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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM
10-Q
(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from
to
Commission file number:
001-33277
MADRIGAL PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 04-3508648
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
Four Tower Bridge 200 Barr Harbor Drive, Suite 200 West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania |  | 19428
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (267)
824-2827
Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.0001 Par Value Per Share |  | MDGL |  | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act: None.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation
S-T
(§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a
non-accelerated
filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule
12b-2
of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer |  | ☐
Non-accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ☐
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company |  | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule
12b-2
of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of
August 3
, 2023, the registrant had 18,471,233 shares of common stock outstanding.

Item |  | Description |  | Page |
|  | Part I. Financial Information |  |  | 3 |
Item 1. |  | Financial Statements (Unaudited): |  |  | 3 |
|  | Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 |  |  | 3 |
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 |  |  | 4 |
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 |  |  | 5 |
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 |  |  | 6 |
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 |  |  | 7 |
|  | Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements |  |  | 8 |
Item 2. |  | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  |  | 19 |
Item 3. |  | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |  |  | 26 |
Item 4. |  | Controls and Procedures |  |  | 26 |
|  | Part II. Other Information |  |  | 27 |
Item 1. |  | Legal Proceedings |  |  | 27 |
Item 1A. |  | Risk Factors |  |  | 27 |
Item 2. |  | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds |  |  | 27 |
Item 3. |  | Defaults Upon Senior Securities |  |  | 27 |
Item 4. |  | Mine Safety Disclosures |  |  | 27 |
Item 5. |  | Other Information |  |  | 27 |
Item 6. |  | Exhibits |  |  | 27 |
|  | Signatures |  |  | 29 |

2

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. | Financial Statements.

MADRIGAL PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Unaudited; in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

|  | June 30, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 77,196 |  |  | $ | 331,549 |
Marketable securities |  |  | 221,222 |  |  |  | 27,225 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 3,177 |  |  |  | 2,595 |
Total current assets |  |  | 301,595 |  |  |  | 361,369 |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 455 |  |  |  | 601 |
Right-of-use asset |  |  | 411 |  |  |  | 602 |
Total assets |  | $ | 302,461 |  |  | $ | 362,572 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 17,534 |  |  | $ | 23,831 |
Accrued expenses |  |  | 81,761 |  |  |  | 91,461 |
Lease liability |  |  | 411 |  |  |  | 602 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 99,706 |  |  |  | 115,894 |
Long term liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan payable, net of discount |  |  | 99,249 |  |  |  | 49,289 |
Total long term liabilities |  |  | 99,249 |  |  |  | 49,289 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 198,955 |  |  |  | 165,183 |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share authorized: 5,000,000 shares at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022; 2,369,797 and 2,369,797 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share authorized: 200,000,000 at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022; 18,459,033 and 18,102,523 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |
Additional paid-in-capital |  |  | 1,228,949 |  |  |  | 1,160,079 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | (89 | ) |  |  | (32 | )
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (1,125,356 | ) |  |  | (962,660 | )
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 103,506 |  |  |  | 197,389 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 302,461 |  |  | $ | 362,572 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
3

Table of Contents
MADRIGAL PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Unaudited; in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total revenues |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  |  | 68,605 |  |  |  | 58,499 |  |  |  | 130,759 |  |  |  | 106,428 |
General and administrative |  |  | 17,845 |  |  |  | 11,774 |  |  |  | 34,027 |  |  |  | 21,432 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 86,450 |  |  |  | 70,273 |  |  |  | 164,786 |  |  |  | 127,860 |
Loss from operations |  |  | (86,450 | ) |  |  | (70,273 | ) |  |  | (164,786 | ) |  |  | (127,860 | )
Interest income |  |  | 3,551 |  |  |  | 323 |  |  |  | 7,327 |  |  |  | 392 |
Interest expense |  |  | (2,901 | ) |  |  | (780 | ) |  |  | (5,237 | ) |  |  | (780 | )
Net loss |  | $ | (85,800 | ) |  | $ | (70,730 | ) |  | $ | (162,696 | ) |  | $ | (128,248 | )
Net loss per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic and diluted net loss per common share |  | $ | (4.69 | ) |  | $ | (4.14 | ) |  | $ | (8.91 | ) |  | $ | (7.50 | )
Basic and diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding |  |  | 18,310,952 |  |  |  | 17,103,395 |  |  |  | 18,249,778 |  |  |  | 17,103,395 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
4

Table of Contents
MADRIGAL PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(Unaudited; in thousands)

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Net Loss |  | $ | (85,800 | ) |  | $ | (70,730 | ) |  | $ | (162,696 | ) |  | $ | (128,248 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | (45 | ) |  |  | (57 | ) |  |  | (367 | )
Comprehensive loss |  | $ | (85,803 | ) |  | $ | (70,775 | ) |  | $ | (162,753 | ) |  | $ | (128,615 | )

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
5

Table of Contents
MADRIGAL PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Unaudited; in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Additional paid-in Capital |  |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | Accumulated deficit |  |  | Total stockholders’ equity |
|  | Preferred stock |  |  | Common stock |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 2,369,797 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 18,102,523 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 1,160,079 |  |  | $ | (32 | ) |  | $ | (962,660 | ) |  | $ | 197,389 |
Sale of common shares to related parties and exercise of common stock options, net of transaction costs |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 180,551 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17,903 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17,903 |
Compensation expense related to stock options for services |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,250 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,250 |
Unrealized loss on marketable securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (54 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (54 | )
Hercules warrant |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 544 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 544 |
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (76,896 | ) |  |  | (76,896 | )
Balance at March 31, 2023 |  |  | 2,369,797 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 18,283,074 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 1,189,776 |  |  | $ | (86 | ) |  | $ | (1,039,556 | ) |  | $ | 150,136 |
Issuance of common shares in equity offering, excluding to related parties, net of transaction costs |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 85,901 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 21,754 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 21,754 |
Sale of common shares to related parties and exercise of common stock options, net of transaction costs |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 90,058 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,251 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,251 |
Compensation expense related to stock options for services |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,973 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,973 |
Unrealized loss on marketable securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3 | )
Hercules warrant |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 195 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 195 |
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (85,800 | ) |  |  | (85,800 | )
Balance at June 30, 2023 |  |  | 2,369,797 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 18,459,033 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 1,228,949 |  |  | $ | (89 | ) |  | $ | (1,125,356 | ) |  | $ | 103,506 |
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 1,969,797 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 17,103,395 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 863,495 |  |  | $ | (80 | ) |  | $ | (667,310 | ) |  | $ | 196,107 |
Compensation expense related to stock options for services |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,477 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,477 |
Unrealized loss on marketable securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (322 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (322 | )
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (57,518 | ) |  |  | (57,518 | )
Balance at March 31, 2022 |  |  | 1,969,797 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 17,103,395 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 870,972 |  |  | $ | (402 | ) |  | $ | (724,828 | ) |  | $ | 145,744 |
Compensation expense related to stock options for services |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,944 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,944 |
Unrealized loss on marketable securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (45 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (45 | )
Hercules warrant |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 622 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 622 |
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (70,730 | ) |  |  | (70,730 | )
Balance at June 30, 2022 |  |  | 1,969,797 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 17,103,395 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 879,538 |  |  | $ | (447 | ) |  | $ | (795,558 | ) |  | $ | 83,535 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
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MADRIGAL PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited; in thousands)

