ | (345.0) |  |  | $ | 510.7 |
Know-how and technology |  | 239.2 |  |  | (111.1) |  |  | 128.1 |  |  | 235.3 |  |  | (85.0) |  |  | 150.3 |
Trade names |  | 231.8 |  |  | (47.4) |  |  | 184.4 |  |  | 222.8 |  |  | (47.3) |  |  | 175.5 |
Other |  | 16.2 |  |  | (5.3) |  |  | 10.9 |  |  | 16.2 |  |  | (5.2) |  |  | 11.0 |
Total 1 |  | $ | 1,360.3 |  |  | $ | (542.2) |  |  | $ | 818.1 |  |  | $ | 1,330.0 |  |  | $ | (482.5) |  |  | $ | 847.5 |

1 Total gross amount includes indefinite-lived intangible assets not subject to amortization of $165.1 and $165.7 in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which primarily consist of trade names.
The estimated annual amortization expense for other intangible assets for the next five years as of December 31, 2022 is listed below.

|  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027
Estimated amortization expense |  | $ | 83.9 |  |  | $ | 81.6 |  |  | $ | 78.9 |  |  | $ | 76.8 |  |  | $ | 65.2 |

Note 9: Income Taxes
The components of income before income taxes are listed below.

| Years ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Domestic | $ | 707.4 |  |  | $ | 653.6 |  |  | $ | 279.9 |
Foreign | 561.5 |  |  | 568.5 |  |  | 81.4 |
Total | $ | 1,268.9 |  |  | $ | 1,222.1 |  |  | $ | 361.3 |

The provision for income taxes is listed below.

| Years ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
U.S. federal income taxes (including foreign withholding taxes): |  |  |  |  |
Current | $ | 168.0 |  |  | $ | 105.4 |  |  | $ | (52.6) |
Deferred | (34.9) |  |  | 13.2 |  |  | (12.0) |
| $ | 133.1 |  |  | $ | 118.6 |  |  | $ | (64.6) |
State and local income taxes: |  |  |  |  |
Current | $ | 40.4 |  |  | $ | 27.4 |  |  | $ | (3.7) |
Deferred | (5.3) |  |  | (0.9) |  |  | 0.5 |
| $ | 35.1 |  |  | $ | 26.5 |  |  | $ | (3.2) |
Foreign income taxes: |  |  |  |  |
Current | $ | 137.0 |  |  | $ | 127.2 |  |  | $ | 110.7 |
Deferred | 13.2 |  |  | (20.5) |  |  | (34.9) |
| $ | 150.2 |  |  | $ | 106.7 |  |  | $ | 75.8 |
Total | $ | 318.4 |  |  | $ | 251.8 |  |  | $ | 8.0 |

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
A reconciliation of the effective income tax rate as reflected in our Consolidated Statements of Operations to the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate is listed below.

| Years ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
U.S. federal statutory income tax rate | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | %
Income tax provision at U.S. federal statutory rate | $ | 266.5 |  |  | $ | 256.6 |  |  | $ | 75.9 |
State and local income taxes, net of U.S. federal income tax benefit | 27.7 |  |  | 21.0 |  |  | 9.4 |
Impact of foreign operations, including withholding taxes | 37.9 |  |  | 47.8 |  |  | 49.9 |
U.S. tax incentives | (23.0) |  |  | (28.4) |  |  | (23.6) |
Change in net valuation allowance 1 | 8.0 |  |  | (59.4) |  |  | (1.3) |
Divestitures | 1.1 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | 8.6 |
Increase in unrecognized tax benefits | 3.5 |  |  | 13.2 |  |  | 30.8 |
Settlement of income tax audit | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | (136.2) |
Other | (3.3) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (5.5) |
Provision for income taxes | $ | 318.4 |  |  | $ | 251.8 |  |  | $ | 8.0 |
Effective income tax rate on operations | 25.1 | % |  | 20.6 | % |  | 2.2 | %

1 Reflects changes in valuation allowances that impacted the effective income tax rate for each year presented.
In 2022, our effective income tax rate of 25.1% was adversely impacted by the establishment of net valuation allowances primarily in Continental Europe, and by net losses on sales of businesses and the classification of certain assets as held for sale for which we received minimal tax benefit. This was partially offset by excess tax benefits on employee share-based payments, the majority of which were recognized in the first quarter due to the timing of the vesting of awards and by the release of previously recorded reserves for tax contingencies.
In 2021, our effective income tax rate of 20.6% was positively impacted by the reversal of valuation allowances primarily in Continental Europe. This was partially offset by net losses on sales of businesses and the classification of certain assets as held for sale for which we received minimal tax benefit.
In 2020, our effective income tax rate of 2.2% was positively impacted by the settlement of the U.S. Federal income tax audit of the years 2006 through 2016, partially offset by losses in certain foreign jurisdictions where we received no tax benefit due to 100% valuation allowances, by net losses on sales of businesses and the classification of certain assets as held for sale for which we received minimal tax benefit and by tax expense associated with the change to our assertion regarding the permanent reinvestment of undistributed earnings attributable to certain foreign subsidiaries.
On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) was enacted and signed into law. The CARES Act includes several provisions for corporations including increasing the amount of deductible interest, allowing companies to carryback certain net operating losses (“NOLs”) and increasing the amount of NOLs that corporations can use to offset income. The CARES Act did not materially affect our quarter or full year income tax provision, deferred tax assets and liabilities, or related taxes payable.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
The components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are listed below.

| December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Postretirement/post-employment benefits | $ | 12.4 |  |  | $ | 14.8 |
Deferred compensation | 78.1 |  |  | 99.5 |
Pension costs | 6.7 |  |  | 9.7 |
Interest | 38.7 |  |  | 41.8 |
Accruals and reserves | 34.8 |  |  | 33.7 |
Allowance for credit losses | 12.5 |  |  | 16.6 |
Basis differences in fixed assets | 6.3 |  |  | — |
Operating lease liabilities | 343.5 |  |  | 373.1 |
Tax loss/tax credit carry forwards | 267.0 |  |  | 304.6 |
Other | 43.3 |  |  | 69.3 |
Deferred tax assets | 843.3 |  |  | 963.1 |
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets | (145.8) |  |  | (146.0) |
Net deferred tax assets | $ | 697.5 |  |  | $ | 817.1 |
Basis differences in fixed assets | $ | — |  |  | $ | (84.7) |
Basis differences in intangible assets | (369.8) |  |  | (351.8) |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | (269.8) |  |  | (315.2) |
Prepaid expenses | (10.0) |  |  | (9.4) |
Deferred revenue | (1.8) |  |  | (1.8) |
Unremitted foreign earnings | (4.9) |  |  | (6.9) |
Deferred tax liabilities | (656.3) |  |  | (769.8) |
Total net deferred tax assets 1 | $ | 41.2 |  |  | $ | 47.3 |

1 As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, deferred tax assets of $271.7 and $301.4, respectively, and deferred tax liabilities of $230.5 and $254.1, respectively, were separately included in our Consolidated Balance Sheet under Deferred income taxes and Other non-current liabilities.
We evaluate the realizability of our deferred tax assets on a quarterly basis. The realization of our deferred tax assets is primarily dependent on future earnings. The amount of the deferred tax assets considered realizable could be reduced or increased in the near future if estimates of future taxable income are lower or greater than anticipated. A valuation allowance is established when it is “more likely than not” that all or a portion of deferred tax assets will not be realized. In circumstances where there is negative evidence, establishment of a valuation allowance is considered. The factors used in assessing valuation allowances include all available evidence, such as past operating results, estimates of future taxable income and the feasibility of tax planning strategies. We believe that cumulative losses in the most recent three-year period represent significant negative evidence, and as a result, we determined that certain of our deferred tax assets required the establishment of a valuation allowance. The deferred tax assets for which an allowance was recognized relate primarily to state and foreign tax loss carryforwards.
The change in the valuation allowance is listed below.

| Years ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 146.0 |  |  | $ | 197.1 |  |  | $ | 164.2 |
Charged (reversed) to costs and expenses | 8.9 |  |  | (45.1) |  |  | 17.3 |
Charged to gross tax assets and other accounts 1 | 0.6 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 9.9 |
Foreign currency translation | (9.7) |  |  | (6.9) |  |  | 5.7 |
Balance at end of period | $ | 145.8 |  |  | $ | 146.0 |  |  | $ | 197.1 |

1 Primarily represents changes to the valuation allowance related to the change of a corresponding deferred tax asset.
In 2022, 2021, and 2020, amounts recorded and reversed to costs and exp enses primarily related to increases and decreases in valuation allowances in Continental Europe for existing deferred tax assets.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
As of December 31, 2022, there were $938.9 of loss carryforwards. These loss carryforwards were all non-U.S. tax loss carryforwards, of which $853.4 have unlimited carryforward periods and $85.5 have expiration periods from 2023 to 2042. As of December 31, 2022, the Company also had $30.1 in deferred tax assets for state net operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards, which will expire between 2023 and 2043.
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had $1,496.9 and $1,364.4, respectively, of undistributed earnings attributable to foreign subsidiaries. The Company has historically asserted that its unremitted foreign earnings are permanently reinvested, and therefore has not recorded any deferred taxes on such amounts. It is not practicable to determine the deferred tax on these undistributed earnings because such liability, if any, is dependent on circumstances that exist if and when a remittance occurs, including the source location and amount of the distribution and foreign withholding taxes.
In the second quarter of 2020, in response to changes in non-US tax law, a decision was made to change our indefinite reinvestment assertion on a $120.0 of undistributed foreign earnings of specific subsidiaries. We recorded $10.4 of income tax costs associated with this change to our assertion.
In the third quarter of 2020, in response to restructuring actions taken within foreign subsidiaries, a decision was made to change our indefinite reinvestment assertion on a $46.0 of undistributed foreign earnings of specific subsidiaries. We recorded $3.2 of income tax costs associated with this change to our assertion.
The table below summarizes the activity related to our unrecognized tax benefits.

