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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2021
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from_____ to _____
Commission File Number: 001-37557

Penumbra, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 05-0605598
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

One Penumbra Place
Alameda, CA 94502
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(510) 748-3200
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, Par value $0.001 per share | PEN | The New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes: ☒ No: ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes: ☒ No: ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐
Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes: ☐ No: ☒
As of April 12, 2021, the registrant had 36,482,357 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, outstanding.

Table of Contents
FORM 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. | Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 2
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets | 2
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 6
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 7
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 19
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk | 27
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 29
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 30
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 30
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 30
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 30
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosure | 30
Item 5. | Other Information | 30
Item 6. | Exhibits | 31
Signatures |

Table of Contents
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.
Penumbra, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(unaudited)
(in thousands)

|  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Assets |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 55,632 |  |  | $ | 69,670 |
Marketable investments |  | 186,977 |  |  | 195,162 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $2,137 and $2,198 at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively |  | 126,415 |  |  | 114,608 |
Inventories |  | 245,321 |  |  | 219,527 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 20,782 |  |  | 18,735 |
Total current assets |  | 635,127 |  |  | 617,702 |
Property and equipment, net |  | 50,314 |  |  | 48,169 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | 40,691 |  |  | 41,192 |
Finance lease right-of-use assets |  | 37,697 |  |  | 38,065 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 10,097 |  |  | 10,639 |
Goodwill |  | 8,006 |  |  | 8,372 |
Deferred taxes |  | 48,978 |  |  | 50,139 |
Other non-current assets |  | 9,914 |  |  | 8,705 |
Total assets |  | $ | 840,824 |  |  | $ | 822,983 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 15,389 |  |  | $ | 14,109 |
Accrued liabilities |  | 90,214 |  |  | 85,795 |
Current operating lease liabilities |  | 4,822 |  |  | 4,697 |
Current finance lease liabilities |  | 1,437 |  |  | 1,331 |
Total current liabilities |  | 111,862 |  |  | 105,932 |
Non-current operating lease liabilities |  | 43,525 |  |  | 44,183 |
Non-current finance lease liabilities |  | 27,000 |  |  | 27,066 |
Other non-current liabilities |  | 7,966 |  |  | 8,014 |
Total liabilities |  | 190,353 |  |  | 185,195 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8) |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |
Common stock |  | 36 |  |  | 36 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 603,022 |  |  | 598,299 |
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income |  | (425) |  |  | 2,541 |
Retained earnings |  | 52,458 |  |  | 40,622 |
Total Penumbra, Inc. stockholders’ equity |  | 655,091 |  |  | 641,498 |
Non-controlling interest |  | (4,620) |  |  | (3,710) |
Total stockholders’ equity |  | 650,471 |  |  | 637,788 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 840,824 |  |  | $ | 822,983 |

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements
2

Table of Contents
Penumbra, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
(unaudited)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
Revenue |  | $ | 169,204 |  |  | $ | 137,329 |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue |  | 57,867 |  |  | 49,320 |  |  |  |  |
Gross profit |  | 111,337 |  |  | 88,009 |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  | 18,076 |  |  | 12,946 |  |  |  |  |
Sales, general and administrative |  | 79,798 |  |  | 74,453 |  |  |  |  |
Total operating expenses |  | 97,874 |  |  | 87,399 |  |  |  |  |
Income from operations |  | 13,463 |  |  | 610 |  |  |  |  |
Interest income, net |  | 480 |  |  | 299 |  |  |  |  |
Other expense, net |  | (1,476) |  |  | (1,655) |  |  |  |  |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | 12,467 |  |  | (746) |  |  |  |  |
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes |  | 1,541 |  |  | (1,634) |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated net income |  | $ | 10,926 |  |  | $ | 888 |  |  |  |  |
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest |  | (910) |  |  | (537) |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Penumbra, Inc. |  | $ | 11,836 |  |  | $ | 1,425 |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Penumbra, Inc. per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | 0.04 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted |  | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | 0.04 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 36,455,712 |  |  | 35,042,912 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted |  | 37,533,520 |  |  | 36,362,726 |  |  |  |  |

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements
3

Table of Contents
Penumbra, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(unaudited)
(in thousands)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
Consolidated net income |  | $ | 10,926 |  |  | $ | 888 |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax |  | (2,695) |  |  | (1,634) |  |  |  |  |
Net change in unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, net of tax |  | (271) |  |  | (617) |  |  |  |  |
Total other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | (2,966) |  |  | (2,251) |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 7,960 |  |  | $ | (1,363) |  |  |  |  |
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest |  | (910) |  |  | (537) |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Penumbra, Inc. |  | $ | 8,870 |  |  | $ | (826) |  |  |  |  |

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements
4

Table of Contents
Penumbra, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(unaudited)
(in thousands, except share amounts)

|  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income |  | Retained Earnings |  | Total Penumbra, Inc. Stockholders’ Equity |  | Non-Controlling Interest |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  | 36,414,732 |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 598,299 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,541 |  |  | $ | 40,622 |  |  | $ | 641,498 |  |  | $ | (3,710) |  |  | $ | 637,788 |
Issuance of common stock |  | 79,080 |  |  | — |  |  | 666 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 666 |  |  | — |  |  | 666 |
Shares held for tax withholdings |  | (11,955) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,036) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,036) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,036) |
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,093 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,093 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,093 |
Other comprehensive loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (2,966) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,966) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,966) |
Net income (loss) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 11,836 |  |  | 11,836 |  |  | (910) |  |  | 10,926 |
Balance at March 31, 2021 |  | 36,481,857 |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 603,022 |  |  |  |  | $ | (425) |  |  | $ | 52,458 |  |  | $ | 655,091 |  |  | $ | (4,620) |  |  | $ | 650,471 |

Penumbra, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(unaudited)
(in thousands, except share amounts)

|  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Retained Earnings |  | Total Penumbra, Inc. Stockholders’ Equity |  | Non-Controlling Interest |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  | 35,001,581 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 430,659 |  |  |  |  | $ | (2,324) |  |  | $ | 57,522 |  |  | $ | 485,892 |  |  | $ | (279) |  |  | $ | 485,613 |
Issuance of common stock |  | 81,485 |  |  | — |  |  | 396 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 396 |  |  | — |  |  | 396 |
Shares held for tax withholdings |  | (12,058) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,105) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,105) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,105) |
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,774 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,774 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,774 |
Cumulative effect adjustment(1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (1,198) |  |  | (1,198) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,198) |
Other comprehensive loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (2,251) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,251) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,251) |
Net income (loss) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1,425 |  |  | 1,425 |  |  | (537) |  |  | 888 |
Balance at March 31, 2020 |  | 35,071,008 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 435,724 |  |  |  |  | $ | (4,575) |  |  | $ | 57,749 |  |  | $ | 488,933 |  |  | $ | (816) |  |  | $ | 488,117 |

(1) Cumulative effect adjustments relate to the adoption of Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13 Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.
.See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements
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Penumbra, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(unaudited)
(in thousands)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2021 |  | 2020
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |
Consolidated net income |  | $ | 10,926 |  |  | $ | 888 |
Adjustments to reconcile consolidated net income to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 3,471 |  |  | 2,959 |
Stock-based compensation |  | 6,395 |  |  | 5,689 |
Inventory write-downs |  | 991 |  |  | 1,097 |
Deferred taxes |  | 1,223 |  |  | (1,502) |
Other |  | 886 |  |  | 168 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  | (12,943) |  |  | (238) |
Inventories |  | (31,608) |  |  | (15,090) |
Prepaid expenses and other current and non-current assets |  | (3,463) |  |  | (1,544) |
Accounts payable |  | 1,272 |  |  | 921 |
Accrued expenses and other non-current liabilities |  | 8,482 |  |  | 732 |
Net cash used in operating activities |  | (14,368) |  |  | (5,920) |
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |
Purchases of marketable investments |  | (12,266) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from sales of marketable investments |  | — |  |  | 7,188 |
Proceeds from maturities of marketable investments |  | 19,497 |  |  | 12,980 |
Purchases of property and equipment |  | (3,991) |  |  | (10,131) |
Other |  | (150) |  |  | — |
Net cash provided by investing activities |  | 3,090 |  |  | 10,037 |
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |
Proceeds from exercises of stock options |  | 666 |  |  | 396 |
Payment of employee taxes related to vested stock |  | (3,036) |  |  | (2,105) |
Payments of finance lease obligations |  | (337) |  |  | (1,958) |
Payment of acquisition-related obligations |  | — |  |  | (683) |
Other |  | 93 |  |  | — |
Net cash used in financing activities |  | (2,614) |  |  | (4,350) |
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  | (146) |  |  | (90) |
NET DECREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS |  | (14,038) |  |  | (323) |
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS—Beginning of period |  | 69,670 |  |  | 72,779 |
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS—End of period |  | $ | 55,632 |  |  | $ | 72,456 |
NONCASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations |  | $ | 803 |  |  | $ | 325 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for finance lease obligations |  | $ | 428 |  |  | $ | — |
Purchase of property and equipment funded through accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  | $ | 2,184 |  |  | $ | 1,702 |

