10-K 1 lscc201910-k.htm 10-K
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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)
þ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 28, 2019
| or
¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM __________ TO __________

Commission file number: 000-18032
LATTICE SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 93-0835214
(State of Incorporation) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
5555 NE Moore Court, Hillsboro, Oregon | 97124-6421
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (503) 268-8000
________________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
________________________________________

(Title of Class) | (Trading Symbol) | (Name of each exchange on which registered)
Common Stock, $.01 par value | LSCC | Nasdaq Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ¨ No þ
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No þ
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an "emerging growth company." See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer þ | Accelerated filer ¨ | Non-accelerated filer ¨
Smaller reporting company ¨ | Emerging growth company ¨ |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ¨ No þ

Aggregate market value of voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 29, 2019 | $ | 1,242,396,539 |
Number of shares of common stock outstanding as of February 20, 2020 | 134,318,226 |

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
The information required by Part III of this Report, to the extent not set forth herein, is incorporated herein by reference from the registrant's definitive proxy statement relating to the 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which definitive proxy statement shall be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this Report relates.

Table of Contents
LATTICE SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION
ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K
TABLE OF CONTENTS

| Page
|  | Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements | 3
PART I |  |  |
Item 1. |  | Business | 4
Item 1A. |  | Risk Factors | 8
Item 1B. |  | Unresolved Staff Comments | 15
Item 2. |  | Properties | 15
Item 3. |  | Legal Proceedings | 15
Item 4. |  | Mine Safety Disclosures | 15
PART II |  |  |
Item 5. |  | Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 16
Item 6. |  | Selected Financial Data | 18
Item 7. |  | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 19
Item 7A. |  | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 27
Item 8. |  | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 28
Item 9. |  | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants On Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 56
Item 9A. |  | Controls and Procedures | 56
Item 9B. |  | Other Information | 56
PART III |  |  |
Item 10. |  | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 57
Item 11. |  | Executive Compensation | 57
Item 12. |  | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 57
Item 13. |  | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 57
Item 14. |  | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 57
PART IV |  |  |
Item 15. |  | Exhibits | 58
|  | Signatures | 60

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Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These involve estimates, assumptions, risks and uncertainties. Any statements about our expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, assumptions or future events or performance are not historical facts and may be forward-looking. We use words or phrases such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” "possible," “predict,” “projects,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “continue,” “ongoing,” “future,” “potential” and similar words or phrases to identify forward-looking statements.
Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about: our target or expected financial performance and our ability to achieve those results; future financial results or accounting treatments; our use of cash; our gross margin growth and our strategies to achieve gross margin growth and other financial results; our opportunities to increase our addressable market; our expectations and strategies regarding market trends and opportunities, including market segment drivers such as 5G infrastructure deployments, cloud and enterprise servers, client computing platforms, industrial Internet of Things, factory automation, automotive electronics, smart homes and prosumers; our judgments involved in accounting matters; our expectations regarding product offerings; our expectations regarding our customer base; our future investments in research and development and our research and development expense efficiency; our anticipated reductions in expenses; our expectations regarding our restructuring plans; our sharing of anticipated HDMI royalty revenues; our expectations regarding taxes, including unrecognized tax benefits, and tax adjustments and allowances; our beliefs regarding the adequacy of our liquidity, capital resources and facilities; and our beliefs regarding legal proceedings.
These forward-looking statements are based on estimates and assumptions that are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those statements expressed in the forward-looking statements. The key factors, among others, that could cause our actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements included global economic conditions and uncertainty, including as a result of trade related restrictions or tariffs, the concentration of our sales in certain end markets, particularly as it relates to the concentration of our sales in the Asia Pacific region, market acceptance and demand for our existing and new products, market and technology trends, our ability to license or sell our intellectual property, any disruption of our distribution channels, the impact of competitive products and pricing, the effect of any downturn in the economy on capital markets and credit markets, unanticipated taxation requirements or positions of the U.S. Internal Revenue Service or other taxing authority, unanticipated effects of tax reform, or unexpected impacts of accounting guidance. In addition, actual results are subject to other risks and uncertainties that relate more broadly to our overall business, including those more fully described herein and that are otherwise described from time to time in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including but not limited to the items discussed in “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
You should not unduly rely on forward-looking statements because our actual results could differ materially from those expressed by us. In addition, any forward-looking statement applies only as of the date of this filing. We do not plan to, and undertake no obligation to, update any forward-looking statements to reflect new information or new events, circumstances or developments, or otherwise.
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PART I

Item 1. Business
Overview
Lattice Semiconductor Corporation and its subsidiaries (“Lattice,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) develop technologies that we monetize through differentiated programmable logic semiconductor products, system solutions, design services, and licenses. Lattice is the low power programmable leader. We solve customer problems across the network, from the Edge to the Cloud, in growing communications, computing, industrial, automotive, and consumer markets. Our technology, long-standing relationships, and commitment to world-class support enable our customers to create a smart, secure, and connected world.
Our field programmable gate array ("FPGA") devices provide us with a strong, growing base of control, connect, and compute technologies. We believe there are multiple growth areas that will allow us to increase our addressable market. In particular, we believe there are several emerging trends in servers, infrastructure, and smart devices that are opportunities for Lattice:

• | With the growth of hyperscale data centers, our “processor agnostic” solutions are ideal for control and connect functions in enterprise and data center server applications.

• | With the expected continued communications infrastructure build-out from 5G deployment, Lattice solutions are being adopted to control and connect a variety of functions in critical systems.

• | With the increase in electrification and the proliferation of sensors in smart factories, smart homes, and automobiles, our low power, small form factor solutions are ideal for everything from battery powered systems and sensor applications to embedded video.

• | With the increase in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and a multitude of applications at the network edge, Lattice has the capabilities to provide solutions. These applications often act independently and need to make instantaneous decisions. As such, they need their own computing and learning capabilities to perform functions like face detection, image recognition, and video analytics.

• | With the demand for more hardware security in the communications, computing, industrial, automotive, and consumer markets, our hardware root of trust devices provide platform firmware resilience. This provides a secure boot for systems that are dependent on processors.

To serve these emerging needs, customer systems require low power, memory bandwidth, processing power, and the ability to integrate complex functionality into a highly compact footprint. These requirements align to the capabilities of our FPGA devices. Our flexible, low power, small form factor, easy to use FPGAs put us in a unique position to meet these growing market needs.
Our Markets and Customers
We sell our products globally in three end market groups: Communications and Computing, Industrial and Automotive, and Consumer. We also provide Intellectual Property ("IP") licensing and services to these end markets, although licensing and services revenue is reported as a separate end market as it has characteristics that differ from other categories.
In the Communications and Computing Market, our solutions play key roles in computing systems such as servers and clients, 5G wireless infrastructure, switches / routers, and other related applications.
Our Communications and Computing customers need to manage control functions in their systems.

• | As compute devices become smaller and power costs become more dominant, there is a need for small form factor devices with power efficiency.

• | Additionally, these customers need simplified control logic, enhanced hardware platform security, system status monitoring, and rigorous power and thermal management.

• | Networks typically require progressively higher bandwidth and increased reliability as more data is demanded by consumer and other connected devices. Bandwidth demands are also driven by the rapid transition to cloud-based infrastructure.

• | As wireless cells become more compact without fans, there is a growing requirement for smaller form factors optimized for low power consumption.

Lattice FPGAs solve these customer problems. Our FPGAs are optimized for I/O expansion, low cost per look-up table, hardware acceleration, and hardware management. Our FPGAs consume power at very low rates, which reduces operating costs. Their small form factor enables higher functional density in less space. Finally, our FPGAs are I/O rich, which allows for more connections with system application specific integrated circuits ("ASICs") and application specific standard products ("ASSPs").
Examples of our products enabling intelligent automation in the Industrial and Automotive Market include industrial IoT, machine vision, robotics, factory automation, driver assistance, and automotive infotainment.
Our Industrial and Automotive customers face numerous challenges:

• | As smart factories develop, sensors are proliferating and machine vision is becoming higher definition, in turn requiring increasing amounts of data to be gathered, connected, and processed.

• | Cars, trucks, and trains are also becoming smarter and more connected. Drivers and passengers are demanding better in-cabin experiences including entertainment, diagnostics, and enhanced safety — often involving multiple displays, cameras, and sensors.

• | As factories and automotive manufacturers continue their evolution of computerization, power reduction, faster time to design in and market, lower costs are becoming increasingly normal.

Our product portfolio helps solve these challenges. Our small-sized, low-power FPGAs not only provide the I/O expansion, bridging, connectivity, and processing inherent in FPGAs, but they also form the backbone of several integrated solutions, including complete HD camera and DVR solutions on a single FPGA device and Human-Machine Interfaces ("HMI") on a chip.
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In the Consumer Market, you can find our solutions making products smarter and thinner, including: smart home devices, prosumer devices, sound bars, high end projectors, Augmented Reality ("AR") / Virtual Reality ("VR"), and wearables.
Our Consumer customers are driven by the need to deliver richer and more responsive experiences. They typically require:

• | More intelligence and computing power. Products need to be "always-on" and "always-aware."

• | Longer battery lives for handheld devices and reduced energy consumption for plugged-in devices.

• | Real-time transmission of higher resolution video content on larger screen sizes.

• | Fast design cycles. Products must be quickly and easily differentiated.

• | Smaller form factors. Products need to lay flatter on the wall or fit more easily in people’s pockets.

• | Various levels of video processing and analytics.

Lattice FPGAs bring multiple benefits to these customers. An FPGA’s parallel architecture enables faster processing than competing devices, such as microcontrollers, allowing for a user experience with shorter pauses and fewer delays. Our FPGAs are among the lowest power consumption in the industry, enabling the application processor and other high-power components to remain dormant longer, resulting in longer battery life. Finally, with some of the industry’s smallest packages, we enable thinner end products.
Our proprietary solutions help our customers get their products to market faster than typical development cycles. With re-programmability and flexibility, our FPGAs inherently allow our customers to have quicker product development. The time-to-market advantages of Lattice's solutions are critical given the shorter product life cycles and higher competition in our customers’ end markets.
Our Products, Services, and Competition
We are focused on delivering FPGAs and related solutions to help solve our customers' problems. We also serve our customers with IP licensing and various other services.
Field Programmable Gate Arrays (“FPGAs”)
FPGAs are regular arrays of logic that can be custom-configured by the user through software. This programmability allows our customers flexibility and reduced time to market while allowing us to offer the chips to many different customers in many different markets. Five product families anchor our FPGA offerings:

• | The ECP families are our “General Purpose FPGAs” and address a broad range of applications across multiple markets. They offer customers the optimal cost per gate, Digital Signal Processing ("DSP") capability, and Serialize-Deserialize ("SerDes") connectivity. ECP devices are optimized for the Communications and Computing market but also find significant use in the Industrial, Automotive, and Consumer markets.

• | The MachXO families are known as “Control & Security FPGAs” and are optimized for platform management and security applications. They are control oriented and offer the most optimized cost per I/O, along with the lowest cost per look-up table. MachXO families are widely used across our three primary target markets: Communications and Computing, Industrial and Automotive, and Consumer. Our latest generation enables users with hardware system security. The MachX03D provides systems with the platform firmware resilience they need to protect their processors during boot-up.

• | iCE40 families are known as “Ultra Low Power FPGAs.” Their small size and ultra-low power make them the optimal products for each of our core segments where small form factor and customizing is required. The latest member of the family, iCE40 UltraPlus, is focused on Internet of Things ("IoT") edge devices with its Artificial Intelligence ("AI") capabilities, low power, and small form factor.

• | Our CrossLink families are "Video Connectivity FPGAs" and are optimized for high speed video and sensor applications. CrossLink combines the power and speed benefits of hardened video camera and display bridging cores with the flexibility of FPGA fabric. CrossLinkPlus provides users with instant-on capabilities for video display. CrossLink-NX, built on the new Lattice Nexus platform, provides the lowest power in the smallest packages in its class, higher performance, and high reliability. These products are designed for computing, industrial, automotive, and consumer markets, but also find use in communications.

To enable our customers to get to market faster we support the FPGAs with intellectual property cores, reference designs, development kits, and design software. We are investing in our design software to deliver best-in-class tools that enable predictable design convergence and unparalleled ease of use. Further, we have developed integrated system-level solution stacks, such as Lattice sensAI. We combine all of these elements to solve specific customer problems such as the need to quickly implement low power AI inferencing in Edge applications.
Depending on the application, we may compete with other FPGAs vendors, as well as producers of ASICs, ASSPs, and microcontrollers. We believe that Lattice has developed products and solutions with differentiated advantages.
Legacy Semiconductor Products
We also sell Video Connectivity ASSPs, although we are not developing new products in this area and their support requirements are minimal.
Intellectual Property (IP) Licensing and Services
Lattice has a broad set of technological capabilities and many U.S. and international patents. We generate revenue from our technology portfolio via upfront fees and on-going royalty payments through the following activities:

• | Standard IP Licensing - these activities include our participation in two consortia for the licensing of HDMI and MHL technologies to customers who adopt the technology into their products and voluntarily report their usage and royalties. The royalties are split between consortium members, including us.

• | IP Core Licensing - some customers need Lattice’s technology for specific functions or features, but for various reasons are not able to use our silicon solutions. In those cases, we may license our IP cores, which they can integrate into their own ASICs. In contrast to the use of consortia, these licensing activities are generally performed internally.

• | Patent Monetization - we sell certain patents from our portfolio generally for technology that we are no longer actively developing. The revenue from these sales generally consists of upfront payments and potential future royalties.

• | IP Services - projects and design services for customers who wish to develop specific solutions that harness our proven technology and expertise.

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Research and Development
We place a substantial emphasis on new product development, where return on investment is the key driver, and believe that continued investment in research and development is required to maintain and improve our competitive position. Our product development activities are focused on new proprietary products, advanced packaging, existing product enhancements, software development tools, soft IP and application focused solutions. Research and development activities occur primarily in Hillsboro, Oregon; San Jose, California; Shanghai, China; and Muntinlupa City, Philippines.
We believe that a continued commitment to research and development is essential to maintaining product leadership and providing an increased cadence of innovative new product offerings and, therefore, we expect to continue to make significant future investments in research and development.
Operations
We do not manufacture our own silicon products. We maintain strategic relationships with large, established semiconductor foundries to source our finished silicon wafers. This strategy allows us to focus our internal resources on product and market development, and eliminates the fixed cost of owning and operating semiconductor manufacturing facilities. We are able to take advantage of the ongoing advanced process technology development efforts of semiconductor foundries, and to choose to apply those technologies when they become most economically beneficial to us and to our customers.
Lattice partners with Samsung Semiconductor ("Samsung") to manufacture the first low-power FPGA on 28nm FDS technology, which is used in our latest Nexus FPGA platform of products. We partner with United Microelectronics Corporation ("UMC") and its subsidiary United Semiconductor Japan Corporation ("USJC") to manufacture our products on its 130nm, 90nm, 65nm & 40nm CMOS process technologies, as well as embedded flash memory in these technical nodes. Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Ltd. (“TSMC”) manufactures our acquired SiliconBlue and Silicon Image products. Seiko Epson ("Epson") manufactures our 500nm, 350nm, 250nm and 180nm products.
All of our assembly and volume test operations are performed by outside suppliers. We perform certain test operations as well as reliability and quality assurance processes internally. We have achieved and maintained ISO9001:2015 Quality Management Systems Certification and released a line of products qualified to the AEC-Q100 Reliability Standard in support of Automotive product offerings.
We rely on third party vendors to provide cost-effective and efficient supply chain services. Among other activities, these outsourced services relate to direct sales logistics, including order fulfillment, inventory management and warehousing, and shipment of inventory to third party distributors.
Wafer Fabrication
We source silicon wafers from our foundry partners, Samsung, UMC, USJC, Epson, TSMC, pursuant to agreements with each company and their respective affiliates. We negotiate wafer volumes, prices and other terms with our foundry partners and their respective affiliates on a periodic basis.
Assembly
After wafer fabrication and initial testing, we ship wafers to independent subcontractors for assembly. During assembly, wafers are separated into individual die and encapsulated in plastic packages. We have qualified two major assembly partners, Advanced Semiconductor Engineering ("ASE") and Amkor Technology ("Amkor') and are second sourced where volume and customer requirements are necessary. All ASE and Amkor manufacturing of our products is in Asia. We negotiate assembly prices, volumes and other terms with our assembly partners and their respective affiliates on a periodic basis.
We currently offer an extensive list of standard products in lead (Pb) free packaging. Our lead-free products meet the European Parliament Directive entitled "Restrictions on the use of Hazardous Substances" ("RoHS"). A select and growing subset of our ROHS compliant products are also offered with a "Halogen Free" material set.
Testing (Sort and Final Test)
We electrically sort test the die on most wafers prior to shipment for assembly. Wafer sort testing is primarily performed by Amkor in Japan and our second source King Yuan Electronics Co. (“KYEC”) in Taiwan.
Following assembly, but prior to customer shipment, each product undergoes final testing and quality assurance procedures. Final testing is performed by ASE and Amkor, our assembly partners in Asia.
Sales and Revenue
We generate revenue by monetizing our technology and patents through product and technology sales. This involves the direct and channel sales of silicon-based products, as well as the licensing or sale of intellectual property that we have developed or acquired, some of which we use in our products, and certain design services that we may provide.
Sales and Customers
We primarily sell our products to end customers from Lattice Semiconductor Corporation or our wholly-owned subsidiary, Lattice SG Pte. Ltd. We sell both directly and through a network of independent manufacturers' representatives. Additionally, a substantial portion of our sales are made through independent distributors. We also employ a direct sales management and field applications engineering organization to support our end customers and indirect sales resources. Our end customers are primarily OEMs in the Communications and Computing, Industrial and
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Automotive, and Consumer end markets. Our sales team uses our position in OEMs to drive multi-generation design wins and leverages distribution to grow our broad customer base.
We provide global technical support to our end customers with engineering staff based at our headquarters, product development centers and selected field sales offices. We maintain numerous domestic and international field sales offices in major metropolitan areas.
In fiscal years 2019, 2018, and 2017, resale of product by distributors accounted for approximately 82%, 83%, and 77%, respectively, of our net revenue. We depend on our distributors to sell our products to end customers, complete order fulfillment, and maintain sufficient inventory of our products. Our distributors also provide technical support and other value-added services to our end customers. We have two global distributors. We also have regional distribution in Asia, Japan, Israel, and North America, and we sell through three major on-line distributors. In fiscal years 2019, 2018, and 2017, no individual end customer accounted for more than 10% of our total revenue.
Revenue from foreign sales as a percentage of total revenue was 89%, 90%, and 87%, for fiscal 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. We assign revenue to geographies based on ship-to location of the end customer, where available, and based upon the location of the distributor to which the product was shipped otherwise. Both foreign and domestic sales are denominated in U.S. dollars.
Backlog
Our backlog consists of orders from distributors and certain Original Equipment Manufacturers ("OEMs") that require delivery within the next year. Historically, our backlog has not been a predictor of future sales or customer demand for the following reasons:

• | Purchase orders, consistent with common industry practices, can generally be revised or canceled up to 30 days before the scheduled delivery date without significant penalty.

• | Our backlog for distributors is valued at list price, which in most cases is substantially higher than the prices ultimately recognized as revenue.

• | A sizable portion of our revenue comes from our "turns business," where the product is ordered and delivered within the same quarter.