| Years ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 262.6 |  |  | $ | 217.6 |  |  | $ | 345.3 |
Increases as a result of tax positions taken during a prior year | 4.9 |  |  | 17.2 |  |  | 18.1 |
Decreases as a result of tax positions taken during a prior year | (10.1) |  |  | (10.4) |  |  | (165.7) |
Settlements with taxing authorities | (0.7) |  |  | (8.7) |  |  | (6.2) |
Lapse of statutes of limitation | (6.4) |  |  | (6.2) |  |  | (0.7) |
Increases as a result of tax positions taken during the current year | 33.2 |  |  | 53.1 |  |  | 26.8 |
Balance at end of period | $ | 283.5 |  |  | $ | 262.6 |  |  | $ | 217.6 |

Included in the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits of $283.5 as of December 31, 2022, is $230.5 of tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact the effective income tax rate. The total amount of accrued interest and penalties as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 is $36.0 and $29.9, respectively, of which an expense of $6.0 and a benefit of $3.5 is included in our 2022 and 2021 Consolidated Statements of Operations, respectively. In accordance with our accounting policy, interest and penalties accrued on unrecognized tax benefits are classified as income taxes in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
We have various tax years under examination by tax authorities in the U.S., in various countries, and in various states, such as New York, in which we have significant business operations. It is not yet known whether these examinations will, in the aggregate, result in our paying additional taxes. We believe our tax reserves are adequate in relation to the potential for additional assessments in each of the jurisdictions in which we are subject to taxation. We regularly assess the likelihood of additional tax assessments in those jurisdictions and, if necessary, adjust our reserves as additional information or events require.
On July 29, 2020, the Internal Revenue Service notified the Company that the U.S. Federal income tax audit of years 2006 through 2016 has been finalized and settled. As a result, we recognized an income tax benefit of $136.2 in the third quarter of 2020 substantially all of which has been included within 'Decreases as a result of tax positions taken during a prior year' within the above Unrecognized Tax Benefits table.
With respect to all tax years open to examination by U.S. federal, various state and local, and non-U.S. tax authorities, we currently anticipate that total unrecognized tax benefits will decrease by an amount between $75.0 and $85.0 in the next twelve months, a portion of which will affect our effective income tax rate, primarily as a result of the settlement of tax examinations and the lapsing of statutes of limitations. This net decrease is related to various items of income and expense, primarily transfer pricing adjustments.
We are effectively settled with respect to U.S. federal income tax audits through 2016. With limited exceptions, we are no longer subject to state and local income tax audits for years prior to 2013 or non-U.S. income tax audits for years prior to 2010.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
Note 10: Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, Net of Tax
The following table presents the changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, by component.

| Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments |  | Derivative Instruments |  | Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Plans |  | Total
Balance as of December 31, 2020 | $ | (637.6) |  |  | $ | 6.8 |  |  | $ | (249.4) |  |  | $ | (880.2) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications | (84.6) |  |  | 12.9 |  |  | 47.6 |  |  | (24.1) |
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax | (1.0) |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 7.9 |  |  | 10.1 |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | $ | (723.2) |  |  | $ | 22.9 |  |  | $ | (193.9) |  |  | $ | (894.2) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications | (96.9) |  |  | 13.2 |  |  | 9.4 |  |  | (74.3) |
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax | 4.3 |  |  | (1.1) |  |  | 4.9 |  |  | 8.1 |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | $ | (815.8) |  |  | $ | 35.0 |  |  | $ | (179.6) |  |  | $ | (960.4) |

Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:

|  | Years ended December 31, |  | Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments 1 |  | $ | 4.3 |  |  | $ | (1.0) |  |  | $ | 20.0 |  |  | Other expense, net
Net (gain) loss on derivative instruments |  | (1.4) |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | Other expense, net, Interest Expense
Amortization of defined benefit pension and postretirement plans items |  | 6.3 |  |  | 10.0 |  |  | 7.3 |  |  | Other expense, net
Tax effect |  | (1.1) |  |  | (3.1) |  |  | (2.2) |  |  | Provision for income taxes
Total amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | $ | 8.1 |  |  | $ | 10.1 |  |  | $ | 27.5 |  |  |

1 These foreign currency translation adjustments are primarily a result of the sales of businesses.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
Note 11: Restructuring Charges
Restructuring Charges

|  |  | Years ended December 31,
|  |  | 2022 1 |  | 2021 2 |  | 2020
Severance and termination costs |  |  | $ | (0.1) |  |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 140.4 |
Lease restructuring costs |  |  | 85.4 |  |  | 6.3 |  |  | 256.0 |
Other restructuring costs |  |  | 17.1 |  |  | 3.9 |  |  | 17.4 |
Total restructuring charges |  |  | $ | 102.4 |  |  | $ | 10.6 |  |  | $ | 413.8 |

1 The amounts for the year ended December 31, 2022 represent 2022 Real Estate Actions, as well as adjustments to the actions taken in 2020. The 2022 Real Estate Actions did not include any severance and termination costs.
2 The amounts for the year ended December 31, 2021 represent adjustments to the actions taken in 2020.
2022 Real Estate Actions
In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company took Real Estate Actions related to new real estate exits and lease terminations to further optimize the real estate footprint supporting our office-home hybrid service model in a post-pandemic economy. All included opportunities for further efficiencies as a result of the current working environment were identified and completed during the fourth quarter of 2022.
A summary of the restructuring activities related to the 2022 Real Estate Actions is as follows:

| 2022 Real Estate Actions
| Restructuring Expense |  | Non-Cash Items |  | Cash Payments |  |  |  | Liability at December 31, 2022
Lease impairment costs | $ | 84.4 |  |  | $ | 84.4 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.0 |
Other restructuring costs | 14.2 |  |  | 13.5 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  |  | 0.0 |
Total | $ | 98.6 |  |  | $ | 97.9 |  |  | $ | 0.7 |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.0 |

Our restructuring charges for these actions totaled $98.6 for the year ended December 31, 2022. These Real Estate Actions, taken during the fourth quarter of 2022, reduced our occupied global real estate footprint by approximately 6.7% or 500,000 square feet.
Net restructuring charges related to the 2022 Real Estate Actions were comprised of $64.1 at MD&E, $25.9 at IA&C, $8.0 at SC&E and $0.6 at Corporate and Other for the year ended December 31, 2022, which include non-cash lease impairment costs of $54.3, $22.3, $7.0 and $0.8, respectively.
Lease impairment costs, which relate to the office spaces that were vacated as part of the 2022 Real Estate Actions, included impairments of operating lease right-of-use assets and associated leasehold improvements, furniture and asset retirement obligations. Lease impairments were calculated based on estimated fair values using market participant assumptions including forecasted net discounted cash flows related to the operating lease right-of-use assets.
2020 Restructuring Plan
Beginning in the second quarter of 2020, the Company took restructuring actions to lower its operating expenses structurally and permanently relative to revenue and to accelerate the transformation of our business (the “2020 Plan”).
All restructuring actions were identified and initiated in 2020, with all actions completed by the end of the fourth quarter of 2020 and were based on our experience and learning in the COVID-19 pandemic and a resulting review of our operations to address certain operating expenses such as occupancy expense and salaries and related expenses.
A summary of the restructuring activities related to the 2020 Plan is as follows:
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)

| 2020 Plan
| Liability at December 31, 2021 |  | Restructuring Expense |  | Non-Cash Items |  | Cash Payments |  |  |  | Liability at December 31, 2022
Severance and termination costs | $ | 9.4 |  |  | $ | (0.1) |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 7.0 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2.3 |
Lease impairment costs | 0.0 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  |  | 0.0 |
Other restructuring costs | 0.0 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  |  | 0.0 |
Total | $ | 9.4 |  |  | $ | 3.8 |  |  | $ | 3.9 |  |  | $ | 7.0 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2.3 |

Our restructuring charges for the year ended December 31, 2022 totaled $3.8, consisting of adjustments to the Company's restructuring actions taken during 2020.
Net restructuring charges related to the 2020 Plan were comprised of $0.1 at MD&E, $7.7 at IA&C, $(4.2) at SC&E and $0.2 at Corporate and Other for the year ended December 31, 2022, which include non-cash lease impairment costs of $0.0, $7.0, $(5.9) and $(0.1), respectively.

| 2020 Plan
| Liability at December 31, 2020 |  | Restructuring Expense |  | Non-Cash Items |  | Cash Payments |  |  |  | Liability at December 31, 2021
Severance and termination costs | $ | 74.6 |  |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 65.3 |  |  |  |  | $ | 9.4 |
Lease impairment costs | 0.0 |  |  | 6.3 |  |  | 6.3 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  |  | 0.0 |
Other restructuring costs | 0.0 |  |  | 3.9 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  |  | 0.0 |
Total | $ | 74.6 |  |  | $ | 10.6 |  |  | $ | 9.8 |  |  | $ | 66.0 |  |  |  |  | $ | 9.4 |