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
1. Organization and Description of Business
Penumbra, Inc. (the “Company”) is a global healthcare company focused on innovative therapies. The Company designs, develops, manufactures and markets novel products and has a broad portfolio that addresses challenging medical conditions in markets with significant unmet need.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation and Consolidation
The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2021, the condensed consolidated statements of operations, the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), and the condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, and the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 are unaudited. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included herein have been prepared by the Company in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and the applicable rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The condensed consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2020 was derived from the audited financial statements as of that date.
The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments of a normal recurring nature considered necessary to state fairly the Company’s financial position as of March 31, 2021, the results of its operations for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, the changes in comprehensive income (loss) and stockholders’ equity for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, and the cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. The results for the three months ended March 31, 2021 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2021 or for any other future annual or interim period.
The information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2020, included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies during the three months ended March 31, 2021, as compared to the significant accounting policies described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.
The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, its wholly-owned subsidiaries and its majority-owned subsidiary. The portion of equity and consolidated net income not attributable to the Company is considered non-controlling interest and is classified separately in the condensed consolidated financial statements. Any subsequent changes in the Company’s ownership interest while the Company retains its controlling interest in its majority-owned subsidiary will be accounted for as equity transactions. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and equity accounts; disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements; and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates, including those related to marketable investments, allowances for credit losses, the amount of variable consideration included in the transaction price, warranty reserve, valuation of inventories, useful lives of property and equipment, operating and financing lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and liabilities, income taxes, contingent consideration and other contingencies, among others. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other data. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Segments
The Company determined its operating segment on the same basis that it uses to evaluate its performance internally. The Company has one business activity: the design, development, manufacturing and marketing of innovative medical devices, and
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
operates as one operating segment. The Company’s chief operating decision-maker, its Chief Executive Officer, reviews its consolidated operating results for the purpose of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
On January 1, 2021, the Company adopted ASU No. 2019-12, Income Taxes— Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASU 2019-12”). This new standard removes certain exceptions for recognizing deferred taxes of foreign investments, the incremental approach to performing intraperiod allocation, and calculating income taxes for year-to-date interim period losses when such losses exceed anticipated full year losses. The standard also adds guidance to reduce complexity in certain areas, including accounting for franchise taxes that are partially based on income, transactions with a government that result in a step up in goodwill tax basis, enacted tax law changes impact during interim periods, and allocation of taxes to members of a consolidated group which are not subject to tax. The adoption of ASU 2019-12 did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements during the three months ended March 31, 2021.
3. Investments and Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Marketable Investments
The Company’s marketable investments have been classified and accounted for as available-for-sale. The following table presents the Company’s marketable investments as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2021
|  |  |  | Securities with net gains or losses in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |
|  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Allowance for Credit Loss |  | Fair Value
Commercial paper |  | $ | 4,247 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,249 |
U.S. agency and government sponsored securities |  | 4,548 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,555 |
U.S. states and municipalities |  | 47,283 |  |  | 148 |  |  | (6) |  |  | — |  |  | 47,425 |
Corporate bonds |  | 130,411 |  |  | 396 |  |  | (59) |  |  | — |  |  | 130,748 |
Total |  | $ | 186,489 |  |  | $ | 553 |  |  | $ | (65) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 186,977 |

|  | December 31, 2020
|  |  |  | Securities with net gains or losses in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |
|  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Allowance for Credit Loss |  | Fair Value
Commercial paper |  | $ | 4,242 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,246 |
U.S. agency and government sponsored securities |  | 7,846 |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,857 |
U.S. states and municipalities |  | 47,934 |  |  | 162 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | 48,095 |
Corporate bonds |  | 134,298 |  |  | 669 |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | 134,964 |
Total |  | $ | 194,320 |  |  | $ | 846 |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 195,162 |

As of March 31, 2021, the total amortized cost basis of the Company’s impaired available-for-sale securities exceeded its fair value by a nominal amount. The Company reviewed its impaired available-for-sale securities and concluded that the decline in fair value was not related to credit losses and is recoverable. Accordingly, during the three months ended March 31, 2021 no allowance for credit losses was recorded and instead the unrealized losses are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss.
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
The following tables present the gross unrealized losses and the fair value for those marketable investments that were in an unrealized loss position for less than twelve months or for twelve months or more as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2021
|  | Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or more |  | Total
|  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
U.S. states and municipalities |  | $ | 3,590 |  |  | $ | (6) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,590 |  |  | $ | (6) |
Corporate bonds |  | 32,127 |  |  | (59) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32,127 |  |  | (59) |
Total |  | $ | 35,717 |  |  | $ | (65) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35,717 |  |  | $ | (65) |

|  | December 31, 2020
|  | Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or more |  | Total
|  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
U.S. states and municipalities |  | 1,408 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,408 |  |  | (1) |
Corporate bonds |  | $ | 12,552 |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,552 |  |  | $ | (3) |
Total |  | $ | 13,960 |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13,960 |  |  | $ | (4) |

The following table presents the contractual maturities of the Company’s marketable investments as of March 31, 2021 (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2021 |  |
|  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  |
Due in less than one year |  | $ | 100,191 |  |  | $ | 100,403 |  |  |
Due in one to five years |  | 86,298 |  |  | 86,574 |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 186,489 |  |  | $ | 186,977 |  |  |

Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The accounting guidance establishes a three-tiered hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value:
Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 - Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.
The categorization of a financial instrument within the valuation hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
The Company classifies its cash equivalents and marketable investments within Level 1 and Level 2, as it uses quoted market prices or alternative pricing sources and models utilizing market observable inputs.
The Company determined the fair value of its Level 1 financial instruments, which are traded in active markets, using quoted market prices for identical instruments.
Marketable investments classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy are valued based on other observable inputs, including broker or dealer quotations or alternative pricing sources. When quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities are not available, the Company relies on non-binding quotes from its investment managers, which are based on
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
proprietary valuation models of independent pricing services. These models generally use inputs such as observable market data, quoted market prices for similar instruments, historical pricing trends of a security as relative to its peers. To validate the fair value determination provided by its investment managers, the Company reviews the pricing movement in the context of overall market trends and trading information from its investment managers. In addition, the Company assesses the inputs and methods used in determining the fair value in order to determine the classification of securities in the fair value hierarchy.
The Company did not hold any Level 3 marketable investments as of March 31, 2021 or December 31, 2020. During the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company did not have any transfers between Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Additionally, the Company did not have any financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of March 31, 2021 or December 31, 2020.
The following tables set forth the Company’s financial assets measured at fair value by level within the fair value hierarchy as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (in thousands):

|  | As of March 31, 2021
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Fair Value
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds |  | $ | 11,056 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,056 |
Marketable investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial paper |  | — |  |  | 4,249 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,249 |
U.S. agency and government sponsored securities |  | — |  |  | 4,555 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,555 |
U.S. states and municipalities |  | — |  |  | 47,425 |  |  | — |  |  | 47,425 |
Corporate bonds |  | — |  |  | 130,748 |  |  | — |  |  | 130,748 |
Total |  | $ | 11,056 |  |  | $ | 186,977 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 198,033 |

|  | As of December 31, 2020
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Fair Value
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds |  | 33,054 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33,054 |
Marketable investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial paper |  | — |  |  | 4,246 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,246 |
U.S. agency and government sponsored securities |  | — |  |  | 7,857 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,857 |
U.S. states and municipalities |  | — |  |  | 48,095 |  |  | — |  |  | 48,095 |
Corporate bonds |  | — |  |  | 134,964 |  |  | — |  |  | 134,964 |
Total |  | $ | 33,054 |  |  | $ | 195,162 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 228,216 |