Seasonality
We may periodically experience variability in our sales volumes and financial results due to seasonal trends in the end markets we serve, the cyclical nature of the semiconductor industry, and general economic conditions.
Intellectual Property, Patents, and Licensing
We seek to protect our products, technologies, and intellectual property primarily through patents, trade secrets, copyrights, trademark registrations, licensing restrictions, confidentiality agreements, and other approaches designed to protect proprietary information. We hold numerous United States and international patents and have patent applications pending in the United States and internationally. In addition to protecting innovations designed into our products, our ownership and maintenance of patents is an important factor in the determination of our share of the royalties for the HDMI standard. Our current patents will expire at various times between 2020 and 2038, subject to our payment of periodic maintenance fees. We believe that our patents have value, and we expect to file future patent applications in both the United States and abroad on significant inventions, as we deem appropriate. We have acquired various licenses from third parties to certain technologies that are implemented in IP cores or embedded in our products. These licenses support our continuing ability to make and sell these products to our customers. While our various IP rights are important to our success, we believe our business as a whole is not materially dependent on any particular patent or license, or any particular group of patents or licenses.
Our Team
As of December 28, 2019, we had 747 employees worldwide. We believe that our future success will depend, in part, on our ability to continue to attract and retain highly skilled technical, sales, and management personnel. None of our employees are represented by a collective bargaining agreement. We have never experienced any work stoppages and consider our employee relations to be good.
Corporate Background
Lattice was incorporated in Oregon in 1983 and reincorporated in Delaware in 1985. Our corporate headquarters are located at 5555 NE Moore Court, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, and our website is www.latticesemi.com. Information contained or referenced on our website is not incorporated by reference into, and does not form a part of, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our common stock trades on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol LSCC.
Available Information
We make available, free of charge through the Investor Relations section of our website at www.latticesemi.com, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and amendments to those reports and statements as soon as reasonably practicable after such materials are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. You may also obtain free copies of these materials by contacting our Investor Relations Department at 5555 NE Moore Court, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, telephone (503) 268-8000. Our SEC filings are also available at the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. The content on any website referred to in this filing is not incorporated by reference into this filing unless expressly noted otherwise.
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ITEM 1A. Risk Factors
The following risk factors and other information included in this Annual Report should be carefully considered before making an investment decision relating to our common stock. If any of the risks described below occur, our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows could be materially adversely affected. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may impair our business operations and financial results.
We rely on a concentrated number of subcontractors to supply and fabricate silicon wafers for our semiconductor products. If they are unable to do so on a timely and cost-effective basis in sufficient quantities and using competitive technologies, we may incur significant costs or delays.
We rely on a concentrated number of independent foundries in Asia to supply and fabricate silicon wafers for our semiconductor products, including Samsung Semiconductor, United Microelectronics Corporation, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing, and Seiko Epson. Our success is dependent upon our ability to successfully partner with our foundry partners and their ability to produce wafers with competitive performance attributes and prices, including smaller process geometries. Establishing, maintaining and managing multiple foundry relationships requires the investment of management resources and costs. If we fail to maintain our foundry relationships, if our foundry partners do not provide facilities and support for our development efforts, if our foundry partners are insolvent or experience financial difficulty, or if we elect or are required to change foundries, we may incur significant costs and delays. If our foundry partners are unable to, or do not, manufacture sufficient quantities of our products at acceptable yields, we may be required to allocate the affected products among our customers, prematurely limit or discontinue the sales of certain products, or incur significant costs to transfer products to other foundries, which could adversely affect our customer relationships and operating results.
Our revenues depend on our relationships with our distributors and on a concentrated group of end customers. An adverse change in the relationships with, or performance of, our distributors, or any reduction in the use of our products by our end customers, could harm our sales and significantly decrease our revenue.
We depend on a concentrated group of distributors to sell our products to end customers, complete order fulfillment, maintain sufficient inventory of our products and provide services to our end customers. In fiscal 2019, revenue attributable to distributors accounted for 82% of our total revenue, with two distributors accounting for 55% of total revenue. In fiscal 2018, distributors accounted for 83% of our total revenue with two distributors accounting for 54% of total revenue. We have significant outstanding receivables with our top distributors, and expect our distributors to generate a significant portion of our revenue in the future. Any adverse change to our relationships or agreements with our distributors or a failure by one or more of our distributors to perform its obligations to us could have a material impact on our business, including a reduction in our access to certain end customers or our ability to sell our products.
While a significant portion of our revenue depends on sales to a concentrated number of customers, no individual end customer accounted for more than 10% of our total revenue in either fiscal 2019 or 2018. If our relationships with any material customers were to diminish, if these customers were to develop their own solutions or adopt alternative solutions or competitors' solutions, if any one or more of our concentrated groups of customers were to experience significantly adverse financial conditions, or if as a result of trade disputes or sanctions these customers were restricted from purchasing our products, our results could be adversely affected.
In addition, the inability of customers to obtain credit, the insolvency of one or more customers, or tariffs applicable to our customers’ products, could impact our sales. Any of these effects could impact our ability to effectively manage inventory levels and collect receivables, require additional restructuring actions, and decrease our revenue and profitability.
Our global business operations expose us to various economic, legal, regulatory, political, and business risks, which could impact our business, operating results and financial condition.
We have significant domestic and international operations. Our international operations include foreign sales offices to support our international customers and distributors, which account for the majority of our revenue, and operational and research and development sites in China, the Philippines, and other Asian locations. In addition, we purchase our wafers from foreign foundries; have our commercial products assembled, packaged, and tested by subcontractors located outside of the United States; and rely on an international service provider for inventory management, order fulfillment, and direct sales logistics.
Our domestic and international business activities are subject to economic, political and regulatory risks, including volatility in the financial markets; fluctuations in consumer liquidity; changes in interest rates; price increases for materials and components; trade barriers or changes in trade policies; political instability; acts of war or terrorism; natural disasters; economic sanctions; weak economic conditions, environmental regulations; labor regulations; import and export regulations; tax or freight rates; duties; trade restrictions; interruptions in transportation or infrastructure; anti-corruption laws; domestic and foreign governmental regulations; potential vulnerability of and reduced protection for intellectual property; disruptions or delays in production or shipments; and instability or fluctuations in currency exchange rates, any of which could lead to decreased demand for our products or a change in our results of operation. Uncertainty about future political and economic conditions makes it difficult for us to forecast operating results and to make decisions about future investments. Any or all of these factors could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations in the future.
If we fail to comply with the many laws and regulations to which we are subject, both within the United States and internationally, we may be subject to significant fines, penalties or liabilities for noncompliance, which could harm our business and financial results. For example, effective May 2018, the European Union adopted the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which established new requirements regarding the handling of personal data and non-compliance monetary penalties of up to the higher of 20 million Euros or 4% of worldwide revenue. California also recently adopted the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which imposes significant fines and penalties for violations. Any inability or perceived inability to adequately comply with applicable laws or regulations, including GDPR or CCPA, could result in additional cost and liability to our business and could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
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Beginning in late 2019, the media has reported a public health epidemic originating in China, prompting precautionary government-imposed closures of certain travel and business. The operations of customers and the Company in China and elsewhere may be affected by this and similar public health matters. Although our supply chain does not appear to be affected by this epidemic, it may lead to events outside of our control which could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results and financial condition.
The semiconductor industry routinely experiences cyclical market patterns and our products are used across different end markets. A significant downturn in the industry or in any of these end markets could cause a meaningful reduction in demand for our products and adversely affect our operating results.
Our revenue and gross margin can fluctuate significantly due to downturns in the highly cyclical semiconductor industry. These downturns can be severe and prolonged and can result in price erosion and weak demand for our products. Weak demand for our products resulting from general economic conditions affecting the end markets we serve or the semiconductor industry specifically and reduced spending by our customers can result, and in the past has resulted, in diminished product demand, high inventory levels, erosion of average prices, excess and obsolete inventories and corresponding inventory write-downs. Our expense levels are based, in part, on our expectations of future sales. Many of our expenses, particularly those relating to facilities, capital equipment, and other overhead, are relatively fixed. We might be unable to reduce spending quickly enough to compensate for reductions in sales. Accordingly, shortfalls in sales could adversely affect our operating results. Furthermore, any significant upturn in the semiconductor industry could result in increased competition for access to raw materials and third-party service providers.
Additionally, our products are used across different end markets, and demand for our products is difficult to predict and may vary within or among our Industrial and Automotive, Communications and Computing, and Consumer end markets. Our target markets may not grow or develop as we currently expect, and demand may increase or change in one or more of our end markets, and changes in demand may reduce our revenue, lower our gross margin and effect our operating results. We have experienced concentrations of revenue at certain customers and within certain end markets, and we regularly compete for design opportunities at these customers and within these markets. Any deterioration in these end markets, reductions in the magnitude of revenue streams, our inability to meet design and pricing requirements, or volatility in demand for our products could lead to a reduction in our revenue and adversely affect our operating results. Our success in our end markets depends on many factors, including the strength or financial performance of the customers in our end markets, our ability to timely meet rapidly changing product requirements, market needs, and our ability to maintain design wins across different markets and customers to dampen the effects of market volatility. The dynamics of the markets in which we operate make prediction of and timely reaction to such events difficult.
Due to these and other factors, our past results may not be reliable predictors of our future results. If we are unable to accomplish any of the foregoing, or to offset the volatility of cyclical changes in the semiconductor industry or our end markets through diversification into other markets, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results.
Our business could suffer as a result of tariffs and trade sanctions or similar actions.
The imposition by the United States of tariffs, sanctions or other restrictions on goods imported from outside of the United States or countermeasures imposed in response to such government actions could adversely affect our operations or our ability to sell our products globally, which could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. The materials subject to these tariffs may impact the cost of raw materials used by our suppliers or in our customers’ products. The imposition of further tariffs by the United States on a broader range of imports, or further retaliatory trade measures taken in response to additional tariffs, could increase costs in our supply chain or reduce demand of our customers’ products, either of which could adversely affect our results of operations.
Our customers or suppliers could also become subject to U.S. regulatory scrutiny or export restrictions. For example, the United States Department of Commerce imposed sanctions on one of our customers in China in 2018, which prevented us from doing business with them until the sanctions were lifted. The U.S. Justice Department filed criminal charges against another of our customers in China and imposed sanctions on this customer in May 2019, which has limited our ability to do business with this customer. Revenue from distributors and end customers in China represented approximately 51% of our total revenue in 2019. Future sanctions similar to those imposed in the past could adversely affect our ability to earn revenue from these and similar customers. In addition, the imposition of sanctions on customers in China may cause those customers to seek domestic alternatives to our products and those of other United States semiconductor companies. We cannot predict what impact these and future actions, sanctions or criminal charges could have on our customers or suppliers, and therefore our business. If any of our other customers or suppliers become subject to sanctions or other regulatory scrutiny, or if our customers are affected by tariffs or other government trade restrictions, our business and financial condition could be adversely affected.
Our success and future revenue depends on our ability to develop and introduce new products that achieve customer and market acceptance.
We compete in a dynamic environment characterized by rapid technology and product evolution, generally followed by a relatively longer process of ramping up to volume production on advanced technologies. Our end customers’ continued use of our products is frequently reevaluated, as certain of our customers' product life cycles are relatively short and they continually develop new products. The selection process for our products to be included in our customers' new products is highly competitive. There are no guarantees that our products will be included in the next generation of products introduced by these. Additionally, our markets are also characterized by evolving industry standards and increased demand for higher levels of integration and smaller process geometry. Our competitive position and success depend on our ability to innovate, develop, and introduce new products that compete effectively on the basis of price, density, functionality, power consumption, form factor, and performance, and our addressing the evolving needs of the markets we serve, among other things. With increased introduction of new products, we expect revenue related to mature products to decline over time in a normal product life cycle. As a result, we may be increasingly dependent on revenue derived from our newer products.
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Our future growth and the success of new product introductions depend upon numerous factors, including:

• | timely completion and introduction of new product designs;

• | ability to generate new design opportunities and design wins, including those which result in sales of significant volume;

• | achievement of necessary volume of production to achieve acceptable cost;

• | availability of specialized field application engineering resources supporting demand creation and customer adoption of new products;

• | ability to utilize advanced manufacturing process technologies;

• | achieving acceptable yields and obtaining adequate production capacity from our wafer foundries and assembly and test subcontractors;

• | ability to obtain advanced packaging;

• | availability of supporting software design tools;

• | utilization of predefined IP logic;

• | customer acceptance of advanced features in our new products; and

• | market acceptance of our customers' products.

