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Commitments and Contingencies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2025
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract] |
Commitments and Contingencies | 12. Commitments and Contingencies Legal Proceedings We are a party to various legal proceedings and claims. Accruals are recognized for legal matters when a loss is both probable and reasonably estimable. As of December 31, 2025, no material contingent liabilities have been recognized. If a material loss is reasonably possible and we can estimate the amount or range of the loss, we disclose such information. Unless otherwise noted, either the outcome of these matters is not expected to be material, or the potential loss cannot be reasonably estimated. From time to time, we may be a party to litigation, arbitration, or other legal proceedings in the course of our business. The outcome of such matters is inherently uncertain and often involves significant judgment in assessing risk and estimating potential exposure. While we do not currently expect any pending proceedings to have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows, there can be no assurance that future developments will not have a material impact. The following summarizes our significant legal proceedings and matters outstanding as of December 31, 2025. We have brought patent-infringement actions against Pfizer Inc. (Pfizer), BioNTech SE (BioNTech) and related entities in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts, Germany, the Netherlands, the UK, Ireland and Belgium concerning our mRNA platform technology and disease-specific vaccine designs. Pfizer and BioNTech have commenced actions or asserted defenses seeking to revoke our patents in these jurisdictions. Arbutus Biopharma Corporation (Arbutus) and Genevant Sciences GmbH (Genevant) have brought patent-infringement actions against us in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware, as well as in Canada, Japan, Switzerland and the Unified Patent Court (UPC) asserting patents concerning lipid nanoparticles. Arbutus and Genevant are seeking judgment of infringement of the asserted patents and monetary damages. The U.S. case has set trial to begin March 9, 2026. GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA (GSK) has filed two complaints against us in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware asserting certain patents owned by GSK. GSK has filed two patent-infringement lawsuits against us in the UPC and two complaints in Spain concerning liposomes and modified liposomes for RNA delivery. Northwestern University has filed a complaint against us in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware asserting U.S. patents concerning lipid nanoparticle technology. Bayer CropSciences LLC, Monsanto Company, and Monsanto Technology, LLC have filed a complaint in U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware asserting a U.S. patent directed to methods of modifying gene sequences. mNG Bio, LLC has filed a complaint against us in U.S District Court for the District of Massachusetts asserting a U.S. patent directed to a yellow-green fluorescent protein. BioNTech SE has filed a complaint against us in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware asserting a U.S. patent directed to modified mRNA compositions encoding a spike protein fragment. We are subject to shareholder class action and shareholder derivative litigation pending in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts related to statements about our RSV vaccine (mRNA-1345). Indemnification Obligations As permitted under Delaware law, we indemnify our officers, directors, and employees for certain events, occurrences while the officer, or director is, or was, serving at our request in such capacity. The term of the indemnification is for the officer’s or director’s lifetime. We have standard indemnification arrangements in our leases for laboratory and office space that require us to indemnify the landlord against any liability for injury, loss, accident, or damage from any claims, actions, proceedings, or costs resulting from certain acts, breaches, violations, or non-performance under our leases. We enter into indemnification provisions under our agreements with counterparties in the ordinary course of business, typically with business collaborators, contractors, clinical sites and customers. Under these provisions, we generally indemnify and hold harmless the indemnified party for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party as a result of our activities. These indemnification provisions generally survive termination of the underlying agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these indemnification provisions is unlimited. Through December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had not experienced any significant losses related to these indemnification obligations, and no material claims were outstanding. We do not expect significant claims related to these indemnification obligations and, consequently, concluded that the fair value of these obligations is negligible, and no related reserves were established. Purchase Commitments and Purchase Orders We enter into agreements in the normal course of business with vendors and contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs) for raw materials and manufacturing services and with vendors for preclinical research studies, clinical trials and other goods or services. As of December 31, 2025, we had $411 million of non-cancelable purchase commitments related to raw materials and manufacturing agreements, which are expected to be paid through 2029. This amount includes $5 million of the purchase commitments related to raw materials that was recorded as an accrued liability for loss on future firm purchase commitments. As of December 31, 2025, we had $1.0 billion of non-cancelable purchase commitments related to research and development and other goods and services which are expected to be paid through 2032. These amounts represent our minimum contractual obligations, including termination fees. In addition to purchase commitments, we have agreements with third parties for various services, including services related to clinical operations and support and contract manufacturing, for which we are not contractually able to terminate for convenience and avoid any and all future obligations to the vendors. Certain agreements provide for termination rights subject to termination fees or wind-down costs. Under such agreements, we are contractually obligated to make certain payments to vendors, mainly, to reimburse them for their unrecoverable outlays incurred prior to cancellation. At December 31, 2025, we had cancelable open purchase orders of approximately $1.8 billion, reflecting amounts associated with our significant vendor arrangements, under such agreements for our clinical operations and support and contract manufacturing. These amounts represent only our estimate of those items for which we had a contractual commitment to pay at December 31, 2025, assuming we would not cancel these agreements. The actual amounts we pay in the future to the vendors under such agreements may differ from the purchase order amounts. Licenses to Patented Technology In 2017, we entered into sublicense agreements with Cellscript, LLC and its affiliate, mRNA RiboTherapeutics, Inc. to sublicense certain patent rights. Pursuant to each agreement, we are required to pay certain license fees, annual maintenance fees, minimum royalties on future net sales and milestone payments contingent on achievement of certain development, regulatory and commercial milestones for specified products, on a product-by-product basis. Commercial milestone payments and royalties based on annual net sales of licensed products for therapeutic and prophylactic products are accounted for as additional expense of the related net product sales in the period in which the corresponding sales occur. In December 2022, we entered into a non-exclusive patent license agreement with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), an Institute or Center of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to license certain patent rights concerning stabilizing prefusion coronavirus spike proteins and the resulting stabilized proteins for use in COVID vaccine products. Pursuant to the agreement, we have agreed to pay low single-digit royalties on future net sales, a minimum annual royalty payment, and certain contingent development, regulatory and commercial milestone payments on a licensed product-by-licensed product basis. In January 2025, we entered into a non-exclusive patent license agreement with NIAID to license certain patent rights related to the development of mRNA-based vaccines for the prevention or treatment of RSV infection. Upon execution of the agreement, we made a total payment of $10 million, which was capitalized as an intangible asset and is amortized to cost of sales on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the licensed patents. In addition, we are obligated to pay low single-digit royalties on future net sales of licensed products. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 we recognized $88 million, $155 million, and $301 million, respectively, of royalties and commercial milestone payments associated with our net product sales, which was recorded to cost of sales in our consolidated statements of operations. Additionally, we have other in-license agreements with third parties which require us to make future development, regulatory and commercial milestone payments for specified products associated with the agreements. The achievement of these milestones have not yet occurred as of December 31, 2025.

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