Contingent Consideration Obligations
As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, there were no contingent consideration liabilities classified as Level 3. The Company had a contingent consideration liability balance of $1.2 million related to milestone payments due in connection with the 2017 acquisition of Crossmed S.p.a. (“Crossmed”) and was based on actual revenue performance for the year ended December 31, 2019 and not based on unobservable inputs. The Company made this payment during the three months ended March 31, 2020 of which $0.5 million is presented in operating activities and $0.7 million is presented in financing activities in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows.
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
The following table summarizes the changes in fair value of the contingent consideration obligation for the three months ended March 31, 2020 (in thousands):

|  | Fair Value of Contingent Consideration
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  | $ | 1,206 |
Payments of contingent consideration liabilities |  | (1,186) |
Changes in fair value |  | — |
Foreign currency remeasurement |  | (20) |
Balance at March 31, 2020 |  | $ | — |

4. Balance Sheet Components
Inventories
The following table shows the components of inventories as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Raw materials |  | $ | 58,816 |  |  | $ | 45,341 |
Work in process |  | 20,853 |  |  | 22,099 |
Finished goods |  | 165,652 |  |  | 152,087 |
Inventories |  | $ | 245,321 |  |  | $ | 219,527 |

Accrued Liabilities
The following table shows the components of accrued liabilities as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Payroll and employee-related cost |  | $ | 57,234 |  |  | $ | 50,083 |
Accrued expenses |  | 13,213 |  |  | 9,246 |
Sales return provision |  | 1,470 |  |  | 9,812 |
Product warranty |  | 3,314 |  |  | 2,896 |
Other acquisition-related costs(1) |  | 3,000 |  |  | 3,000 |
Other accrued liabilities |  | 11,983 |  |  | 10,758 |
Total accrued liabilities |  | $ | 90,214 |  |  | $ | 85,795 |

(1) Amount consists of a contingent liability related to an anti-dilution provision from the asset acquisition of MVI Health Inc. (“MVI”) in 2018.
The following table shows the changes in the Company’s estimated product warranty accrual, included in accrued liabilities, as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Balance at the beginning of the period |  | $ | 2,896 |  |  | $ | 2,318 |
Accruals of warranties issued |  | 775 |  |  | 1,589 |
Settlements of warranty claims |  | (357) |  |  | (1,011) |
Balance at the end of the period |  | $ | 3,314 |  |  | $ | 2,896 |

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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
5. Intangible Assets
Acquired Intangible Assets
The following tables present details of the Company’s acquired finite-lived intangible assets, as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (in thousands, except weighted-average amortization period):

As of March 31, 2021 |  | Weighted-Average Amortization Period |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net
Customer relationships |  | 15.0 years |  | $ | 6,991 |  |  | $ | (1,748) |  |  | $ | 5,243 |
Trade secrets and processes |  | 20.0 years |  | 5,256 |  |  | (854) |  |  | 4,402 |
Other |  | 5.0 years |  | 1,803 |  |  | (1,351) |  |  | 452 |
Total intangible assets |  | 16.7 years |  | $ | 14,050 |  |  | $ | (3,953) |  |  | $ | 10,097 |

As of December 31, 2020 |  | Weighted-Average Amortization Period |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net
Customer relationships |  | 15.0 years |  | $ | 7,311 |  |  | $ | (1,706) |  |  | $ | 5,605 |
Trade secrets and processes |  | 20.0 years |  | 5,256 |  |  | (788) |  |  | 4,468 |
Other |  | 5.0 years |  | 1,885 |  |  | (1,319) |  |  | 566 |
Total intangible assets |  | 16.6 years |  | $ | 14,452 |  |  | $ | (3,813) |  |  | $ | 10,639 |

The customer relationships and other intangible assets subject to amortization relate to the acquisition of Crossmed during the third quarter of 2017. The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of these intangible assets are subject to foreign currency translation effects. The Company’s $5.3 million trade secrets and processes intangible asset was recognized in connection with a royalty buyout agreement entered into during the first quarter of 2018.
The following table presents the amortization expense recorded related to the Company’s finite-lived intangible assets for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and March 31, 2020 (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 66 |  |  |  |  |
Sales, general and administrative |  | 212 |  |  | 194 |  |  |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 278 |  |  | $ | 260 |  |  |  |  |

6. Goodwill
The following table presents the changes in goodwill during the three months ended March 31, 2021 (in thousands):

|  | Total Company
Balance as of December 31, 2020 |  | $ | 8,372 |
Foreign currency translation |  | (366) |
Balance as of March 31, 2021 |  | $ | 8,006 |

Goodwill Impairment Review
The Company reviews goodwill for impairment annually during the fourth quarter or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that an impairment loss may have occurred. The Company determined that there was no impairment of goodwill as of March 31, 2021.
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
7. Indebtedness
Credit Agreement
On April 24, 2020, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and lender, and Bank of America, N.A. and Citibank, N.A. as lenders. The Credit Agreement is secured and provides for up to $100 million in available revolving borrowing capacity with an option, subject to certain conditions, for the Company to increase the aggregate borrowing capacity to up to $150 million, and was set to mature on April 23, 2021. The Company entered into an amended one-year credit agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and lender, and Bank of America, N.A. and Citibank, N.A. as lenders during the three months ended March 31, 2021.
The amended Credit Agreement extended the maturity date from April 23, 2021 to February 21, 2022 and has substantially the same terms and conditions as the prior credit agreement with certain changes including the exclusion of certain one-time charges and expenses incurred during the fiscal quarters ended September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2020 from the calculation of the financial covenants, reductions in interest rate floors applicable to revolving loans and other changes to borrowing mechanics under the Credit Agreement.
The Credit Agreement requires the Company to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio and to not exceed a maximum leverage ratio. As of March 31, 2021, the Company was in compliance with these requirements.
As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, there were no borrowings outstanding under the amended Credit Agreement.
8. Commitments and Contingencies
Royalty Obligations
In March 2005, the Company entered into a license agreement that requires the Company to make minimum royalty payments to the licensor on a quarterly basis. In July 2019, the Company amended the license agreement to extend its term for an additional ten years and to increase the required minimum annual royalty payments by $0.2 million. As of both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the amended license agreement required minimum quarterly royalty payments of $0.3 million. On each January 1, the quarterly calendar year minimum royalty shall be adjusted to equal the prior year’s minimum royalty adjusted by a percentage equal to the percentage change in the “consumer price index for all urban consumers” for the prior calendar year as reported by the U.S. Department of Labor. Unless terminated earlier, the term of the amended license agreement shall expire June 30, 2029.
In April 2012, the Company entered into an agreement that requires the Company to pay, on a quarterly basis, a 5% royalty on sales of products covered under applicable patents. The first commercial sale of covered products occurred in April 2014. Unless terminated earlier, the royalty term for each applicable product shall continue for fifteen years following the first commercial sale of such patented product, or when the applicable patent covering such product has expired, whichever is sooner.
Royalty expense included in cost of revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, was $0.5 million and $0.7 million, respectively.
Contingencies
From time to time, the Company may have certain contingent liabilities that arise in the ordinary course of business. The Company accrues a liability for such matters when it is probable that future expenditures will be made and such expenditures can be reasonably estimated. Refer to Note “3. Investments and Fair Value of Financial Instruments” for more information on contingent liabilities recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.
Indemnification
The Company enters into standard indemnification arrangements in the ordinary course of business. In many such arrangements, the Company agrees to indemnify, hold harmless, and reimburse the indemnified parties for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified parties in connection with any trade secret, copyright, patent or other intellectual property infringement claim by any third-party with respect to the Company’s technology. The Company also agrees to indemnify many indemnified parties for product defect and similar claims. The term of these indemnification agreements is generally perpetual.
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these agreements is not determinable because it involves claims that may be made against the Company in the future, but have not yet been made.
The Company has entered into indemnification agreements with its directors and officers that may require the Company to indemnify its directors and officers against liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers, other than liabilities arising from willful misconduct of the individual.
The Company has not incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification agreements. No liability associated with any of these indemnification requirements has been recorded to date.
Litigation
From time to time, the Company is subject to other claims and assessments in the ordinary course of business.
On January 15, 2021, a putative securities class action complaint was filed against the Company and its CEO, Adam Elsesser, and Executive Vice President, Global Marketing and Public Relations, Gita Barry, on behalf of a single shareholder in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, asserting claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder. The complaint sought unspecified damages on behalf of a purported class that would comprise all individuals who purchased or otherwise acquired the Company's common stock between August 3, 2020 and December 15, 2020. The complaint alleged securities law violations based on allegedly misleading statements and/or omissions made in connection with the Company’s JET 7 Xtra Flex product. On March 16, 2021, the plaintiff voluntarily dismissed the complaint without prejudice.
The Company is not currently a party to any litigation matter that, individually or in the aggregate, is expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
9. Stockholders’ Equity
Equity Incentive Plans
Stock Options
Activity of stock options under the 2005 Plan, 2011 Plan and 2014 Plan (collectively, the "Plans") is set forth below:

|  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted-Average Exercise Price
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  | 1,020,978 |  |  | $ | 23.38 |
Exercised |  | (42,408) |  |  | 15.70 |
Canceled/Forfeited |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at March 31, 2021 |  | 978,570 |  |  | 23.71 |

Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units
Activity of unvested restricted stock awards and restricted stock units under the Plans during the three months ended March 31, 2021 is set forth below:

|  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted -Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested at December 31, 2020 |  | 369,629 |  |  | $ | 163.03 |
Granted |  | 53,080 |  |  | 255.00 |
Released/Vested - Restricted Stock/RSUs |  | (36,672) |  |  | 140.42 |
Canceled/Forfeited |  | (4,182) |  |  | 175.99 |
Unvested at March 31, 2021 |  | 381,855 |  |  | 177.84 |

As of March 31, 2021, 364,777 restricted stock awards and restricted stock units are expected to vest.
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
Stock-based Compensation
The following table sets forth the stock-based compensation expense included in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 798 |  |  | $ | 648 |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  | 1,062 |  |  | 874 |  |  |  |  |
Sales, general and administrative |  | 4,535 |  |  | 4,167 |  |  |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 6,395 |  |  | $ | 5,689 |  |  |  |  |

As of March 31, 2021, total unrecognized compensation cost was $55.6 million related to unvested share-based compensation arrangements which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.9 years.
The total stock-based compensation cost capitalized in inventory was $1.3 million and $1.2 million as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
10. Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income
Other comprehensive loss consists of two components: unrealized gains or losses on the Company’s available-for-sale marketable investments and gains or losses from foreign currency translation adjustments. Until realized and reported as a component of consolidated net (loss) income, these comprehensive (loss) income items accumulate and are included within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Unrealized gains and losses on the Company’s marketable investments are reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings when realized upon sale, and are determined based on specific identification of securities sold. Gains and losses from the translation of assets and liabilities denominated in non-U.S. dollar functional currencies are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
The following table summarizes the changes in the accumulated balances during the period and includes information regarding the manner in which the reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings affect the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations and consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income (in thousands):

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
|  |  | Marketable Investments |  | Currency Translation Adjustments |  | Total |  | Marketable Investments |  | Currency Translation Adjustments |  | Total
Balance, beginning of the period |  |  | $ | 647 |  |  | $ | 1,894 |  |  | $ | 2,541 |  |  | $ | 238 |  |  | $ | (2,562) |  |  | $ | (2,324) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized (loss) gain — marketable investments |  |  | (353) |  |  | — |  |  | (353) |  |  | (689) |  |  | — |  |  | (689) |
Foreign currency translation (losses) gains |  |  | — |  |  | (2,695) |  |  | (2,695) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,634) |  |  | (1,634) |
Income tax effect — expense |  |  | 82 |  |  | — |  |  | 82 |  |  | 72 |  |  | — |  |  | 72 |
Net of tax |  |  | (271) |  |  | (2,695) |  |  | (2,966) |  |  | (617) |  |  | (1,634) |  |  | (2,251) |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to consolidated net (loss) income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized gain (loss) — marketable investments |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Income tax effect — expense (benefit) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net of tax |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net current-year other comprehensive (loss) income |  |  | (271) |  |  | (2,695) |  |  | (2,966) |  |  | (617) |  |  | (1,634) |  |  | (2,251) |
Balance, end of the period |  |  | $ | 376 |  |  | $ | (801) |  |  | $ | (425) |  |  | $ | (379) |  |  | $ | (4,196) |  |  | $ | (4,575) |

11. Income Taxes
The Company’s income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits reflect management’s best assessment of estimated current and future taxes to be paid. The Company is subject to income taxes in both
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
the United States and foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment and estimates are required in determining the consolidated income tax expense.
During interim periods, the Company generally utilizes the estimated annual effective tax rate (“AETR”) method which involves the use of forecasted information. Under the AETR method, the provision is calculated by applying the estimated AETR for the full fiscal year to “ordinary” income or loss (pretax income or loss excluding unusual or infrequently occurring discrete items) for the reporting period. Jurisdictions with tax assets for which the Company believes a tax benefit cannot be realized are excluded from the computation of its AETR.
The Company’s provision for income taxes was $1.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, which was primarily due to tax expenses attributable to its worldwide profits offset by excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation attributable to its U.S. jurisdiction. The Company’s benefit from income taxes was $1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, which was primarily due to tax benefits attributable to its worldwide losses as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic impact combined with excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation attributable to its U.S. jurisdiction.
The Company’s effective tax rate changed to 12.4% for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to 219.0% for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The Company’s change in effective tax rate was primarily attributable to small tax expenses over relatively large worldwide profits for the three months ended March 31, 2021, when compared to large tax benefits over relatively small worldwide losses for the three months ended March 31, 2020.
Significant domestic deferred tax assets (“DTAs”) were generated in recent years, primarily due to excess tax benefits from stock option exercises and vesting of restricted stock. The Company evaluates all available positive and negative evidence, objective and subjective in nature, in each reporting period to determine if sufficient taxable income will be generated to realize the benefits of its DTAs and, if not, a valuation allowance to reduce the DTAs is recorded. As of March 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company maintains a valuation allowance against its Federal Research and Development Tax Credit and California DTAs as the Company could not conclude at the required more-likely-than-not level of certainty, that the benefit of these tax attributes would be realized prior to expiration. As of March 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company also maintains a valuation allowance against DTAs acquired from MVI which are subject to Separate Return Limitation Year (“SRLY”) rules that limit the utilization of the pre-acquisition tax attributes to offset future taxable income solely generated by MVI.
The Company maintains that all foreign earnings, with the exception of a portion of the earnings of its German subsidiary, are permanently reinvested outside the United States and therefore deferred taxes attributable to such are not provided for in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2021. The Company will repatriate foreign earnings only to the extent doing so will not result in any material U.S. tax consequences. Thus, deferred taxes on any potential future repatriation of a portion of the earnings of its German subsidiary were not reflected in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2021.
12. Net Income Attributable to Penumbra, Inc. Per Share
The Company computed basic net income attributable to Penumbra, Inc. per share based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. The Company computed diluted net income attributable to Penumbra, Inc. per share based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding plus potentially dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding during the period using the treasury stock method. For the purposes of this calculation, stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and stock sold through the Company’s employee stock purchase plan are considered common stock equivalents.
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
A reconciliation of the numerator and denominator used in the calculation of the basic and diluted net income attributable to Penumbra, Inc. per share is as follows (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Penumbra, Inc. |  | $ | 11,836 |  |  | $ | 1,425 |  |  |  |  |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares used to compute net income attributable to common stockholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 36,455,712 |  |  | 35,042,912 |  |  |  |  |
Potential dilutive stock-based options and awards |  | 1,077,808 |  |  | 1,319,814 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted |  | 37,533,520 |  |  | 36,362,726 |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Penumbra, Inc. per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | 0.04 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted |  | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | 0.04 |  |  |  |  |