The failure of any of these factors, among others, could adversely affect our product innovation, development and introduction efforts and our financial condition and results of operations.
Our business depends on the proper functioning of internal processes and information technology systems. A failure of these processes and systems, data breaches, cyber-attacks, or cyber-fraud may cause business disruptions, compromise our intellectual property or other sensitive information, or result in losses.
We rely on various information technology ("IT") networks and systems to manage our operations, including financial reporting, and we regularly make changes to improve them as necessary by periodically implementing new, or upgrading or enhancing existing, operational and IT systems, procedures, and controls. These systems are supported by subcontractors, and they may also be subject to power and telecommunication outages or other general system failures. The legal, regulatory and contractual environment surrounding information security and data privacy is complex and evolving. We continue to commit significant resources to implementing new systems to standardize our processes worldwide and adopt best-in-class capabilities. We are focused on realizing the full analytical functionality of these conversions, which can be extremely complex, in part, because of the wide range of legacy systems and processes that must be integrated.
In the normal course of business, we may implement new or updated IT systems and, as a result, we may experience delays or disruptions in the integration of these systems, or the related procedures or controls. The policies and security measures established with our IT systems may be vulnerable to data breaches, cyber-attacks or fraud. We may also encounter errors in data, an inability to accurately process or record transactions, and security or technical reliability issues. All of these could harm our ability to conduct core operating functions such as processing invoices, shipping and receiving, recording and reporting financial and management information on a timely and accurate basis, and could impact our internal control compliance efforts. If the technical solution or end user training are inadequate, it could limit our ability to manufacture and ship products as planned. We have various systems that remain that may be nearing the end of their useful life or vendor support, which will ultimately need to be replaced.
We maintain sensitive data on our networks and the networks of our business partners and third-party providers, including proprietary and confidential information relating to our intellectual property, personnel, and business, and that of our customers and third-party providers. Companies have been increasingly subject to a wide variety of security incidents, cyber-attacks, hacking, phishing, and other attempts to gain unauthorized access or engage in fraudulent behavior. Cyber-attacks have become more prevalent, sophisticated and much harder to detect and defend against and it is often difficult to anticipate or detect such incidents and to assess the damage caused by them. Our policies and security measures cannot guarantee security, and our information technology infrastructure, including our networks and systems, may be vulnerable to data breaches, cyber-attacks or fraud. In the past, third parties have attempted to penetrate and/or infect our network and systems with malicious software and phishing attacks in an effort to gain access to our network and systems. In addition, we are subject to the risk of third parties falsifying invoices and similar fraud, frequently by obtaining unauthorized access to our vendors’ and business partners’ networks.
In some circumstances, we may partner with third-party providers and provide them with certain sensitive data. If these third parties fail to adopt or adhere to adequate data security practices, or in the event of a breach of their networks, this sensitive data may be improperly accessed, used or disclosed. These data breaches and any unauthorized access or disclosure of sensitive data could compromise our intellectual property, expose sensitive business information and subject us to third party claims.
The increase in cyber-attacks has resulted in an increased focus on cybersecurity by certain government agencies. Cyber-attacks or any investigation or enforcement action related to cybersecurity could cause us to incur significant remediation costs, result in product development delays, disrupt key business operations, and divert attention of management and key information technology resources. In addition, we may incur loss as a result of cyber-fraud, such as those experienced by other companies by making unauthorized payments irrespective of robust internal controls.
Failure of our IT systems or difficulties or delays in maintaining, managing, and integrating them could adversely affect the Company’s controls and procedures and could impact the Company's ability to perform necessary operations, which could materially adversely affect our business. Furthermore, our reputation, brand, and business could be significantly harmed, and we could be subject to third-party claims or governmental penalties in the event of a security breach.
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The intellectual property licensing component of our business strategy increases our business risk and fluctuation of our revenue and margins.
Our business strategy includes licensing our intellectual property to companies that incorporate it into their technologies that address multiple markets, including markets where we participate and compete. Our Licensing and services revenue may be impacted by the introduction of new technologies by customers in place of the technologies we license, changes in the law that may weaken our ability to prevent the use of our patented technology by others, the expiration of our patents, and changes of demand or selling prices for products using licensed patents. We cannot assure that our licensing customers will continue to license our technology on commercially favorable terms or at all, or that these customers will introduce and sell products incorporating our technology, accurately report royalties owed to us, pay agreed upon royalties, honor agreed upon market restrictions, or maintain the confidentiality of our proprietary information, or will not infringe upon or misappropriate our intellectual property. Our intellectual property licensing agreements are complex and may depend upon many factors that require significant judgments, including completion of milestones, allocation of values to delivered items and customer acceptance.
Our sale of patents and intermittent significant licensing transactions can cause material fluctuations in our revenue and gross margins.
We have generated revenue from the sale of certain patents from our portfolio, generally for non-core technology that we are no longer actively developing. While we plan to continue to monetize our patent portfolio through sales of non-core patents, we may not be able to realize adequate interest or prices for those patents. Accordingly, we cannot provide assurance that we will continue to generate revenue from these sales. In addition, although we seek to be strategic in our decisions to sell patents, we might incur reputational harm if a purchaser of our patents sues one of our customers for infringement of the purchased patent, and we might later decide to enter a space that requires the use of one or more of the patents we sold. In addition, as we sell groups of patents, we no longer have the opportunity to further sell or to license those patents and receive a continuing royalty stream.
Our Licensing and services revenue fluctuates, sometimes significantly, from period to period because it is heavily dependent on a few key transactions being completed in a given period, the timing of which is difficult to predict and may not match our expectations. Licensing and services revenue may include revenue from the sales of patents, which sales may be difficult to complete and which may have complex terms for the payment which affect revenue recognition. Because of its high margin, the Licensing and services revenue portion of our overall revenue can have a disproportionate impact on gross profit and profitability. In addition, generating revenue from patent sales and intellectual property licenses is a lengthy and complex process that may last beyond the period in which our efforts begin, and the accounting rules governing the recognition of revenue from patent sales and intellectual property licensing transactions are increasingly complex and require significant judgment. As a result, the amount of license revenue recognized in any period may differ significantly from our expectations.
Our margins are dependent on our achieving continued yield improvement.
We rely on obtaining yield improvements and corresponding cost reductions in the manufacture of existing products and on introducing new products that incorporate advanced features and other price/performance factors that enable us to increase revenues while maintaining acceptable margins. To the extent such cost reductions and new product introductions do not occur in a timely manner, or that our products do not achieve market acceptance or market acceptance at acceptable pricing, our forecasts of future revenue, financial condition, and operating results could be materially adversely affected.
Shortages in, or increased costs of, wafers and materials could adversely impact our gross margins and lead to reduced revenues.
Worldwide manufacturing capacity for silicon wafers is relatively inelastic. If the demand for silicon wafers or assembly material exceeds market supply, our supply of silicon wafers or assembly material could quickly become limited or prohibitively expensive. We typically have short-term wafer supply agreements that do not ensure long-term supply or allocation commitments. A shortage in manufacturing capacity could hinder our ability to meet product demand and therefore reduce our revenue. In addition, silicon wafers constitute a material portion of our product cost. If we are unable to purchase wafers at favorable prices, our financial condition and results of operations will be adversely affected.
The nature of our business and length of our sales cycle makes our revenue, gross margin and net income subject to fluctuation and difficult to accurately predict.
A number of factors, including how products are manufactured to support end markets, yield, wafer pricing, cost of packaging raw materials, product mix, market acceptance of our new products, competitive pricing dynamics, product quality, geographic and/or end market mix, and pricing strategies, can cause our revenue, gross margins and net income to fluctuate significantly either positively or negatively from period to period.
We have limited visibility into the demand for our products, particularly new products, because demand for our products depends upon our products being designed into our end customers' products and those products achieving market acceptance. During our sales cycle, our customers typically test and evaluate our products prior to deciding to include our products into the design of their own products, and then require additional time to begin volume production of their products. This lengthy sales cycle may cause us to incur significant expenses, experience significant production delays and to incur additional inventory costs before we receive a customer order that may be delayed or never get placed. A key strategic customer may demand certain design or production resources to meet their requirements or work on a specific solution, which could cause delays in our normal development schedule and result in significant investment of our resources or missed opportunities with other potential customers. We may incur these expenses without generating revenue from our products to offset the expenses.
While our sales cycles are typically long, our average product life cycles tend to be short as a result of the rapidly changing technology environment in which we operate. Our inventory levels may be higher than historical norms, from time to time, due to inventory build decisions aimed at meeting expected demand from a single large customer, reducing direct material cost or enabling responsiveness to expected demand. In the event the expected demand does not materialize, or if our short sales cycle does not generate sufficient revenue, we may be subject to incremental excess and obsolescence costs.
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These factors make it difficult for us to accurately forecast future sales and project quarterly revenues. The difficulty in forecasting future sales weakens our ability to project our inventory requirements, which could result, and in the past has resulted, in inventory write-downs or failure to meet customer product demands in a timely manner. While we may give guidance, the difficulty in forecasting revenues as well as the relative customer and product mix of those revenues limits our ability to provide accurate forward-looking revenue and gross margin guidance.
We compete against companies that have significantly greater resources than us and numerous other product solutions.
The semiconductor industry is highly competitive and many of our direct and indirect competitors have substantially greater financial, technological, manufacturing, marketing, and sales resources. Consolidation in our industry may increasingly mean that our competitors have greater consolidated resources, or other synergies, that could put us at a competitive disadvantage. We currently compete directly with companies that have licensed our technology or have developed similar products, as well as numerous semiconductor companies that offer products based on alternative solutions, such as applications processor, application specific standard product, microcontroller, analog, and digital signal processing technologies. Competition from these semiconductor companies may intensify as we offer more products in any of our end markets. These competitors include established, multinational semiconductor companies, as well as emerging companies.
Acquisitions, divestitures, strategic investments and strategic partnerships could disrupt our business and adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.
We may pursue growth opportunities by acquiring complementary businesses, solutions or technologies through strategic transactions, investments or partnerships. The identification of suitable acquisition, strategic investment or strategic partnership candidates can be costly and time consuming and can distract our management team from our current operations. If such strategic transactions require us to seek additional debt or equity financing, we may not be able to obtain such financing on terms favorable to us or at all, and such transaction may adversely affect our liquidity and capital structure. We may also choose to divest certain non-core assets, which divestitures could lead to charges against earnings and may expose us to additional liabilities and risks. Any strategic transaction might not strengthen our competitive position, may increase some of our risks, and may be viewed negatively by our customers, partners or investors. Even if we successfully complete a strategic transaction, we may not be able to effectively integrate the acquired business, technology, systems, control environment, solutions, personnel or operations into our business or global tax structure. We may experience unexpected changes in how we are required to account for strategic transactions pursuant to U.S. GAAP and may not achieve the anticipated benefits of any strategic transaction. We may incur unexpected costs, claims or liabilities that we incur during the strategic transaction or that we assume from the acquired company, or we may discover adverse conditions post acquisition for which we have limited or no recourse.
We regularly test for goodwill and other impairments as required under U.S. GAAP, and we may incur future impairments.
We are required under U.S. GAAP to test goodwill for possible impairment on an annual basis and to test goodwill and long-lived assets, including amortizable intangible assets, for impairment at any other time that circumstances arise indicating the carrying value may not be recoverable. For purposes of testing goodwill for impairment, the Company currently operates as one reporting unit: the core Lattice ("Core") business, which includes intellectual property and semiconductor devices. We had no impairment charges in fiscal 2019. Impairment charges related to amortizable intangible assets from the Silicon Image acquisition totaled approximately $12.5 million and $32.4 million in fiscal years 2018 and 2017, respectively. There is no assurance that future impairment tests will indicate that goodwill or amortizable intangible assets will be deemed recoverable. As we continue to review our business operations and test for impairment or in connection with possible sales of assets, we may have impairment charges in the future, which may be material.
We depend on independent contractors and third parties to provide key services in our product development and operations, and any disruption of their services, or an increase in cost of these services, could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.
We depend on subcontractors to provide cost effective and efficient services in our product development and supply chain functions, including test and assembly services, software and hardware development, support of intellectual property cores, inventory management, order fulfillment and direct sales logistics.
Our operations and operating results may be adversely affected if we experience problems with our subcontractors that impact the delivery of product to our customers. These problems may include: delays in software or hardware development timelines, prolonged inability to obtain wafers or packaging materials with competitive performance and cost attributes; inability to achieve adequate yields or timely delivery; inability to meet customer timelines or demands, disruption or defects in assembly, test, or shipping services; or delays in stabilizing manufacturing processes or ramping up volume for new products. If our third-party supply chain providers were to reduce or discontinue services for us or their operations are disrupted as a result of a fire, earthquake, act of terrorism, political unrest, governmental uncertainty, war, disease, or other natural disaster or catastrophic event, weak economic conditions, or any other reason, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
Litigation and unfavorable results of legal proceedings could adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.
From time to time we are subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise out of the ordinary conduct of our business. Certain claims may not yet be resolved, including but not limited to any that are discussed under Item 3. Legal Proceedings and "Note 13 - Contingencies" contained in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, and additional claims may arise in the future. Results of legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty. Regardless of merit or outcome, claims or litigation may be both time-consuming and disruptive to our operations and cause significant expense and diversion of management attention and we may enter into material settlements to avoid these risks. Should we fail to prevail in certain matters or enter into a material settlement, we may be faced with significant monetary damages or injunctive relief against us that could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and operating results and certain portions of our business.
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Changes to financial accounting standards may affect our results of operations and could cause us to change our business practices.
We prepare our consolidated financial statements to conform to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or U.S. GAAP. These accounting principles are subject to interpretation by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, the SEC and various bodies formed to interpret and create accounting rules and regulations. Changes in these rules, such as the adoption of ASC 606 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers in fiscal 2018 or ASC 842 - Leases in fiscal 2019, or in the guidance relating to interpretation and adoption of the rules could have a significant effect on our financial results and could affect portions of our business differently.
Accounting requirements related to sales through our distribution channel could result in our reporting revenue in excess of demand.
Revenue recognition standards require recognition of revenue based on estimates and may require us to book revenue from distributors that is in excess of actual end customer demand. Since we have limited ability to forecast inventory levels of our end customers, we depend on the timeliness and accuracy of resale reports from our distributors. Late or inaccurate resale reports could mask significant build-up of inventories in our distribution channel, have a detrimental effect on our ability to properly recognize revenue, and impact our ability to forecast future sales. An inventory build-up in our distribution channel could result in a slowdown in orders, requests for returns from customers, or requests to move out planned shipments. If our distributors do not ultimately sell the inventory and our estimates change, we could be required to materially correct our recognized revenue in a future period, depending on actual results. Any failure to manage these challenges could disrupt or reduce sales of our products and unfavorably impact our financial results.
Our participation in the HDMI standard is evolving. We no longer act as agent for the HDMI standard, and our share of adopter fees and royalties for the HDMI standard is subject to variability.
We acted as agent of the HDMI consortium until December 31, 2016 and were responsible for promoting and administering the specification. We received all of the adopter fees paid by adopters of the HDMI specification in connection with our role as agent. In September 2016, the Founders of the HDMI consortium, of which we are a member, amended the Founders Agreement resulting in changes to our role as agent for the HDMI consortium and to the model for sharing adopter fee revenues. Under the terms of the agreement, our role as the agent was terminated effective January 1, 2017 and a new independent entity was appointed to act as the new HDMI licensing agent with responsibility for licensing and the distribution of royalties among Founders. As a result of the amended model for sharing adopter fee revenue, we are entitled to a share of the adopter fees paid by parties adopting the HDMI standard.
We share HDMI royalties with the other HDMI Founders based on an allocation formula, which is reviewed generally every three years. In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019, the HDMI Founders adopted a new agreement covering the five-year period beginning January 1, 2018. The amount of our portion of the royalty allocation is dependent on the royalties generated by adopter sales of royalty-bearing HDMI technology.
Changes in effective tax rates, tax laws and our global organizational structure and operations could expose us to unanticipated tax consequences.
We are subject to taxation in the United States and other countries. We have a global tax structure that aligns our corporate structure with our global business operations, and we currently operate legal entities in multiple countries. In some countries, we maintain multiple entities for tax or other purposes. We may choose to consolidate or integrate certain of these entities, and these integration activities, changes in tax laws, rates, regulations, future jurisdictional profitability of the Company, and related regulatory interpretations in the countries in which we operate may impact the taxes we pay or tax provision we record, which could adversely affect our results of operations. In addition, future effective tax rates could be affected by changes in the composition of our earnings in countries with differing tax rates, and by changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities. We make no assurance as to what taxes we pay or the ability to estimate our future effective tax rate because of, among other things, uncertainty regarding the tax policies of the jurisdictions where we operate, or the potential impact of releasing our valuation allowance.
We may be subject to warranty claims and other costs related to our products.
In general, we warrant our products for varying lengths of time against non-conformance to our specifications and certain other defects. Because our products, including hardware, software, and intellectual property cores, are highly complex and increasingly incorporate advanced technology, our quality assurance programs may not detect all defects, whether these are specific manufacturing defects affecting individual products or these are systematic defects that could affect numerous shipments. Inability to detect a defect could result in a diversion of our engineering resources from product development efforts, increased engineering expenses to remediate the defect, and increased costs due to customer accommodation or inventory impairment charges. On occasion, we have also repaired or replaced certain components, made software fixes, or refunded the purchase price or license fee paid by our customers due to product or software defects. Our insurance may be unavailable or inadequate to protect against these issues. If there are significant product defects, the costs to remediate such defects, net of reimbursed amounts from our vendors, if any, or to resolve warranty claims may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and may harm our reputation.
If we are unable to adequately protect our new and existing intellectual property rights, our financial results and our ability to compete effectively may suffer.
Our success depends in part on our proprietary technology and we rely upon patent, copyright, trade secret, mask work, and trademark laws to protect our intellectual property. We intend to continue to protect our proprietary technology, however, we may be unsuccessful in asserting our intellectual property rights or such rights may be invalidated, violated, circumvented, or challenged. From time to time, third parties, including our competitors, have asserted against us patent, copyright, and other intellectual property rights to technologies that are important to us. Third parties may attempt to misappropriate our intellectual property through electronic or other means or assert infringement claims against us in the future. Such assertions by third parties may result in costly litigation, indemnity claims, or other legal actions, and we may not prevail in such matters or be able to license any valid and infringed patents from third parties on commercially reasonable terms. This could result in the loss of our ability to import and sell our products or require us to pay costly royalties to third parties in connection with sales of our products. Any infringement claim, indemnification claim, or impairment or loss of use of our intellectual property could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
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Weakness in our internal control over financial reporting could adversely affect our business and financial results.
We are required to maintain internal controls over financial reporting. We review these controls regularly and deficiencies may be identified from time to time. During the quarter ended December 28, 2019, we evaluated and remediated certain deficiencies in our information technology controls over system access and no material weakness existed at the end of the period. We previously disclosed a material weakness in 2017 related to our risk assessment involving significant unusual transactions that was remediated in 2018. In the future, we may identify material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting. Any failure to maintain an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting could limit our ability to report our financial results accurately and timely, which could adversely affect our business, financial results, and stock price.
We compete with others to attract and retain key personnel, and any loss of, or inability to attract, such personnel could adversely affect our ability to compete effectively.
We depend on the efforts and abilities of certain key members of management and other technical personnel. Our future success depends, in part, upon our ability to retain such personnel and attract and retain other highly qualified personnel, particularly product engineers who can respond to market demands and required product innovation. Competition for such personnel is intense and we may not be successful in hiring or retaining new or existing qualified personnel. If we lose existing qualified personnel or are unable to hire new qualified personnel, as needed, we could have difficulty competing in our highly-competitive and innovative environment.
Our outstanding indebtedness could reduce our strategic flexibility and liquidity and may have other adverse effects on our results of operations.
As of December 28, 2019, we had approximately $148.1 million outstanding under a Credit Agreement, dated May 17, 2019 (the “Current Credit Agreement”). Our obligations under the Current Credit Agreement are guaranteed by our U.S. subsidiaries, and include a requirement to pay quarterly installments of approximately $4.4 million with the remaining balance due upon maturity in May 2024. Our ability to meet our debt service obligations depends upon our operating and financial performance, which is subject to general economic and competitive conditions and to financial, business and other factors affecting our operations, many of which are beyond our control. If we are unable to service our debt, we may need to sell material assets, restructure or refinance our debt, or seek additional equity capital. Prevailing economic conditions and global credit markets could adversely impact our ability to sell material assets, restructure or refinance our debt on terms acceptable to us, or at all, or we may not be able to restructure or refinance our debt without incurring significant additional fees and expenses.
The Current Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, including covenants limiting the ability of the Company to, among other things, incur debt, grant liens, undergo certain fundamental changes, make investments, make certain restricted payments, dispose of assets, enter into transactions with affiliates, and enter into burdensome agreements, in each case, subject to limitations and exceptions set forth in the Current Credit Agreement. We are also required to maintain compliance with a total leverage ratio and an interest coverage ratio, in each case, determined in accordance with the terms of the Current Credit Agreement.
The amount and terms of our indebtedness, as well as our credit rating, could have important consequences, including the following:

• | we may be more vulnerable to economic downturns, less able to withstand competitive pressures, and less flexible in responding to changing business and economic conditions;

• | our cash flow from operations may be allocated to the payment of outstanding indebtedness, and not to research and development, operations or business growth;

• | we might not generate sufficient cash flow from operations or other sources to enable us to meet our payment obligations under the facility and to fund other liquidity needs;

• | our ability to make distributions to our stockholders in a sale or liquidation may be limited until any balance on the facility is repaid in full; and

• | our ability to incur additional debt, including for working capital, acquisitions, or other needs, is more limited.

If we breach a loan covenant, the lenders could accelerate the repayment of the facility. We might not have sufficient assets to repay our indebtedness upon acceleration. If we are unable to repay or refinance the indebtedness upon acceleration or at maturity, the lenders could initiate a bankruptcy proceeding against us or collection proceedings with respect to our assets and subsidiaries securing the facility, which could materially decrease the value of our common stock.
A material change in the agreements governing encryption keys we use could place additional restrictions on us, or our distributors or contract manufacturers, which could restrict product shipment or significantly increase the cost to track products throughout the distribution chain.
Certain components in our products contain encryption keys used in connection with High Definition Content Protection ("HDCP"). The regulation and distribution of these encryption keys are controlled through license agreements with Digital Content Protection ("DCP"), a wholly owned subsidiary of Intel Corporation. These license agreements have been modified by DCP from time to time, and such changes could impact us, our distributors, and our customers. An important element of HDMI is the ability to implement link protection for high definition ("HD"), and more recently, 4K UltraHD, content. We implement various aspects of the HDCP link protection within certain parts we sell. We also, for the benefit of our customers, include the necessary HDCP encryption keys in parts we ship to customers. These encryption keys are provided to us from DCP. We have a specific process for tracking and handling these encryption keys. If DCP changes any of the tracking or handling requirements associated with HDCP encryption keys, we may be required to change our manufacturing and distribution processes, which could adversely affect our manufacturing and distribution costs associated with these products. If we cannot satisfy new requirements for the handling and tracking of encryption keys, we may have to cease shipping or manufacturing certain products.
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We may have failed to adequately insure against certain risks, and, as a result, our financial condition and results may be adversely affected.
We carry insurance customary for companies in our industry, including, but not limited to, liability, property, and casualty; workers' compensation; and business interruption insurance. We also insure our employees for basic medical expenses. In addition, we have insurance contracts that provide director and officer liability coverage for our directors and officers. Other than the specific areas mentioned above, we are self-insured with respect to most other risks and exposures, and the insurance we carry in many cases is subject to a significant policy deductible or other limitation before coverage applies. Based on management's assessment and judgment, we have determined that it is more cost effective to self-insure against certain risks than to incur the insurance premium costs. The risks and exposures for which we self-insure include, but are not limited to, certain natural disasters, certain product defects, certain matters for which we indemnify third parties, political risk, certain theft, patent infringement, and employment practice matters. Should there be a catastrophic loss due to an uninsured event (such as an earthquake) or a loss due to adverse occurrences in any area in which we are self-insured, our financial condition or operating results could be adversely affected.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2. Properties
We lease a 47,800 square foot of space in Hillsboro, Oregon as our corporate headquarters and a research and development facility through November 2022. In San Jose, California, we have 98,874 square feet under lease through September 2026, of which we use 49,579 square feet as a research and development facility, while we vacated 49,295 square feet during the fourth quarter of 2018 and intend to sublease the vacated space. During 2019, we vacated a 23,680 square foot office space in Portland, Oregon, which we have subleased through the end of the lease in March 2025.
In Muntinlupa City, Philippines, we lease a total of 48,565 square feet through May 2025 and 1,938 square feet through June 2025 for research and development and operations facilities. In this location, we also leased another 2,856 square feet through April 2018 as storage space that has been consolidated into other facilities.
In Shanghai, China, we lease 68,027 square feet through May 2021 for research and development operations. We also owned an 18,869 square foot research and development facility in Shanghai, China, which we sold in August 2017.
We also lease office facilities in multiple other metropolitan locations for our domestic and international sales staff. We believe that our existing facilities are suitable and adequate for our current and foreseeable future needs.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
On or about December 19, 2018, Steven A.W. De Jaray, Perienne De Jaray and Darrell R. Oswald (collectively, the “Plaintiffs”) commenced an action against the Company and several unnamed defendants in the Multnomah County Circuit Court of the State of Oregon, in connection with the sale of certain products by the Company to the Plaintiffs in or around 2008. The Plaintiffs allege that we violated The Lanham Act, engaged in negligence and fraud by failing to disclose to the Plaintiffs the export-controlled status of the subject parts. The Plaintiffs seek damages of $138 million, treble damages, and other remedies. In January 2019, we removed the action to the United States District Court for the District of Oregon. At this stage of the proceedings, we do not have an estimate of the likelihood or the amount of any potential exposure to the Company; however, we believe that these claims are without merit and intend to vigorously defend the action. See “Litigation and unfavorable results of legal proceedings could adversely affect our financial condition and operating results” in “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
From time to time, we are exposed to certain asserted and unasserted potential claims. Periodically, we review the status of each significant matter and assess its potential financial exposure. If the potential loss from any claim or legal proceeding is considered probable and a range of possible losses can be estimated, we then accrue a liability for the estimated loss. Legal proceedings are subject to uncertainties, and the outcomes are difficult to predict. Because of such uncertainties, accruals are based only on the best information available at the time. As additional information becomes available, we reassess the potential liability related to pending claims and litigation and may revise estimates.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market Information
Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol "LSCC".
Holders
As of February 20, 2020, we had approximately 216 stockholders of record.
Dividends
The payment of dividends on our common stock is within the discretion of our Board of Directors. We intend to retain earnings to finance our business. We have never paid cash dividends.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
None.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
None.
Comparison of Total Cumulative Stockholder Return
The following graph shows the five-year comparison of cumulative stockholder return on our common stock, the Standard and Poor's (“S&P”) 500 Index and the Philadelphia Semiconductor Index (“PHLX”) from December 2014 through December 2019. Cumulative stockholder return assumes $100 invested at the beginning of the period in our common stock, the S&P and PHLX. Historical stock price performance is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.
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Lattice Cumulative Stockholder Return
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Item 6. Selected Financial Data