Our restructuring charges for the year ended December 31, 2021 totaled $10.6, consisting of adjustments to the Company's restructuring actions taken during 2020.
Net restructuring charges were comprised of $0.1 at MD&E, $2.6 at IA&C, $10.0 at SC&E and $(2.1) at Corporate and Other for the year ended December 31, 2021, which include non-cash lease impairment costs of $(0.9), $(0.1), $7.3 and $0.0, respectively.

| 2020 Plan
| Restructuring Expense |  | Non-Cash Items |  | Cash Payments |  |  |  | Liability at December 31, 2020
Severance and termination costs | $ | 140.4 |  |  | $ | 4.5 |  |  | $ | 61.3 |  |  |  |  | $ | 74.6 |
Lease impairment costs | 256.0 |  |  | 256.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  |  | 0.0 |
Other | 17.4 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  | 12.3 |  |  |  |  | 0.0 |
Total | $ | 413.8 |  |  | $ | 265.6 |  |  | $ | 73.6 |  |  |  |  | $ | 74.6 |

Our restructuring charges for the year ended December 31, 2020 totaled $413.8 and were designed to reduce our expenses, such as occupancy expense and salaries and related expenses, relative to our revenue before billable expenses on an ongoing basis. These actions, taken during the second, third and fourth quarters of 2020, reduced our global real estate footprint by approximately 15% or 1,700,000 square feet and, further, downsized selected levels of management and staff with severance costs for 1,520 employees or approximately 3%. Of the total charges for the year ended December 31, 2020, $265.6 or 64%, is non-cash, mainly representing the impairment of right-of-use assets of operating leases.
Net restructuring charges were comprised of $159.9 at MD&E, $148.1 at IA&C, $88.7 at SC&E and $17.1 at Corporate and Other for the year ended December 31, 2020, which include non-cash lease impairment costs of $89.3, $101.1, $59.8 and $5.8, respectively.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
Lease impairment costs, which relate to the office spaces that were vacated as part of the 2020 Plan, included impairments of operating lease right-of-use assets and associated leasehold improvements, furniture and asset retirement obligations. Lease impairments were calculated based on estimated fair values using market participant assumptions including forecasted net discounted cash flows related to the operating lease right-of-use assets.
Note 12: Incentive Compensation Plans
2019 & 2014 Performance Incentive Plan
We issue stock-based compensation and cash awards to our employees under various plans established by the Compensation and Leadership Talent Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Compensation Committee”) and approved by our shareholders. In May 2019, our shareholders approved the 2019 Performance Incentive Plan (the “2019 PIP”), replacing the 2014 Performance Incentive Plan (the “2014 PIP”) and previous incentive plans. The number of shares of common stock initially available for grants of all equity awards under the 2019 PIP is 27.0. Pursu ant to the terms of the 2019 PIP, the number of shares that may be awarded to any one participant for any stock based award s is limited to 2.0. Th e vesting period of awards granted is generally commensurate with the requisite service period. We generally issue new shares to satisfy the exercise of stock options or the distribution of other stock-based awards.
Additionally, under the 2019 PIP, we have the ability to issue performance cash awards. The performance cash awards are granted to certain employees who otherwise would have been eligible to receive performance-based stock awards. These awards have a service period vesting condition and a performance vesting condition. The amount of the performance cash aw ard received by an employee with a performance vesting condition can range from 0% to 300% of the target amount of the original grant value, except for Executive Officers of IPG, with a range of 0% to 200%. Performance cash awards generally vest in three years. The Compensation Committee may grant performance cash awards to any eligible employee; however, no employee can receive more than $10.0 during a performance period.
The amounts of stock-based compensation expense as reflected in salaries and related expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations, and the related tax benefit, are listed below.

| Years ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Stock-settled awards | $ | 26.3 |  |  | $ | 36.7 |  |  | $ | 38.4 |
Cash-settled awards | 0.3 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 1.0 |
Performance-based awards | 23.7 |  |  | 33.4 |  |  | 28.6 |
Stock Options | 0.3 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |
Employee stock purchase plan | 3.1 |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | 1.4 |
Other 1 | 2.0 |  |  | 11.3 |  |  | 1.7 |
Stock-based compensation expense | $ | 55.7 |  |  | $ | 84.8 |  |  | $ | 71.1 |
Tax benefit | $ | 13.1 |  |  | $ | 18.0 |  |  | $ | 17.3 |

1 Represents charges recorded for severance expense related to stock-based compensation awards.
Stock Options
Stock options are granted with the exercise price equal to the fair market value of our common stock on the grant date. We use the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of options granted, which requires the input of subjective assumptions including the option’s expected term and the price volatility of the underlying stock. They are generally first exercisable betw een two and four years from the grant date and expire ten years after the grant date (or earlier in the case of certain terminations of employment). There were no stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2022, 0.3 stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2021 and no stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2020.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
The following table summarizes our stock option activity during 2022.

|  | Options |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price (per option) |  | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Stock options outstanding as of January 1, 2022 |  | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 23.25 |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 12.23 |  |  |  |  |
Stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2022 |  | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 23.30 |  |  | 8.0 |  | $ | 2.5 |

There were 0.0 stock options exercised in 2022 and there were 0.6 stock options exercised during both 2021 and 2020. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during 2022, 2021 and 2020 wa s $0.0, $8.8 and $5.3, respectively. The cash received from the stock options exercised in 2022, 2021 and 2020 w as $0.0, $12.2 and $9.1, which included taxes withheld of $0.0, $4.2, and $2.6, respectively.
Stock-Based Compensation
We grant other stock-based compensation awards such as stock-settled awards, cash-settled awards and performance-based awards (settled in cash or shares) to certain key employees. The number of shares or units received by an employee for performance-based awards depends on Company performance against specific performance target s and could range from 0% to 300% of the target amount of shares originally granted, except for Executive Officers of IPG, with a range of 0% to 200%. Incentive awards are subject to certain restrictions and vesting requirements as determined by the Compensation Committee. The fair value of the shares on the grant date is amortized over the vesting period, which is generally three years. Upon completion of the vesting period for cash-settled awards, the grantee is entitled to receive a payment in cash based on t he fair market value of the corresponding number of shares of common stock. No monetary consideration is paid by a recipient for any incentive award. The fair value of cash-settled awards is adjusted each quarter based on our share price. The holders of certain stock-settled awards have the right to receive dividends. Dividends declared on common stock are accrued during the vesting period and paid when the award vests. The holders of performance-based awards have no ownership interest in the underlying shares of common stock until the awards vest and the shares of common stock are issued.
Stock-based compensation awards expected to be settled in cash have been classified as liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

|  | Years ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Stock-Settled Awards: |  |  |  |  |  |
Awards granted |  | 1.3 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 2.3 |
Weighted-average grant-date fair value (per award) |  | $ | 36.36 |  |  | $ | 26.96 |  |  | $ | 20.70 |
Total fair value of vested awards distributed |  | $ | 59.7 |  |  | $ | 50.8 |  |  | $ | 17.3 |
Cash-Settled Awards: |  |  |  |  |  |
Awards granted |  | 0.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.0 |
Weighted-average grant-date fair value (per award) |  | $ | 36.53 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21.02 |
Total fair value of vested awards distributed |  | $ | 0.8 |  |  | $ | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 0.3 |
Performance-Based Awards: |  |  |  |  |  |
Awards granted |  | 1.6 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 2.4 |
Weighted-average grant-date fair value (per award) |  | $ | 29.95 |  |  | $ | 21.98 |  |  | $ | 18.67 |
Total fair value of vested awards distributed |  | $ | 54.5 |  |  | $ | 39.3 |  |  | $ | 53.3 |

In conjunction with common stock dividends declared in 2022 and 2021, we accrued dividends of $3.7 and $3.6, respectively, on non-vested stock-settled and cash-settled awards and paid dividends of $4.9 and $4.3 f or stock-settled and cash-settled awards that vested during 2022 and 2021, respectively.
A summary of the activity of our non-vested stock-settled awards, cash-settled awards and performance-based awards during 2022 is presented below (performance-based awards are shown at 100% of the shares originally granted).
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)

|  | Stock-Settled Awards |  | Cash-Settled Awards |  | Performance-Based Awards
|  | Awards |  | Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value (per award) |  | Awards |  | Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value (per award) |  | Awards |  | Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value (per award)
Non-vested as of January 1, 2022 |  | 4.1 |  |  | $ | 22.82 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 21.78 |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | $ | 19.18 |
Granted |  | 1.3 |  |  | 36.36 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 36.53 |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | 29.95 |
Vested |  | (1.7) |  |  | 23.25 |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | 22.83 |  |  | (1.5) |  |  | 20.16 |
Forfeited |  | (0.2) |  |  | 24.78 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 23.46 |  |  | (0.5) |  |  | 20.91 |
Non-vested as of December 31, 2022 |  | 3.5 |  |  | $ | 27.52 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 27.96 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | $ | 24.31 |
Total unrecognized compensation expense remaining |  | $ | 39.3 |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.6 |  |  |  |  | $ | 31.7 |  |  |
Weighted-average years expected to be recognized over |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  | 2.0 |  |