For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, outstanding stock-based awards of 22 thousand and 18 thousand shares, respectively, were excluded from the computation of diluted net income attributable to Penumbra, Inc. per share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive.
13. Revenues
Revenue Recognition
Revenue is recognized in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for goods or services. All revenue recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations is considered to be revenue from contracts with customers.
The following table presents the Company’s revenues disaggregated by geography, based on the destination to which the Company ships its products, for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 120,070 |  |  | $ | 95,774 |  |  |  |  |
International |  | 49,134 |  |  | 41,555 |  |  |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 169,204 |  |  | $ | 137,329 |  |  |  |  |

The following table presents the Company’s revenues disaggregated by product category, for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
Vascular |  | $ | 89,165 |  |  | $ | 59,253 |  |  |  |  |
Neuro |  | 80,039 |  |  | 78,076 |  |  |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 169,204 |  |  | $ | 137,329 |  |  |  |  |

China Distribution and Technology Licensing Agreement
In December 2020, the Company entered into a distribution and technology licensing arrangement with its existing distribution partner in China. In addition to modifying the Company’s standard distribution agreement with its Chinese partner, the Company agreed to license the technology for certain products to its Chinese partner to permit the manufacturing and commercialization of such products in China as well as provide certain regulatory support. Apart from the standard distribution
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
agreement, the Company will receive fixed payments upon transferring its distinct licensed technology and providing related regulatory support and receive royalty payments on the downstream sales of the licensed products.
Performance Obligations
Delivery of products - The Company’s contracts with customers typically contain a single performance obligation, delivery of the Company’s products. Satisfaction of that performance obligation occurs when control of the promised goods transfers to the customer, which is generally upon shipment for non-consignment sale agreements and upon utilization for consignment sale agreements.
Payment terms - Our payment terms vary by the type and location of our customer. The timing between fulfillment of performance obligations and when payment is due is not significant and does not give rise to financing transactions. The Company did not have any contracts with significant financing components as of March 31, 2021.
Product returns - The Company may allow customers to return products purchased at the Company’s discretion. The Company estimates the amount of its product sales that may be returned by its customers and records this estimate as a reduction of revenue in the period in which the related product revenue is recognized. The Company currently estimates product return liabilities using its own historic sales information, trends, industry data, and other relevant data points.
Warranties - The Company offers its standard warranty to all customers and it is not available for sale on a standalone basis. The Company’s standard warranty represents its guarantee that its products function as intended, are free from defects, and comply with agreed-upon specifications and quality standards. This assurance does not constitute a service and is not a separate performance obligation.
Transaction Price
Revenue is recorded at the net sales price, which includes estimates of variable consideration such as product returns utilizing historical return rates, rebates, discounts, and other adjustments to net revenue. To the extent the transaction price includes variable consideration, the Company estimates the amount of variable consideration that should be included in the transaction price. When determining if variable consideration should be constrained, management considers whether there are factors that could result in a significant reversal of revenue and the likelihood of a potential reversal. Variable consideration is included in revenue only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of the revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. These estimates are reassessed each reporting period as required. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company made no material changes in estimates for variable consideration. When the Company performs shipping and handling activities after control of goods is transferred to the customer, they are considered as fulfillment activities, and costs are accrued for when the related revenue is recognized. Taxes collected from customers relating to product sales and remitted to governmental authorities are excluded from revenues.
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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 23, 2021.
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). In some cases, you can identify these statements by forward-looking words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “should,” “estimate,” or “continue,” and similar expressions or variations. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results and timing expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below, and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020. The forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q represent our views as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Except as may be required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements or the reasons that results could differ from these forward-looking statements. You should, therefore, not rely on these forward-looking statements as representing our views as of any date subsequent to the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Overview
Penumbra is a global healthcare company focused on innovative therapies. We design, develop, manufacture and market novel products and have a broad portfolio that addresses challenging medical conditions in markets with significant unmet need. Our team focuses on developing, manufacturing and marketing novel products for use by specialist physicians and healthcare providers to drive improved clinical outcomes. We believe that the cost-effectiveness of our products is attractive to our customers.
Since our founding in 2004, we have invested heavily in our product development capabilities in our major markets: neuro and vascular. We have successfully developed, obtained regulatory clearance or approval for, and introduced products into the neurovascular market since 2007, vascular market since 2013 and neurosurgical market since 2014, respectively. We continue to expand our portfolio of product offerings, while developing and iterating on our currently available products.
We expect to continue to develop and build our portfolio of products, including our thrombectomy, embolization and access technologies. Generally, when we introduce a next generation product or a new product designed to replace a current product, sales of the earlier generation product or the product replaced decline. Our research and development activities are centered around the development of new products and clinical activities designed to support our regulatory submissions and demonstrate the effectiveness of our products.
To address the challenging and significant clinical needs of our two key markets, we developed products that fall into the following broad product offering families:
Our neuro products fall into five broad product families:
•Neuro thrombectomy - Penumbra System, including Penumbra JET, ACE and the 3D Revascularization Device, Penumbra ENGINE and other components and accessories
•Neuro embolization - Penumbra SMART COIL, Penumbra Coil 400, POD400 and PAC400
•Neuro access - delivery catheters, consisting of Neuron, Neuron MAX, Select, BENCHMARK, DDC and PX SLIM
•Neurosurgical - Artemis Neuro Evacuation Device
•Virtual Reality Platform - REAL Immersive System
Our vascular products fall into two broad product families:
•Vascular thrombectomy - INDIGO System designed for mechanical thrombectomy, including aspiration catheters, separators, aspiration pump and accessories and Lightning 12, our next-generation aspiration system for peripheral thrombectomy
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•Peripheral embolization - RUBY Coil System, LANTERN Delivery Microcatheter and the POD System (POD and POD Packing Coil)
We sell our products to hospitals and other healthcare providers primarily through our direct sales organization in the United States, most of Europe, Canada and Australia, as well as through distributors in select international markets. In the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, 29.0% and 30.3% of our revenue, respectively, was generated from customers located outside of the United States. Our sales outside of the United States are denominated principally in the euro and Japanese yen, with some sales being denominated in other currencies. As a result, we have foreign exchange exposure but do not currently engage in hedging.
We generated revenue of $169.2 million and $137.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, an increase of $31.9 million. We generated an operating income of $13.5 million and operating income of $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
COVID-19 Pandemic
In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of COVID-19 as a pandemic, which continues to spread throughout the U.S. and the world. In response, governments have issued orders restricting certain activities, and while our business falls within the category of healthcare operations, which are essential businesses currently permitted to continue operating during the COVID-19 pandemic, we have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, disruptions to our operations as a result of the pandemic. For example, hospital resources have been diverted to fight the pandemic, and many government agencies in conjunction with healthcare systems have recommended the deferral of elective and semi-elective medical procedures during the pandemic. Some of Penumbra’s medical devices are used in certain procedures that the United States Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”) has indicated are “high-acuity” procedures that should not be postponed during the pandemic in its March 18, 2020 recommendations, while other Penumbra devices are used in elective procedures that physicians may consider postponing. Many of the procedures in which our vascular products are used are elective in nature, whereas procedures in which our neuro products are used, such as stroke, tend to be more emergent in nature.
The impact of COVID-19 on our business remains fluid, and we continue to actively monitor the dynamic situation. We will continue to undertake the following specific actions and strategic priorities to navigate the pandemic:
•We have made changes to how we manufacture, inspect and ship our products to prioritize the health and safety of our employees and to operate under the protocols mandated by our local and state governments. While we are committed to continue meeting demand for our essential devices, we have implemented social distancing and other measures to protect the health and safety of our employees, which have reduced, and may continue to reduce, our manufacturing capacity.