| Year Ended (1)
STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS: | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016 |  | January 2, 2016 (2)
(In thousands, except per share data) |  |  |  |
Revenue | $ | 404,093 |  |  | $ | 398,799 |  |  | $ | 385,961 |  |  | $ | 427,054 |  |  | $ | 405,966 |
Cost of revenue | 165,671 |  |  | 179,360 |  |  | 169,382 |  |  | 180,620 |  |  | 186,057 |
Gross margin | 238,422 |  |  | 219,439 |  |  | 216,579 |  |  | 246,434 |  |  | 219,909 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development | 78,617 |  |  | 82,449 |  |  | 103,357 |  |  | 117,518 |  |  | 136,868 |
Selling, general, and administrative | 82,542 |  |  | 91,054 |  |  | 90,718 |  |  | 98,602 |  |  | 97,349 |
Amortization of acquired intangible assets | 13,558 |  |  | 17,690 |  |  | 31,340 |  |  | 33,575 |  |  | 29,580 |
Restructuring charges | 4,664 |  |  | 17,349 |  |  | 7,196 |  |  | 9,267 |  |  | 19,239 |
Impairment of acquired intangible assets and goodwill | — |  |  | 12,486 |  |  | 32,431 |  |  | 7,866 |  |  | 21,655 |
Acquisition related charges | — |  |  | 1,531 |  |  | 3,781 |  |  | 6,305 |  |  | 22,450 |
Gain on sale of building | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,624 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Total operating expenses | 179,381 |  |  | 222,559 |  |  | 264,199 |  |  | 273,133 |  |  | 327,141 |
Income (loss) from operations | 59,041 |  |  | (3,120 | ) |  | (47,620 | ) |  | (26,699 | ) |  | (107,232 | )
Interest expense | (11,731 | ) |  | (20,600 | ) |  | (18,807 | ) |  | (20,327 | ) |  | (18,389 | )
Other (expense) income, net | (2,245 | ) |  | (249 | ) |  | (3,286 | ) |  | 2,844 |  |  | (1,072 | )
Income (loss) before income taxes | 45,065 |  |  | (23,969 | ) |  | (69,713 | ) |  | (44,182 | ) |  | (126,693 | )
Income tax expense | 1,572 |  |  | 2,353 |  |  | 849 |  |  | 9,917 |  |  | 32,540 |
Net income (loss) | $ | 43,493 |  |  | $ | (26,322 | ) |  | $ | (70,562 | ) |  | $ | (54,099 | ) |  | $ | (159,233 | )
Net income (loss) per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.33 |  |  | $ | (0.21 | ) |  | $ | (0.58 | ) |  | $ | (0.45 | ) |  | $ | (1.36 | )
Diluted | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | (0.21 | ) |  | $ | (0.58 | ) |  | $ | (0.45 | ) |  | $ | (1.36 | )
Shares used in per share calculations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 132,471 |  |  | 126,564 |  |  | 122,677 |  |  | 119,994 |  |  | 117,387 |
Diluted | 137,274 |  |  | 126,564 |  |  | 122,677 |  |  | 119,994 |  |  | 117,387 |
BALANCE SHEET: | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016 |  | January 2, 2016
(In thousands) |  |  |  |
Cash, cash equivalents, and short-term marketable securities | $ | 118,081 |  |  | $ | 128,675 |  |  | $ | 111,797 |  |  | $ | 116,860 |  |  | $ | 102,574 |
Total assets | $ | 612,016 |  |  | $ | 623,687 |  |  | $ | 635,961 |  |  | $ | 766,883 |  |  | $ | 785,920 |
Long term liabilities | $ | 184,538 |  |  | $ | 295,812 |  |  | $ | 334,621 |  |  | $ | 338,903 |  |  | $ | 369,223 |
Total liabilities | $ | 284,357 |  |  | $ | 365,230 |  |  | $ | 418,268 |  |  | $ | 496,453 |  |  | $ | 480,400 |
Total stockholders' equity | $ | 327,659 |  |  | $ | 258,457 |  |  | $ | 217,693 |  |  | $ | 270,430 |  |  | $ | 305,520 |
(1) | Results for periods prior to 2018 are presented in accordance with ASC 605, which was in effect during those fiscal years.
(2) | Our results for the year ended January 2, 2016 include the results associated with the acquisition of Silicon Image for the approximately 10-month period from March 11, 2015 through January 2, 2016.

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Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Overview
Lattice Semiconductor Corporation and its subsidiaries (“Lattice,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) develop technologies that we monetize through differentiated programmable logic semiconductor products, system solutions, design services, and licenses.
This discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this report. Discussions of results for prior periods (fiscal 2018 compared to fiscal 2017) are incorporated by reference from our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 29, 2018.
Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates
Critical accounting policies are those that are both most important to the portrayal of a company's financial condition and results, and that require management's most difficult, subjective, and complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and judgments affecting the amounts reported in our consolidated condensed financial statements and the accompanying notes. We base our estimates and judgments on historical experience, knowledge of current conditions, and our beliefs of what could occur in the future considering available information. While we believe that our estimates, assumptions, and judgments are reasonable, they are based on information available when made, and because of the uncertainty inherent in these matters, actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We evaluate our estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis.
We believe the following accounting policies and the related estimates are critical in the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations, and require management's most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments. See "Note 1 - Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies" under Part II, Item 8 of this report for further information on the significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements.
Revenue from Contracts with Customers
We adopted ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, effective on December 31, 2017, the first day of our 2018 fiscal year, using the modified retrospective method. We recognize revenue upon satisfaction of performance obligations when control of promised goods or services has been transferred to our customers. We measure revenue based on the amount of consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for products or services. For revenue recognized on both sales to distributors and related to HDMI royalties, the amount of consideration we expect to be entitled to receive is based on estimates that require assumptions and judgments relating to trends in recent and historical activity. See "Note 1 - Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies" under Part II, Item 8 of this report for further information on our recognition of revenue. Sales to most distributors are made under terms allowing certain price adjustments upon sale to their end customers and limited rights of return of our products held in their inventory. The revenue recognized based on estimated price adjustments and stock rotation reserves may be materially different from the actual consideration received if the actual distributor price adjustments and stock rotation returns differ significantly from the historical trends used in the estimates.
Inventories and Cost of Revenue
Inventories are recorded at the lower of average cost determined on a first-in-first-out basis or market. We establish provisions for inventory if it is obsolete or we hold quantities which are in excess of projected customer demand. The creation of such provisions results in a write-down of inventory to net realizable value and a charge to Cost of revenue.
Accounting for Income Taxes
Our provision for income tax is comprised of our current tax liability and changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected tax consequences of temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements using enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the difference is expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are provided to reduce deferred tax assets to an amount that in management’s judgment is more-likely-than-not to be recoverable against future taxable income. The determination of a valuation allowance and when it should be released requires complex judgment. In assessing the ability to realize deferred tax assets, we evaluate both positive and negative evidence that may exist and consider whether it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible.
As part of our financial review process, we also assess the likelihood that our tax reporting positions will ultimately be sustained. To the extent it is determined it is more likely than not (a likelihood of more than 50 percent) that some portion or all of a tax reporting position will ultimately not be recognized and sustained, a provision for unrecognized tax benefit is provided by either reducing the applicable deferred tax asset or accruing an income tax liability. Our judgment regarding the sustainability of our tax reporting positions may change in the future due to changes in U.S. or international tax laws and other factors. These changes, if any, may require material adjustments to the related deferred tax assets or accrued income tax liabilities and an accompanying reduction or increase in income tax expense which may result in a corresponding increase or decrease in net income in the period when such determinations are made.
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Results of Operations
Key elements of our Consolidated Statements of Operations, including as a percentage of revenue, are presented in the following table:

| Year Ended *
(In thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
Revenue | $ | 404,093 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 398,799 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 385,961 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Gross margin | 238,422 |  |  | 59.0 |  |  | 219,439 |  |  | 55.0 |  |  | 216,579 |  |  | 56.1 |
Research and development | 78,617 |  |  | 19.5 |  |  | 82,449 |  |  | 20.7 |  |  | 103,357 |  |  | 26.8 |
Selling, general, and administrative | 82,542 |  |  | 20.4 |  |  | 91,054 |  |  | 22.8 |  |  | 90,718 |  |  | 23.5 |
Amortization of acquired intangible assets | 13,558 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 17,690 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 31,340 |  |  | 8.1 |
Restructuring charges | 4,664 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 17,349 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 7,196 |  |  | 1.9 |
Impairment of acquired intangible assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,486 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 32,431 |  |  | 8.4 |
Acquisition related charges | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,531 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 3,781 |  |  | 1.0 |
Gain on sale of building | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,624 | ) |  | (1.2 | )
Income (loss) from operations | $ | 59,041 |  |  | 14.6 | % |  | $ | (3,120 | ) |  | (0.8 | )% |  | $ | (47,620 | ) |  | (12.3 | )%

* Results for 2017 are presented in accordance with ASC 605, which was in effect during that fiscal year.
Revenue

| Year Ended * |  | % Change in
(In thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Revenue | $ | 404,093 |  |  | $ | 398,799 |  |  | $ | 385,961 |  |  | 1.3 | % |  | 3.3 | %

* Results for 2017 are presented in accordance with ASC 605, which was in effect during that fiscal year.
Revenue increased $5.3 million, or 1%, in fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018, primarily driven by increased demand for products used in computing solutions and in 5G wireless infrastructure, along with increases in IP revenue, offset by broad market weakness.
Revenue by End Market
We sell our products globally in three primary groups of end markets: Communications and Computing, Industrial and Automotive, and Consumer. We also provide Intellectual Property licensing and services to these end markets.
We anticipate future revenue growth due to multiple market segment drivers, including:

• | Communications and computing: 5G infrastructure deployments, cloud and enterprise servers, and client computing platforms,

• | Industrial and automotive: industrial Internet of Things ("IoT"), factory automation, and automotive electronics,

• | Consumer: smart home and prosumer.

We also generate revenue from the licensing of our Intellectual Property ("IP"), the collection of certain royalties, patent sales, the revenue related to our participation in consortia and standard-setting activities, and services. While these activities may be associated with multiple markets, Licensing and services revenue is reported as a separate end market as it has characteristics that differ from other categories, most notably a higher gross margin.
The end market data below is derived from data provided to us by our distributors and end customers. With a diverse base of customers who may manufacture end products spanning multiple end markets, the assignment of revenue to a specific end market requires the use of judgment. We also recognize certain revenue for which end customers and end markets are not yet known. We assign this revenue first to a specific end market using historical and anticipated usage of the specific products, if possible, and allocate to the end markets by product family based upon historical usage for each family if we cannot identify a specific end market.
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The following are examples of end market applications for the fiscal years presented:

Communications and Computing | Industrial and Automotive | Consumer | Licensing and Services
Wireless | Security and Surveillance | Cameras | IP Royalties
Wireline | Machine Vision | Displays | Adopter Fees
Data Backhaul | Industrial Automation | Wearables | IP Licenses
Server Computing | Robotics | Televisions | Patent Sales
Client Computing | Automotive | Home Theater |
Data Storage | Drones |  |

The composition of our revenue by end market is presented in the following table:

| Year Ended * |  | % Change in
(In thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Communications and Computing | $ | 155,821 |  |  | 38.6 | % |  | $ | 123,195 |  |  | 30.9 | % |  | $ | 113,019 |  |  | 29.3 | % |  | 26.4 | % |  | 9.0 | %
Industrial and Automotive | 151,607 |  |  | 37.5 |  |  | 157,979 |  |  | 39.6 |  |  | 134,639 |  |  | 34.9 |  |  | (4.0 | ) |  | 17.3 |
Consumer | 75,120 |  |  | 18.6 |  |  | 99,294 |  |  | 24.9 |  |  | 108,844 |  |  | 28.2 |  |  | (24.3 | ) |  | (8.8 | )
Licensing and Services | 21,545 |  |  | 5.3 |  |  | 18,331 |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | 29,459 |  |  | 7.6 |  |  | 17.5 |  |  | (37.8 | )
Total revenue | $ | 404,093 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 398,799 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 385,961 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 1.3 | % |  | 3.3 | %

* Results for 2017 are presented in accordance with ASC 605, which was in effect during that fiscal year.
Our revenue in the Communications and Computing end market increased 26% in fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 primarily due to demand increases for server and client computing products, as well as for products used in 5G wireless infrastructure.
For fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018, Industrial and Automotive end market revenue decreased 4% primarily due to broad market weakness, primarily in Asia and Europe.
Consumer end market revenue decreased 24% in fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 primarily due to a greater focus on the Industrial and Automotive and the Communications and Computing end markets, and due to Asia market softness and broad market weakness.
Revenue from the Licensing and Services end market is subject to variability between periods. Revenue from the Licensing and Services end market increased by 18% in fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 predominantly due to increases in HDMI royalty revenue and certain patent and asset sales recognized in 2019.
We share HDMI royalties with the other HDMI Founders based on an allocation formula, which is reviewed periodically, generally every three years. In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019, the Founders adopted a new agreement covering the five-year period beginning January 1, 2018. Revenues recorded during fiscal 2019 and 2018 based on our estimated share of the royalties were consistent with the amounts recognized under the new agreement.
Revenue by Geography
We assign revenue to geographies based on ship-to location of the end customer, where available, and based upon the location of the distributor to which the product was shipped otherwise.
The composition of our revenue by geography is presented in the following table:

| Year Ended * |  | % Change in
(In thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Asia | $ | 298,765 |  |  | 73.9 | % |  | $ | 298,119 |  |  | 74.8 | % |  | $ | 277,638 |  |  | 71.9 | % |  | 0.2 | % |  | 7.4 | %
Europe | 47,392 |  |  | 11.7 |  |  | 45,546 |  |  | 11.4 |  |  | 44,547 |  |  | 11.5 |  |  | 4.1 |  |  | 2.2 |
Americas | 57,936 |  |  | 14.4 |  |  | 55,134 |  |  | 13.8 |  |  | 63,776 |  |  | 16.6 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  | (13.6 | )
Total revenue | $ | 404,093 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 398,799 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 385,961 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 1.3 | % |  | 3.3 | %

* Results for 2017 are presented in accordance with ASC 605, which was in effect during that fiscal year.
Revenue from End Customers
In the periods covered by this report, no end customer accounted for more than 10% of total revenue, and we expect to continue to sell our products to a broad base of end customers.
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Revenue from Distributors
Distributors have historically accounted for a significant portion of our total revenue. Revenue attributable to our primary distributors is presented in the following table:

| Year Ended *
| December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
Weikeng Group | 29.8 | % |  | 25.4 | % |  | 26.7 | %
Arrow Electronics Inc. | 25.4 |  |  | 28.7 |  |  | 23.9 |
All others | 26.9 |  |  | 28.8 |  |  | 26.4 |
All distributors ** | 82.1 | % |  | 82.9 | % |  | 77.1 | %

* | Results for 2017 are presented in accordance with ASC 605, which was in effect during that fiscal year.
** | During the first quarter of 2018, we updated our channel categories to group all forms of distribution into a single channel. Prior periods have been reclassified to match current period presentation.

Gross margin
The composition of our gross margin, including as a percentage of revenue, is presented in the following table:

| Year Ended *
(In thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
Gross margin | $ | 238,422 |  |  | $ | 219,439 |  |  | $ | 216,579 |
Percentage of revenue | 59.0 | % |  | 55.0 | % |  | 56.1 | %
Product gross margin % | 56.7 | % |  | 52.9 | % |  | 53.8 | %
Licensing and services gross margin % | 100.0 | % |  | 98.6 | % |  | 84.0 | %

* Results for 2017 are presented in accordance with ASC 605, which was in effect during that fiscal year.
Gross margin, as a percentage of revenue, increased 400 basis points from fiscal 2018 to fiscal 2019 due to product cost reductions, benefits from pricing optimization, as well as overall mix. The increase in gross margin was also attributable to the non-recurrence in 2019 of the $8.0 million in specific inventory charges taken in the second quarter of fiscal 2018 as a result of the discontinuation of our millimeter wave business.
Additionally, Gross margin was favorably impacted by the relative mix between product revenue and licensing and services revenue. Licensing and services accounted for 5.3% of total revenue in fiscal 2019 compared to 4.6% of total revenue in fiscal 2018. Because of its higher margin, the licensing and services portion of our overall revenue can have a disproportionate impact on Gross Margin.
Operating Expenses
Research and development expense
The composition of our Research and development expense, including as a percentage of revenue, is presented in the following table:

| Year Ended |  | % Change in
(In thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Research and development | $ | 78,617 |  |  | $ | 82,449 |  |  | $ | 103,357 |  |  | (4.6 | )% |  | (20.2 | )%
Percentage of revenue | 19.5 | % |  | 20.7 | % |  | 26.8 | % |  |  |  |

Research and development expense includes costs for compensation and benefits, stock compensation, engineering wafers, depreciation, licenses, and outside engineering services. These expenditures are for the design of new products, IP cores, processes, packaging, and software solutions.
The decrease in Research and development expense for fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 was due mainly to the cost reductions realized from the discontinuation of our millimeter wave business and other restructuring actions including the consolidation of leased facilities. These savings were predominantly from headcount related expenses and from reductions in both depreciation and rent expense, partially offset by increased stock compensation expense.
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We believe that a continued commitment to Research and development is essential to maintaining product leadership and providing innovative new product offerings and, therefore, we expect to continue to make significant future investments in Research and development, particularly with expanded investment in software and solutions.
Selling, general, and administrative expense
The composition of our Selling, general, and administrative expense, including as a percentage of revenue, is presented in the following table:

| Year Ended |  | % Change in
(In thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Selling, general, and administrative | $ | 82,542 |  |  | $ | 91,054 |  |  | $ | 90,718 |  |  | (9.3 | )% |  | 0.4 | %
Percentage of revenue | 20.4 | % |  | 22.8 | % |  | 23.5 | % |  |  |  |

Selling, general, and administrative expense includes costs for compensation and benefits related to selling, general, and administrative employees, commissions, depreciation, professional and outside services, trade show, and travel expenses.
The decrease in Selling, general, and administrative expense for fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 was due mainly to the cost reductions realized from restructuring actions including the consolidation of leased facilities. These savings were predominantly from headcount related expenses and from reductions in both depreciation and rent expense, partially offset by increased stock compensation expense. Additional savings in the current year period resulted from the non-recurrence of certain one-time costs related to our CEO transition in the prior year, including accelerated stock compensation, severance expense, and CEO search fees
Amortization of acquired intangible assets
The composition of our Amortization of acquired intangible assets, including as a percentage of revenue, is presented in the following table:

| Year Ended |  | % Change in
(In thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Amortization of acquired intangible assets | $ | 13,558 |  |  | $ | 17,690 |  |  | $ | 31,340 |  |  | (23.4 | )% |  | (43.6 | )%
Percentage of revenue | 3.4 | % |  | 4.4 | % |  | 8.1 | % |  |  |  |

The decrease in Amortization of acquired intangible assets for fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 was due to the end of the amortization period for certain intangibles and to the reduction of certain intangibles as a result of impairment charges in previous periods. The amortization period for most of our acquired intangible assets will end in the first quarter of fiscal 2020.
Restructuring charges
The composition of our Restructuring charges, including as a percentage of revenue, is presented in the following table:

| Year Ended |  | % Change in
(In thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Restructuring charges | $ | 4,664 |  |  | $ | 17,349 |  |  | $ | 7,196 |  |  | (73.1 | )% |  | 100+%
Percentage of revenue | 1.2 | % |  | 4.4 | % |  | 1.9 | % |  |  |  |