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (162,696 | ) |  | $ | (128,248 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 22,223 |  |  |  | 15,421 |
Depreciation and amortization expense |  |  | 250 |  |  |  | 217 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs and discount |  |  | 987 |  |  |  | 178 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | (582 | ) |  |  | (1,442 | )
Accounts payable |  |  | (6,297 | ) |  |  | (10,086 | )
Accrued expense |  |  | (9,700 | ) |  |  | 16,788 |
Accrued interest, net of interest received on maturity of investments |  |  | (3,562 | ) |  |  | (101 | )
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  | (159,377 | ) |  |  | (107,273 | )
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of marketable securities |  |  | (290,696 | ) |  |  | (116,496 | )
Sales and maturities of marketable securities |  |  | 100,204 |  |  |  | 191,813 |
Purchases of property and equipment, net of disposals |  |  | (104 | ) |  |  | (155 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  | (190,596 | ) |  |  | 75,162 |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuances of stock, excluding related parties, net of transaction costs |  |  | 21,754 |  |  |  | — |
Proceeds from the sale of related party stock and exercise of common stock options, net of transaction costs |  |  | 24,154 |  |  |  | — |
Proceeds from issuance of loan payable |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | 50,000 |
Payment of debt issuance costs |  |  | (288 | ) |  |  | (886 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 95,620 |  |  |  | 49,114 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (254,353 | ) |  |  | 17,003 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  |  | 331,549 |  |  |  | 36,269 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 77,196 |  |  | $ | 53,272 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obtaining a right-of-use asset in exchange for a lease liability |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 583 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
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MADRIGAL PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
1. Organization, Business, and Basis of Presentation
Organization and Business
Madrigal Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company” or “Madrigal”) is a clinical-stage pharmaceutical company developing novel, high-quality, small-molecule drugs addressing major unmet needs in cardiovascular, metabolic, and liver diseases. The Company’s lead compound, resmetirom, is being advanced for
non-alcoholic
steatohepatitis (“NASH”), a liver disease that commonly affects people with metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes, and
non-alcoholic
fatty liver disease (“NAFLD”). The Company initiated two Phase 3 studies of resmetirom in NASH in 2019 that are ongoing. The Company announced certain topline results from the
MAESTRO-NAFLD-1
safety study of resmetirom in January 2022 and the MAESTRO-NASH study in December 2022. In August 2022, Madrigal initiated a third study, MAESTRO-NASH-OUTCOMES.
Basis of Presentation
Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted. Accordingly, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements do not include all information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete annual financial statements. However, we believe that the disclosures included in these financial statements are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which include normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of such interim results. The interim results are not necessarily indicative of the results that we will have for the full year ending December 31, 2023 or any subsequent period. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the notes to those statements for the year ended December 31, 2022.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Principle of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect certain reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. The Company maintains its cash in bank accounts, the balance of which, at times, exceeds Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insured limits.
The primary objective of the Company’s investment activities is to preserve its capital for the purpose of funding operations and the Company does not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. The Company’s cash is deposited in highly rated financial institutions in the United States. The Company invests in money market funds and high-grade, commercial paper and corporate bonds, which management believes are subject to minimal credit and market risk.
Marketable Securities
Marketable securities consist of investments in high-grade corporate obligations and government and government agency obligations that are classified as
available-for-sale.
Since these securities are available to fund current operations, they are classified as current assets on the consolidated balance sheets.
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The Company adjusts the cost of
available-for-sale
debt securities for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity. The Company includes such amortization and accretion as a component of interest income, net. Realized gains and losses and declines in value, if any, that the Company judges to be the result of impairment or as a result of recognizing an allowance for credit losses on
available-for-sale
securities are reported as a component of interest income. To determine whether an impairment exists, the Company considers whether it intends to sell the debt security and, if the Company does not intend to sell the debt security, it considers available evidence to assess whether it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost basis. During the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company determined it did not have any securities that were other-than-temporarily impaired.
Marketable securities are stated at fair value, including accrued interest, with their unrealized gains and losses included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss, which is a separate component of stockholders’ equity. The fair value of these securities is based on quoted prices and observable inputs on a recurring basis. Realized gains and losses are determined on the specific identification method. During the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not have any realized gains or losses on marketable
securitie
s.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial instruments, which include cash equivalents and marketable securities, approximate their fair values. The fair value of the Company’s financial instruments reflects the amounts that would be received upon sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy has the following three levels:
Level 1—quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.
Level 2—observable inputs other than Level 1 inputs. Examples of Level 2 inputs include quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities and quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in markets that are not active.
Level 3—unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.
Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety within the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company measures the fair value of its marketable securities by taking into consideration valuations obtained from third- party pricing sources. The pricing services utilize industry standard valuation models, including both income and market based approaches, for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly, to estimate fair value. These inputs include reported trades of and broker-dealer quotes on the same or similar securities, issuer credit spreads, benchmark securities and other observable inputs.
As of June 30, 2023, the Company’s financial assets valued based on Level 1 inputs consisted of cash and cash equivalents in a money market fund, its financial assets valued based on Level 2 inputs consisted of high-grade corporate and government agency bonds and commercial paper, and it had no financial assets valued based on Level 3 inputs. During the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not have any transfers of financial assets between Levels 1 and 2. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company did not have any financial liabilities that were recorded at fair value on a recurring basis on the balance sheet.
Research and Development Costs
Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs are comprised of costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including internal costs (including stock-based compensation), costs for consultants, milestone payments under licensing agreements, and other costs associated with the Company’s preclinical and clinical programs. In particular, the Company has conducted safety studies in animals, optimized and implemented the manufacturing of our drug, and conducted clinical trials, all of which are considered research and development expenditures. Management uses significant judgment in estimating the amount of research and development costs recognized in each reporting period. Management analyzes and estimates the progress of its clinical trials, completion of milestone events per underlying agreements, invoices received and contracted costs when estimating the research and development costs to accrue in each reporting period. Actual results could differ from the Company’s estimates.
Patents
Costs to secure and defend patents are expensed as incurred and are classified as general and administrative expense in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
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Stock-Based Compensation
The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense based on the grant date fair value of stock options and restricted stock units granted to employees, officers, and directors. Awards that vest as the recipient provides service are expensed on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the grant date fair value of stock options as management believes it is the most appropriate valuation method for its option grants. The Black-Scholes model requires inputs for risk-free interest rate, dividend yield, volatility and expected lives of the options. The expected lives for options granted represent the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding. The Company uses the simplified method for determining the expected lives of options. Expected volatility is based upon an industry estimate or blended rate including the Company’s historical trading activity. The risk-free rate for periods within the expected life of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of the grant. The Company estimates the forfeiture rate based on historical data. This analysis is
re-evaluated
at least annually and the forfeiture rate is adjusted as necessary.
Income Taxes
The Company uses the asset and liability method to account for income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the Company’s financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to be in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. The Company currently maintains a 100% valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets.
Comprehensive Loss
Comprehensive loss is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from
non-owner
sources. Changes in unrealized gains and losses on marketable securities represent the only difference between the Company’s net loss and comprehensive loss.
Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share
Basic net loss per share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per common share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding and the weighted average dilutive potential common shares outstanding using the treasury stock method. However, for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, diluted net loss per share is the same as basic net loss per share because the inclusion of weighted average shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options and warrants or vesting of restricted stock units, and common stock issuable upon the conversion of preferred stock would be anti-dilutive. The following table summarizes outstanding securities not included in the computation of diluted net loss per common share, as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive:

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Common stock options |  |  | 2,583,540 |  |  |  | 2,976,545 |
Restricted stock units |  |  | 222,300 |  |  |  | — |
Preferred stock |  |  | 2,369,797 |  |  |  | 1,969,797 |
Warrants |  |  | 18,403 |  |  |  | 14,899 |

Recent Accounting Pronouncements
None
3. Liquidity and Uncertainties
The Company is subject to risks common to development stage companies in the biopharmaceutical industry including, but not limited to, uncertainty of product development and commercialization, dependence on key personnel, uncertainty of market acceptance of products and product reimbursement, product liability, uncertain protection of proprietary technology, potential inability to raise additional financing necessary for development and commercialization, and compliance with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other government regulations.
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The Company has incurred losses since inception, including approximately $162.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, resulting in an accumulated deficit of approximately $1,125 million as of June 30, 2023. Management expects to incur losses for the foreseeable future. To date, the Company has funded its operations primarily through proceeds from sales of the Company’s capital stock and debt financings. The Company believes that its cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities at June 30, 2023 will be sufficient to fund operations past one year from the issuance of these financial statements. To meet its future capital needs, the Company intends to raise additional capital through debt or equity financings, collaborations, partnerships or other strategic transactions. However, there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to complete any such transactions on acceptable terms or otherwise. The inability of the Company to obtain sufficient funds on acceptable terms when needed could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition. The Company has the ability to delay certain research activities and related clinical expenses if necessary due to liquidity concerns until a date when those concerns are
relieved
.
4. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities
A summary of cash, cash equivalents and
available-for-sale
marketable securities held by the Company as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is as follows (in thousands):

|  | June 30, 2023 |
|  | Cost |  |  | Unrealized gains |  |  | Unrealized losses |  |  | Fair value |
Cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash (Level 1) |  | $ | 8,185 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,185 |
Money market funds (Level 1) |  |  | 69,011 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 69,011 |
Total cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 77,196 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 77,196 |
Marketable securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities due within 1 year of date of purchase (Level 2) |  |  | 144,036 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | (105 | ) |  |  | 143,944 |
U.S. government and government sponsored entities due within 1 year of date of purchase (Level 2) |  |  | 77,275 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 77,278 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities |  | $ | 298,507 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | (108 | ) |  | $ | 298,418 |

|  | December 31, 2022 |
|  | Cost |  |  | Unrealized gains |  |  | Unrealized losses |  |  | Fair value |
Cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash (Level 1) |  | $ | 15,100 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,100 |
Money market funds (Level 1) |  |  | 316,449 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 316,449 |
Total cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 331,549 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 331,549 |
Marketable securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities due within 1 year of date of purchase (Level 2) |  |  | 27,257 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | (39 | ) |  |  | 27,225 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities |  | $ | 358,806 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | (39 | ) |  | $ | 358,774 |