In conjunction with our annual grant of long-term incentive compensation awards, we reviewed our estimates and assumptions in 2022, which resulted in a forfeiture rate slightly less than prior years.
2009 and 2020 Restricted Cash Plan
In March 2009, the Compensation Committee approved the Interpublic Restricted Cash Plan and in November 2020, the Compensation Committee approved a new Interpublic Restricted Cash Plan, (collectively the “Cash Plans”). Under the Cash Plans, the Board, the Compensation Committee or the Plan Administrator may grant cash awards to certain employees eligible to receive cash-settled awards. Cash awards, when granted, have a service-period vesting condition and generally vest in two years or three years.
Cash Awards
During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Compensation Committee granted cash awards under the Cash Plans with a total target value of $19.9, $85.8 and $54.5, respectively. For those same years, we recogn ized $42.0, $47.8 and $25.5, respectively, in salaries and related expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Compensation Committee granted performance awards to be settled in cash under the 2019 PIP with a total target value of $46.0, $40.4, and $43.5, respectively. For those same years, we recog nized $44.7, $52.1 an d $29.2, respectively, in salaries and related expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
We amortize the present value of the amount expected to vest for cash awards and performance cash awards over the vesting period using the straight-line method, less an assumed forfeiture rate. Cash awards do not fall within the scope of the authoritative guidance for stock compensation as they are not paid in equity and the value of the award is not correlated with our stock price. Due to the cash nature of the payouts and the vesting period, we account for these awards in accordance with authoritative guidance for deferred compensation arrangements.
Employee Stock Purchase Plans
In May 2016, our shareholders approved The Interpublic Group of Companies Employee Stock Purchase Plan (2016) (the “ESPP”), replacing the prior employee stock purchase plan under which, prior to its expiration on December 31, 2015, 3.0 shares were issued. Under the ESPP, eligible employees may purchase our common stock through payroll deductions not exceeding 10% of their eligible compensation or 900 (actual number) shares each offering period, consistent with the prior employee stock purchase plan. The price an employee pays for a share of common stock under the ESPP is 90% of the lesser of the average market price of a share on the first business day of the offering period or the average market price of a share on the last business day of the offering period of three months. An aggregate of approximately 10.0 shares are reserved for issuance under the ESPP, of whi ch 2.6 shares have been issued since the inception of the ESPP through December 31, 2022.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
Note 13: Fair Value Measurements
Authoritative guidance for fair value measurements establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires us to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1 |  | Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. An active market for the asset or liability is a market in which transactions for the asset or liability occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.
Level 2 |  | Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
Level 3 |  | Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Financial Instruments that are Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
We primarily apply the market approach to determine the fair value of financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. There were no changes to our valuation techniques used to determine the fair value of financial instruments during 2022 as compared to the prior year.
The following tables present information about our financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized to determine such fair value.

| December 31, 2022 |  | Balance Sheet Classification
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents 1 | $ | 1,688.1 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 1,688.1 |  |  | Cash and cash equivalents
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent acquisition obligations 2 | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 21.6 |  |  | $ | 21.6 |  |  | Accrued liabilities and Other non-current liabilities
| December 31, 2021 |  | Balance Sheet Classification
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents 1 | $ | 2,391.8 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 2,391.8 |  |  | Cash and cash equivalents
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent acquisition obligations 2 | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 33.5 |  |  | $ | 33.5 |  |  | Accrued liabilities and Other non-current liabilities

1 The majority of the decrease from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2022 in cash equivalents is primarily related to decreased U.S. investments in money markets and time deposits to improve yield and diversify counterparty risk driven by lower levels of excess cash near year-end.
2 Contingent acquisition obligations includes deferred acquisition payments and unconditional obligations to purchase additional non-controlling equity shares of consolidated subsidiaries. Fair value measurement of the obligations is based upon actual and projected operating performance targets as specified in the related agreeme nts. The decrease in this balance of $11.9 from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2022 is primarily due to payments related to our deferred acquisitions from prior-year acquisitions and valuation adjustments, partially offset by the exercises of redeemable non-controlling interest. The amounts payable wit hin the next twelve months are classified in accrued liabilities; any amounts payable thereafter are classified in other non-current liabilities.
Financial Instruments that are not Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following table presents information about our financial instruments that are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022, and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized to determine such fair value.

| December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Total long-term debt 1 | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 2,551.5 |  |  | $ | 0.8 |  |  | $ | 2,552.3 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 3,295.6 |  |  | $ | 41.8 |  |  | $ | 3,337.4 |

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)

1 The majority of the decrease from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2022 in Level 3 total long-term debt is related to the settlement of $36.1 of a senior note issued by IPG.
Our long-term debt is comprised of senior notes and other notes payable. The fair value of our senior notes, which are traded over-the-counter, is based on quoted prices in markets that are not active. Therefore, these senior notes are classified as Level 2. Our other notes payable are not actively traded, and their fair value is not solely derived from readily observable inputs. The fair value of our other notes payable is determined based on a discounted cash flow model and other proprietary valuation methods, and therefore is classified as Level 3. See Note 4 for further information on our long-term debt.
The discount rates used as significant unobservable inputs in the Level 3 fair value measurements of our contingent acquisition obligations and long-term debt as of December 31, 2022 ranged fro m 3.0% to 6.0%.
Non-financial Instruments that are Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
Certain non-financial assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, primarily goodwill (Level 3), intangible assets, and property and equipment. Accordingly, these assets are not measured and adjusted to fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to periodic evaluations for potential impairment.
Note 14: Employee Benefits
Pension and Postretirement Benefit
We have a defined benefit pension plan covering certain U.S. employees (the “Domestic Pension Plan”) that consists of approximately 2,800 participants and is closed to new participants. We also have numerous funded and unfunded plans outside the U.S. The Interpublic Limited Pension Plan in the U.K. (the "U.K. Pension Plan") is a defined benefit plan and is our most material foreign pension plan in terms of the benefit obligation and plan assets. Some of our domestic and foreign subsidiaries provide postretirement health benefits and life insurance to eligible employees and, in certain cases, their dependents. The domestic postretirement benefit plan is our most material postretirement benefit plan in terms of the benefit obligation. This plan consists of approximately 1,500 participants, is closed to new participants and is unfunded.
Differences between the aggregate income statement and balance sheet amounts listed in the tables below and the totals reported in our Consolidated Statements of Operations, Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income and Consolidated Balance Sheets relate to non-material foreign pension and postretirement benefit plans.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
Pension and Postretirement Benefit Obligation
The change in the benefit obligation, the change in plan assets, the funded status and amounts recognized for the Domestic Pension Plan, the significant foreign pension plans and the domestic postretirement benefit plan are listed below.

| Domestic Pension Plan |  | Foreign Pension Plans |  | Domestic Postretirement Benefit Plan
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Benefit Obligation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Projected benefit obligation as of January 1 | $ | 104.1 |  |  | $ | 116.8 |  |  | $ | 546.0 |  |  | $ | 605.9 |  |  | $ | 24.2 |  |  | $ | 25.8 |
Service cost | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |
Interest cost | 2.8 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 8.9 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 0.7 |
Benefits paid | (9.0) |  |  | (7.0) |  |  | (20.9) |  |  | (24.2) |  |  | (4.8) |  |  | (5.1) |
Plan participant contributions | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | 1.8 |
Actuarial (gains) losses | (23.0) |  |  | (5.0) |  |  | (153.3) |  |  | (41.9) |  |  | (4.0) |  |  | 1.0 |
Settlements | 0.0 |  |  | (3.6) |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |
Plan amendments | 0.1 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |
Foreign currency effect | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | (51.1) |  |  | (5.6) |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |
Projected benefit obligation as of December 31 | $ | 75.0 |  |  | $ | 104.1 |  |  | $ | 334.2 |  |  | $ | 546.0 |  |  | $ | 17.9 |  |  | $ | 24.2 |
Fair Value of Plan Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets as of January 1 | $ | 98.1 |  |  | $ | 100.9 |  |  | $ | 484.8 |  |  | $ | 461.6 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |
Actual return on plan assets | (18.6) |  |  | 5.8 |  |  | (134.8) |  |  | 32.6 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |
Employer contributions | 0.0 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 16.4 |  |  | 18.5 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 3.3 |
Plan participant contributions | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | 1.8 |
Benefits paid | (9.0) |  |  | (7.0) |  |  | (20.9) |  |  | (24.2) |  |  | (4.8) |  |  | (5.1) |
Settlements | 0.0 |  |  | (3.6) |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |
Foreign currency effect | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | (48.4) |  |  | (3.0) |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |
Fair value of plan assets as of December 31 | $ | 70.5 |  |  | $ | 98.1 |  |  | $ | 297.1 |  |  | $ | 484.8 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |
Funded status of the plans at December 31 | $ | (4.5) |  |  | $ | (6.0) |  |  | $ | (37.1) |  |  | $ | (61.2) |  |  | $ | (17.9) |  |  | $ | (24.2) |

| Domestic Pension Plan |  | Foreign Pension Plans |  | Domestic Postretirement Benefit Plan
December 31, | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Amounts recognized in Consolidated Balance Sheets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-current asset | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 17.8 |  |  | $ | 10.4 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |
Current liability | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | (5.1) |  |  | (6.9) |  |  | (2.0) |  |  | (2.3) |
Non-current liability | (4.5) |  |  | (6.0) |  |  | (49.8) |  |  | (64.7) |  |  | (15.9) |  |  | (21.9) |
Net liability recognized | $ | (4.5) |  |  | $ | (6.0) |  |  | $ | (37.1) |  |  | $ | (61.2) |  |  | $ | (17.9) |  |  | $ | (24.2) |
Accumulated benefit obligation | $ | 75.0 |  |  | $ | 104.1 |  |  | $ | 328.2 |  |  | $ | 542.2 |  |  |  |  |
Amounts recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss | $ | 44.4 |  |  | $ | 45.5 |  |  | $ | 134.6 |  |  | $ | 153.8 |  |  | $ | 1.1 |  |  | $ | 5.5 |
Prior service cost (credit) | 0.1 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |
Total amount recognized | $ | 44.5 |  |  | $ | 45.5 |  |  | $ | 135.2 |  |  | $ | 154.6 |  |  | $ | 1.1 |  |  | $ | 5.5 |