Restructuring charges are comprised of expenses resulting from reductions in our worldwide workforce, consolidation of our facilities, removal of fixed assets from service, and cancellation of software contracts and engineering tools. Details of our restructuring plans and expenses incurred under them are more fully discussed in "Note 7 - Restructuring" to our Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this report.
The $12.7 million decrease in Restructuring charges in fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 was driven primarily by the higher headcount-related restructuring charges in the prior year periods, as compared to lower charges in the current period from ceasing use of certain leased facilities and from termination fees on the cancellation of certain contracts.
Impairment of acquired intangible assets
The composition of our Impairment of acquired intangible assets, including as a percentage of revenue, is presented in the following table:

| Year Ended |  | % Change in
(In thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Impairment of acquired intangible assets | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,486 |  |  | $ | 32,431 |  |  | (100.0 | )% |  | (61.5 | )%
Percentage of revenue | — | % |  | 3.1 | % |  | 8.4 | % |  |  |  |

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During the third quarter of fiscal 2018, we concluded that a certain product line had limited future revenue potential due to a decline in customer demand for that product. We determined that this conclusion constituted an impairment indicator to the related specific developed technology intangible asset acquired in our acquisition of Silicon Image. Our assessment of the fair value of this intangible asset concluded that it had been fully impaired as of September 29, 2018, and we recorded an impairment charge of $0.6 million in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
In the second quarter of 2018, we made the strategic decision to discontinue our millimeter wave business, which included certain wireless technology intangible assets. We determined that this action constituted an impairment indicator related to certain of the developed technology intangible assets acquired in our acquisition of Silicon Image. Our assessment of the fair value of these intangible assets concluded that they had been fully impaired as of June 30, 2018, and we recorded an impairment charge of $11.9 million in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Acquisition related charges
The composition of our Acquisition related charges, including as a percentage of revenue, is presented in the following table:

| Year Ended |  | % Change in
(In thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Acquisition related charges | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,531 |  |  | $ | 3,781 |  |  | (100.0 | )% |  | (59.5 | )%
Percentage of revenue | — | % |  | 0.4 | % |  | 1.0 | % |  |  |  |

Acquisition related charges include legal and professional fees directly related to acquisitions. We incurred no Acquisition related charges in fiscal 2019. For fiscal years 2018, and 2017, Acquisition related charges were entirely attributable to legal fees and outside services in connection with our proposed acquisition by Canyon Bridge Acquisition Company, Inc. Although the acquisition was terminated, we continued to incur certain residual legal fees directly related to this transaction.
Interest Expense
The composition of our Interest expense, including as a percentage of revenue, is presented in the following table:

| Year Ended |  | % Change in
(In thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Interest expense | $ | (11,731 | ) |  | $ | (20,600 | ) |  | $ | (18,807 | ) |  | (43.1 | )% |  | 9.5 | %
Percentage of revenue | (2.9 | )% |  | (5.2 | )% |  | (4.9 | )% |  |  |  |

Interest expense is primarily related to our long-term debt, which is further discussed under the Credit Arrangements heading in the Liquidity and Capital Resources section, below. This interest expense is comprised of contractual interest and amortization of original issue discount and debt issuance costs based on the effective interest method.
The decrease in Interest expense for fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 was largely driven by the significant reduction in the effective interest rate on our long-term debt under the terms of the new Credit Agreement, coupled with the reduction in the principal balance of our long-term debt as a result of the additional principal payments made in the current and previous periods.
Other expense, net
The composition of our Other expense, net, including as a percentage of revenue, is presented in the following table:

| Year Ended |  | % Change in
(In thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Other expense, net | $ | (2,245 | ) |  | $ | (249 | ) |  | $ | (3,286 | ) |  | 100+% |  | (92 | )%
Percentage of revenue | (0.6 | )% |  | (0.1 | )% |  | (0.9 | )% |  |  |  |

For fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018, Other expense, net increased primarily due to the $2.2 million loss on re-financing charge taken in the second quarter of fiscal 2019 to write off the remaining unamortized balance of debt costs and original issue discount related to our refinanced long-term debt, partially offset by reduced miscellaneous expenses during the period.
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Income taxes
The composition of our Income tax expense is presented in the following table:

| Year Ended |  | % Change in
(In thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Income tax expense | $ | 1,572 |  |  | $ | 2,353 |  |  | $ | 849 |  |  | (33.2)% |  | 177.1%

Our Income tax expense is composed primarily of foreign income and withholding taxes, partially offset by benefits resulting from the release of uncertain tax positions due to statute of limitation expirations that occurred in the respective periods. The decrease in expense in fiscal 2019 as compared to fiscal 2018 primarily results from the release of uncertain tax positions due to statute of limitations expiration.
We are not currently paying U.S. federal income taxes and do not expect to pay such taxes until we fully utilize our tax net operating loss and credit carryforwards. We expect to pay a nominal amount of state income tax. We are paying foreign income taxes, which are primarily related to withholding taxes on income from foreign royalties, foreign sales, and the cost of operating offshore research and development, marketing, and sales subsidiaries. It is reasonably possible that during the next twelve months, we will establish a sustained level of profitability in the U.S. As a result, we may reverse a significant portion of the valuation allowance recorded against our U.S. deferred tax assets. The reversal would result in an income tax benefit for the quarterly and annual fiscal period in which we release the valuation allowance. We accrue interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense on our Consolidated Statements of Operations. The inherent uncertainties related to the geographical distribution and relative level of profitability among various high and low tax jurisdictions make it difficult to estimate the impact of the global tax structure on our future effective tax rate.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The following sections discuss material changes in our financial condition from the end of fiscal 2018, including the effects of changes in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, and the effects of our credit arrangements and contractual obligations on our liquidity and capital resources.
We have historically financed our operating and capital resource requirements through cash flows from operations, and from the issuance of long-term debt to fund acquisitions. Cash provided by or used in operating activities will fluctuate from period to period due to fluctuations in operating results, the timing and collection of accounts receivable, and required inventory levels, among other things.
We believe that our financial resources will be sufficient to meet our working capital needs through at least the next 12 months. As of December 28, 2019, we did not have significant long-term commitments for capital expenditures. In the future, we may continue to consider acquisition opportunities to further extend our product or technology portfolios and further expand our product offerings. In connection with funding capital expenditures, acquisitions, securing additional wafer supply, increasing our working capital, or other operations, we may seek to obtain equity or additional debt financing, or advance purchase payments or similar arrangements with wafer manufacturers. We may also seek to obtain equity or additional debt financing if we experience downturns or cyclical fluctuations in our business that are more severe or longer than we anticipated when determining our current working capital needs. On May 17, 2019, we entered into our Current Credit Agreement that is more fully discussed under the "Credit Arrangements" heading, below.
Liquidity
Cash and cash equivalents and Short-term marketable securities

(In thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | $ Change |  | %Change
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 118,081 |  |  | $ | 119,051 |  |  | $ | (970 | ) |  | (0.8 | )%
Short-term marketable securities | — |  |  | 9,624 |  |  | (9,624 | ) |  | (100.0 | )%
Total Cash and cash equivalents and Short-term marketable securities | $ | 118,081 |  |  | $ | 128,675 |  |  | $ | (10,594 | ) |  | (8.2 | )%

As of December 28, 2019, we had total Cash, cash equivalents, and short-term marketable securities of $118.1 million, of which approximately $57.4 million in Cash and cash equivalents was held by our foreign subsidiaries. During the first quarter of fiscal 2019, we liquidated our Short-term marketable securities. We manage our global cash requirements considering, among other things, (i) available funds among our subsidiaries through which we conduct business, (ii) the geographic location of our liquidity needs, and (iii) the cost to access international cash balances. The repatriation of non-US earnings may require us to withhold and pay foreign income tax on dividends. This should not result in our recording significant additional tax expense as we have accrued expense based on current withholding rates. As of December 28, 2019, we could access all cash held by our foreign subsidiaries without incurring significant additional expense.
The net decrease in Cash, cash equivalents, and short-term marketable securities of $10.6 million between December 29, 2018 and December 28, 2019 was primarily driven by cash flows from the following activities:
Operating activities — Cash provided by operating activities results from net income adjusted for certain non-cash items and changes in assets and liabilities. Cash provided by operating activities in fiscal 2019 was $124.1 million, an increase of $72.6 million from the $51.5 million of cash provided by operating activities in fiscal 2018. This increase was driven by both improved operating performance, which contributed $64.5 million to the increase, and by changes in working capital, which contributed $8.1 million to the increase, primarily due to the receipt of royalties distributed by the HDMI agent with the adoption of the new sharing agreement, partially offset by changes in Operating lease liabilities. We are using this increased cash provided by operating activities to invest in our operations.
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Investing activities — Investing cash flows consist primarily of transactions related to short-term marketable securities, capital expenditures, and payments for software licenses. The $15.5 million of cash used by investing activities in fiscal 2019 was $5.6 million less than the $21.1 million used by investing activities in fiscal 2018 primarily due to a $14.3 million change in the net cash flows for short-term marketable securities offset by $8.7 million more cash used for capital expenditures and software licenses. In fiscal 2018, we made $4.6 million in net purchases of short-term marketable securities, whereas we liquidated all short-term investments in 2019 for $9.7 million. The total $25.2 million of cash used in fiscal 2019 for capital expenditures and payments for software licenses was $8.7 million greater than the $16.5 million used in fiscal 2018 due primarily to increased investments in test equipment and software enhancements.
Financing activities — Financing cash flows consist primarily of payments on and refinancing of our long-term debt, proceeds from the exercise of options to acquire common stock, and tax payments related to the net share settlement of restricted stock units. In May 2019, we entered into our Current Credit Agreement and received $206.5 million, which we used to pay off the $204.4 million outstanding balance on our previous loan. In connection with the Current Credit Agreement, we paid $2.1 million in debt issuance costs. During fiscal 2019, we made a total of $117.0 million in voluntary and required principal payments on our long-term debt. Employee exercises of stock options partially offset by tax withholdings on vesting of RSUs provided net cash flows of $7.1 million in fiscal 2019, which is a decrease of approximately $19.8 million from the $26.9 million provided in fiscal 2018.
Accounts receivable, net

(In thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | $Change |  | %Change
Accounts receivable, net | $ | 64,917 |  |  | $ | 60,890 |  |  | $ | 4,027 |  |  | 6.6 | %
Days sales outstanding - Overall | 59 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 1 |  |  |

Accounts receivable, net as of December 28, 2019 increased by approximately $4.0 million, or 7%, compared to December 29, 2018. This resulted primarily from the timing of shipments in December 2019 compared to December 2018.
Inventories

(In thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | $Change |  | %Change
Inventories | $ | 54,980 |  |  | $ | 67,096 |  |  | $ | (12,116 | ) |  | (18.1 | )%
Days of inventory on hand | 123 |  |  | 147 |  |  | (24 | ) |  |

Inventories as of December 28, 2019 decreased $12.1 million, or approximately 18%, compared to December 29, 2018 primarily due to our improved management of inventory levels, as well as the ramp down of mature and aging products.
The Days of inventory on hand ratio compares the inventory balance at the end of a quarter to the cost of sales in that quarter. Our Days of inventory on hand decreased to 123 days at December 28, 2019 from 147 days at December 29, 2018. This decrease resulted from improved inventory management.
Credit Arrangements
On May 17, 2019, we entered into our new Credit Agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, and other lenders. The details of this new arrangement are more fully described in "Note 6 - Long-Term Debt" in the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
As of December 28, 2019, we had no significant long-term purchase commitments for capital expenditures or existing used or unused credit arrangements beyond the secured revolving loan facility described above.
Contractual Cash Obligations
The following table summarizes our contractual cash obligations at December 28, 2019:

Fiscal year (In thousands) |  | Operating leases (1) |  | Long-term Debt (2)
2020 |  | $ | 6,445 |  |  | $ | 26,335 |
2021 |  | 5,485 |  |  | 21,337 |
2022 |  | 4,468 |  |  | 20,799 |
2023 |  | 4,596 |  |  | 20,261 |
2024 |  | 4,716 |  |  | 74,658 |
Thereafter |  | 6,705 |  |  | — |
|  | $ | 32,415 |  |  | $ | 163,390 |

(1) Certain of our facilities and equipment are leased under operating leases, which expire at various times through 2027.
(2) Cash payments due for long-term debt include estimated interest payments, which are based on outstanding principal amounts, currently effective interest rates as of December 28, 2019, timing of scheduled payments and the debt term. Our 53-week fiscal 2020 will result in five quarterly installments being paid during that fiscal year. See Liquidity section of Item 7 for further discussion pertaining to our Credit Arrangements.
The table above does not include amounts related to uncertain tax positions because we cannot reliably estimate the timing of the settlement of such liabilities.
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Our significant operating leases are for our facilities in Hillsboro and Portland, Oregon; San Jose, California; Muntinlupa City, Philippines; and Shanghai, China.
In the first quarter of 2019, we relocated our corporate headquarters to our facility in Hillsboro, Oregon, which is leased until November 2022. Annual rental costs are estimated at $0.6 million with 3% annual increases.
The lease for our former office space in Portland, Oregon expires in March 2025. Annual rental costs are estimated at $0.7 million with average annual increases of approximately 5%. Under a previously approved restructuring plan, we fully vacated the space in Portland, Oregon in early 2019 and subleased the vacated space.
Our lease in San Jose, California expires September 2026 with total annual rental costs estimated to be $2.4 million and annual increases of approximately 3%. Under a previously approved restructuring plan, we vacated approximately 50% or our facility in San Jose, California in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018 and intend to sublease the vacated space.
Two of our leases in Muntinlupa City, Philippines expire in May 2025 and June 2025, with total annual rental costs estimated to be $0.7 million and annual increases of approximately 5%. Our lease in Shanghai expires in May 2021, with total annual rental costs estimated to be $1.8 million.
New Accounting Pronouncements
The information contained under the heading "New Accounting Pronouncements" in Note 1 - Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies to our Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 is incorporated by reference into this Part II, Item 7.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of December 28, 2019, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements of the type described by Item 303(a)(4) of SEC Regulation S-K.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily a result of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. We assess these risks on a regular basis and have established policies that are designed to protect against the adverse effects of these and other potential exposures.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
While our revenues and the majority of our expenses are denominated in U.S. dollars, we collect an annual Japanese consumption tax refund in yen, and as a result of having various international subsidiary and branch operations, our financial position and results of operations are subject to foreign currency exchange rate risk.
We mitigate the resulting foreign currency exchange rate exposure by entering into foreign currency forward exchange contracts, details of which are presented in the following table:

|  | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018
Total cost of contracts for Japanese yen (thousands) |  | $ | 1,894 |  |  | $ | 1,955 |
Number of contracts |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Settlement month |  | June 2020 |  |  | June 2019 |

Although these hedges mitigate our foreign currency exchange rate exposure from an economic perspective, they were not designated as "effective" hedges under U.S. GAAP and as such are adjusted to fair value through Other expense, net. We do not engage in speculative trading in any financial or capital market.
The net fair value of these contracts was favorable by approximately $0.1 million at both December 28, 2019 and December 29, 2018. A hypothetical 10% unfavorable exchange rate change in the yen against the U.S. dollar would have resulted in an unfavorable change in net fair value of approximately $0.2 million at both December 28, 2019 and December 29, 2018. Changes in fair value resulting from foreign exchange rate fluctuations would be substantially offset by the change in value of the underlying hedged transactions.
Interest Rate Risk
We are exposed to interest rate risk related to our indebtedness. At December 28, 2019, we had $148.1 million outstanding under our Credit Agreement. A hypothetical increase in the one-month LIBOR by 1% (100 basis points) would increase our future interest expense by approximately $0.4 million per quarter.
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements: | Page
Consolidated Statements of Operations | 29
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) | 30
Consolidated Balance Sheets | 31
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 32
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity | 34
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 35
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 54

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LATTICE SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

|  | Year Ended
(In thousands, except per share data) |  | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
Revenue |  | $ | 404,093 |  |  | $ | 398,799 |  |  | $ | 385,961 |
Cost of revenue |  | 165,671 |  |  | 179,360 |  |  | 169,382 |
Gross margin |  | 238,422 |  |  | 219,439 |  |  | 216,579 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  | 78,617 |  |  | 82,449 |  |  | 103,357 |
Selling, general, and administrative |  | 82,542 |  |  | 91,054 |  |  | 90,718 |
Amortization of acquired intangible assets |  | 13,558 |  |  | 17,690 |  |  | 31,340 |
Restructuring charges |  | 4,664 |  |  | 17,349 |  |  | 7,196 |
Impairment of acquired intangible assets |  | — |  |  | 12,486 |  |  | 32,431 |
Acquisition related charges |  | — |  |  | 1,531 |  |  | 3,781 |
Gain on sale of building |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,624 | )
Total operating expenses |  | 179,381 |  |  | 222,559 |  |  | 264,199 |
Income (loss) from operations |  | 59,041 |  |  | (3,120 | ) |  | (47,620 | )
Interest expense |  | (11,731 | ) |  | (20,600 | ) |  | (18,807 | )
Other expense, net |  | (2,245 | ) |  | (249 | ) |  | (3,286 | )
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | 45,065 |  |  | (23,969 | ) |  | (69,713 | )
Income tax expense |  | 1,572 |  |  | 2,353 |  |  | 849 |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 43,493 |  |  | $ | (26,322 | ) |  | $ | (70,562 | )
Net income (loss) per share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.33 |  |  | $ | (0.21 | ) |  | $ | (0.58 | )
Diluted |  | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | (0.21 | ) |  | $ | (0.58 | )
Shares used in per share calculations: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 132,471 |  |  | 126,564 |  |  | 122,677 |
Diluted |  | 137,274 |  |  | 126,564 |  |  | 122,677 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements
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LATTICE SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

|  | Year Ended
(In thousands) |  | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 43,493 |  |  | $ | (26,322 | ) |  | $ | (70,562 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain (loss) related to marketable securities, net of tax |  | 42 |  |  | 41 |  |  | (73 | )
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses related to marketable securities included in Other expense, net of tax |  | (53 | ) |  | (18 | ) |  | 252 |
Translation adjustment, net of tax |  | 341 |  |  | (1,271 | ) |  | 2,620 |
Change in actuarial valuation of defined benefit pension |  | (602 | ) |  | 369 |  |  | (95 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 43,221 |  |  | $ | (27,201 | ) |  | $ | (67,858 | )