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5. Accrued Liabilities
Accrued liabilities as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | June 30, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Contract research organization costs |  | $ | 58,050 |  |  | $ | 53,119 |
Other clinical study related costs |  |  | 3,605 |  |  |  | 6,582 |
Manufacturing and drug supply |  |  | 3,556 |  |  |  | 11,262 |
Compensation and benefits |  |  | 5,453 |  |  |  | 14,864 |
Professional fees |  |  | 9,494 |  |  |  | 4,867 |
Other |  |  | 1,603 |  |  |  | 767 |
Total accrued liabilities |  | $ | 81,761 |  |  | $ | 91,461 |

6. Long Term Debt
In May 2022 the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Canticle Pharmaceuticals, Inc., entered into the $250.0 million Loan Facility with the several banks and other financial institutions or entities party thereto (each, a “Lender” and collectively referred to as the “Lenders”), and Hercules Capital, Inc. (“Hercules”), in its capacity as administrative agent and collateral agent for itself and the Lenders. Under the terms of the Loan Facility, the first $50.0 million tranche was drawn at closing. The Company also could draw up to an additional $125.0 million in two separate tranches upon achievement of certain resmetirom clinical and regulatory milestones. A fourth tranche of $75.0 million could be drawn by the Company, subject to the approval of Hercules. The Loan Facility had a minimum interest rate of 7.45% and adjusts with changes in the prime rate. The Company will pay interest-only monthly payments of accrued interest under the Loan Facility for a period of 30 months, which period may be extended to 36, 48, and 60 months upon the successive achievement of certain clinical and regulatory milestones and if the Company maintains compliance with applicable covenants. The Loan Facility matures in May 2026 and may be extended an additional year upon the achievement of certain clinical and regulatory milestones. The Loan Facility is secured by a security interest in substantially all of the Company’s assets, other than intellectual property. It includes an end of term charge of 5.35% of the aggregate principal amount, which is accounted for in the loan discount. In connection with the first tranche drawn at closing, the Company issued Hercules a warrant to purchase 14,899 shares of Company common stock, which had a Black-Scholes value of $0.6 million.
On February 3, 2023, the Company entered into the First Amendment (the “Amendment”) to the Loan Facility (as amended, the “Amended Loan Facility”). Under the Amended Loan Facility, an additional $35.0 million was drawn under a second, expanded, $65.0 million tranche (“Tranche 2”) in February of 2023 following the Company’s achievement of the Phase 3 clinical development milestone. An additional $15.0 million was drawn under Tranche 2 in June of 2023. The Company has the ability to draw the remaining $15.0 million available under Tranche 2 by September 30, 2023
in accordance with the Amended Loan Facility.
The third tranche (“Tranche 3”) of $75.0 million remains unchanged by the Amendment, and such borrowings are available subject to the Company obtaining a certain FDA approval for resmetirom. Coincident with the expansion of Tranche 2 borrowing capacity by $15 million, the Amendment reduced the fourth tranche under the Loan Facility (“Tranche 4”) by $15.0 million to $60.0 million , which amount is available subject to Hercules’ sole discretion. In connection with the $35.0 million drawn under
Tranche 2
at the closing of the Amendment and $15.0 million drawn in June of 2023, the Company issued to Hercules and affiliates Tranche 2 Warrants to purchase 3,504 shares of common stock, which had a Black-Scholes value of $0.7 million. The Amendment reduced the interest rate under the Amended Loan Facility to the greater of (i) the prime rate as reported in The Wall Street Journal plus 2.45% and (ii) 8.25%. The Amendment and the Amended Loan Facility summary terms were disclosed in the Company’s Current Report on Form
8-K
filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 9, 2023.
The Loan Facility includes affirmative and restrictive financial covenants commencing on January 1, 2023, including maintenance of a minimum cash, cash equivalents and liquid funds covenant of $35.0 million, which may decrease in certain circumstances if the Company achieves certain clinical milestones and a revenue milestone, and a revenue-based covenant that could apply commencing at or after the time that financial reporting is due for the quarter ending September 30, 2024. The Loan Facility contains event of default provisions for: the Company’s failure to make required payments or maintain compliance with covenants under the Loan Facility; the Company’s breach of certain representations or default under certain obligations outside the Loan Facility; insolvency, attachment or judgment events affecting the Company; and any circumstance which has occurred or could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company, provided that, any failure to achieve a clinical milestone or approval milestone under the Loan Facility shall not in and of itself constitute a material adverse effect. The Loan Facility also includes customary covenants associated with a secured loan facility, including covenants concerning financial reporting obligations, and certain limitations on indebtedness, liens (including a negative pledge on intellectual property and other assets), investments, distributions (including dividends), collateral, investments, distributions, transfers, mergers or acquisitions, taxes, corporate changes, and deposit accounts.
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As of June 30, 2023, the outstanding principal under the Loan Facility was $100.0 million. The interest rate as of June 30, 2023 was 10.70%. As of June 30, 2023, the Company was in compliance with all loan covenants and provisions.
Future minimum payments, including interest and principal, under the loans payable outstanding as of June 30, 2023 are as follows (in thousands):

Period Ending June 30, 2023: |  | Amount |
2023 (remaining six months) |  | $ | 5,372 |
2024 |  |  | 10,878 |
2025 |  |  | 69,044 |
Thereafter |  |  | 46,363 |
|  | $ | 131,657 |
Less amount representing interest |  |  | (26,307 | )
Less unamortized discount |  |  | (6,101 | )
Loans payable, net of discount |  | $ | 99,249 |