Actuarial gains of $23.0 for the Domestic Pension Plan are attributed to an increase in the discount rate from 2.95% as of December 31, 2021 to 5.65% as of December 31, 2022 and changes in demographic experience. Actuarial gains of $153.3 for
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the foreign pension plans are attributed to an increase in the weighted-average discount rate from 1.86% as of December 31, 2021 to 4.62% as of December 31, 2022 and changes in demographic experience.

| Domestic Pension Plan |  | Foreign Pension Plans
December 31, | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation and projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aggregate projected benefit obligation | $ | 75.0 |  |  | $ | 104.1 |  |  | $ | 67.4 |  |  | $ | 542.1 |
Aggregate accumulated benefit obligation | 75.0 |  |  | 104.1 |  |  | 62.4 |  |  | 539.7 |
Aggregate fair value of plan assets | 70.5 |  |  | 98.1 |  |  | 12.5 |  |  | 470.6 |

Net Periodic Cost
The components of net periodic benefit cost and key assumptions are listed below.

| Domestic Pension Plan |  | Foreign Pension Plans |  | Domestic Postretirement Benefit Plan
Years ended December 31, | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Service cost | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 4.6 |  |  | $ | 4.5 |  |  | $ | 4.9 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |
Interest cost | 2.8 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | 8.9 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | 9.4 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 0.8 |
Expected return on plan assets | (4.7) |  |  | (5.6) |  |  | (5.7) |  |  | (19.8) |  |  | (20.8) |  |  | (18.8) |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |
Curtailment and settlement | 0.0 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | (0.9) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |
Amortization of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prior service cost (credit) | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |
Net actuarial losses | 1.4 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | 5.4 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 0.2 |
Net periodic cost | $ | (0.5) |  |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | (0.3) |  |  | $ | (1.8) |  |  | $ | (2.4) |  |  | $ | 0.9 |  |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | $ | 1.6 |  |  | $ | 1.0 |

Assumptions

| Domestic Pension Plan |  | Foreign Pension Plans |  | Domestic Postretirement Benefit Plan
Years ended December 31, | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Net periodic cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount rate | 2.95 | % |  | 2.60 | % |  | 3.35 | % |  | 1.86 | % |  | 1.35 | % |  | 1.84 | % |  | 2.90 | % |  | 2.50 | % |  | 3.25 | %
Rate of compensation increase | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 2.65 | % |  | 2.47 | % |  | 2.51 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Expected return on plan assets | 5.00 | % |  | 5.75 | % |  | 6.00 | % |  | 4.47 | % |  | 4.47 | % |  | 4.70 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Interest crediting rates | 5.10 | % |  | 5.10 | % |  | 5.10 | % |  | 1.50 | % |  | 1.50 | % |  | 1.37 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Benefit obligation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount rate | 5.65 | % |  | 2.95 | % |  | 2.60 | % |  | 4.62 | % |  | 1.86 | % |  | 1.35 | % |  | 5.65 | % |  | 2.90 | % |  | 2.50 | %
Rate of compensation increase | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 2.80 | % |  | 2.65 | % |  | 2.47 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Interest crediting rates | 5.10 | % |  | 5.10 | % |  | 5.10 | % |  | 1.50 | % |  | 1.50 | % |  | 1.50 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Healthcare cost trend rate assumed for next year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Initial rate (weighted-average) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6.75 | % |  | 6.50 | % |  | 6.75 | %
Year ultimate rate is reached |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2030 |  | 2028 |  | 2028
Ultimate rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5.00 | % |  | 5.00 | % |  | 5.00 | %

Discount Rates – At December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we determined our discount rates for our domestic pension plan, foreign pension plans and domestic postretirement benefit plan based on either a bond selection/settlement approach or bond yield curve approach. Using the bond selection/settlement approach, we determine the discount rate by selecting a portfolio of corporate bonds appropriate to provide for the projected benefit payments. Using the bond yield curve approach, we determine the discount rate by matching the plans' cash flows to spot rates developed from a yield curve. Both approaches utilize high-quality AA-rated corporate bonds and the plans' projected cash flows to develop a discounted value of the benefit payments, which is then used to develop a single discount rate. In countries where markets for high-quality long-term AA corporate bonds
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are not well developed, a portfolio of long-term government bonds is used as a basis to develop hypothetical corporate bond yields, which serve as a basis to derive the discount rate.
Expected Return on Assets – Our expected rate of return is determined at the beginning of each year and considers asset class index returns over various market and economic conditions, current and expected market conditions, risk premiums associated with asset classes and long-term inflation rates. We determine both a short-term and long-term view and then select a long-term rate of return assumption that matches the duration of our liabilities.
Fair Value of Pension Plan Assets
The following table presents the fair value of our domestic and foreign pension plan assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized to determine such fair value. See Note 13 for a description of the fair value hierarchy.

| December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Plan assets subject to fair value hierarchy | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Registered investment companies | $ | 10.6 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 10.6 |  |  | $ | 14.1 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 14.1 |
Limited partnerships | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 24.0 |  |  | 24.0 |
Fixed income securities | 12.5 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 12.5 |  |  | 29.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 29.0 |
Insurance contracts | 0.0 |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 2.0 |
Other | 11.9 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 11.9 |  |  | 30.7 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 30.7 |
Total plan assets, subject to leveling | $ | 35.0 |  |  | $ | 1.6 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 36.6 |  |  | $ | 73.8 |  |  | $ | 2.0 |  |  | $ | 24.0 |  |  | $ | 99.8 |
Plan assets measured at net asset value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other investments measured at net asset value 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 331.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 483.1 |
Total plan assets |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 367.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 582.9 |

1 Certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy but are included to reconcile to the amounts presented in the fair value of plan assets table above.
Registered investment companies, which are publicly traded, are primarily valued using recently reported sales prices. Limited partnerships are invested primarily in equity and fixed income securities. Fixed income securities include government and investment-grade corporate bonds. Insurance contracts are valued based on the cash surrender value of the contract. Other investments primarily include cash and cash equivalents, equity securities and derivatives. Other investments measured at net asset value include common/collective trusts, hedge funds and other commingled assets that are invested primarily in equity and fixed income securities. These investments are not publicly traded and are valued based on the net asset value of shares held by the plan at year end, which reflects the fair value of the underlying investments.
The following table presents additional information about our significant foreign pension plan assets for which we utilize Level 3 inputs to determine fair value.

| Years ended December 31,
Plan assets subject to fair value hierarchy, Level 3 | 2022 |  | 2021
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 24.0 |  |  | $ | 25.9 |
Actual return on plan assets | (1.7) |  |  | (1.9) |
Net purchases, sales and settlements | (22.3) |  |  | 0.0 |
Balance at end of period | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 24.0 |

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Asset Allocation
The primary investment goal for our plans’ assets is to maximize total asset returns while ensuring the plans’ assets are available to fund the plans’ liabilities as they become due. The plans’ assets in aggregate and at the individual portfolio level are invested so that total portfolio risk exposure and risk-adjusted returns best achieve this objective. The aggregate amount of our own stock held as investment for our domestic and foreign pension funds is considered negligible relative to the total fund assets. As of December 31, 2022, the weighted-average target and actual asset allocations relating to our domestic and foreign pension plans' assets are listed below.

|  |  | December 31,
Asset Class | 2023 Target Allocation |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Alternative investments 1 | 18 | % |  | 18 | % |  | 28 | %
Equity securities | 14 | % |  | 14 | % |  | 22 | %
Fixed income securities | 26 | % |  | 26 | % |  | 14 | %
Liability driven investments 2 | 29 | % |  | 28 | % |  | 21 | %
Real estate | 11 | % |  | 11 | % |  | 8 | %
Other | 2 | % |  | 3 | % |  | 7 | %
Total | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %

1 Alternative investments have the flexibility to dynamically invest across a broad range of asset classes including bonds, equity, cash, property and commodities.
2 Liability driven investment strategies use government bonds as well as derivative instruments to hedge a portion of the impact of interest rates and inflation movements on the long-term liabilities.
Cash Flows
During 2022, we contributed $0.0 and $16.4 of cash to our domestic and foreign pension plans, respectively. For 2023, we expect to contribute approximately $0.0 and $16.0 of cash to our domestic and foreign pension plans, respectively.
The estimated future benefit payments expected to be paid are presented below.