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements
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LATTICE SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except share and par value data) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018
ASSETS |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 118,081 |  |  | $ | 119,051 |
Short-term marketable securities | — |  |  | 9,624 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts | 64,917 |  |  | 60,890 |
Inventories | 54,980 |  |  | 67,096 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 24,452 |  |  | 27,762 |
Total current assets | 262,430 |  |  | 284,423 |
Property and equipment, net | 39,230 |  |  | 34,883 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 23,591 |  |  | — |
Intangible assets, net | 6,977 |  |  | 21,325 |
Goodwill | 267,514 |  |  | 267,514 |
Deferred income taxes | 478 |  |  | 215 |
Other long-term assets | 11,796 |  |  | 15,327 |
Total assets | $ | 612,016 |  |  | $ | 623,687 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses (includes restructuring) | $ | 60,255 |  |  | $ | 51,763 |
Accrued payroll obligations | 13,404 |  |  | 9,365 |
Current portion of long-term debt | 21,474 |  |  | 8,290 |
Current portion of operating lease liabilities | 4,686 |  |  | — |
Total current liabilities | 99,819 |  |  | 69,418 |
Long-term debt, net of current portion | 125,072 |  |  | 251,357 |
Long-term operating lease liabilities, net of current portion | 21,438 |  |  | — |
Other long-term liabilities | 38,028 |  |  | 44,455 |
Total liabilities | 284,357 |  |  | 365,230 |
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 8 and 13) | — |  |  | — |
Stockholders' equity: |  |  |
Preferred stock, $.01 par value, 10,000,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $.01 par value, 300,000,000 shares authorized; 133,883,000 shares issued and outstanding as of December 28, 2019 and 129,728,000 shares issued and outstanding as of December 29, 2018 | 1,339 |  |  | 1,297 |
Additional paid-in capital | 762,213 |  |  | 736,274 |
Accumulated deficit | (433,290 | ) |  | (476,783 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (2,603 | ) |  | (2,331 | )
Total stockholders' equity | 327,659 |  |  | 258,457 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 612,016 |  |  | $ | 623,687 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements
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LATTICE SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

| Year Ended
(In thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 43,493 |  |  | $ | (26,322 | ) |  | $ | (70,562 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization | 33,056 |  |  | 39,261 |  |  | 57,861 |
Impairment of acquired intangible assets | — |  |  | 12,486 |  |  | 32,431 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 18,899 |  |  | 13,646 |  |  | 12,543 |
Reduction in the carrying amount of right-of-use assets | 5,797 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Loss on re-financing of long-term debt | 2,235 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of debt issuance costs and discount | 1,659 |  |  | 2,230 |  |  | 1,982 |
Impairment of operating lease right-of-use asset (recorded in Restructuring charges) | 977 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Gain on sale of building | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,624 | )
Loss on sale of assets and business units | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,496 |
Other non-cash adjustments | (374 | ) |  | (79 | ) |  | 1,707 |
Changes in assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net | (4,027 | ) |  | (3,978 | ) |  | 44,613 |
Inventories | 12,116 |  |  | 13,177 |  |  | (902 | )
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 3,740 |  |  | (11,667 | ) |  | 889 |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses (includes restructuring) | 9,261 |  |  | 13,325 |  |  | (23,588 | )
Accrued payroll obligations | 4,039 |  |  | (1,051 | ) |  | 726 |
Operating lease liabilities, current and long-term portions | (6,896 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Income taxes payable | 162 |  |  | 498 |  |  | (556 | )
Deferred income and allowances on sales to distributors | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15,007 | )
Deferred licensing and services revenue | — |  |  | (68 | ) |  | (495 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities | 124,137 |  |  | 51,458 |  |  | 38,514 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sales of and maturities of short-term marketable securities | 9,655 |  |  | 5,000 |  |  | 12,689 |
Purchases of marketable securities | — |  |  | (9,603 | ) |  | (7,420 | )
Proceeds from sale of building | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,895 |
Cash paid for costs of sale of building | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,004 | )
Capital expenditures | (15,590 | ) |  | (8,384 | ) |  | (12,855 | )
Proceeds from sale of assets and business units, net of cash sold | — |  |  | — |  |  | 967 |
Repayment received on short-term loan to cost-method investee | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,000 |
Short-term loan to cost-method investee | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,000 | )
Cash paid for software licenses | (9,601 | ) |  | (8,123 | ) |  | (8,532 | )
Net cash used in investing activities | $ | (15,536 | ) |  | $ | (21,110 | ) |  | $ | (8,260 | )
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements

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LATTICE SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (continued)
| Year Ended
(In thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Restricted stock unit tax withholdings | $ | (10,084 | ) |  | $ | (2,370 | ) |  | $ | (3,267 | )
Proceeds from issuance of common stock | 17,166 |  |  | 29,288 |  |  | 6,085 |
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt | 206,500 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Original issue discount and debt issuance costs | (2,086 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Repayment of debt | (321,408 | ) |  | (43,759 | ) |  | (35,429 | )
Net cash used in financing activities | (109,912 | ) |  | (16,841 | ) |  | (32,611 | )
Effect of exchange rate change on cash | 341 |  |  | (1,271 | ) |  | 2,620 |
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents | (970 | ) |  | 12,236 |  |  | 263 |
Beginning cash and cash equivalents | 119,051 |  |  | 106,815 |  |  | 106,552 |
Ending cash and cash equivalents | $ | 118,081 |  |  | $ | 119,051 |  |  | $ | 106,815 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information and non-cash investing and financing activities:
Interest paid | $ | 10,995 |  |  | $ | 18,607 |  |  | $ | 20,649 |
Operating lease payments | $ | 8,425 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Income taxes paid, net of refunds | $ | 3,393 |  |  | $ | 3,054 |  |  | $ | 2,387 |
Accrued purchases of property and equipment | $ | 826 |  |  | $ | 110 |  |  | $ | 588 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations | $ | 747 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Note receivable resulting from sale of assets and business units | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,050 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements
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LATTICE SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

| Common Stock ($.01 par value) |  | Additional Paid-in capital |  | Accumulated deficit |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |
(In thousands, except par value data) | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  | Total
Balances, December 31, 2016 | 121,645 |  |  | $ | 1,216 |  |  | $ | 680,315 |  |  | $ | (406,945 | ) |  | $ | (4,156 | ) |  | $ | 270,430 |
Net loss for 2017 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (70,562 | ) |  | — |  |  | (70,562 | )
Unrealized loss related to marketable securities, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (73 | ) |  | (73 | )
Recognized gain on redemption of marketable securities, previously unrealized | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 252 |  |  | 252 |
Translation adjustments, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,620 |  |  | 2,620 |
Common stock issued in connection with the exercise of stock options, ESPP and vested RSUs, net of shares withheld for employee taxes | 2,250 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 2,795 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,818 |
Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options, ESPP and RSUs (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,658 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,658 |
Defined benefit pension, net of actuarial valuation adjustments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (95 | ) |  | (95 | )
Accounting method transition adjustment (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (355 | ) |  | — |  |  | (355 | )
Balances, December 30, 2017 | 123,895 |  |  | $ | 1,239 |  |  | $ | 695,768 |  |  | $ | (477,862 | ) |  | $ | (1,452 | ) |  | $ | 217,693 |
Net loss for 2018 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (26,322 | ) |  | — |  |  | (26,322 | )
Unrealized gain related to marketable securities, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 41 |  |  | 41 |
Recognized loss on redemption of marketable securities, previously unrealized | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (18 | ) |  | (18 | )
Translation adjustments, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,271 | ) |  | (1,271 | )
Common stock issued in connection with the exercise of stock options, ESPP and vested RSUs, net of shares withheld for employee taxes | 5,833 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 26,860 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,918 |
Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options, ESPP and RSUs | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,646 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,646 |
Defined benefit pension, net of actuarial valuation adjustments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 369 |  |  | 369 |
Accounting method transition adjustment (3) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 27,401 |  |  | — |  |  | 27,401 |
Balances, December 29, 2018 | 129,728 |  |  | $ | 1,297 |  |  | $ | 736,274 |  |  | $ | (476,783 | ) |  | $ | (2,331 | ) |  | $ | 258,457 |
Net income for 2019 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 43,493 |  |  | — |  |  | 43,493 |
Unrealized gain related to marketable securities, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 42 |  |  | 42 |
Recognized gain on redemption of marketable securities, previously unrealized | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (53 | ) |  | (53 | )
Translation adjustments, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 341 |  |  | 341 |
Common stock issued in connection with the exercise of stock options, ESPP and vested RSUs, net of shares withheld for employee taxes | 4,155 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 7,040 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,082 |
Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options, ESPP and RSUs | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,899 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,899 |
Defined benefit pension, net of actuarial valuation adjustments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (602 | ) |  | (602 | )
Balances, December 28, 2019 | 133,883 |  |  | $ | 1,339 |  |  | $ | 762,213 |  |  | $ | (433,290 | ) |  | $ | (2,603 | ) |  | $ | 327,659 |

(1) In the third quarter of fiscal 2017, in relation to the sale of 100% of the equity of our Hyderabad, India subsidiary and certain assets related to our Simplay
Labs testing and certification business, certain stock compensation was accelerated due to a change of control agreement. As a result of this acceleration,
the equity effect of stock compensation shown above includes approximately $0.1 million that was charged to restructuring expense as part of the June
2017 Plan (see "Note 7 - Restructuring").
(2) During the first quarter of fiscal 2017, we early adopted ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory.
This guidance is required to be applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance sheet as of the beginning
of the fiscal year of adoption. As a result of this adoption, we recorded a nominal amount to Accumulated deficit, as detailed in the table above.
(3) As of the beginning of fiscal 2018, we adopted ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts With Customers, using the modified retrospective transition method. As
a result of this adoption, we recorded a cumulative-effect adjustment to Accumulated deficit, as shown in the table above.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements
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LATTICE SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1 - Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation and Use of Estimates
The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("U.S. GAAP"). They include the accounts of Lattice and its subsidiaries after the elimination of all intercompany balances and transactions.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and judgments affecting the amounts reported in our consolidated condensed financial statements and the accompanying notes. The actual results that we experience may differ materially from our estimates.
Fiscal Reporting Periods
We report based on a 52 or 53-week fiscal year ending on the Saturday closest to December 31. Our fiscal 2019, 2018, and 2017 were 52-week years that ended December 28, 2019, December 29, 2018, and December 30, 2017 respectively. Our fiscal 2020 will be a 53-week year and will end on January 2, 2021. All references to quarterly or annual financial results are references to the results for the relevant fiscal period.
Concentrations of Risk
Potential exposure to concentrations of risk may impact revenue, accounts receivable, and supply of wafers for our new products.
In the periods covered by this report, no end customer accounted for more than 10% of total revenue.
Distributors have historically accounted for a significant portion of our total revenue. Our two largest distributor groups, the Weikeng Group ("Weikeng") and Arrow Electronics, Inc. ("Arrow"), each account for substantial portions of our total revenue and our net accounts receivable. Revenue attributable to distributors as a percentage of total revenue is presented in the following table:

| Year Ended
| December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
Weikeng Group | 30 | % |  | 25 | % |  | 27 | %
Arrow Electronics Inc. | 25 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 24 |
All others | 27 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 26 |
Revenue attributable to distributors* | 82 | % |  | 83 | % |  | 77 | %

* | During the first quarter of 2018, we updated our channel categories to group all forms of distribution into a single channel. Prior periods have been reclassified to match the current period presentation.

At December 28, 2019 and December 29, 2018, Arrow accounted for 40% and 41%, respectively, and Weikeng accounted for 38% and 23%, respectively, of net accounts receivable. No other distributor group or end customer accounted for more than 10% of net accounts receivable at these dates.
Concentration of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable is mitigated by our credit and collection process including active management of collections, credit limits, routine credit evaluations for essentially all customers, and secure transactions with letters of credit or advance payments where appropriate. We regularly review our allowance for doubtful accounts and the aging of our accounts receivable.
We rely on a limited number of foundries for our wafer purchases. We seek to mitigate the concentration of supply risk by establishing, maintaining and managing multiple foundry relationships; however, certain of our products are sourced from a single foundry and changing from one foundry to another can have a significant cost, or create delays in production or shipments, among other factors.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
We consider all investments that are readily convertible into cash and that have original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consist primarily of highly liquid investments in time deposits or money market accounts and are carried at cost, which approximates fair value. Deposits with financial institutions at times exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limits.
Foreign Exchange and Translation of Foreign Currencies
While our revenues and the majority of our expenses are denominated in U.S. dollars, we also have international subsidiaries and branch operations that conduct some transactions in foreign currencies. Gains or losses from foreign exchange rate fluctuations on balances denominated in foreign currencies are reflected in Other expense, net.
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We translate accounts denominated in foreign currencies in accordance with ASC 830, “Foreign Currency Matters,” using the current rate method under which asset and liability accounts are translated at the current rate, while stockholders' equity accounts are translated at the appropriate historical rates, and revenue and expense accounts are translated at average monthly exchange rates. Translation adjustments related to the consolidation of foreign subsidiary financial statements are reflected in Accumulated other comprehensive loss in Stockholders' equity (See our Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity).
Revenue Recognition
We adopted ASC 606 effective on December 31, 2017, the first day of our 2018 fiscal year, using the modified retrospective method. Under this transition method, we applied the provisions of the new standard to all open customer contracts as of the date of adoption and recorded the cumulative effect of adoption to Accumulated deficit on December 31, 2017. We have not restated any prior financial statements presented. Under the guidance in effect prior to the adoption of ASC 606, we deferred the recognition of revenue and the cost of revenue from certain sales until the distributors of our products reported that they had sold the products to their customers, at which point the selling price of these products became fixed and determinable, and certain licensing revenues were not recognizable under previous GAAP due to the fixed and determinable revenue recognition criteria not being met.
Under ASC 606, we recognize revenue when we satisfy performance obligations as evidenced by the transfer of control of our products or services to customers. We consider customer purchase orders, which in some cases are governed by master sales agreements, to be the contracts with a customer. For sales to distributors, we have concluded that our contracts are with the distributor, rather than with the distributor’s end customer, as we hold a contract bearing enforceable rights and obligations only with the distributor. The majority of our revenue is derived from product sales. For each contract, we consider our promise to transfer each distinct product to be the identified performance obligations. Revenue for product sales is recognized at the time of product shipment, as determined by the agreed upon contract shipping terms.
Our Licensing and services revenue is comprised of revenue from our intellectual property ("IP") core licensing activity, patent monetization activities, design services, and royalty and adopter fee revenue from our standards activities. These activities are complementary to our product sales and help us to monetize our IP associated with our technology and standards. We consider licensing arrangements with our customers and agreements with the standards consortia of which we are a member to be the contract. For each contract, we consider the promise to deliver a license that grants the customer the right to use the IP, as well as any professional services provided under the contract, as distinct performance obligations. We recognize license revenue at the point in time that control of the license transfers to the customer, which is generally upon delivery, or as usage occurs.
We measure revenue based on the amount of consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for products or services. Variable consideration is estimated and reflected as an adjustment to the transaction price. We determine variable consideration, which consists primarily of various sales price concessions, by estimating the most likely amount of consideration we expect to receive from the customer based on an analysis of historical ship and debit claims, at the distributor and product level, over a period of time considered adequate to account for current pricing and business trends. Sales rebates earned by customers are offset against their receivable balances. Rebates earned by customers when they do not have outstanding receivable balances are recorded within other accrued liabilities. The impacts of distributor sales price reductions resulting from price protection agreements are also estimated based on historical analysis of such activity and are reflected as a reduction in net revenue. Our HDMI and MHL standards revenue, as well as certain IP licenses, include variable consideration in the form of usage-based royalties.
We generally provide an assurance warranty that our products will substantially conform to the published specifications for twelve months from the date of shipment. In some cases, the warranty period may be longer than twelve months. We do not separately price or sell the assurance warranty. Our liability is limited to either a credit equal to the purchase price or replacement of the defective part. Under the practical expedient provided by ASC 340, we generally expense sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period would be less than one year. We record these costs within Selling, general, and administrative expenses. Substantially all of our performance obligations are satisfied within twelve months. Accordingly, under the optional exemption provided by ASC 606, we do not disclose revenues allocated to future performance obligations of partially completed contracts.
Inventories and Cost of Revenue
Inventories are recorded at the lower of average cost determined on a first-in-first-out basis or market. We establish provisions for inventory if it is obsolete or we hold quantities which are in excess of projected customer demand. The creation of such provisions results in a write-down of inventory to net realizable value and a charge to Cost of revenue. Shipping and handling costs are included in Cost of revenue in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, generally three to five years for equipment and software, one to three years for tooling, and thirty years for buildings and building space. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the non-cancelable lease term or the estimated useful life of the assets. We capitalize costs for the fabrication of masks used by our foundry partners to manufacture our products. The capitalized mask costs begin depreciating to Cost of revenue once the products go into production, and depreciation is straight-lined over a three-year period, which is the expected useful life of the mask. Upon disposal of property and equipment, the accounts are relieved of the costs and related accumulated depreciation and amortization, and resulting gains or losses are reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for recognized gains and losses, or in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for deferred gains and losses. Repair and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.
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Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
Long-lived assets, which consist primarily of property and equipment and amortizable intangible assets, are carried on our financial statements based on their cost less accumulated depreciation or amortization. We monitor the carrying value of our long-lived assets for potential impairment and test the recoverability of such assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. These events or changes in circumstances, including management decisions pertaining to such assets, are referred to as impairment indicators. If an impairment indicator occurs, we perform a test of recoverability by comparing the carrying value of the asset group to its undiscounted expected future cash flows. If the carrying values are in excess of undiscounted expected future cash flows, we measure any impairment by comparing the fair value of the asset group to its carrying value. Fair value is generally determined by considering (i) internally developed discounted projected cash flow analysis of the asset group; (ii) actual third-party valuations; and/or (iii) information available regarding the current market for similar asset groups. If the fair value of the asset group is determined to be less than the carrying amount of the asset group, an impairment in the amount of the difference is recorded in the period that the impairment indicator occurs and is included in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. Estimating future cash flows requires significant judgment and projections may vary from the cash flows eventually realized, which could impact our ability to accurately assess whether an asset has been impaired. There has been no occurrence of events to date that would trigger an impairment analysis of property and equipment. The results of our assessments of amortizable intangible assets are detailed in "Note 9 - Intangible Assets."
Valuation of Goodwill
Goodwill is an asset representing the future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired in a business combination that are not individually identified and separately recognized. Goodwill is not amortized, but is instead tested for impairment annually during the fourth quarter and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of goodwill may not be recoverable. When evaluating whether goodwill is impaired, we make a qualitative assessment to determine if it is more likely than not that the reporting unit's fair value is less than the carrying amount. If the qualitative assessment determines that it is more likely than not that the fair value is less than the carrying amount, the fair value of the reporting unit is compared with its carrying value (including goodwill). If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, then goodwill impairment exists for the reporting unit. The impairment loss, if any, is recognized for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, no further impairment analysis is needed. For purposes of testing goodwill for impairment, we currently operate as a single reporting unit: the core Lattice ("Core") business, which includes intellectual property and semiconductor devices. We do not expect goodwill impairment to be tax deductible for income tax purposes.
We determined that the strategic decision to discontinue our millimeter wave business in the second quarter of 2018 constituted a triggering event related to goodwill, and we evaluated our goodwill balance as of June 30, 2018. We concluded that goodwill was not impaired, and no impairment charges relating to goodwill were recorded for fiscal 2018. No impairment charges relating to goodwill were recorded for either fiscal 2019 or 2017 as no indicators of impairment were present.
Leases
We adopted ASC 842, "Leases," effective on December 30, 2018, the first day of our 2019 fiscal year, using the modified retrospective transition method. The new standard requires lessees to record assets and liabilities on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. We elected the "package of practical expedients" that would allow us to carryforward our historical lease classifications, not reassess historical contracts to determine if they contain leases, and not reassess the initial direct costs for any existing leases. We also elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components, which we have applied to all asset classes. Concurrent with our adoption of Topic 842, we have early adopted ASU 2019-01, Leases (Topic 842): Codification Improvements, which grants disclosure relief for interim periods during the year in which a company adopted Topic 842.
Right-of-use ("ROU") assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized on the commencement date of the lease based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we determine the present value of lease payments using an incremental borrowing rate based on information from our commercial bank for an equivalent borrowing and term in the respective region as of the lease commencement date. At inception, we determine if an arrangement is a lease, if it includes options to extend or terminate the lease, and if it is reasonably certain that we will exercise the options. Lease cost, representing lease payments over the term of the lease and any capitalizable direct costs less any incentives received, is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term as lease expense. We have operating leases for corporate offices, sales offices, research and development facilities, storage facilities, and a data center.
The exercise of lease renewal options is at our sole discretion. When deemed reasonably certain of exercise, the renewal options are included in the determination of the lease term and lease payment obligation, respectively. For our leases that contain variable lease payments, residual value guarantees, or restrictive covenants, we have concluded that these inputs are not significant to the determination of the ROU asset and lease liability.
Research and Development
Research and development expenses include costs for compensation and benefits, engineering wafers, depreciation, licenses, and outside engineering services. These expenditures are for the design of new products, intellectual property cores, processes, packaging, and software solutions. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.
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Restructuring Charges
Expenses associated with exit or disposal activities are recognized when incurred under ASC 420, “Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations,” for everything except severance expenses and vacated leased facilities. Because we have a history of paying severance benefits, the cost of severance benefits associated with a restructuring plan is recorded when such costs are probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated in accordance with ASC 712, “Compensation - Nonretirement Postemployment Benefits.” When leased facilities are vacated, the amount of any ROU asset impairment is calculated in accordance with ASC 360, "Property, Plant, and Equipment" and recorded as a part of restructuring charges. Expenses from other exit or disposal activities, including the cancellation of software contracts and engineering tools or the abandonment of long-lived assets, is recorded as a part of restructuring charges.
Accounting for Income Taxes
Our provision for income tax is comprised of our current tax liability and changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected tax consequences of temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements using enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the difference is expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are provided to reduce deferred tax assets to an amount that in management’s judgment is more-likely-than-not to be recoverable against future taxable income. The determination of a valuation allowance and when it should be released requires complex judgment.
In assessing the ability to realize deferred tax assets, we evaluate both positive and negative evidence that may exist and consider whether it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Any adjustment to the net deferred tax asset valuation allowance is recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the period that the adjustment is determined to be required.
Our income tax calculations are based on application of the respective U.S. federal, state or foreign tax law. Our tax filings, however, are subject to audit by the relevant tax authorities. Accordingly, we recognize tax liabilities based upon our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due when such estimates are more-likely-than-not to be sustained. An uncertain income tax position will not be recognized if it has less than a 50% likelihood of being sustained. To the extent the final tax liabilities are different than the amounts originally accrued, the increases or decreases as well as any interest or penalties are recorded as income tax expense or benefit in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Stock-Based Compensation
We use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of substantially all share-based awards consistent with the provisions of ASC 718, “Compensation - Stock Compensation.” We have also granted stock options and RSUs with a market condition to certain executives. We determined and fixed the fair value of the awards with a market condition using a lattice-based option-pricing model. The valuation of these awards incorporated a Monte-Carlo simulation, and considered the likelihood that we would achieve the market condition. The awards with a market condition generally have a two- or three-year vesting period and vest between 0% and 250% of the target amount, based on the Company's relative Total Shareholder Return ("TSR") when compared to the TSR of a component of companies of the PHLX Semiconductor Sector Index over the measurement period. TSR is a measure of stock price appreciation plus dividends paid, if any, in the performance period. We have also granted RSUs with a performance condition to our President and Chief Executive Officer, which will vest and become payable based upon the Company’s generating specified “adjusted” EBITDA levels on a trailing four-quarter basis in any two consecutive trailing four-quarter periods. We assess the probability of achieving the performance condition on a quarterly basis. We valued the RSUs with a performance condition using the market price on the day of grant.
Segment Information
As of December 28, 2019, we had one operating segment: the core Lattice business, which includes semiconductor devices, evaluation boards, development hardware, and related intellectual property licensing, services, and sales. Our chief operating decision maker is the Chief Executive Officer, who reviews operating results and financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of making operating decisions, allocating resources, and evaluating financial performance.
New Accounting Pronouncements
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. This guidance requires entities to use a current expected credit loss (“CECL”) methodology to measure impairments of certain financial assets and to recognize an allowance for its estimate of lifetime expected credit losses. The new standard will become effective for our fiscal year 2020, which begins on December 29, 2019. We are evaluating the implementation of ASC 326 and expect it will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, which adds new guidance for accounting for tax law changes, year-to-date losses in interim periods, and determining how to apply the income tax guidance to franchise taxes that are partially based on income, as well as other changes to simplify accounting for income taxes. The ASU is effective for calendar year-end public business entities on January 1, 2021. Entities may early adopt the ASU in any interim period for which financial statements have not yet been issued (or made available for issuance). We are currently assessing the impact of ASU 2019-12 on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
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Note 2 - Net Income (Loss) Per Share
Our calculation of the diluted share count includes the number of shares from our equity awards with market conditions or performance conditions that would be issuable under the terms of such awards at the end of the reporting period. For equity awards with a market condition, the maximum number of shares issuable are included in the diluted share count as of December 28, 2019, as the market condition would have been achieved at the highest level of vesting if measured as of the end of the reporting period. For equity awards with a performance condition, no shares are included in the diluted share count as of December 28, 2019, as vesting of these awards is contingent upon achievement of the performance condition over two consecutive trailing four-quarter periods, which has not yet been achieved. See "Note 10 - Stock-Based Compensation Plans" to our consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our equity awards with market or performance conditions.
A summary of basic and diluted Net income (loss) per share is presented in the following table:

|  | Year Ended
(in thousands, except per share data) |  | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 43,493 |  |  | $ | (26,322 | ) |  | $ | (70,562 | )
Shares used in basic Net income (loss) per share |  | 132,471 |  |  | 126,564 |  |  | 122,677 |
Dilutive effect of stock options, RSUs, ESPP shares, and equity awards with a market condition or performance condition |  | 4,803 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Shares used in diluted Net (loss) income per share |  | 137,274 |  |  | 126,564 |  |  | 122,677 |
Basic Net income (loss) per share |  | $ | 0.33 |  |  | $ | (0.21 | ) |  | $ | (0.58 | )
Diluted Net income (loss) per share |  | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | (0.21 | ) |  | $ | (0.58 | )

The computation of diluted Net income (loss) per share excludes the effects of stock options, RSUs, ESPP shares, and equity awards with a market condition or performance condition that are antidilutive, aggregating approximately the following number of shares:

|  | Year Ended
(in thousands) |  | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
Stock options, RSUs, ESPP shares, and equity awards with a market condition or performance condition excluded as they are antidilutive |  | 890 |  |  | 7,567 |  |  | 6,622 |

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Note 3 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers
Disaggregation of Revenue
The following tables provide disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers by major class of revenue, revenue by channel, and by geographical market, based on ship-to location of the end customer, where available, and ship-to location of distributor otherwise:

| Major Class of Revenue |  | Year Ended *
| (In thousands) |  | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
| Product |  | $ | 382,548 |  | 95% |  | $ | 380,468 |  | 95% |  | $ | 356,502 |  | 92%
| Licensing and services |  | 21,545 |  | 5% |  | 18,331 |  | 5% |  | 29,459 |  | 8%
| Total revenue |  | $ | 404,093 |  | 100% |  | $ | 398,799 |  | 100% |  | $ | 385,961 |  | 100%
| Revenue by Channel |  | Year Ended *
| (In thousands) |  | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
| Product revenue - Distributors |  | $ | 331,941 |  | 82% |  | $ | 330,719 |  | 83% |  | $ | 297,736 |  | 77%
| Product revenue - Direct |  | 50,607 |  | 13% |  | 49,749 |  | 12% |  | 58,766 |  | 15%
| Licensing and services revenue |  | 21,545 |  | 5% |  | 18,331 |  | 5% |  | 29,459 |  | 8%
| Total revenue |  | $ | 404,093 |  | 100% |  | $ | 398,799 |  | 100% |  | $ | 385,961 |  | 100%
| Revenue by Geographical Market |  | Year Ended * |
| (In thousands) |  | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
| Asia |  | $ | 298,765 |  | 74% |  | $ | 298,119 |  | 75% |  | $ | 277,638 |  | 72%
| Europe |  | 47,392 |  | 12% |  | 45,546 |  | 11% |  | 44,547 |  | 12%
| Americas |  | 57,936 |  | 14% |  | 55,134 |  | 14% |  | 63,776 |  | 16%
| Total revenue |  | $ | 404,093 |  | 100% |  | $ | 398,799 |  | 100% |  | $ | 385,961 |  | 100%
* | Amounts in periods prior to fiscal 2018 have not been adjusted under the modified retrospective method of adopting ASC 606 and, therefore, are presented under GAAP in effect during that period.

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Contract balances
Our contract assets relate to our rights to consideration for licenses and royalties due to us as a member of the HDMI consortium, with collection dependent on events other than the passage of time, such as collection of licenses and royalties from customers by the HDMI licensing agent. The balance results primarily from the amount of estimated revenue related to HDMI that we have recognized to date, but which has not yet been collected by the agent. Contract assets are recorded in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The following table summarizes activity during the periods presented:

(In thousands) |
Balance as of December 31, 2017 | $ | 7,515 |
Revenues recorded during the period | 11,618 |
Transferred to accounts receivable or collected | (9,990 | )
Contract assets as of December 29, 2018 | 9,143 |
Revenues recorded during the period | 17,356 |
Transferred to Accounts receivable or collected | (20,930 | )
Contract assets as of December 28, 2019 | $ | 5,569 |

Contract liabilities are included in Accounts payable and accrued expenses on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The following table summarizes activity during the periods presented:

(In thousands) |
Contract liabilities as of December 31, 2017 | $ | — |
Accruals for estimated future stock rotation and scrap returns | 4,281 |
Less: Release of accruals for recognized stock rotation and scrap returns | (2,667 | )
Contract liabilities as of December 29, 2018 | 1,614 |
Accruals for estimated future stock rotation and scrap returns | 5,763 |
Less: Release of accruals for recognized stock rotation and scrap returns | (5,064 | )
Contract liabilities as of December 28, 2019 | $ | 2,313 |

The impact to revenue in fiscal years 2019 and 2018 from the release of accruals for recognized stock rotation and scrap returns was offset by the processing of return merchandise authorizations totaling $5.0 million and $3.7 million, respectively, yielding a net revenue increase of approximately $0.1 million and a net revenue decrease of approximately $1.0 million, respectively.
Impact of Adoption of ASC 606
We adopted ASC 606 effective on December 31, 2017, the first day of our 2018 fiscal year, using the modified retrospective method. ASC 606 requires us to disclose the effect of adoption on each financial statement line item in the year of adoption as compared to the revenue recognition accounting standard that was in effect previously, and an explanation of the reasons for significant changes. The significant impacts of the new standard were to accelerate the recognition of revenues on both sales to certain distributors and certain licensing activities. As a result of adopting this standard, we recorded a cumulative effect adjustment of $27.4 million as a reduction to Accumulated deficit on December 31, 2017, resulting primarily from a net $20.2 million of previously deferred distributor revenues and costs and $6.6 million of previously unrecognized licensing revenues. The effect of adoption on each financial statement line item is detailed in the tables below:

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations
|  | Year ended December 29, 2018
(In thousands, except per share data) |  | As reported under new standard |  | Adjustments |  | Pro forma as if previous standard was in effect
Product revenue |  | $ | 380,468 |  |  | $ | (14,098 | ) |  | $ | 366,370 |
Licensing and services revenue |  | 18,331 |  |  | (1,478 | ) |  | 16,853 |
Cost of product revenue |  | 179,101 |  |  | (6,399 | ) |  | 172,702 |
Net loss |  | $ | (26,322 | ) |  | $ | (9,177 | ) |  | $ | (35,499 | )
Net loss per share, basic and diluted |  | $ | (0.21 | ) |  | $ | (0.07 | ) |  | $ | (0.28 | )

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Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
|  | As of December 29, 2018
(In thousands) |  | As reported under new standard |  | Adjustments |  | Pro forma as if previous standard was in effect
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts |  | $ | 60,890 |  |  | $ | 6,600 |  |  | $ | 67,490 |
Inventories |  | 67,096 |  |  | 78 |  |  | 67,174 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 27,762 |  |  | (9,775 | ) |  | 17,987 |
Total assets |  | $ | 623,687 |  |  | $ | (3,097 | ) |  | $ | 620,590 |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses (includes restructuring) |  | $ | 51,763 |  |  | $ | (1,156 | ) |  | $ | 50,607 |
Deferred income and allowances on sales to distributors |  | — |  |  | 34,637 |  |  | 34,637 |
Accumulated deficit |  | (476,783 | ) |  | (36,578 | ) |  | (513,361 | )
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity |  | $ | 623,687 |  |  | $ | (3,097 | ) |  | $ | 620,590 |

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows
|  | Year ended December 29, 2018
(In thousands) |  | As reported under new standard |  | Adjustments |  | Pro forma as if previous standard was in effect
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (26,322 | ) |  | $ | (9,177 | ) |  | $ | (35,499 | )
Accounts receivable, net |  | (3,978 | ) |  | (8,408 | ) |  | (12,386 | )
Inventories |  | 13,177 |  |  | (448 | ) |  | 12,729 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets |  | (11,667 | ) |  | 2,260 |  |  | (9,407 | )
Accounts payable and accrued expenses (includes restructuring) |  | 13,325 |  |  | (1,614 | ) |  | 11,711 |
Deferred income and allowances on sales to distributors |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,387 |  |  | $ | 17,387 |

Note 4 - Balance Sheet Components
Short-Term Marketable Securities
Our Short-term marketable securities consisted of U.S. government agency obligations with maturities up to two years, which we carried at their fair value as Level 1 instruments in accordance with ASC 820, "Fair Value Measurements." We liquidated these investments in the first quarter of fiscal 2019. The following table summarizes the maturities of our formerly-held Short-term marketable securities at fair value.

(In thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018
Short-term marketable securities: |  |  |
Maturing within one year | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,454 |
Maturing between one and two years | — |  |  | 2,170 |
Total marketable securities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,624 |

Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable do not bear interest and are shown net of allowances for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts reflects our best estimate of probable losses inherent in the accounts receivable balance. We determine the allowance based on assessment of known troubled accounts, analysis of the aging of our accounts receivable, historical experience, management judgment, and other currently available evidence.

(In thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018
Accounts receivable | $ | 65,023 |  |  | $ | 61,087 |
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts | (106 | ) |  | (197 | )
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts | $ | 64,917 |  |  | $ | 60,890 |

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The following table displays the activity related to changes in our allowance for doubtful accounts:

Fiscal Years Ended (In thousands) |  | Balance at beginning of period |  | Charged (Credit) to costs and expenses |  | Charged (credit) to other accounts |  | Settlements & write-offs net of recoveries |  | Balance at end of period
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 28, 2019 |  | $ | 197 |  |  | $ | (30 | ) |  | $ | (12 | ) |  | $ | (49 | ) |  | $ | 106 |
December 29, 2018 |  | $ | 9,371 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | (9,248 | ) |  | $ | 197 |
December 30, 2017 |  | $ | 9,299 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 9,371 |

During fiscal 2018, we wrote off $9.0 million of accounts receivable from a bankrupt distributor group. This write off had no impact on Accounts Receivable in fiscal 2018, as we had recorded a full allowance against our accounts receivable, net of deferred revenue, from the bankrupt distributor group in fiscal 2016.
Inventories

(In thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018
Work in progress | $ | 39,855 |  |  | $ | 47,224 |
Finished goods | 15,125 |  |  | 19,872 |
Total inventories | $ | 54,980 |  |  | $ | 67,096 |

In the second quarter of 2018, we made the strategic decision to discontinue our millimeter wave business, which included certain wireless technology inventory items. As such, specific inventory charges of $8.0 million were taken during fiscal 2018 on product lines eliminated with the discontinuation of our millimeter wave business and were charged to Cost of revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses
Included in Accounts payable and accrued expenses in the Consolidated Balance Sheets are the following balances:

(In thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018
Trade accounts payable | $ | 44,350 |  |  | $ | 31,880 |
Liability for non-cancelable contracts | 6,964 |  |  | 6,078 |
Restructuring | 3,060 |  |  | 4,220 |
Other accrued expenses | 5,881 |  |  | 9,585 |
Total accounts payable and accrued expenses | $ | 60,255 |  |  | $ | 51,763 |

Cloud Based Computing Implementation Costs
During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019, we early adopted ASU 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40), which clarifies the accounting for implementation costs in cloud computing arrangements. We adopted this guidance using the retrospective method, but did not restate any prior financial statements presented. As of December 28, 2019, we had capitalized approximately $2.5 million of implementation costs mainly for our new and interrelated distributor accounting management systems. These cloud based computing implementation costs are recorded in Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other long-term assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Note 5 - Property and Equipment

(In thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018
Production equipment and software | $ | 150,591 |  |  | $ | 160,979 |
Leasehold improvements | 12,517 |  |  | 12,648 |
Office furniture and equipment | 2,112 |  |  | 2,623 |
| 165,220 |  |  | 176,250 |
Accumulated depreciation and amortization | (125,990 | ) |  | (141,367 | )
| $ | 39,230 |  |  | $ | 34,883 |

For fiscal year 2019, depreciation and amortization expense for property and equipment was $11.6 million, including $0.4 million of restructuring expense. For fiscal year 2018, depreciation and amortization expense for property and equipment was $13.4 million, including $0.6 million of restructuring expense. For fiscal year 2017, depreciation and amortization expense for property and equipment was $16.3 million.
In August 2017, we sold building space which we owned in Shanghai, China for gross proceeds of approximately $7.9 million. As of the sale date, the building had a historical cost of $3.6 million, accumulated depreciation of $1.4 million and we incurred $1.1 million of direct selling costs, resulting in a net gain on sale of $4.6 million, which is presented as Gain on sale of building in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
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Property and Equipment – Geographic Information
Our Property and equipment, net by country at the end of each period was as follows:

(In thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018
United States | $ | 32,313 |  |  | $ | 27,353 |
China | 1,683 |  |  | 2,360 |
Philippines | 2,683 |  |  | 3,319 |
Taiwan | 1,885 |  |  | 949 |
Japan | 283 |  |  | 324 |
Other | 383 |  |  | 578 |
Total foreign property and equipment, net | 6,917 |  |  | 7,530 |
Total property and equipment, net | $ | 39,230 |  |  | $ | 34,883 |