7. Stockholders’ Equity
Common Stock
Each common stockholder is entitled to one vote for each share of common stock held. The common stock will vote together with all other classes and series of stock of the Company as a single class on all actions to be taken by the Company’s stockholders. Each share of common stock is entitled to receive dividends, as and when declared by the Company’s board of directors. The Company has never declared cash dividends on its common stock and does not expect to do so in the foreseeable future.
Preferred Stock
The Series A and B Preferred Stock have a par value of $0.0001 per share and are convertible into shares of the common stock at a
one-to-one
ratio, subject to adjustment as provided in the Certificates of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock that the Company filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on June 21, 2017 and December 22, 2022, respectively. The terms of the Series A and B Preferred Stock are set forth in such Certificates of Designation. Each share of the Series A and B Preferred Stock is convertible into shares of Common Stock following notice that may be given at the holder’s option. Upon any liquidation, dissolution or
winding-up
of the Company, whether voluntary or involuntary, after the satisfaction in full of the debts of the Company and the payment of any liquidation preference owed to the holders of shares of capital stock of the Company ranking prior to the Series A and B Preferred Stock upon liquidation, the holders of the Series A and B Preferred Stock shall participate pari passu with the holders of the Common Stock (on an
as-if-converted-to-Common-Stock
basis) in the net assets of the Company. Shares of the Series A and B Preferred Stock will generally have no voting rights, except as required by law. Shares of the Series A and B Preferred Stock will be entitled to receive dividends before shares of any other class or series of capital stock of the Company (other than dividends in the form of the Common Stock) equal to the dividend payable on each share of the Common Stock, on an
as-converted
basis.
December 2022 Registered Direct Offering
In December 2022, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with a group of institutional accredited investors, who were existing,
non-controlling
stockholders of the Company, pursuant to which the Company sold securities to the Investors in an offering that was registered under the Company’s existing shelf registration statement (the “2022 Registered Direct Offering”). Under the terms of the Purchase Agreement, the Company sold 44,444 shares of its common stock at a price of $225 per share, and 400,000 shares of its Series B Convertible Preferred Stock at a price of $225 per share. The 2022 Registered Direct Offering resulted in gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $100.0 million, and net proceeds to the Company of approximately $99.5 million. The 2022 Registered Direct Offering closed on December 23, 2022.
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Table of Contents
At-The-Market
Issuance Sales Agreement
In June 2021, the Company entered into an
at-the-market
sales agreement (the “2021 Sales Agreement”) with Cowen and Company, LLC (“Cowen”), pursuant to which the Company could, from time to time, issue and sell shares of its common stock. The 2021 Sales Agreement
initially
authorized an aggregate offering of up to $200 million in shares of our common stock, at the Company’s option, through Cowen as its sales agent. Sales of common stock through Cowen could be made by any method that is deemed an
“at-the-market”
offering as defined in Rule 415 promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, including by means of ordinary brokers’ transactions at market prices, in block transactions or as otherwise agreed by the Company and Cowen. Subject to the terms and conditions of the 2021 Sales Agreement, Cowen would use commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices to sell the common stock based upon the Company’s instructions (including any price, time or size limits or other customary parameters or conditions the Company imposed).
In December 2022, the Company sold 738,900 shares
of common stock
under the 2021 Sales Agreement for an aggregate of $159.1 million in gross proceeds, with net proceeds to the Company of $155.9 million after deducting commissions and other transaction costs. In total, under the 2021 Sales Agreement the Company sold 1,235,943 shares for an aggregate of $199.9 million in gross proceeds, with net proceeds to the Company of approximately $195.8 million after deducting commissions and other transaction costs
through December 31, 2022.
Of those shares sold, 738,900 were sold in 2022, and 497,043 were sold in 2021. All shares were sold pursuant to the Company’s effective shelf registration statement
on Form S-3 (the “Registration Statement”) and
the prospectus supplement relating thereto. As of June 30, 2023, no amounts remained reserved and available for sale under the 2021 Sales Agreement and the related prospectus supplement.
In May 2023, the Company amended the 2021 Agreement (the “Sales Agreement
Amendment
”), with Cowen, pursuant to which the Company may, from time to time, issue and sell
in additional $200 million in
shares of its common stock. The Company is not obligated to make any sales of its common stock under this arrangement. Any shares sold will be sold pursuant to the Company’s effective
Registration Statement
on Form
S-3
(the “Registration Statement”) and prospectus supplement filed pursuant to the Registration Statement. The Sales Agreement Amendment authorizes
sales of
shares of our common stock, from time to time, at the Company’s option, through Cowen as its sales agent. Sales of common stock through Cowen may be made by any method that is deemed an
“at-the-market”
offering as defined in Rule 415 promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and as described in the prospectus supplement. In total, under the Sales Agreement
Amendment,
the Company sold 85,901 shares for an aggregate of $22.4 million in gross proceeds, with net proceeds to the Company of approximately $21.8 million after deducting commissions and other transaction costs. All shares were sold pursuant to the Company’s effective
Registration Statement
and the prospectus supplement relating thereto. As of June 30, 2023, $177.6 million remained reserved and available for sale under the 2023 Sales Agreement
Amendment
and the Company’s related prospectus supplement.
8. Stock-based Compensation
The Company’s 2015 Stock Plan, as amended, is our primary equity incentive compensation plan through which equity based grants are awarded. The 2015 Stock Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options,
non-statutory
stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and other stock-based compensation awards to employees, officers, directors, and consultants of the Company. The administration of the 2015 Stock Plan is under the general supervision of the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. The terms of stock options awarded under the 2015 Stock Plan, in general, are determined by the Compensation Committee, provided the exercise price per share generally shall not be set at less than the fair market value of a share of the common stock on the date of grant and the term shall not be greater than ten years from the date the option is granted. As of June 30, 2023, the Company had restricted stock units and options outstanding to purchase
an aggregate of
2,805,840 shares of its common stock, which includes options outstanding under its prior incentive compensation plan, the 2006 Stock Plan. As of June 30, 2023, 670,634 shares were available for future issuance under the 2015 Stock Plan.
Stock Options
The following table summarizes stock option activity during the six months ended June 30, 2023:

|  | Shares |  |  | Weighted average exercise price |
Outstanding at January 1, 2023 |  |  | 2,857,054 |  |  | $ | 81.78 |
Options granted |  |  | 5,205 |  |  |  | 283.08 |
Options exercised |  |  | (270,609 | ) |  |  | 89.26 |
Options cancelled |  |  | (8,110 | ) |  |  | 84.12 |
Outstanding at June 30, 2023 |  |  | 2,583,540 |  |  | $ | 81.40 |
Exercisable at June 30, 2023 |  |  | 1,719,944 |  |  | $ | 76.62 |

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Table of Contents
The total cash received by the Company as a result of stock option exercises was $21.8 million and $0 million, respectively, for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $48.9 million and $0 million, respectively, for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. The weighted-average grant date fair values, based on the Black-Scholes option model, of options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were $219.02 and $55.84, respectively.
Restricted Stock Units
The Company’s share-based compensation plan provides for awards of restricted stock units to employees, officers, directors and consultants to the Company. Restricted stock units vest over the service period, and are subject to forfeiture if employment or service terminates before vesting. As of June 30, 2023, the Company had 222,300 restricted stock units outstanding, with a weighted average grant date fair value of $294.19 per unit.
Stock-Based Compensation Expense
Stock-based compensation expense during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Stock-based compensation expense by type of award: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options |  | $ | 7,431 |  |  | $ | 7,944 |  |  | $ | 16,029 |  |  | $ | 15,421 |
Restricted stock units |  |  | 3,542 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,194 |  |  |  | — |
Total stock-based compensation expense |  | $ | 10,973 |  |  | $ | 7,944 |  |  | $ | 22,223 |  |  | $ | 15,421 |
Effect of stock-based compensation expense by line item: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  | $ | 5,184 |  |  | $ | 3,301 |  |  | $ | 10,570 |  |  | $ | 6,488 |
General and administrative |  |  | 5,789 |  |  |  | 4,643 |  |  |  | 11,653 |  |  |  | 8,933 |
Total stock-based compensation expense included in net loss |  | $ | 10,973 |  |  | $ | 7,944 |  |  | $ | 22,223 |  |  | $ | 15,421 |

Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense as of June 30, 2023 was $98.2 million with a weighted average remaining period of 2.90 years.
9. Commitments and Contingencies
The Company has a Research, Development and Commercialization Agreement with
Hoffmann-La
Roche (“Roche”) which grants the Company a sole and exclusive license to develop, use, sell, offer for sale and import any Licensed Product as defined by the agreement.
The agreement requires future milestone payments to Roche. Remaining milestones under the agreement total $8 million and are payable upon Madrigal achieving specified objectives related to future regulatory approval in the United States and Europe of resmetirom or a product developed from resmetirom. Furthermore, a tiered single-digit royalty is payable on net sales of resmetirom or a product developed from resmetirom, subject to certain reductions. The Company has not achieved any additional product development or regulatory milestones and had no Licensed Product sales for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.
The Company has entered into customary contractual arrangements and letters of intent in preparation for and in support of the clinical trials.
********** END OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS **********
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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q includes “forward-looking statements” made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, that are based on our beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to us, but are subject to factors beyond our control Forward-looking statements: reflect management’s current knowledge, assumptions, judgment and expectations regarding future performance or events; include all statements that are not historical facts; and can be identified by terms such as “accelerate,” “achieve,” “allow,” “anticipates,” “appear,” “be,” “believes,” “can,” “continue,” “confidence,” “could,” “demonstrates,” “design,” “estimates,” “expectation,” “expects,” “forecasts,” “future,” “goal,” “help,” “hopeful,” “inform,” “informed,” “intends,” “may,” “might,” “on track,” “planned,” “planning,” “plans,” “positions,” “potential,” “powers,” “predicts,” ”predictive,” “projects,” “seeks,” “should,” “will,” “will achieve,” “will be,” “would” or similar expressions and the negatives of those terms. In particular, forward-looking statements contained in or incorporated by reference to this Quarterly Report relate to, among other things,

| • |  | Anticipated or estimated future results, including the risks and uncertainties associated with our future operating performance and financial position;

| • |  | Our possible or assumed future results of operations and expenses, business strategies and plans (including ex-U.S. launch/partnering plans), capital needs and financing plans, including incurrence of indebtedness and compliance with debt covenants under the Loan and Security Agreement with Hercules Capital, Inc., as agent and lender, market trends, market sizing, competitive position, industry environment and potential growth opportunities, among other things;

| • |  | Our ability to delay certain research activities and related clinical expenses as necessary;

| • |  | Our projected resources and sufficiency of capital to fund our operating expenses through the projected commercial launch of resmetirom, assuming Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approval is obtained;

| • |  | Our clinical trials, including the anticipated timing of disclosure, presentations of data from, or outcomes from our trials,

| • |  | Research and development activities, and the timing and results associated with the future development of our lead product candidate, resmetirom (formerly known as MGL-3196), including projected market size, sector leadership, and patient treatment estimates for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (“NASH”) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (“NAFLD”) patients,

| • |  | The timing and completion of projected future clinical milestone events, including enrollment, additional studies, top-line data and open label projections,

| • |  | Resmetirom’s potential to be a cost-effective specialty therapy for NASH patients with significant liver fibrosis,

| • |  | Plans, objectives and timing for making a Subpart H (Accelerated Approval of New Drugs for Serious or Life-Threatening Illnesses) submission to the FDA,