Years | Domestic Pension Plan |  | Foreign Pension Plans |  | Domestic Postretirement Benefit Plan
2023 | $ | 8.0 |  |  | $ | 18.9 |  |  | $ | 1.8 |
2024 | 7.5 |  |  | 18.3 |  |  | 1.7 |
2025 | 7.3 |  |  | 19.0 |  |  | 1.9 |
2026 | 7.0 |  |  | 19.2 |  |  | 1.8 |
2027 | 6.9 |  |  | 18.9 |  |  | 1.7 |
2028 - 2032 | 29.3 |  |  | 99.5 |  |  | 6.9 |

The estimated future payments for our domestic postretirement benefit plan are net of any estimated U.S. federal subsidies expected to be received under the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003, which total no more than $0.2 in any individual year.
Savings Plans
We sponsor defined contribution plans (the “Savings Plans”) that cover substantially all domestic employees. The Savings Plans permit participants to make contributions on a pre-tax and/or after-tax basis and allow participants to choose among various investment alternatives. We match a portion of participant contributions based upon their years of service. Amounts expensed for the Savings Plans for 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $77.5, $65.1 and $58.7, respectively. Expenses include a discretionary Company contribution of $9.3, $8.0 and $2.9 offset by participant forfeitures of $6.3, $8.5 and $5.1 in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. In addition, we maintain defined contribution plans in various foreign countries and contributed $58.2, $59.7 and $46.3 to these plans in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Deferred Compensation and Benefit Arrangements
We have deferred compensation and benefit arrangements which (i) permit certain of our key officers and employees to defer a portion of their salary or incentive compensation or (ii) require us to contribute an amount to the participant’s account. These arrangements may provide participants with the amounts deferred plus interest upon attaining certain conditions, such as
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completing a certain number of years of service, attaining a certain age or upon retirement or termination. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the deferred compensation and deferred benefit liability balance was $141.1 and $162.6, respectively. Amounts expensed for deferred compensation and benefit arrangements in 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $2.1, $8.8 a nd $11.0, respectively.
We have purchased life insurance policies on participants' lives to assist in the funding of the related deferred compensation and deferred benefit liabilities. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the cash surrender value of these policies was $161.2 and $171.7, respectively.
Long-Term Disability Plan
We have a long-term disability plan which provides income replacement benefits to eligible participants who are unable to perform their job duties or any job related to his or her education, training or experience. As all income replacement benefits are fully insured, no related obligation is required as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. In addition to income replacement benefits, plan participants may remain covered for certain health and life insurance benefits up to normal retirement age, and accordingly, we have recorded an obligation of $5.4 and $7.6 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
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Note 15: Segment Information
As of December 31, 2022, we have three reportable segments: MD&E, IA&C and SC&E. We also report results for the "Corporate and other" group.
The MD&E segment provides, and is distinguished by innovative capabilities and scale in, global media and communications services, digital services and products, advertising and marketing technology, e‐commerce services, data management and analytics, strategic consulting, and digital brand experience. MD&E is comprised of IPG Mediabrands, Acxiom, and Kinesso, as well as our digital and commerce specialist agencies, which include MRM, R/GA, and Huge.
The IA&C segment provides advertising, corporate and brand identity services, and strategic consulting. IA&C is distinguished by the leading role of complex integrations of ideation and the execution of advertising and creative campaigns across all communications channels that are foundational to client brand identities. IA&C is comprised of leading global networks and agencies that provide a broad range of services, including McCann Worldgroup, IPG Health, MullenLowe Group, Foote, Cone & Belding ("FCB"), and our domestic integrated agencies.
The SC&E segment provides best-in-class global public relations and other specialized communications services, events, sports and entertainment marketing, and strategic consulting. SC&E is comprised of agencies that provide a range of marketing services expertise, including Weber Shandwick, Golin, our sports, entertainment, and experiential agencies and DXTRA Health.
All segments follow the same accounting policies as those described in Note 1.
Corporate and other is primarily comprised of selling, general and administrative expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses includes corporate office expenses as well as shared service center and certain other centrally managed expenses that are not fully allocated to operating divisions; salaries, long-term incentives, annual bonuses and other miscellaneous benefits for corporate office employees; professional fees related to internal control compliance, financial statement audits and legal, information technology and other consulting services that are engaged and managed through the corporate office; and rental expense for properties occupied by corporate office employees. A portion of centrally managed expenses is allocated to operating divisions based on a formula that uses the planned revenues of each of the operating units. Amounts allocated also include specific charges for information technology-related projects, which are allocated based on utilization.
In conjunction with the new reporting structure, prior period segment disclosures have been recast to reflect our new reportable segments, as well as the way performance is internally managed and monitored.
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Summarized financial information concerning our reportable segments is shown in the following tables.

| Years ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Total Revenue: |  |  |  |  |
MD&E | $ | 4,196.7 |  |  | $ | 4,061.7 |  |  | $ | 3,520.4 |
IA&C | 4,325.5 |  |  | 4,176.7 |  |  | 3,724.6 |
SC&E | 2,405.6 |  |  | 2,002.3 |  |  | 1,816.0 |
Total | $ | 10,927.8 |  |  | $ | 10,240.7 |  |  | $ | 9,061.0 |
Revenue before billable expenses: |  |  |  |  |
MD&E | $ | 4,111.5 |  |  | $ | 3,973.6 |  |  | $ | 3,451.2 |
IA&C | 3,951.7 |  |  | 3,823.8 |  |  | 3,427.5 |
SC&E | 1,386.2 |  |  | 1,310.5 |  |  | 1,185.8 |
Total | $ | 9,449.4 |  |  | $ | 9,107.9 |  |  | $ | 8,064.5 |
Segment EBITA 1: |  |  |  |  |
MD&E | $ | 701.8 |  |  | $ | 818.0 |  |  | $ | 385.7 |
IA&C | 624.1 |  |  | 645.2 |  |  | 328.5 |
SC&E | 234.5 |  |  | 188.6 |  |  | 41.4 |
Corporate and other | (94.5) |  |  | (129.4) |  |  | (81.3) |
Total | $ | 1,465.9 |  |  | $ | 1,522.4 |  |  | $ | 674.3 |
Amortization of acquired intangibles: |  |  |  |  |
MD&E | $ | 72.8 |  |  | $ | 71.9 |  |  | $ | 71.7 |
IA&C | 7.2 |  |  | 10.4 |  |  | 10.4 |
SC&E | 4.7 |  |  | 3.9 |  |  | 3.8 |
Corporate and other | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |
Total | $ | 84.7 |  |  | $ | 86.2 |  |  | $ | 85.9 |
Depreciation and amortization 2: |  |  |  |  |
MD&E | $ | 106.5 |  |  | $ | 106.8 |  |  | $ | 103.9 |
IA&C | 59.3 |  |  | 63.9 |  |  | 73.4 |
SC&E | 16.9 |  |  | 17.7 |  |  | 22.0 |
Corporate and other | 6.6 |  |  | 9.2 |  |  | 5.4 |
Total | $ | 189.3 |  |  | $ | 197.6 |  |  | $ | 204.7 |
Capital expenditures: |  |  |  |  |
MD&E | $ | 97.3 |  |  | $ | 99.0 |  |  | $ | 87.0 |
IA&C | 43.9 |  |  | 58.2 |  |  | 44.8 |
SC&E | 7.3 |  |  | 8.1 |  |  | 8.7 |
Corporate and other | 29.6 |  |  | 30.0 |  |  | 27.0 |
Total | $ | 178.1 |  |  | $ | 195.3 |  |  | $ | 167.5 |

1 Adjusted EBITA is calculated as net income available to IPG common stockholders before provision for income taxes, total (expenses) and other income, equity in net income of unconsolidated affiliates, net income attributable to non-controlling interests and amortization of acquired intangibles.
2 Excludes amortization of acquired intangibles.
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| December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Total assets: |  |  |
MD&E | $ | 9,592.4 |  |  | $ | 9,580.6 |
IA&C | 5,475.3 |  |  | 6,001.1 |
SC&E | 1,629.9 |  |  | 1,594.0 |
Corporate and other | 2,147.4 |  |  | 2,733.5 |
Total | $ | 18,845.0 |  |  | $ | 19,909.2 |

The following table presents the reconciliation of segment EBITA to Income before income taxes.

| Years ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
MD&E EBITA | $ | 701.8 |  |  | $ | 818.0 |  |  | $ | 385.7 |
IA&C EBITA | 624.1 |  |  | 645.2 |  |  | 328.5 |
SC&E EBITA | 234.5 |  |  | 188.6 |  |  | 41.4 |
Corporate and other EBITA | (94.5) |  |  | (129.4) |  |  | (81.3) |
Less: consolidated amortization of acquired intangibles | 84.7 |  |  | 86.2 |  |  | 85.9 |
Operating income | 1,381.2 |  |  | 1,436.2 |  |  | 588.4 |
Total (expenses) and other income | (112.3) |  |  | (214.1) |  |  | (227.1) |
Income before income taxes | $ | 1,268.9 |  |  | $ | 1,222.1 |  |  | $ | 361.3 |

Long-lived assets, including operating lease right-of-use assets and excluding intangible assets, are presented by major geographic area in the following table.

|  | Long-Lived Assets
|  | December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021
Domestic |  | $ | 1,709.9 |  |  | $ | 1,879.8 |
International: |  |  |  |
United Kingdom |  | 254.8 |  |  | 311.3 |
Continental Europe |  | 87.6 |  |  | 102.6 |
Asia Pacific |  | 176.5 |  |  | 177.7 |
Latin America |  | 61.6 |  |  | 50.7 |
Other |  | 88.9 |  |  | 97.8 |
Total International |  | 669.4 |  |  | 740.1 |
Total Consolidated |  | $ | 2,379.3 |  |  | $ | 2,619.9 |