•We further strengthened our liquidity position by entering into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) on April 24, 2020, with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and lender, and Bank of America, N.A. and Citibank, N.A. as lenders. The Credit Agreement is secured and provides for up to $100 million in available revolving borrowing capacity with an option, subject to certain conditions, for us to increase the aggregate borrowing capacity to up to $150 million. This revolving line of credit provides access to capital beyond the $242.6 million in cash, cash equivalents and marketable investments on our balance sheet as of March 31, 2021, and we believe this will allow us to both navigate the current environment and emerge in a strong liquidity position after the pandemic. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, we entered into an amended one-year credit agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and lender, and Bank of America, N.A. and Citibank, N.A. as lenders. The amended Credit Agreement extended the maturity date from April 23, 2021 to February 21, 2022 and has substantially the same terms and conditions as the prior credit agreement with certain changes including the exclusion of certain one-time charges and expenses incurred during the fiscal quarters ended September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2020 from the calculation of the financial covenants, reductions in interest rate floors applicable to revolving loans and other changes to borrowing mechanics under the Credit Agreement. As of March 31, 2021, the Company was in compliance with the requirements in the amended Credit Agreement. As of March 31, 2021, there were no borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement.
•We will continue to prioritize investments in our production capacity and flexibility, commercial channels, preparation for new product launches, and new product developments to help patients.
While we have seen positive trends in certain areas of our business beginning in May 2020, we remain mindful of the negative impacts on business trends we experienced in April 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The general impact of COVID-19 on our business has been negative and we are unable to reliably predict the full impact that the COVID-19 pandemic will have on our business due to numerous uncertainties, including the severity and duration of the pandemic, the
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global resurgences of cases, additional actions that may be taken by governmental authorities in response to the pandemic, the impact of the pandemic on the business of our customers, distributors and suppliers, other businesses and worldwide economies in general, our ability to have access to our customers to provide training and case support, and other factors identified in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020. We will continue to evaluate the nature and extent of the impact of COVID-19 on our business, consolidated results of operations, and financial condition.
Factors Affecting Our Performance
There are a number of factors that have impacted, and we believe will continue to impact, our results of operations and growth. These factors include:
•The COVID-19 pandemic and measures taken in response thereto, which have negatively affected, and we expect will continue to negatively affect, our revenues and results of operations. Due to these impacts and measures, we may experience significant and unpredictable fluctuations in demand for certain of our products as hospital customers re-prioritize the treatment of patients and distributors adjust their operations to support the current demand level.
•The rate at which we grow our salesforce and the speed at which newly hired salespeople become fully effective can impact our revenue growth or our costs incurred in anticipation of such growth.
•Our industry is intensely competitive and, in particular, we compete with a number of large, well-capitalized companies. We must continue to successfully compete in light of our competitors’ existing and future products and their resources to successfully market to the specialist physicians who use our products.
•We must continue to successfully introduce new products that gain acceptance with specialist physicians and successfully transition from existing products to new products, ensuring adequate supply. In addition, as we introduce new products and expand our production capacity, we anticipate additional personnel will be hired and trained to build our inventory of components and finished goods in advance of sales, which may cause quarterly fluctuations in our operating results and financial condition.
•Publications of clinical results by us, our competitors and other third parties can have a significant influence on whether, and the degree to which, our products are used by specialist physicians and the procedures and treatments those physicians choose to administer for a given condition.
•The specialist physicians who use our products may not perform procedures during certain times of the year, such as those periods when they are at major medical conferences or are away from their practices for other reasons, the timing of which occurs irregularly during the year and from year to year.
•Most of our sales outside of the United States are denominated in the local currency of the country in which we sell our products. As a result, our revenue from international sales can be significantly impacted by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.
•The availability and levels of reimbursement within the relevant healthcare payment system for healthcare providers for procedures in which our products are used.
In addition, we have experienced and expect to continue to experience meaningful variability in our quarterly revenue, gross profit and gross margin percentage as a result of a number of factors, including, but not limited to: the impact of COVID-19, the number of available selling days, which can be impacted by holidays; the mix of products sold; the geographic mix of where products are sold; the demand for our products and the products of our competitors; the timing of or failure to obtain regulatory approvals or clearances for products; increased competition; the timing of customer orders; inventory write-offs due to obsolescence; costs, benefits and timing of new product introductions; costs, benefits and timing of the acquisition and integration of businesses and product lines we may acquire; the availability and cost of components and raw materials; and fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. We may experience quarters in which we have significant revenue growth sequentially followed by quarters of moderate or no revenue growth. Additionally, we may experience quarters in which operating expenses, in particular research and development expenses, fluctuate depending on the stage and timing of product development.
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Components of Results of Operations
Revenue. We sell our products directly to hospitals and other healthcare providers and through distributors for use in procedures performed by specialist physicians to treat patients in two key markets: neuro and vascular disease. We sell our products through purchase orders, and we do not have long term purchase commitments from our customers. Revenue from product sales is recognized either on the date of shipment or the date of receipt by the customer, but is deferred for certain transactions when control has not yet transferred. With respect to products that we consign to hospitals, which primarily consist of coils, we recognize revenue at the time hospitals utilize products in a procedure. Revenue also includes shipping and handling costs that we charge to customers.
Cost of Revenue. Cost of revenue consists primarily of the cost of raw materials and components, personnel costs, including stock-based compensation, inbound freight charges, receiving costs, inspection and testing costs, warehousing costs, royalty expense, shipping and handling costs, and other labor and overhead costs incurred in the manufacturing of products. In addition, we record write-downs or write-offs of inventory in the event that a portion of our inventory becomes excess or obsolete.
We manufacture substantially all of our products in our manufacturing facilities in Alameda and Roseville, California.
Operating Expenses
Research and Development (“R&D”). R&D expenses primarily consist of product development, clinical and regulatory expenses, materials, depreciation and other costs associated with the development of our products. R&D expenses also include salaries, benefits and other related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel and consultants. We generally expense R&D costs as they are incurred, with the exception of certain costs incurred for the development of computer software for internal use related to our REAL Immersive System offerings. We capitalize certain costs when it is determined that it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the function intended, and the preliminary project stage is completed. Capitalized internal use software development costs are included in property and equipment, net within the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Sales, General and Administrative (“SG&A”). SG&A expenses primarily consist of salaries, benefits and other related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel and consultants engaged in sales, marketing, finance, legal, compliance, administrative, facilities and information technology and human resource activities. Our SG&A expenses also include marketing trials, medical education, training, commissions, generally based on sales, to direct sales representatives, amortization of acquired intangible assets and acquisition-related costs.
(Benefit from) Provision For Income Taxes
We are taxed at the rates applicable within each jurisdiction in which we operate. The composite income tax rate, tax provisions, deferred tax assets (“DTAs”) and deferred tax liabilities will vary according to the jurisdiction in which profits arise. Tax laws are complex and subject to different interpretations by management and the respective governmental taxing authorities, and require us to exercise judgment in determining our income tax provision, our deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities and the potential valuation allowance recorded against our net DTAs. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined using the enacted tax rates in effect for the years in which those tax assets are expected to be realized. A valuation allowance is established when it is more likely than not that the future realization of all or some of the DTAs will not be achieved.
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Results of Operations
The following table sets forth the components of our condensed consolidated statements of operations in dollars and as a percentage of revenue for the periods presented:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
| (in thousands, except for percentages) |  |
Revenue | $ | 169,204 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 137,329 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue | 57,867 |  |  | 34.2 |  |  | 49,320 |  |  | 35.9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross profit | 111,337 |  |  | 65.8 |  |  | 88,009 |  |  | 64.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development | 18,076 |  |  | 10.7 |  |  | 12,946 |  |  | 9.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales, general and administrative | 79,798 |  |  | 47.2 |  |  | 74,453 |  |  | 54.2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total operating expenses | 97,874 |  |  | 57.8 |  |  | 87,399 |  |  | 63.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income from operations | 13,463 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | 610 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income, net | 480 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 299 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other expense, net | (1,476) |  |  | (0.9) |  |  | (1,655) |  |  | (1.2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income (loss) before income taxes | 12,467 |  |  | 7.4 |  |  | (746) |  |  | (0.5) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | 1,541 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | (1,634) |  |  | (1.2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated net income | $ | 10,926 |  |  | 6.5 | % |  | $ | 888 |  |  | 0.6 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest | (910) |  |  | (0.5) |  |  | (537) |  |  | (0.4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Penumbra, Inc. | $ | 11,836 |  |  | 7.0 | % |  | $ | 1,425 |  |  | 1.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 Compared to the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
Revenue

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  | Change
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | $ |  | %
| (in thousands, except for percentages)
Vascular | $ | 89,165 |  |  | $ | 59,253 |  |  | $ | 29,912 |  |  | 50.5 | %
Neuro | 80,039 |  |  | 78,076 |  |  | 1,963 |  |  | 2.5 | %
Total | $ | 169,204 |  |  | $ | 137,329 |  |  | $ | 31,875 |  |  | 23.2 | %

