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Other Revenue
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2024
Revenue Recognition and Deferred Revenue [Abstract]  
Other Revenue
3. Net Product Sales

Net product sales by customer geographic location were as follows (in millions):
Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2024202320242023
United States$162 $2 $262 $3 
Europe— 60 — 636 
Rest of world22 231 89 1,482 
Total $184 $293 $351 $2,121 

As of June 30, 2024, we have two commercial products authorized for use, our COVID-19 vaccine and our RSV vaccine. The RSV vaccine was approved by the FDA in May 2024 for adults aged 60 years and older. As of June 30, 2024, we had not commenced sales of our RSV vaccine.

Prior to the third quarter of 2023, we sold our COVID-19 vaccine to the U.S. Government, foreign governments and international organizations. The agreements and related amendments with these entities generally do not include variable consideration, such as discounts, rebates or returns. Certain of these agreements entitle us to upfront deposits for our COVID-19 vaccine supply, initially recorded as deferred revenue.

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had deferred revenue of $740 million and $613 million, respectively, related to customer deposits for our COVID-19 vaccine. We expect $645 million of our deferred revenue related to customer deposits as of June 30, 2024 to be realized in less than one year. Timing of product delivery and manufacturing, and receipt of marketing approval for the applicable COVID-19 vaccine will determine the period in which product sales are recognized.

In the third quarter of 2023, we commenced sales of our latest COVID-19 vaccine to the U.S. commercial market, in addition to continuing sales to foreign governments and international organizations. In the U.S., our COVID-19 vaccine is sold primarily to wholesalers and distributors, and to a lesser extent, directly to retailers and healthcare providers. Wholesalers and distributors typically do not make upfront payments to us.

Net product sales are recognized net of estimated wholesaler chargebacks, invoice discounts for prompt payments and pre-orders, provisions for sales returns, and other related deductions.

The following table summarizes product sales provision for the periods presented (in millions):
Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2024202320242023
Gross product sales $191 $293 $413 $2,121 
Product sales provision:
Wholesaler chargebacks, discounts and fees
22 — — — 
Returns and other fees(29)— (62)— 
Total product sales provision
$(7)$— $(62)$— 
Net product sales $184 $293 $351 $2,121 
The following table summarizes the activities related to product sales provision recorded as accrued liabilities for the six months ended June 30, 2024 (in millions):
Returns and other fees
Balance at December 31, 2023$(556)
Provision related to sales made in 2024
(62)
Payments and returns related to sales made in current period 13 
Payments and returns related to sales made in prior year
51 
Balance at June 30, 2024$(554)
4. Other Revenue

The following table summarizes other revenue for the periods presented (in millions):
Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2024202320242023
Grant revenue$20 $28 $20 $52 
Collaboration revenue7 23 7 33 
Licensing and royalty revenue
30 — 30 — 
Total other revenue$57 $51 $57 $85 

Grant Revenue

In April 2020, we entered into an agreement with the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), a division of the Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR) within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), for an award of up to $483 million to accelerate development of mRNA-1273. The agreement has been subsequently amended to provide for additional commitments to support various late-stage clinical development efforts of our original COVID-19 vaccine, mRNA-1273, including a 30,000 participant Phase 3 study, pediatric clinical trials, adolescent clinical trials and pharmacovigilance studies. The maximum award from BARDA, inclusive of all amendments, was approximately $1.8 billion. All contract options have been exercised. As of June 30, 2024, the remaining available funding, net of revenue earned was $77 million.

In June 2024, we were awarded up to $176 million through the Rapid Response Partnership Vehicle (RRPV), funded by BARDA, to accelerate the development of mRNA-based pandemic influenza vaccines. The project award will support the late-stage development of an mRNA-based vaccine to enable the licensure of a pre-pandemic vaccine against the H5 influenza virus. This subtype of the influenza virus causes a highly infectious and severe disease in birds known as avian influenza and poses a risk of spillover into the human population. The agreement also includes additional options to prepare for and accelerate responses to future public health threats. We had not recognized any revenue under this agreement as of June 30, 2024.

Licensing and Royalty Revenue

In April 2024, we entered a non-exclusive out-licensing agreement with a pharmaceutical company based in Japan for mRNA COVID-19-related intellectual property for the territory of Japan. Under the terms of the agreement, we received an upfront payment of $50 million, which included a $20 million prepayment creditable against future royalties. Additionally, we are entitled to receive low double-digit royalties on the net sales of the company’s COVID-19 product.
Upon execution of the agreement, we recognized $30 million of the upfront payment as other revenue in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. The remaining $20 million was recorded as deferred revenue in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Royalty revenue will be recognized when the underlying sales occur.