| • |  | Projections or objectives for obtaining accelerated or full approval for resmetirom for NASH patients with significant fibrosis (or non-cirrhotic NASH patients) and NASH patients with compensated cirrhosis,

| • |  | Our primary and key secondary study endpoints for resmetirom, and the potential for achieving such endpoints and projections, including NASH resolution, safety, fibrosis treatment, cardiovascular effects and lipid treatment with resmetirom,

| • |  | Optimal dosing levels for resmetirom and projections regarding potential NASH or NAFLD and potential patient benefits with resmetirom, including future NASH resolution, safety, fibrosis treatment, cardiovascular effects, lipid treatment and/or biomarker effects with resmetirom,

| • |  | Our ability to address the unmet needs of patients suffering from NASH with significant fibrosis,

| • |  | The potential efficacy and safety of resmetirom for non-cirrhotic NASH patients and cirrhotic NASH patients,

| • |  | The potential for resmetirom to become the best-in-class and/or first-to-market treatment option for patients with NASH and liver fibrosis;

| • |  | Anticipated or estimated future results of operations and expenses as we expand our resmetirom clinical development program and our commercial development program;

| • |  | Ex-U.S. launch/partnering plans,

| • |  | The ability to develop clinical evidence demonstrating the utility of non-invasive tools and techniques to screen and diagnose NASH and/or NAFLD patients,

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| • |  | The predictive power of liver fat reduction with resmetirom, as measured by non-invasive tests, on NASH resolution and/or fibrosis reduction or improvement, and potential NASH or NAFLD patient risk profile benefits with resmetirom,

| • |  | The predictive power of liver fat, liver volume changes or MAST scores for NASH and/or NAFLD patients,

| • |  | The predictive power of NASH resolution and/or liver fibrosis reduction with resmetirom or improvement using non-invasive tests, including the use of ELF, FibroScan, MRE and/or MRI-PDFF,

| • |  | The predictive power of non-invasive tests generally, including for purposes of diagnosing NASH, monitoring patient response to resmetirom, or recruiting and conducting a NASH clinical trial,

| • |  | Market demand for and acceptance of our products,

| • |  | Research, development and commercialization of new products,

| • |  | The potential for resmetirom to be an effective treatment for other disease indications,

| • |  | Obtaining and maintaining regulatory approvals, including, but not limited to, potential regulatory delays or rejections,

| • |  | Risks associated with meeting the objectives of our clinical studies, including, but not limited to our ability to achieve enrollment objectives concerning patient numbers (including an adequate safety database), outcomes objectives and/or timing objectives for our studies, any delays or failures in enrollment, the occurrence of adverse safety events, and the risks of successfully conducting trials that are substantially larger, and have patients with different disease states, than our past trials,

| • |  | our continued reliance on third-party contract manufacturers for the manufacture of our product candidates, including resmetirom,

| • |  | Risks related to the effects of resmetirom’s mechanism of action and our ability to accomplish our business and business development objectives and realize the anticipated benefit of any such transactions, and

| • |  | Assumptions underlying any of the foregoing.

We caution you that the foregoing list may not include all of the forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report. Although management presently believes that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, it can give no assurance that such expectations will prove to be correct and you should be aware that actual results could differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties including, but not limited to: our clinical and commercial development of resmetirom; enrollment and trial outlook uncertainties, generally, based on blinded, locked or limited trial data and in relation to COVID-19-related measures and individual precautionary measures that may be implemented or continued for an uncertain period of time; our potential inability to raise sufficient capital to fund our ongoing operations as currently planned or to obtain financings on terms similar to those we have arranged in the past; our ability to service our indebtedness and otherwise comply with our debt covenants; outcomes or trends from competitive studies; future topline data timing or results; the risks of achieving potential benefits in studies that includes substantially more patients, and patients with different disease states, than our prior studies; limitations associated with early stage or non-placebo controlled study data; the timing and outcomes of clinical studies of resmetirom; and the uncertainties inherent in clinical testing. Undue reliance should not be placed on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date they are made. Madrigal undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect new information, events or circumstances after the date they are made, or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. Please refer to Madrigal’s submissions filed or furnished with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for more detailed information regarding these risks and uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied. We specifically discuss these risks and uncertainties in greater detail in the section appearing in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on February 23, 2023 (the “2022 Form 10-K”), as well as in our other filings with the SEC. You should read the 2022 Form 10-K, this Quarterly Report, and the other documents that we file or have filed with the SEC, with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from the results expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.

Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risks and uncertainties, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual future results to be materially different from those expressed or implied by any forward-looking statements.

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Except as required by applicable law or the rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market, or NASDAQ, we assume no obligation to update any forward-looking statements publicly, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

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Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The consolidated financial statements, included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read together with our audited financial statements and accompanying notes for year ended December 31, 2022 and the related Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, both of which are included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical information, this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, that involve risks and uncertainties, such as statements of our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions. As disclosed in this report under “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in the “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” sections contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. Our operating results are not necessarily indicative of results that may occur for the full fiscal year or any other future period.

About Madrigal Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Our Focus. We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company pursuing novel therapeutics for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, or NASH. Our lead product candidate, resmetirom, is a proprietary, liver-directed, selective thyroid hormone receptor-ß, or THR-ß, agonist being developed as a once-daily oral pill for the treatment of NASH.

Our Patient Market Opportunity. NASH is a serious inflammatory form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, or NAFLD. NAFLD has become the most common liver disease in the United States and other developed countries and is characterized by an accumulation of fat in the liver with no other apparent causes. NASH can progress to cirrhosis or liver failure, require liver transplantation and can also result in liver cancer. Progression of NASH to end stage liver disease will soon surpass all other causes of liver failure requiring liver transplantation. Importantly, beyond these critical conditions, NASH and NAFLD patients additionally suffer heightened cardiovascular risk and, in fact, die more frequently from cardiovascular events than from liver disease. NASH and NAFLD have grown as a consequence of rising worldwide obesity-related disorders. In the United States, NAFLD is estimated to affect approximately 25% of the population, and approximately 25% of those will progress from NAFLD to NASH. Current estimates place NASH prevalence at approximately 22 million people in the United States by 2024, with similar prevalence in Europe and Asia. The prevalence of NASH is also increasing in developing regions due to the adoption of a more sedentary lifestyle and a diet consisting of processed foods with high fat and fructose content.

Our Completed Studies. For NASH, we enrolled 125 patients in a Phase 2 clinical trial with resmetirom. We achieved the 12-week primary endpoint for this Phase 2 clinical trial and reported the results in December 2017, and we reported positive topline 36-week results at the conclusion of the Phase 2 clinical trial in May 2018. We also completed a 36-week, open-label extension study in 31 participating NASH patients from our Phase 2 clinical trial, which included 14 patients who received placebo in the main study.

On December 18, 2019 the Company announced it had opened for enrollment MAESTRO-NAFLD-1, a 52-week, non-invasive, multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 3 clinical study of patients with biopsy-confirmed or presumed NASH recruited from sites in the U.S. Key endpoints are safety, including safety biomarkers. Secondary endpoints include LDL cholesterol, lipid biomarkers, MRI-PDFF, NASH and fibrosis biomarkers. Except for serial liver biopsies, the study protocol is similar to the MAESTRO-NASH study (discussed below under “—Our Ongoing and Planned Studies”), with resmetirom doses of 80 mg or 100 mg or placebo. Enrollment objectives for this study were exceeded, with approximately 1,300 patients enrolled overall. Using noninvasive measures, MAESTRO-NAFLD-1 was designed to provide incremental safety information to support the NASH indication as well as provide additional data regarding clinically relevant key secondary efficacy endpoints to better characterize the potential clinical benefits of resmetirom on cardiovascular- and liver-related endpoints. In November of 2021, we reported data from the open label non-cirrhotic arm of MAESTRO-NAFLD-1, and in January 2022 we announced that we achieved primary and secondary endpoints for the double-blind portion of MAESTRO-NAFLD-1.

An additional open-label active treatment arm in 180 patients with early (well-compensated) NASH cirrhosis was conducted. Resmetirom was safe and well tolerated in the MAESTRO-NAFLD-1 open-label cohort of patients with well-compensated NASH cirrhosis. As observed in patients with noncirrhotic NASH, mild GI adverse events were seen at the beginning of therapy. Resmetirom reduced LDL-C, other atherogenic lipids and lipoproteins, and MRI-PDFF in patients with NASH cirrhosis and also reduced liver and spleen volume.