Revenue increased $31.9 million, or 23.2%, to $169.2 million in the three months ended March 31, 2021, from $137.3 million in the three months ended March 31, 2020. The overall growth in our revenue is primarily due to an increase in products sales within our vascular business as a result of sales of new products and further market penetration of our existing products.
Revenue from our vascular products increased $29.9 million, or 50.5%, to $89.2 million in the three months ended March 31, 2021, from $59.3 million in the three months ended March 31, 2020. This increase was driven by sales of our vascular thrombectomy products and peripheral embolization products, which globally increased by 78.9% and 20.1%, respectively in the three months ended March 31, 2021. This increase was primarily due to higher sales volume as a result of sales of new products and further market penetration of our existing products. Prices for our vascular products remained substantially unchanged during the period.
Revenue from our neuro products increased $2.0 million, or 2.5%, to $80.0 million in the three months ended March 31, 2021, from $78.1 million in the three months ended March 31, 2020. This increase in revenue from our neuro products was primarily attributable to increased revenue in China, sales of new products, and further market penetration of our existing products. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, sales of our neuro access products globally increased by 48.5%. This was partially offset by a decrease in sales of our neuro thrombectomy and neuro embolization products, which globally decreased by 12.5% and 6.7%, respectively, in the three months ended March 31, 2021. Prices for our neuro products remained substantially unchanged during the period.
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Revenue by Geographic Area
The following table presents revenue by geographic area, based on our customers’ shipping destinations, for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  | Change
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | $ |  | %
|  | (in thousands, except for percentages)
United States |  | $ | 120,070 |  |  | 71.0 | % |  | $ | 95,774 |  |  | 69.7 | % |  | $ | 24,296 |  |  | 25.4 | %
International |  | 49,134 |  |  | 29.0 | % |  | 41,555 |  |  | 30.3 | % |  | 7,579 |  |  | 18.2 | %
Total |  | $ | 169,204 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 137,329 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 31,875 |  |  | 23.2 | %

Revenue from product sales in international markets increased $7.6 million, or 18.2%, to $49.1 million in the three months ended March 31, 2021, from $41.6 million in the three months ended March 31, 2020. Revenue from international sales represented 29.0% and 30.3% of our total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Gross Margin

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  | Change
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | $ |  | %
| (in thousands, except for percentages)
Cost of revenue | $ | 57,867 |  |  | $ | 49,320 |  |  | $ | 8,547 |  |  | 17.3 | %
Gross profit | $ | 111,337 |  |  | $ | 88,009 |  |  | $ | 23,328 |  |  | 26.5 | %
Gross margin % | 65.8 | % |  | 64.1 | % |  |  |  |

Gross margin increased 1.7 percentage points to 65.8% in the three months ended March 31, 2021, from 64.1% in the three months ended March 31, 2020. Gross margin is driven by our ability to scale production capacity to support our expanding portfolio of products and is also impacted by our continued investments in COVID-19 related safety measures.
Research and Development (“R&D”)

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  | Change
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | $ |  | %
| (in thousands, except for percentages)
R&D | $ | 18,076 |  |  | $ | 12,946 |  |  | $ | 5,130 |  |  | 39.6 | %
R&D as a percentage of revenue | 10.7 | % |  | 9.4 | % |  |  |  |

R&D expenses increased by $5.1 million, or 39.6%, to $18.1 million in the three months ended March 31, 2021, from $12.9 million in the three months ended March 31, 2020. The increase was primarily due to a $3.5 million increase in product development and testing costs, and a $1.8 million increase in personnel-related expenses driven by an increase in headcount to support our growth.
We have made investments, and plan to continue to make investments, in the development of our products, which may include hiring additional research and development employees. In addition, we have experienced in the past, and may continue to experience in the future, variability in expenses incurred due to the timing and costs of clinical trials and product development.
Sales, General and Administrative (“SG&A”)

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  | Change
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | $ |  | %
| (in thousands, except for percentages)
SG&A | $ | 79,798 |  |  | $ | 74,453 |  |  | $ | 5,345 |  |  | 7.2 | %
SG&A as a percentage of revenue | 47.2 | % |  | 54.2 | % |  |  |  |

SG&A expenses increased by $5.3 million, or 7.2%, to $79.8 million in the three months ended March 31, 2021, from $74.5 million in the three months ended March 31, 2020. The increase was primarily due to a $9.1 million increase in personnel-related expenses, partially offset by a $2.5 million decrease in cost related to marketing events and a $1.4 million decrease in travel-related expenses.
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As we continue to invest in our growth, we have expanded and may continue to expand our sales, marketing, and general and administrative teams through the hiring of additional employees. In addition, we have experienced in the past, and may continue to experience in the future, variability in expenses incurred due to the timing and costs of investments in infrastructure to support the business.
Provision for (Benefit from) Income Taxes

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  | Change
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | $ |  | %
| (in thousands, except for percentages)
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes | $ | 1,541 |  |  | $ | (1,634) |  |  | $ | 3,175 |  |  | (194.3) | %
Effective tax rate | 12.4 | % |  | 219.0 | % |  |  |  |

Our provision for income taxes was $1.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, which was primarily due to tax expenses attributable to our worldwide profits, offset by excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation attributable to our U.S. jurisdiction. Our benefit from income taxes was $1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, which was primarily due to tax benefits attributable to our worldwide losses as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic impact, combined with excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation attributable to our U.S. jurisdiction. The effective tax rate was 12.4% for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to 219.0% for the three months ended March 31, 2020. Our change in effective tax rate was primarily attributable to small tax expenses over relatively large worldwide profits for the three months ended March 31, 2021, when compared to large tax benefits over relatively small worldwide losses for the three months ended March 31, 2020.
Prospectively, our effective tax rate will likely be driven by (1) permanent differences in taxable income for tax and financial reporting purposes, (2) tax expense attributable to our worldwide profits, and (3) discrete tax adjustments such as excess tax benefits related to stock-based compensation. Our income tax provision is subject to volatility as the amount of excess tax benefits can fluctuate from period to period based on the price of our stock, the volume of share-based grants settled or vested, and the fair value assigned to equity awards under U.S. GAAP.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of March 31, 2021, we had $523.3 million in working capital, which included $55.6 million in cash and cash equivalents and $187.0 million in marketable investments. As of March 31, 2021, we held approximately 41.6% of our cash and cash equivalents in foreign entities.
In June 2020, we issued and sold an aggregate of 865,963 shares of our common stock at a public offering price of $166.00 per share, less the underwriters’ discounts and commissions, pursuant to an underwritten public offering. We received approximately $134.8 million in net cash proceeds from the offering after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $8.6 million and other offering expenses of $0.4 million. We intend to use the net proceeds from the offering for general corporate purposes, including working capital, continued development of our products, including research and development and clinical trials, potential acquisitions and other business opportunities. Pending the use of the net proceeds from the offering, we are investing the net proceeds in investment grade, interest bearing securities.
In addition to our existing cash and cash equivalents and marketable investment balances, our principal source of liquidity is our accounts receivable. In order to further strengthen our liquidity position and financial flexibility during the COVID-19 pandemic, on April 24, 2020 we entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and lender, and Bank of America, N.A. and Citibank, N.A. as lenders. The Credit Agreement is secured and provides for up to $100 million in available revolving borrowing capacity with an option, subject to certain conditions, for us to increase the aggregate borrowing capacity to up to $150 million, and was set to mature on April 23, 2021. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, we entered into an amended one-year credit agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and lender, and Bank of America, N.A. and Citibank, N.A. as lenders. The amended Credit Agreement extended the maturity date from April 23, 2021 to February 21, 2022 and has substantially the same terms and conditions as the prior credit agreement with certain changes including the exclusion of certain one-time charges and expenses incurred during the fiscal quarters ended September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2020 from the calculation of the financial covenants, reductions in interest rate floors applicable to revolving loans and other changes to borrowing mechanics under the Credit Agreement. See Note “7. Indebtedness” to our condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information.
We believe our sources of liquidity will be sufficient to meet our liquidity requirements for at least the next 12 months. Our principal liquidity requirements are to fund our operations, expand manufacturing operations which includes, but is not limited
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to, maintaining sufficient levels of inventory to meet the anticipated demand of our customers, fund research and development activities and fund our capital expenditures. We may also lease or purchase additional facilities to facilitate our growth. We expect to continue to make investments as we launch new products, expand our manufacturing operations and information technology infrastructures and further expand into international markets. We may, however, require or elect to secure additional financing as we continue to execute our business strategy. If we require or elect to raise additional funds, we may do so through equity or debt financing, which may not be available on favorable terms, could result in dilution to our stockholders, could result in changes to our capital structure, and could require us to agree to covenants that limit our operating flexibility.
While we have strengthened our liquidity position, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we cannot reliably estimate the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic may impact our cash flow from operations in the second quarter and beyond.
The following table summarizes our cash and cash equivalents, marketable investments and selected working capital data as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

| March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
| (in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 55,632 |  |  | $ | 69,670 |
Marketable investments | 186,977 |  |  | 195,162 |
Accounts receivable, net | 126,415 |  |  | 114,608 |
Accounts payable | 15,389 |  |  | 14,109 |
Accrued liabilities | 90,214 |  |  | 85,795 |
Working capital(1) | 523,265 |  |  | 511,770 |