Property and equipment are allocated based upon physical location. Other assets and investments are allocated based on the location of the related operations.
Note 16: Commitments and Contingencies
Guarantees
We have guaranteed certain obligations of our subsidiaries relating principally to operating leases and uncommitted lines of credit of certain subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the amount of parent company guarantees on lease obligations was $561.4 and $667.5, respectively, the amount of parent company guarantees primarily relating to uncommitted lines of credit was $276.4 and $306.5, respectively, and the amount of parent company guarantees related to daylight overdrafts, primarily utilized to manage intra-day overdrafts due to timing of transactions under cash pooling arrangements without resulting in incremental borrowings, was $101.3 and $104.4, respectively. In the event of non-payment by the applicable subsidiary of the obligations covered by a guarantee, we would be obligated to pay the amounts covered by that guarantee. As of both December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were no material assets pledged as security for such parent company guarantees.
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Contingent Acquisition Obligations
The following table details the estimated future contingent acquisition obligations payable in cash as of December 31, 2022.

|  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |  | Thereafter |  | Total
Deferred acquisition payments |  | $ | 18.7 |  |  | $ | 3.1 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 21.9 |
Redeemable non-controlling interests and call options with affiliates 1 |  | 9.5 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 16.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 24.3 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 51.0 |
Total contingent acquisition payments |  | $ | 28.2 |  |  | $ | 4.3 |  |  | $ | 16.0 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 24.3 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 72.9 |

1 We have entered into certain acquisitions that contain both redeemable non-controlling interests and call options with similar terms and conditions. The estimated amounts listed would be paid in the event of exercise at the earliest exercise date. We have certain redeemable non-controlling interests that are exercisable at the discretion of the non-controlling equity owners as of December 31, 2022. These estimated payments of $4.1 are included within the total payments expected to be made in 2023, and will continue to be carried forward into 2024 or beyond until exercised or expired. Redeemable non-controlling interests are included in the table at current exercise price payable in cash, not at applicable redemption value, in accordance with the authoritative guidance for classification and measurement of redeemable securities.
The majority of these payments are contingent upon achieving projected operating performance targets and satisfying other conditions specified in the related agreements and are subject to revision in accordance with the terms of the respective agreements. See Note 6 for further information relating to the payment structure of our acquisitions.
Legal Matters
We are involved in various legal proceedings, and subject to investigations, inspections, audits, inquiries and similar actions by governmental authorities arising in the normal course of business. The types of allegations that arise in connection with such legal proceedings vary in nature, but can include claims related to contract, employment, tax and intellectual property matters. We evaluate all cases each reporting period and record liabilities for losses from legal proceedings when we determine that it is probable that the outcome in a legal proceeding will be unfavorable and the amount, or potential range, of loss can be reasonably estimated. In certain cases, we cannot reasonably estimate the potential loss because, for example, the litigation is in its early stages. While any outcome related to litigation or such governmental proceedings in which we are involved cannot be predicted with certainty, management believes that the outcome of these matters, individually and in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Note 17: Recent Accounting Standards
Accounting pronouncements not listed below were assessed and determined to be not applicable or are expected to have minimal impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Income Taxes
In December 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued amended guidance to simplify the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions and amending certain sections of existing guidance under ASC 740. This amended guidance was effective beginning January 1, 2021. The adoption of this amended guidance did not have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)
Note 18: Subsequent Events
We announced on February 9, 2023 that our Board had declared a common stock cash dividend of $0.310 per share, payable on March 15, 2023 to holders of record as of the close of business on March 1, 2023.
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Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures
In connection with the preparation of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, we have carried out an evaluation under the supervision of, and with the participation of, our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)). Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded (1) that the disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2022 to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and (2) that the disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2022 to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives.
Management’s report on internal control over financial reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Management (with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer) conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this evaluation, management concluded that IPG’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the effectiveness of IPG’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, as stated in their report which appears in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Changes in internal control over financial reporting
There has been no change in internal control over financial reporting in the quarter ended December 31, 2022 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. | Other Information

None.

Item 9C. | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Not applicable.
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PART III

Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the “Election of Directors” section, the “Director Selection Process” section, the “Code of Conduct” section, the “Committees of the Board of Directors” section, the “Audit Committee” section and the “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports” section of the Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 25, 2023 (the “Proxy Statement”), except for the description of our Executive Officers, which appears in Part I of this Report on Form 10-K under the heading “Executive Officers of IPG.”
New York Stock Exchange Certification
In 2022, our Chief Executive Officer provided the Annual CEO Certification to the New York Stock Exchange, as required under Section 303A.12(a) of the New York Stock Exchange Listed Company Manual.

Item 11. | Executive Compensation

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the “Executive Compensation” section, the “Non-Management Director Compensation” section, the “Compensation Discussion and Analysis” section and the “Compensation and Leadership Talent Committee Report” section of the Proxy Statement.

Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the “Outstanding Shares and Ownership of Common Stock” section of the Proxy Statement, except for information regarding the shares of common stock to be issued or which may be issued under our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2022, which is provided in the following table.

Plan Category | Number of Shares of Common Stock to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights (a) 1, 2, 3, 4 |  | Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Stock Options (b) |  | Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in Column (a)) (c) 5
Equity Compensation Plans Approved by Security Holders | 6,690,813 |  |  | $ | 23.30 |  |  | 31,459,145 |

1 Included a total of 250,600 outstanding stock options granted under the 2009 Performance Incentive Plan (the “2009 Plan"). These options are the only instruments taken into account in computing the weighted-average exercise price in column (b) of this table.
2 Included a total of 2,915,297 shares of Common Stock representing the target number of shares issuable under the 2014 Performance Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”) and the 2019 Performance Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”) following the completion of the 2018-2020 performance period, the 2019-2021 performance period, and the 2020-2022 performance period, respectively.
3 Included a total of 3,468,549 shares of Common Stock issuable pursuant to restricted share unit awards granted under the 2014 Plan and 2019 Plan, which are settled in shares of Common Stock.
4 Included a total of 56,367 shares of Common Stock issuable pursuant to restricted share awards granted under the 2019 Plan.
5 Included (i) 24,047,218 shares of Common Stock available for issuance under the shares of Common Stock available for issuance under the 2019 Performance Incentive Plan and (ii) 7,411,927 shares of Common Stock available for issuance under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (2016).

Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the “Transactions with Related Persons” section and the “Director Independence” section of the Proxy Statement.

Item 14. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the “Appointment of Registered Public Accounting Firm” section of the Proxy Statement.
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PART IV

Item 15. | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

(a) Listed below are all financial statements, financial statement schedules and exhibits filed as part of this Report on Form 10-K.
1. Financial Statements:
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
2. Financial Statement Schedules:
All financial statement schedules are omitted because they are either not applicable or the required information is otherwise provided.
3. Exhibits:
All exhibits, including management contracts and compensatory plans or arrangements, required pursuant to Item 601 of Regulation S-K to be filed as part of this report or incorporated herein by reference to other documents, are listed in the Exhibit Index of this Report on Form 10-K. The agreements and other documents filed as exhibits to this report are not intended to provide factual information or other disclosure other than with respect to the terms of the agreements or other documents themselves, and you should not rely on them for that purpose. In particular, any representations and warranties made by us in these agreements or other documents were made solely within the specific context of the relevant agreement or document and may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time.

Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary

None.
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EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit No. |  | Description
3(i) |  | Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant dated as of October 24, 2013, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i)(2) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2013.
3(ii) |  | Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Registrant dated as of October 26, 2016, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(ii) to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 27, 2016.
4(iii)(A) |  | Senior Debt Indenture dated as of March 2, 2012 (the "2012 Indenture"), between the Registrant and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 2, 2012.
4(iii)(B) |  | Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of April 3, 2014, to the 2012 Indenture, with respect to the 4.200% Senior Notes due 2024 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 3, 2014.
4(iii)(C) |  | Seventh Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 21, 2018, to the 2012 Indenture, with respect to the 4.650% Senior Notes due 2028 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 21, 2018.
4(iii)(D) |  | Eighth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 21, 2018, to the 2012 Indenture, with respect to the 5.400% Senior Notes due 2048 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 21, 2018.
4(iii)(E) |  | Ninth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 30, 2020, to the 2012 Indenture, with respect to the 4.750% Senior Notes due 2030 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 30, 2020.
4(iii)(F) |  | Tenth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of February 25, 2021, to the 2012 Indenture, with respect to the 2.400% Senior Notes due 2031 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2021.
4(iii)(G) |  | Eleventh Supplemental Indenture, dated as of February 25, 2021, to the 2012 Indenture, with respect to the 3.375% Senior Notes due 2041 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2021.
4(vi) |  | Description of Registered Securities is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(vi) to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.
10(i)(A) |  | Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of November 1, 2021, among The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc., the lenders named therein and Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 4, 2021.
(i) Philippe Krakowsky
10(iii)(A)(1) |  | Employment Agreement, made as of January 1, 2021, entered into on July 22, 2021, by and between the Registrant and Philippe Krakowsky, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2021.*
10(iii)(A)(2) |  | Executive Special Benefits Agreement, dated as of February 1, 2002, and signed as of August 21, 2002, between the Registrant and Philippe Krakowsky, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(v) to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2002.*
10(iii)(A)(3) |  | Executive Change of Control Agreement, effective as of May 27, 2010, by and between the Registrant and Philippe Krakowsky, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on May 27, 2010.*
10(iii)(A)(4) |  | Extension of Existing Executive Change of Control Agreement by and between the Registrant and Philippe Krakowsky, dated August 29, 2013 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 30, 2013.*
10(iii)(A)(5) |  | Extension of Existing Executive Change of Control Agreement by and between the Registrant and Philippe Krakowsky, dated October 26, 2016 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(a)(5) to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2016.*
10(iii)(A)(6) |  | Extension of Existing Executive Change of Control Agreement by and between the Registrant and Philippe Krakowsky, dated July 24, 2019 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(a)(5) to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019.*