Our Ongoing and Planned Studies. On March 28, 2019, the Company announced that it had initiated MAESTRO-NASH, a Phase 3 trial in NASH with its once daily, oral thyroid hormone receptor beta selective agonist, resmetirom. This double-blind, placebo-controlled study is being conducted at more than 220 sites in the United States and the rest of the world. MAESTRO-NASH is a

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multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 3 study of resmetirom in patients with liver biopsy-confirmed NASH and was initiated in March 2019. The subpart H portion of the study enrolled more than 1,000 patients with biopsy-proven NASH (at least half with F3 (advanced) fibrosis, the remainder F2 or F1B (moderate fibrosis) with a few earlier F1 patients), randomized 1:1:1 to receive once-daily resmetirom 80 mg, resmetirom 100 mg, or placebo. After 52 weeks of treatment, a second liver biopsy is performed. The dual primary surrogate endpoints on biopsy are NASH resolution with ≥2-point reduction in NAS (NAFLD Activity Score), and with no worsening of fibrosis OR a 1-point decrease in fibrosis with no worsening of NAS. Achievement of either primary endpoint is considered a successful trial outcome. A key secondary endpoint is lowering of LDL-C. All patients enrolled in the

20

MAESTRO-NASH study (approximately 1,750) continue on therapy after the initial 52-week treatment period for up to 54 months to accrue and measure hepatic clinical outcome events including progression to cirrhosis on biopsy (52 weeks and 54 months) and hepatic decompensation events, as well as all-cause mortality. In December 2022, we reported topline results from the subpart H portion of the study: resmetirom achieved both primary endpoints with both daily oral doses, 80 mg and 100 mg, relative to placebo, as summarized in “- Key Developments” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

On July 13, 2021 we announced first patient dosed in a planned 52-week open label active treatment extension study of MAESTRO-NAFLD-1, named MAESTRO-NAFLD-Open Label Extension (OLE). The OLE study allows patients who complete MAESTRO-NAFLD-1 to consent to 52 weeks of active treatment with resmetirom, making this treatment available to both patients who were assigned to placebo in MAESTRO-NAFLD-1 and patients who were on resmetirom in MAESTRO-NAFLD-1.

In August 2022, Madrigal initiated MAESTRO-NASH-OUTCOMES, a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study in approximately 700 patients with early NASH cirrhosis to allow for noninvasive monitoring of progression to liver decompensation events. A positive outcome is expected to support the full approval of resmetirom for noncirrhotic NASH, potentially accelerating the timeline to full approval. In addition, this study has the potential to support an additional indication for resmetirom in patients with well-compensated NASH cirrhosis.

Key Developments

In July 2023, Madrigal announced the completion of the rolling submission of its New Drug Application (NDA) to the FDA for resmetirom for the treatment of adults with NASH with liver fibrosis, a disease with no approved therapy. Madrigal has requested a priority review of the resmetirom NDA.

In April 2023, Madrigal announced that resmetirom has received Breakthrough Therapy designation from the FDA for the treatment of patients with NASH with liver fibrosis. Breakthrough Therapy designation is a process intended to expedite the development and review of drugs for serious or life-threatening conditions. The criteria for breakthrough therapy designation require preliminary clinical evidence that demonstrates the drug may have substantial improvement on at least one clinically significant endpoint over available therapy, or over placebo if there is no available therapy. A drug that receives Breakthrough Therapy designation is eligible for more intensive guidance on an efficient drug development program and organizational commitment involving senior managers from FDA.

Also in April 2023, Madrigal announced that the outcomes portion of the Phase 3 MAESTRO-NASH biopsy trial has completed enrollment. Enrollment of the MAESTRO-NASH study was closed at approximately 1,750 patients based on the enrollment target of the 54-month long-term clinical outcome portion of the study.

Basis of Presentation

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses primarily consist of costs associated with our research activities, including the preclinical and clinical development of our product candidates. We expense our research and development expenses as incurred. We contract with clinical research organizations to manage our clinical trials under agreed upon budgets for each study, with oversight by our clinical program managers. We account for nonrefundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities as expenses when the service has been performed or when the goods have been received. Manufacturing expense includes costs associated with drug formulation development and clinical drug production. We do not track employee and facility related research and development costs by project, as we typically use our employee and infrastructure resources across multiple research and development programs. We believe that the allocation of such costs would be arbitrary and not be meaningful.

Our research and development expenses consist primarily of:

| • |  | salaries and related expense, including stock-based compensation;

| • |  | external expenses paid to clinical trial sites, contract research organizations, laboratories, database software and consultants that conduct clinical trials;

| • |  | expenses related to development and the production of nonclinical and clinical trial supplies, including fees paid to contract manufacturers;

| • |  | expenses related to preclinical studies;

| • |  | expenses related to compliance with drug development regulatory requirements; and

| • |  | other allocated expenses, which include direct and allocated expenses for depreciation of equipment and other supplies.

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We expect to continue to incur substantial expenses related to our development activities for the foreseeable future as we conduct our clinical studies programs, manufacturing and toxicology studies. Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later stage clinical trials, additional drug manufacturing requirements, and later stage toxicology studies such as carcinogenicity studies. Our research and development expenses have increased period over period in each of 2023 and 2022 and we expect that our research and development expenses may increase in the future. The process of conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials necessary to obtain regulatory approval is costly and time consuming. The probability of success for each product candidate is affected by numerous factors, including preclinical data, clinical data, competition, manufacturing capability and commercial viability. Accordingly, we may never succeed in achieving marketing approval for any of our product candidates.

Completion dates and costs for our clinical development programs as well as our research program can vary significantly for each current and future product candidate and are difficult to predict. As a result, we cannot estimate with any degree of certainty the costs we will incur in connection with the development of our product candidates at this point in time. We expect that we will make determinations as to which programs and product candidates to pursue and how much funding to direct to each program and product candidate on an ongoing basis in response to the scientific success of research, results of ongoing and future clinical trials, potential collaborative agreements with respect to programs or potential product candidates, as well as ongoing assessments as to each current or future product candidate’s commercial potential.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation expenses for employees, management costs, costs associated with obtaining and maintaining our patent portfolio, professional fees for accounting, auditing, consulting and legal services, and allocated overhead expenses.

We expect that our general and administrative expenses will increase in the future as we expand our operating activities, prepare for commercialization, maintain and expand our patent portfolio and incur additional costs associated with being a public company and maintaining compliance with exchange listing and SEC requirements. We expect these potential increases will likely include management costs, legal fees, accounting fees, directors’ and officers’ liability insurance premiums and expenses associated with investor relations.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amount of assets, liabilities, and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to accrued research and development expenses and stock-based compensation expense. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events, and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. There have been no material changes in our critical accounting policies and significant judgments and estimates during the six months ended June 30, 2023, as compared to those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on February 23, 2023.

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Results of Operations

Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022

The following table provides comparative unaudited results of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Increase / (Decrease) |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Research and Development Expenses |  | $ | 68,605 |  |  | $ | 58,499 |  |  |  | 10,106 |  |  |  | 17 | %
General and Administrative Expenses |  |  | 17,845 |  |  |  | 11,774 |  |  |  | 6,071 |  |  |  | 52 | %
Interest (Income) |  |  | (3,551 | ) |  |  | (323 | ) |  |  | 3,228 |  |  |  | 999 | %
Interest Expense |  |  | 2,901 |  |  |  | 780 |  |  |  | 2,121 |  |  |  | 272 | %
|  | $ | 85,800 |  |  | $ | 70,730 |  |  |  | 15,070 |  |  |  | 21 | %

Revenue

We had no revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

Research and Development Expenses

Our research and development expenses were $68.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $58.5 million in the corresponding period in 2022. Research and development expenses increased by $10.1 million in the 2023 period due primarily to the additional activities related to our Phase 3 clinical trials, including MAESTRO-NASH Outcomes, an increase in headcount, and an increase in stock compensation expense. We expect our research and development expenses to increase as we advance our clinical and preclinical development programs for resmetirom.

General and Administrative Expenses

Our general and administrative expenses were $17.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $11.8 million in the corresponding period in 2022. General and administrative expenses increased by $6.1 million in the 2023 period due primarily to increases in commercial preparation activities, including a corresponding increase in headcount, and an increase in stock compensation expense. We believe our general and administrative expenses may increase over time as we advance our clinical and preclinical development programs for resmetirom, prepare for commercialization, and expand our operating activities, which will likely result in an increase in our headcount, consulting services, and related overhead needed to support those efforts.

Interest Income

Our net interest income was $3.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $0.3 million in the corresponding period in 2022. The increase in interest income was due primarily to higher principal balances and interest rates in 2023.

Interest Expense

Our interest expense was $2.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $0.8 million in the corresponding period in 2022. The increase in interest expense was primarily as a result of higher outstanding principal balances during the period under the Loan Facility with Hercules.

Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022

The following table provides comparative unaudited results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Increase / (Decrease) |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Research and Development Expenses |  | $ | 130,759 |  |  | $ | 106,428 |  |  |  | 24,331 |  |  |  | 23 | %
General and Administrative Expenses |  |  | 34,027 |  |  |  | 21,432 |  |  |  | 12,595 |  |  |  | 59 | %
Interest (Income) |  |  | (7,327 | ) |  |  | (392 | ) |  |  | 6,935 |  |  |  | 1769 | %
Interest Expense |  |  | 5,237 |  |  |  | 780 |  |  |  | 4,457 |  |  |  | 571 | %
|  | $ | 162,696 |  |  | $ | 128,248 |  |  |  | 34,448 |  |  |  | 27 | %

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Revenue

We had no revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

Research and Development Expenses

Our research and development expenses were $130.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $106.4 million in the corresponding period in 2022. Research and development expenses increased by $24.3 million in the 2023 period due primarily to the additional activities related to our Phase 3 clinical trials, including MAESTRO-NASH Outcomes, an increase in headcount, and an increase in stock compensation expense. We expect our research and development expenses to increase as we advance our clinical and preclinical development programs for resmetirom.

General and Administrative Expenses

Our general and administrative expenses were $34.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $21.4 million in the corresponding period in 2022. General and administrative expenses increased by $12.6 million in the 2023 period due primarily to increases in commercial preparation activities, including a corresponding increase in headcount, and an increase in stock compensation expense. We believe our general and administrative expenses may increase over time as we advance our clinical and preclinical development programs for resmetirom, prepare for commercialization, and expand our operating activities, which will likely result in an increase in our headcount, consulting services, and related overhead needed to support those efforts.

Interest Income

Our net interest income was $7.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $0.4 million in the corresponding period in 2022. The increase in interest income was due primarily to higher principal balances and interest rates in 2023.

Interest Expense

Our interest expense was $5.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $0.8 million in the corresponding period in 2022. The increase in interest expense was primarily as a result of higher outstanding principal balances during the period under the Loan Facility with Hercules.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since inception, we have incurred significant net losses and we have funded our operations primarily through the issuance of shares of our common stock and shares of our preferred stock, borrowings under the Loan Facility with Hercules, the issuance of convertible debt and the proceeds from the merger with Synta Pharmaceuticals Corp. Our most significant use of capital pertains to salaries and benefits for our employees, including clinical, scientific, operational, financial and management personnel, and external research and development expenses, such as clinical trials and preclinical activity related to our product candidates.

As of June 30, 2023, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities totaling $298.4 million compared to $358.8 million as of December 31, 2022, with this decrease attributable to funding of operations, partially offset by $50.0 million drawn from the Loan Facility with Hercules, proceeds from the exercise of stock options, and proceeds from the at-the-market sales agreement with Cowen and Company, LLC (“Cowen”). Our cash and investment balances are held in a variety of interest-bearing instruments, including obligations of U.S. government agencies, U.S. Treasury debt securities, corporate debt securities and money market funds. Cash in excess of immediate requirements is invested in accordance with our investment policy with a view toward capital preservation and liquidity.

We anticipate continuing to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future. While our rate of cash usage will likely increase in the future, in particular to support our product development and clinical trial efforts, as well as preparation for commercialization, we believe our available cash resources as of June 30, 2023 will be sufficient to fund our operations past one year from the issuance of the financial statements contained herein. Our future long-term liquidity requirements will be substantial and will depend on many factors. To meet future long-term liquidity requirements, as well as maintain compliance with certain of our Loan Facility covenants, we will need to raise additional capital to fund our operations through equity or debt financings, collaborations, partnerships or other strategic transactions. We regularly consider fundraising opportunities and may decide, from time to time, to raise capital based on various factors, including market conditions and our plans of operation. Additional capital may not be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all. We also have the ability to delay certain research activities and related clinical expenses, as well as commercial preparation investments, if necessary due to liquidity concerns until a date when those concerns are relieved. If adequate funds are not available, or if the terms of potential funding sources are unfavorable, our business and our ability to develop our product candidates would be harmed. Furthermore, any sales of additional equity securities may result in dilution to our stockholders, and any debt financing may include covenants that restrict our business.

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At-the-Market Sales Agreement

On May 9, 2023, the Company entered into Amendment No. 1 (the “Amendment”) to the Sales Agreement, dated June 1, 2021 (as amended, the “Sales Agreement”) with Cowen, which Amendment increased by up to an additional $200,000,000 the amount of common stock that can be issued and sold by the Company from time to time through or to Cowen under the Sales Agreement, acting as agent or principal.

Sales of our common stock, if any, under the Sales Agreement will be made by any method that is deemed to be an “at the market” offering as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The Company has no obligation to sell any common stock and may at any time suspend offers under the Sales Agreement or terminate the Sales Agreement pursuant to its terms.

Loan Facility

Please see “Note 6 – Long Term Debt” to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for information on our Loan Facility with Hercules.

Cash Flows

The following table provides a summary of our net cash flow activity (in thousands):

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Net cash used in operating activities |  | $ | (159,377 | ) |  | $ | (107,273 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  | (190,596 | ) |  |  | 75,162 |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 95,620 |  |  |  | 49,114 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | (254,353 | ) |  | $ | 17,003 |

Net cash used in operating activities was $159.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $107.3 million for the corresponding period in 2022. The use of cash in these periods resulted primarily from our losses from operations, as adjusted for non-cash charges for stock-based compensation, and changes in our working capital accounts.

Net cash used in investing activities was $190.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $75.2 million provided by for the corresponding period in 2022. Net cash used in investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023 primarily consisted of $290.7 million of purchases of marketable securities for our investment portfolio, partially offset by $100.2 million from sales and maturities of marketable securities. Net cash provided by investing activities for the corresponding period in 2022 primarily consisted of $191.8 million from sales and maturities of marketable securities, partially offset by $116.5 million of purchases of marketable securities for our investment portfolio.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $95.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $49.1 million for the corresponding period in 2022. Financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023 consisted of $50.0 million from borrowings under the Loan Facility, $24.2 million of proceeds from the exercise of common stock options, and $21.8 million from sales of our common stock under the 2023 Sales Agreement, partially offset by $0.3 million of loan issuance costs.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Except for the future minimum payments due on the Loan Facility with Hercules set forth in “Note 6 – Long Term Debt” to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, no significant changes to contractual obligations and commitments occurred during the six months ended June 30, 2023, as compared to those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on February 23, 2023.

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Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Interest Rate Risk

Our exposure to market risk is confined to our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities and Loan Facility. We regularly review our investments and monitor the financial markets. We invest in high-quality financial instruments, primarily money market funds, U.S. government and agency securities, government- sponsored bond obligations and certain other corporate debt securities, with the effective duration of the portfolio less than twelve months and no security with a duration in excess of twenty-four months, which we believe are subject to limited credit risk. We currently do not hedge interest rate exposure. Due to the short-term duration of our investment portfolio and the current risk profile of our investments, we believe that an immediate 10% change in interest rates would not have a material effect on the fair market value of our portfolio. We do not believe that we have any material exposure to interest rate risk or changes in credit ratings arising from our investments.

In May 2022 we entered into the Loan Facility, which has an interest rate that is linked to the prime rate. We do not believe that we have any material exposure to interest rate risk given the current principal amount of the loan.

Capital Market Risk

We currently have no product revenues and depend on funds raised through other sources. One source of funding is through future debt or equity offerings. Our ability to raise funds in this manner depends upon, among other things, capital market forces affecting our stock price and the factors described in our “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking “Statements.” “Liquidity and Capital Resources” and “Risk Factors” disclosures included or referred to in this filing.

Effects of Inflation

Inflation generally affects us with increased cost of labor and clinical trial costs. We do not believe that inflation and changing prices had a significant impact on our results of operations for any periods presented herein.

Item 4. | Controls and Procedures.

Definition and Limitations of Disclosure Controls

Our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file under the Exchange Act, such as this Quarterly Report, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our management evaluates these controls and procedures on an ongoing basis.

We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision of and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report. Based on the foregoing, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures

In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs. The design of any disclosure controls and procedures also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during our most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. | Legal Proceedings.

We are not party to any material pending legal proceedings. From time to time, we may be involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business.

Item 1A. | Risk Factors.

Except as set forth below, there have been no material changes to the risk factors included in detail in the “Risk Factors” sections appearing in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on February 23, 2023.

Funds affiliated with Baker Bros. Advisors LP hold a significant portion of our total outstanding shares of common stock (including shares of our common stock issuable upon conversion of shares of our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and Series B Convertible Preferred Stock), and any sale of such shares into the market, or perception that sales could occur, in the future could cause the market price of our common stock to drop significantly.