__________________
(1)Working capital consists of total current assets less total current liabilities.
The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, our beginning balance of cash and cash equivalents, net cash flows provided by (used in) operating, investing and financing activities and our ending balance of cash and cash equivalents:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020
| (in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period | $ | 69,670 |  |  | $ | 72,779 |
Net cash used in operating activities | (14,368) |  |  | (5,920) |
Net cash provided by investing activities | 3,090 |  |  | 10,037 |
Net cash used in financing activities | (2,614) |  |  | (4,350) |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period | 55,632 |  |  | 72,456 |

Net Cash Used In Operating Activities
Net cash used in operating activities consists primarily of consolidated net (loss) income adjusted for certain non-cash items (including depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expense, inventory write-downs, and changes in deferred tax balances), and the effect of changes in working capital and other activities.
Net cash used in operating activities was $14.4 million during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and consisted of consolidated net income of $10.9 million and non-cash items of $13.0 million offset by net changes in operating assets and liabilities of $38.3 million. The change in operating assets and liabilities includes an increase in inventories of $31.6 million, an increase in accounts receivable of $12.9 million and an increase in prepaid expenses and other current and non-current assets of $3.5 million. This was partially offset by an increase in accrued expenses and other non-current liabilities of $8.5 million.
Net cash provided by operating activities was $5.9 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and consisted of a consolidated net income of $0.9 million and non-cash items of $8.4 million, offset by net changes in operating assets and liabilities of $15.2 million. The change in operating assets and liabilities includes an increase in inventories of $15.1 million to support our revenue growth, an increase in prepaid expenses and other current and non-current assets of $1.5 million, and an increase in accounts receivable of $0.2 million. This was partially offset by an increase in accounts payable of $0.9 million to support our ongoing business activities and an increase in accrued expenses and other non-current liabilities of $0.7 million.
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Net Cash Provided By Investing Activities
Net cash provided by investing activities relates primarily to proceeds from maturities and sales of marketable investments, net of purchases, and capital expenditures.
Net cash provided by investing activities was $3.1 million during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and primarily consisted of proceeds from maturities of marketable investments, net purchases, of $7.2 million, partially offset by capital expenditures of $4.0 million.
Net cash provided by investing activities was $10.0 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and consisted of proceeds from maturities and sales of marketable investments of $20.2 million, partially offset by capital expenditures of $10.1 million.
Net Cash Used In Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities primarily relates to payments of employee taxes related to vested restricted stock units, payments towards the reduction of our finance lease obligations and certain acquisition-related payments, and proceeds from exercises of stock options and issuance of common stock.
Net cash used in financing activities was $2.6 million during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and primarily consisted of $3.0 million of payments of employee taxes related to vested restricted stock and restricted stock units and $0.3 million in payments towards finance leases, partially offset by proceeds from exercises of stock options of $0.7 million.
Net cash used in financing activities was $4.4 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and primarily consisted of $2.1 million of payments of employee taxes related to vested restricted stock and restricted stock units, $2.0 million in payments towards finance lease obligations, and $0.7 million related to contingent consideration payments made in the first quarter of 2020 in connection with our acquisition in 2017. This was partially offset by proceeds from exercises of stock options of $0.4 million.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
There have been no material changes to our contractual obligations and commitments as of March 31, 2021 from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have any significant off-balance sheet arrangements or holdings in variable interest entities.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
We have prepared our financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions, and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, expenses, and related disclosures at the date of the financial statements, as well as revenue and expenses recorded during the reporting periods. We evaluate our estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could therefore differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies from those described in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
For information with respect to recently issued accounting standards and the impact of these standards on our condensed consolidated financial statements, see Note “2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.
We are exposed to various market risks, which may result in potential losses arising from adverse changes in market rates, such as interest rates and foreign exchange rates. We do not enter into derivatives or other financial instruments for
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trading or speculative purposes and do not believe we are exposed to material market risk with respect to our cash and cash equivalents and/or our marketable investments.
Interest Rate Risk. We had cash and cash equivalents of $55.6 million as of March 31, 2021, which consisted of funds held in money market funds, general checking and savings accounts. In addition, we had marketable investments of $187.0 million, which consisted primarily of commercial paper, corporate bonds, U.S. agency and government sponsored securities, and U.S. states and municipalities. Our investment policy is focused on the preservation of capital and supporting our liquidity needs. Under the policy, we invest in highly rated securities, while limiting the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer other than the U.S. government. We do not invest in financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes, nor do we use leveraged financial instruments. We utilize external investment managers who adhere to the guidelines of our investment policy. The revolving loans under our Credit Agreement bear interest at: 1) the adjusted LIBO rate or adjusted EURIBO rate, as applicable, plus an applicable rate, for euro currency revolving borrowing; or 2) an alternate base rate plus an applicable rate, for revolving borrowing in U.S. Dollars. As of March 31, 2021, there were no borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement. A hypothetical 100 basis point change in interest rates would not have a material impact on the value of our cash and cash equivalents or marketable investments.
Foreign Exchange Risk Management. We operate in countries other than the United States, and, therefore, we are exposed to foreign currency risks. We bill most sales outside of the United States in local currencies, primarily euro and Japanese yen, with some sales being denominated in other currencies. We expect that the percentage of our sales denominated in foreign currencies may increase in the foreseeable future as we continue to expand into international markets. When sales or expenses are not denominated in U.S. dollars, a fluctuation in exchange rates could affect our net income. We do not believe our net income attributable to Penumbra, Inc. would be materially impacted by an immediate 10% adverse change in foreign exchange rates. We do not currently hedge our exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations; however, we may choose to hedge our exposure in the future.
We do not believe that inflation and changes in prices had a significant impact on our results of operations as of and for the period ended March 31, 2021.
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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
An evaluation as of March 31, 2021 was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of our “disclosure controls and procedures,” which are defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), as controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based upon that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) were effective at March 31, 2021.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarterly period ended March 31, 2021 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls
A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues, if any, within a company have been detected. Accordingly, our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of our disclosure control system are met and, as set forth above, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded, based on their evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this report, that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that the objectives of our disclosure control system were met.
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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.
For information with respect to Legal Proceedings, see Note “8. Commitments and Contingencies” to our condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.
There have been no material changes to our risk factors reported in, or new factors identified since the filing of, our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, which was filed with the SEC on February 23, 2021.
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS.
None.
ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES.
None.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE.
None.
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION.
None.
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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS.

Exhibit Number |  | Description |  | Form |  | File No. |  | Exhibit(s) |  | Filing Date
10.1* |  | Amendment No. 1, dated as of February 22, 2021, to Credit Agreement, dated as of April 24, 2020, by and among Penumbra, Inc. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent and Lender, Citibank, N.A., as Lender, and Bank of America, N.A., as Lender |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
31.1* |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
31.2* |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
32.1** |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and 18 U.S.C. §1350. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
101* |  | The following materials from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2021 formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (iXBRL) includes: (i) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, and (v) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
104* |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as iXBRL with applicable taxonomy extension information contained in Exhibit 101). |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

* Filed herewith.
** Furnished herewith.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

|  | PENUMBRA, INC.
Date: May 4, 2021 |  |
| By: | /s/ Maggie Yuen
|  | Maggie Yuen
|  | Chief Financial Officer
|  | (Principal Financial Officer)

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