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10(iii)(A)(7) |  | Extension of Existing Executive Change of Control Agreement by and between the Registrant and Philippe Krakowsky, dated October 26, 2022 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2022.*
(iii) Ellen Johnson
10(iii)(A)(8) |  | Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Ellen Johnson made as of January 1, 2020, entered into on July 29, 2020 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2020.*
10(iii)(A)(9) |  | Executive Change of Control Agreement between the Registrant and Ellen Johnson dated as of May 27, 2010, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(4) to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019.*
10(iii)(A)(10) |  | Extension of Existing Executive Change of Control Agreement between the Registrant and Ellen Johnson dated August 29, 2013, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(5) to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019.*
10(iii)(A)(11) |  | Extension of Existing Executive Change of Control Agreement between the Registrant and Ellen Johnson dated October 26, 2016, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(6) to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019.*
10(iii)(A)(12) |  | Extension of Existing Executive Change of Control Agreement between the Registrant and Ellen Johnson dated July 24, 2019 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(a)(6) to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019.*
10(iii)(A)(13) |  | Extension of Existing Executive Change of Control Agreement by and between the Registrant and Ellen Johnson, dated October 26, 2022 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2022.*
(iv) Andrew Bonzani
10(iii)(A)(14) |  | Employment Agreement, effective as of December 22, 2011, by and between the Registrant and Andrew Bonzani, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit(iii)(A)(8) to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012.*
10(iii)(A)(15) |  | Executive Change of Control Agreement, effective as of December 22, 2011, by and between the Registrant and Andrew Bonzani, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit(iii)(A)(9) to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012.*
10(iii)(A)(16) |  | Extension of Existing Executive Change of Control Agreement by and between the Registrant and Andrew Bonzani, dated August 29, 2013 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 30, 2013.*
10(iii)(A)(17) |  | Extension of Existing Executive Change of Control Agreement by and between the Registrant and Andrew Bonzani, dated October 26, 2016 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(a)(3) to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2016.*
10(iii)(A)(18) |  | Extension of Existing Executive Change of Control Agreement by and between the Registrant and Andrew Bonzani, dated July 24, 2019 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(a)(3) to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019.*
10(iii)(A)(19) |  | Extension of Existing Executive Change of Control Agreement by and between the Registrant and Andrew Bonzani, dated October 26, 2022 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2022.*
(v) Christopher Carroll
10(iii)(A)(20) |  | Employment Agreement, made as of April 1, 2006, by and between the Registrant and Christopher Carroll, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(8) to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011.*
10(iii)(A)(21) |  | Amendment, dated as of October 29, 2007, to an Employment Agreement, made as of April 1, 2006, between the Registrant and Christopher Carroll, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(9) to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011.*
10(iii)(A)(22) |  | Executive Change of Control Agreement, effective as of May 27, 2010, by and between the Registrant and Christopher Carroll, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(10) to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011.*

99

10(iii)(A)(23) |  | Extension of Existing Executive Change of Control Agreement by and between the Registrant and Christopher Carroll, dated August 29, 2013 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 30, 2013.*
10(iii)(A)(24) |  | Extension of Existing Executive Change of Control Agreement by and between the Registrant and Christopher Carroll, dated October 26, 2016 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(a)(4) to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2016.*
10(iii)(A)(25) |  | Extension of Existing Executive Change of Control Agreement by and between the Registrant and Christopher Carroll, dated July 24, 2019 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(a)(4) to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019.*
10(iii)(A)(26) |  | Extension of Existing Executive Change of Control Agreement by and between the Registrant and Christopher Carroll, dated October 26, 2022 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2022.*
Compensation Plans and Arrangements:
10(iii)(A)(2 7) |  | The Interpublic Group 2014 Performance Incentive Plan (the “2014 PIP”) is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on May 28, 2014.*
10(iii)(A)(28) |  | 2014 PIP Performance Share Award Agreement (updated 2018) is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(48) to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.*
10(iii)(A)(29) |  | 2014 PIP Performance Cash Award Agreement (updated 2018) is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(50) to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.*
10(iii)(A)(3 0) |  | The Interpublic Group 2019 Performance Incentive Plan (the “2019 PIP”) is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(62) to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.*
10(iii)(A)(3 1) |  | 2019 PIP Restricted Stock Award Agreement is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(63) to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.*
10(iii)(A)(3 2) |  | 2019 PIP Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(64) to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.*
10(iii)(A)(33) |  | 2019 PIP Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement.* (updated 2021) is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(50) to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020*.
10(iii)(A)(34) |  | 2019 PIP Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (version2) is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(65) to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.*
10(iii)(A)(35) |  | 2019 PIP Performance Share Award Agreement is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(66) to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.*
10(iii)(A)(36) |  | 2019 PIP Performance Share Award Agreement (updated 2021) is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(53) to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.*
10(iii)(A)(37) |  | 2019 PIP Performance Share Award Agreement (version 2) is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(67) to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.*
10(iii)(A)(38) |  | 2019 PIP Performance Cash Award Agreement is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(68) to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.*
10(iii)(A)(39) |  | 2019 PIP Performance Cash Award Agreement (updated 2021) is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(56) to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020*.
10(iii)(A)(4 0) |  | 2019 PIP Performance Cash Award Agreement (version 2) is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(69) to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.*
10(iii)(A)(4 1) |  | 2019 PIP Stock Option Award Agreement is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(58) to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.*

100

10(iii)(A)(42) |  | The Interpublic Restricted Cash Plan, Restatement effective as of November 12, 2020 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(61) to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.*
10(iii)(A)(43) |  | Restricted Cash Award Agreement is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(62) to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.*
10(iii)(A)(44) |  | The Interpublic Senior Executive Incentive Plan is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(a)(7) to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019.*
10(iii)(A)(45) |  | Amended and Restated Employee Stock Purchase Plan (2016) of the Registrant is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2020.*
10(iii)(A)(46) |  | The Interpublic Group Executive Performance (162(m) Plan) is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on May 28, 2014.*
10(iii)(A)(47) |  | The Interpublic Executive Severance Plan, amended and restated, effective August 16, 2017, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(1) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2017.*
10(iii)(A)(48) |  | The Interpublic Capital Accumulation Plan, Amended and Restated (the “Restated CAP”), effective January 1, 2007, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(4) to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2007.*
10(iii)(A)(49) |  | Restated CAP - Form of Restated Participation Agreement is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(5) to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2007.*
10(iii)(A)(50) |  | Restated CAP - Form of Participation Agreement (Form For New Participants), is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(6) to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2007.*
10(iii)(A)(51) |  | The Interpublic Capital Accumulation Plan, amended and restated, effective August 1, 2014, and form of Participation Agreement for New Participants is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(1) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2014.*
10(iii)(A)(52) |  | Description of Changes to the Compensation for Non-Management Directors is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(a)(71) to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.*
21 |  | Subsidiaries of the Registrant.
23 |  | Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP.
24 |  | Power of Attorney to sign Form 10-K and resolution of Board of Directors re Power of Attorney.
31.1 |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
31.2 |  | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
32 |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer furnished pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 and Rule 13a-14(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
101 |  | Interactive Data File, for the period ended December 31, 2022. The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document.
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File. The cover page XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document and are included in Exhibit 101.

101

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| THE INTERPUBLIC GROUP OF COMPANIES, INC.
| (Registrant)
| By | /s/ Philippe Krakowsky
|  | Philippe Krakowsky Chief Executive Officer

Date: February 21, 2023
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Name | Title | Date
/s/ Philippe Krakowsky | Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) | February 21, 2023
Philippe Krakowsky
/s/ Ellen Johnson | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) | February 21, 2023
Ellen Johnson
/s/ Christopher F. Carroll | Senior Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) | February 21, 2023
Christopher F. Carroll
/s/ Jocelyn Carter-Miller | Director | February 21, 2023
Jocelyn Carter-Miller
/s/ Mary J. Steele Guilfoile | Director | February 21, 2023
Mary J. Steele Guilfoile
/s/ Dawn Hudson | Director | February 21, 2023
Dawn Hudson
/s/ Jonathan F. Miller | Director | February 21, 2023
Jonathan F. Miller
/s/ Patrick Q. Moore | Director | February 21, 2023
Patrick Q. Moore
/s/ Linda S. Sanford | Director | February 21, 2023
Linda Sanford
/s/ David M. Thomas | Director | February 21, 2023
David M. Thomas
/s/ E. Lee Wyatt Jr. | Director | February 21, 2023
E. Lee Wyatt Jr.

102