Pursuant to a Registration Rights Agreement, dated August 7, 2023, among the Company, 667, L.P. and Baker Brothers Life Sciences, L.P., the Company filed with the SEC on August 8, 2023 a prospectus supplement to the prospectus that forms a part of its effective registration statement on Form S-3 registering for resale up to 3,914,910 shares of our common stock (which includes 1,969,797 shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and 400,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of our Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, each of which are common stock equivalents with no voting rights, that are convertible into shares of common stock on a 1-for-1 basis only to the extent that after giving effect to such conversion the holders thereof and their affiliates and any persons who are members of a Section 13(d) group with the holders or their affiliates would beneficially own (in the aggregate, for purposes of Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act) no more than 4.99% of the outstanding common stock, which may be increased or decreased up to 19.99% at the holder’s election on 61 days’ notice and certain limitations) owned by funds affiliated with Baker Bros. Advisors LP (“Baker Bros.”). This represents approximately 18.8% of our total outstanding shares of common stock as of July 31, 2023 on a fully as-converted to common stock basis. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market by Baker Bros., or the perception that these sales might occur, could depress the market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We are unable to predict the effect that sales by Baker Bros., or any perception that sales may occur, may have on the prevailing market price of our common stock.

Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

In June of 2023, in accordance with the terms of its Loan and Security Agreement, as amended, (the “Loan Facility”) with Hercules Capital, Inc. (“Hercules”) the Company issued Hercules and affiliates warrants to purchase 1,051 shares of its common stock at an exercise price of $285.31 per share. The warrant had a Black-Scholes value of $0.2 million, and was issued as consideration in connection with the Company’s borrowing of $15 million under the second tranche of the Loan Facility (as described in “Note 6 – Long Term Debt” to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q).

All warrants issued to Hercules under the Loan Facility have been issued in reliance upon the exemption provided in Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended and/or Regulation D promulgated thereunder.

Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. | Other Information.

On June 15, 2023, Julian Baker and Raymond Cheong, Ph.D./MD were appointed to the Board as Class III directors and will serve terms lasting until the Company’s Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held in 2025, and until their respective successors have been elected and qualified. The same day the Board determined that it was appropriate for the Company to institute changes to its Board governance structure and implement a separation of the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer functions. Effective June 15, 2023, Julian Baker was appointed to serve as the independent Chairman of the Board of Directors and Paul A. Friedman, M.D. continued service as the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and as a Class I director on the Board until the Company’s Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held in 2026, and until his successor has been elected and qualified.

Mr. Baker and Dr. Cheong are affiliated with Baker Bros. Advisors LP and its related funds (collectively, “Baker Bros.”), which are significant owners of the Company’s capital stock, as disclosed in SEC filings. Mr. Baker is a managing member of the general partner of Baker Bros. Advisors LP., and Dr. Cheong is a Managing Director at Baker Brothers Investments. In connection with the appointment of Mr. Baker and Dr. Cheong to the Board, Baker Bros. waived rights under that certain Securities Purchase Agreement, dated June 20, 2017 (the “2017 SPA”), as amended by Amendments No. 1 and 2 (collectively, the “SPA”), to designate a director to the Board while Mr. Baker or Dr. Cheong are on the Board or to appoint a Board observer subject the SPA, while Mr. Baker or Dr. Cheong are on the Board or serving as a Board observer.

Registration Rights Agreement Signing; Resale Prospectus Filing

Pursuant to the terms of the 2017 SPA, the Company agreed with certain fund affiliates of Baker Bros. (the “Baker Bros. Funds” or “BBA Investors”) that if the BBA Investors determined, based on the totality of the circumstances, that they may be deemed to be “affiliates” of the Company within the meaning of Rule 144 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), whether through the exercise of their board designation rights under the SPA or otherwise, the Company would enter into the registration rights agreement with the BBA Investors in the form attached to the 2017 SPA (the “Registration Rights Agreement”). The BBA Investors informed the Company prior to the filing of this Form 10-Q they may be deemed to be “affiliates” of the Company and thereafter entered into the Registration Rights Agreement with the Company on August 7, 2023 covering certain resale registration rights with respect to shares of the Company’s common stock (including shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of any securities of the Company) that are now held or are hereafter acquired by the BBA Investors (the “Registrable Securities”).

Under the Registration Rights Agreement, and following request by the BBA Investors, the Company filed, in connection with the filing of this Form 10-Q, a resale prospectus supplement to the prospectus that forms a part of the Company’s effective Registration Statement on Form S-3ASR (the “Resale Prospectus”) registering the Registrable Securities for resale in satisfaction of the Company’s obligations under the Registration Rights Agreement. The Resale Prospectus registers or covers for resale up to 3,914,910 shares of our common stock currently owned or that may be acquired upon the conversion of securities beneficially owned by the Baker Bros. Funds (the “Resale Shares”). The Company is obligated under the Registration Rights Agreement to register additional Registrable Securities acquired by the BBA Investors, so the Company may be required to file additional supplements to the Resale Prospectus in the future to increase the number of shares that are covered thereby. The Company is obligated to use its reasonable best efforts to maintain the effectiveness of the Resale Prospectus (or any other appropriate subsequent form registering the Registrable Securities) until the earlier of such time that (i) all Registrable Securities covered by the Resale Prospectus have been sold or may be sold freely without limitations or restrictions as to volume or manner of sale pursuant to Rule 144 of the Securities Act, or (ii) all Registrable Securities covered by the Resale Prospectus otherwise cease to be considered Registrable Securities pursuant to the terms of the Registration Rights Agreement. Under the Registration Rights Agreement, the Baker Bros. Funds have the right to one underwritten public offering per calendar year, but no more than three underwritten public offerings in total, to effect the sale or distribution of their Registrable Securities, subject to specified exceptions, conditions and limitations. The rights of the Baker Bros. Funds concerning Registrable Securities under the Registration Rights Agreement will continue in effect for up to ten years following the date of the Registration Rights Agreement.

The foregoing description of the Registration Rights Agreement does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Registration Rights Agreement, which is incorporated by reference as an exhibit to this Form 10-Q and is incorporated herein by reference. The Company is filing herewith a copy of the opinion of Hogan Lovells US LLP regarding the legality of the Resale Shares, attached hereto as an exhibit to this Form 10-Q.

The Company is not offering for sale any shares of common stock under the Resale Prospectus, and the Company will not receive any proceeds from the sale of any Resale Shares by the selling stockholder from time to time pursuant to the resale prospectus.

Item 6. | Exhibits.

The exhibits filed or furnished as part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are set forth on the Exhibit Index, which Exhibit Index is incorporated herein by reference.

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EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit Description |  | Incorporated by Reference |  | Filed Herewith |
| Form |  | File No. |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date
3.1 |  | Certificate of Amendment to Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Madrigal Pharmaceuticals, Inc., as filed on June 16, 2023 with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware |  | 8-K |  | 001-33277 |  | 3.1 |  | June 20, 2023 |  |  |  |
5.1 |  | Legal Opinion of Hogan Lovells US LLP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |
10.1 |  | Amendment No. 1 to Sales Agreement, dated May 9, 2023, by and between Madrigal Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Cowen and Company, LLC. |  | 8-K |  | 001-33277 |  | 1.1 |  | May 9, 2023 |  |  |  |
10.2 |  | Registration Rights Agreement, dated August 7, 2023, by and among Madrigal Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 667, L.P. and Baker Brothers Life Sciences, L.P. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |
10.3 |  | Form of RSU Agreement for Directors |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |
10.4 |  | Form of RSU Agreement for Executive Officers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |
10.5 |  | Form of RSU Agreement for Employees |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |
23.1 |  | Consent of Hogan Lovells US LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |
31.1 |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |
31.2 |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |
32.1* |  | Certifications of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |
104 |  | Inline XBRL for the cover page of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, included in the Exhibit 101 Inline XBRL Document Set. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

* | The certifications attached as Exhibit 32.1 that accompany this Quarterly Report pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, shall not be deemed “filed” by the registrant for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act and are not to be incorporated by reference into any of the registrant’s filings under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in any such filing.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  |  | MADRIGAL PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
Date: August 8, 2023 |  |  |  | By: |  | /s/ Paul A. Friedman, M.D.
|  |  |  |  |  | Paul A. Friedman, M.D.
|  |  |  |  |  | Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board
|  |  |  |  |  | (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: August 8, 2023 |  |  |  | By: |  | /s/ Alex G. Howarth
|  |  |  |  |  | Alex G. Howarth
|  |  |  |  |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
|  |  |  |  |  | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

29