Note 6 - Long-Term Debt
On May 17, 2019, we entered into a new credit agreement (the “Current Credit Agreement”) with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, and other lenders. The Current Credit Agreement provides for a five-year secured term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $175.0 million and a five-year secured revolving loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $75.0 million, along with other components and options, such as a letter of credit, swing line, or expansion of the revolver, currently not in use, which are more fully described in the Current Credit Agreement.
We used the $175.0 million term loan proceeds and an initial $31.5 million revolving loan draw at closing to (i) repay the $204.4 million obligation outstanding under our previous credit agreement (the “Previous Credit Agreement”) with Jefferies Finance LLC, as administrative agent, and (ii) pay fees and expenses totaling $2.1 million incurred in connection with the Current Credit Agreement. The revolving loan may be used for working capital and general corporate purposes. With the repayment of our obligations under the Previous Credit Agreement, we wrote off the remaining unamortized balance of the related original issue discount and debt costs, which we recorded as a $2.2 million loss on refinancing in Other expense, net on our Consolidated Statements of Operations in the second quarter of fiscal 2019.
At our option, the term loan and the revolving loan (collectively, "long-term debt") accrue interest at a per annum rate based on either (i) the base rate plus a margin ranging from 0.25% to 1.00%, determined based on our total leverage ratio or (ii) the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") for interest periods of 1, 2, 3 or 6 months plus a margin ranging from 1.25% to 2.00%, determined based on our total leverage ratio. The base rate is defined as the highest of (i) the federal funds rate, plus 0.50%, (ii) Wells Fargo Bank, National Association’s prime rate or (iii) the LIBOR rate for a 1-month interest period plus 1.00%. As of December 28, 2019, the effective interest rate on the term loan was 3.16%, and the revolving loan did not have an outstanding balance. We pay a commitment fee of 0.20% on the unused portion of the revolving loan.
The term loan is payable through a combination of (i) required quarterly installments of approximately $4.4 million, and (ii) any payments due upon certain issuances of additional indebtedness and certain asset dispositions, with any remaining outstanding principal amount due and payable on the maturity date of the term loan. The revolving loan is payable at our discretion, with any remaining outstanding principal amount due and payable on the maturity date of the revolving loan.
The Current Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, including covenants limiting the ability of the Company to, among other things, incur debt, grant liens, undergo certain fundamental changes, make investments, make certain restricted payments, dispose of assets, enter into transactions with affiliates, and enter into burdensome agreements, in each case, subject to limitations and exceptions set forth in the Current Credit Agreement. We are also required to maintain compliance with a total leverage ratio and an interest coverage ratio, in each case, determined in accordance with the terms of the Current Credit Agreement.
We account for the original issue discount and the debt issuance costs as a reduction to the carrying value of our long-term debt on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We amortize the discount and costs to Interest expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations over the contractual term using the effective interest method. We determine the Current portion of long-term debt as the sum of the required quarterly installments to be made over the next twelve months, reduced by the original issue discount and the debt issuance costs to be amortized over the next twelve months.
The fair value of our long-term debt approximates the carrying value, which is reflected in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as follows:

(In thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018
Principal amount | $ | 148,125 |  |  | $ | 263,033 |
Unamortized original issue discount and debt costs | (1,579 | ) |  | (3,386 | )
Less: Current portion of long-term debt | (21,474 | ) |  | (8,290 | )
Long-term debt, net of current portion and unamortized debt issue costs | $ | 125,072 |  |  | $ | 251,357 |

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Interest expense related to our long-term debt was included in Interest expense on our Consolidated Statements of Operations as follows:

|  |  | Year Ended |  |
(in thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
Contractual interest | $ | 10,278 |  |  | $ | 18,600 |  |  | $ | 16,503 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs and discount | 1,659 |  |  | 2,230 |  |  | 1,982 |
Total Interest expense related to the long-term debt | $ | 11,937 |  |  | $ | 20,830 |  |  | $ | 18,485 |

Expected future principal payments are based on the schedule of required quarterly installments, adjusted for known voluntary payments. Our 53-week fiscal 2020 will result in five quarterly installments being paid during that fiscal year. As of December 28, 2019, expected future principal payments on our long-term debt were as follows:

Fiscal year |  | (in thousands)
2020 |  | $ | 21,875 |
2021 |  | 17,500 |
2022 |  | 17,500 |
2023 |  | 17,500 |
2024 |  | 73,750 |
|  | $ | 148,125 |

Note 7 - Restructuring
In April 2019, our management approved and executed an internal restructuring plan (the “Q2 2019 Sales Plan”) which focused on a restructuring of the global sales organization through cancellation of certain contracts and a workforce reduction. Under this plan, we have incurred $2.0 million of restructuring expense during fiscal 2019. All actions planned under the Q2 2019 Sales Plan have been implemented.
In December 2018, our management approved and executed an internal restructuring plan (the “December 2018 Plan”), which included a global workforce reduction. This plan also included the abandonment of long lived assets related to the restructuring of our agreements with a privately-held investee. Under this plan, no restructuring expense was incurred during fiscal year 2019, and approximately $4.8 million of restructuring expense was incurred during fiscal year 2018. All actions planned under the December 2018 Plan have been implemented.
In June 2018, our Board of Directors approved an internal restructuring plan (the "June 2018 Plan"), which included the discontinuation of our millimeter wave business and the use of certain assets related to our Wireless products, and a workforce reduction. Under this plan, we recorded a total credit adjustment of approximately $0.1 million during fiscal 2019 due to the final reconciliation of expenses incurred, and we incurred approximately $4.2 million of restructuring expense during fiscal 2018. Approximately $4.1 million of total expense has been incurred through December 28, 2019 under the June 2018 Plan. All actions planned under the June 2018 Plan have been implemented.
In June 2017, our Board of Directors approved an internal restructuring plan (the "June 2017 Plan"), which included the sale of 100% of the equity of our Hyderabad, India subsidiary and the transfer of certain assets related to our Simplay Labs testing and certification business, a worldwide workforce reduction, and an initiative to reduce our infrastructure costs, including reconfiguring our use of certain leased properties. Under this initiative approved by the Board in 2017, we vacated 100% or our facility in Portland, Oregon in the first quarter of fiscal 2019, and recorded approximately $2.7 million of Restructuring charges from ceasing use of this space, which includes approximately $1.0 million of impairment of the operating lease right-of-use asset for this property. During fiscal 2019, we entered into a sublease agreement for this facility and bought out the lease on the portion of the space that was not sublet. Under this plan, approximately $2.7 million, $8.4 million, and $8.0 million of expense was incurred during the years ended December 28, 2019, December 29, 2018, and December 30, 2017, respectively. Approximately $19.1 million of total expense has been incurred through December 28, 2019 under the June 2017 Plan, and all planned actions have been implemented. We expect the total cost of the June 2017 Plan to be approximately $20.0 million to $21.5 million as accretion expenses related to our partially vacated facility in San Jose, California will be incurred over the remaining lease term.
These expenses and credits were recorded to Restructuring charges on our Consolidated Statements of Operations. The restructuring accrual balance is presented in Accounts payable and accrued expenses and Other long-term liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The following table displays the activity related to the restructuring plans described above:

(In thousands) | Severance & Related (1) |  | Lease Termination & Fixed Assets |  | Software Contracts & Engineering Tools (2) |  | Other (3) |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2016 | $ | 801 |  |  | $ | 1,036 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 1,874 |
Restructuring charges | 2,484 |  |  | 811 |  |  | 3,066 |  |  | 835 |  |  | 7,196 |
Costs paid or otherwise settled | (2,093 | ) |  | (977 | ) |  | (2,731 | ) |  | (822 | ) |  | (6,623 | )
Balance at December 30, 2017 | $ | 1,192 |  |  | $ | 870 |  |  | $ | 360 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 2,447 |
Restructuring charges | 5,696 |  |  | 7,379 |  |  | 913 |  |  | 3,361 |  |  | 17,349 |
Costs paid or otherwise settled | (5,074 | ) |  | 381 |  |  | (1,055 | ) |  | (3,368 | ) |  | (9,116 | )
Balance at December 29, 2018 | $ | 1,814 |  |  | $ | 8,630 |  |  | $ | 218 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 10,680 |
Restructuring charges | 625 |  |  | 2,716 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,323 |  |  | 4,664 |
Costs paid or otherwise settled | (2,279 | ) |  | (4,761 | ) |  | (218 | ) |  | (476 | ) |  | (7,734 | )
Balance at December 28, 2019 | $ | 160 |  |  | $ | 6,585 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 865 |  |  | $ | 7,610 |

(1) | Includes employee relocation costs and accelerated stock compensation
(2) | Includes cancellation of contracts, asset impairments, and accelerated depreciation on certain enterprise resource planning and customer relationship management systems
(3) | In fiscal 2018, "Other" activity included the abandonment of long lived assets related to the restructuring of our agreements with a privately-held investee. In fiscal 2019, "Other" activity included termination fees on the cancellation of certain contracts under the Q2 2019 Sales Plan

Note 8 - Leases
All of our facilities are leased under operating leases, which expire at various times through 2027. We recorded fixed operating lease cost of $7.7 million for fiscal 2019. Rental expense under the previous guidance for operating leases was $8.3 million and $8.9 million for fiscal years 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Our leases have remaining lease terms of 1 to 8 years, some of which include options to extend for up to 5 years, and some of which include options to terminate within 1 year. For our operating leases, the weighted-average remaining lease term was 5.7 years and the weighted-average discount rate is 7.0% as of December 28, 2019.
Our adoption of Topic 842 resulted in the non-cash recognition of additional net ROU assets and lease liabilities of approximately $29.9 million and $32.3 million, respectively, as of December 30, 2018. The difference between these amounts resulted from an adjustment to the deferred rent balance existing under the prior guidance. Adoption of this standard did not materially affect our consolidated net earnings.
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The following table presents the lease balance classifications within the Consolidated Balance Sheets and summarizes their activity during fiscal 2019:

Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | (in thousands)
Balance as of December 29, 2018 |  | $ | — |
Right-of-use assets recorded from adoption of ASC 842 |  | 29,893 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease obligations during the period |  | 747 |
Reduction in the carrying amount of right-of-use assets during the period |  | (5,797 | )
Impairment of right-of-use asset on Portland, Oregon office (recorded in Restructuring charges) |  | (977 | )
Adjustments for present value and foreign currency effects |  | (275 | )
Balance as of December 28, 2019 |  | $ | 23,591 |
Operating lease liabilities |  | (in thousands)
Balance as of December 29, 2018 |  | $ | — |
Lease liabilities recorded from adoption of ASC 842 |  | 32,273 |
Lease liabilities incurred for new lease obligations during the period |  | 747 |
Accretion of lease liabilities |  | 1,918 |
Operating cash used by payments on lease liabilities |  | (8,425 | )
Adjustments for present value, foreign currency, and restructuring liability effects |  | (389 | )
Balance as of December 28, 2019 |  | 26,124 |
Less: Current portion of operating lease liabilities |  | (4,686 | )
Long-term operating lease liabilities, net of current portion |  | $ | 21,438 |

Maturities of operating lease liabilities as of December 28, 2019 are as follows:

Fiscal year |  | (in thousands)
2020 |  | $ | 6,445 |
2021 |  | 5,485 |
2022 |  | 4,468 |
2023 |  | 4,596 |
2024 |  | 4,716 |
Thereafter |  | 6,705 |
Total lease payments |  | 32,415 |
Less: amount representing interest |  | (6,156 | )
Less: amount representing restructuring liability adjustments |  | (135 | )
Total lease liabilities |  | $ | 26,124 |

Under the previous lease guidance, ASC 840, future minimum lease commitments at December 29, 2018 were as follows:

Fiscal year |  | (In thousands)
2019 |  | $ | 7,090 |
2020 |  | 6,893 |
2021 |  | 5,452 |
2022 |  | 4,658 |
2023 |  | 4,229 |
Thereafter |  | 9,930 |
|  | $ | 38,252 |

Prior to 2019, the reporting of future minimum lease commitments included the lease obligations associated with previously restructured facilities. Lease obligations for facilities restructured prior to the adoption of Topic 842 totaled approximately $6.6 million at December 28, 2019 and continued to be recorded in Other long-term liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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Note 9 - Intangible Assets
In connection with our acquisitions of Silicon Image, Inc. in March 2015 and SiliconBlue Technologies, Inc. in December 2011, we recorded identifiable intangible assets related to developed technology, customer relationships, licensed technology, patents, and in-process research and development based on guidance for determining fair value under the provisions of ASC 820, "Fair Value Measurements." Additionally, during the fiscal years presented, we licensed additional third-party technology. We do not believe there is any significant residual value associated with these intangible assets. We are amortizing the intangible assets using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives.
The following tables summarize the details of our Intangible assets, net as of December 28, 2019 and December 29, 2018:

|  | December 28, 2019
(In thousands) |  | Weighted Average Amortization Period (in years) |  | Gross |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Intangible assets, net
Developed technology |  | 5.0 |  | $ | 110,987 |  |  | $ | (105,594 | ) |  | $ | 5,393 |
Customer relationships |  | 5.8 |  | 22,934 |  |  | (21,400 | ) |  | 1,534 |
Licensed technology |  | 5.0 |  | 459 |  |  | (409 | ) |  | 50 |
Total identified intangible assets |  |  |  | $ | 134,380 |  |  | $ | (127,403 | ) |  | $ | 6,977 |

|  | December 29, 2018
(In thousands) |  | Weighted Average Amortization Period (in years) |  | Gross |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Intangible assets, net
Developed technology |  | 5.0 |  | $ | 110,987 |  |  | $ | (94,389 | ) |  | $ | 16,598 |
Customer relationships |  | 5.8 |  | 22,934 |  |  | (19,048 | ) |  | 3,886 |
Licensed technology |  | 5.0 |  | 1,194 |  |  | (353 | ) |  | 841 |
Total identified intangible assets |  |  |  | $ | 135,115 |  |  | $ | (113,790 | ) |  | $ | 21,325 |

We recorded amortization expense related to intangible assets on the Consolidated Statements of Operations as presented in the following table:

| Year Ended
(In thousands) | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
Research and development | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 277 |  |  | $ | 569 |
Amortization of acquired intangible assets | 13,558 |  |  | 17,690 |  |  | 31,340 |
| $ | 13,613 |  |  | $ | 17,967 |  |  | $ | 31,909 |

The annual expected amortization expense of acquired intangible assets is as follows:

(In thousands) | Amount
2020 | $ | 4,500 |
2021 | 2,239 |
2022 | 238 |
Total | $ | 6,977 |

No impairment charges relating to acquired intangible assets were recorded for fiscal 2019 as no indicators of impairment were present. During the third quarter of fiscal 2018, we concluded that a certain product line had limited future revenue potential due to a decline in customer demand for that product, and we recorded an impairment charge of $0.6 million to the intangible asset associated with that product. During the second quarter of 2018, we recorded an impairment charge relating to intangible assets of $11.9 million as a result of the strategic decision to discontinue our millimeter wave business. During fiscal 2017, we recorded a net impairment charge of $32.4 million related to certain of the developed technology intangible assets acquired in our acquisition of Silicon Image. These charges were recorded to Impairment of acquired intangible assets in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Note 10 - Stock-Based Compensation Plans
Employee and Director Stock Options, Restricted Stock and ESPP
We have two active equity incentive plans, the "2013 Incentive Plan and the "2011 Non-Employee Director Equity Incentive Plan", under which shares remain available for grants to employees and non-employee directors, respectively. In addition, we have made grants of inducement awards to certain of our newly hired executives and employees that are granted outside of, but governed by, the 2013 Incentive Plan. "Incentive stock options" under Section 422 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code and restricted stock unit ("RSU") grants are part of our equity compensation practices for employees who receive equity grants. Options and RSUs generally vest quarterly over a four-year period beginning on the grant date. The contractual terms of options granted do not exceed ten years.
In May 2012, the Company's stockholders approved the 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("2012 ESPP"), which authorizes the issuance of 3.0 million shares of common stock to eligible employees to purchase shares of common stock through payroll deductions, which cannot exceed 10% of an employee's compensation. The purchase price of the shares is the lower of 85% of the fair market value of the stock at the beginning of each six-month offering period or 85% of the fair market value at the end of such period. We have treated the 2012 ESPP as a compensatory plan. We recorded $0.5 million and $0.6 million related compensation expense in fiscal 2019 and 2018, respectively. During fiscal 2017 only, the ESPP was suspended and we recorded no related compensation expense.
At December 28, 2019, a total of 9.0 million shares of our common stock were available for future grants under the 2013 Incentive Plan, and the 2011 Non-Employee Director Equity Incentive Plan. Following our 2018 Shareholder meeting, a share ratio of 2.2:1 was applied to the 2013 Incentive Plan. This ratio takes two and two tenths shares out of the 2013 Plan for every one full value share granted. During fiscal 2019, a total of 2.9 million shares were adjusted out of the 2013 Plan. Shares subject to stock option grants that expire or are canceled, without delivery of such shares, generally become available for re-issuance under equity incentive plans. At December 28, 2019, a total of 1.4 million shares of our common stock were available for future purchases under the 2012 ESPP.
Stock-Based Compensation
Total stock-based compensation expense included in our Consolidated Statements of Operations is presented in the following table:

|  | Year Ended
(In thousands) |  | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 1,422 |  |  | $ | 940 |  |  | $ | 795 |
Research and development |  | 5,640 |  |  | 4,357 |  |  | 5,245 |
Selling, general, and administrative |  | 11,837 |  |  | 8,349 |  |  | 6,503 |
Total stock-based compensation |  | $ | 18,899 |  |  | $ | 13,646 |  |  | $ | 12,543 |

The stock-based compensation expense included in Selling, general, and administrative expense for fiscal 2018 includes approximately $1.4 million of additional one-time expense for acceleration of stock compensation under the CEO separation agreement executed with our former CEO during the first quarter of fiscal 2018.
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The fair values of each option award on the date of grant and of the shares expected to be issued under the employee stock purchase plan were estimated using the Black-Scholes valuation model and the assumptions noted in the following table. The expected term is based on historical vested option exercises and includes an estimate of the expected term for options that are fully vested and outstanding. The expected volatility of both stock options and ESPP shares is based on the daily historical volatility of our stock price, measured over the expected term of the option or the ESPP purchase period. The risk-free interest rate is based on the implied yield on a U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issue with a remaining term closest to the expected term of the option. The dividend yield reflects that we have not paid any cash dividends since inception and do not intend to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.
The following table summarizes the assumptions used in the valuation of stock option and ESPP compensation:

| Year Ended
| December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
Employee and Director Stock Options * |  |  |  |  |
Expected volatility | n/a |  | 39.87% to 41.11% |  | 40.96% to 48.01%
Risk-free interest rate | n/a |  | 2.29% to 2.78% |  | 1.99% to 2.09%
Expected term (years) | n/a |  | 4.08 to 4.25 |  | 4.08 to 4.25
Employee Stock Purchase Plan ** |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average expected volatility | 31.6% |  | 36.4% |  | n/a
Weighted average risk-free interest rate | 2.51% |  | 1.61% |  | n/a
Expected term | 6 months |  | 6 months |  | n/a
* No stock options granted during fiscal 2019
** ESPP suspended during fiscal 2017 only

At December 28, 2019, there was $3.2 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested employee and director stock options, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.5 years. Our current practice is to issue new shares to satisfy option exercises. Compensation expense for all stock-based compensation awards is recognized using the straight-line method.
The following table summarizes our stock option activity and related information for the year ended December 28, 2019:

(Shares and aggregate intrinsic value in thousands) | Shares |  | Weighted average exercise price |  | Weighted average remaining contractual term (years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Balance, December 29, 2018 | 6,616 |  |  | $ | 5.94 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Effect of vesting multiplier | 36 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (2,715 | ) |  | 5.73 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited or expired | (605 | ) |  | 5.72 |  |  |  |  |
Balance, December 28, 2019 | 3,332 |  |  | $ | 6.16 |  |  |  |  |
Vested and expected to vest at December 28, 2019 | 3,332 |  |  | $ | 6.16 |  |  | 4.50 |  | $ | 43,553 |
Exercisable, December 28, 2019 | 1,721 |  |  | $ | 6.00 |  |  | 3.95 |  | $ | 22,758 |

The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total pretax intrinsic value (the difference between the Company's closing stock price on the last trading day of the fiscal year and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options on that day. This amount changes based on the fair market value of the Company's stock. Total intrinsic value of options exercised for fiscal 2019, 2018, and 2017 was $17.8 million, $6.5 million, and $2.2 million, respectively. The total fair value of options and RSUs vested and expensed in fiscal 2019, 2018, and 2017 was $18.4 million, $13.0 million, and $12.5 million, respectively.
The resultant grant date weighted-average fair values for stock options granted, calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the noted assumptions for stock options, were $2.73 and $2.02 for fiscal years 2018 and 2017, respectively. No stock options were granted during fiscal 2019. The weighted average fair values for the ESPP, calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the noted assumptions for the ESPP, were $1.69 and $1.50 for fiscal years 2019 and 2018, respectively.
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The following table summarizes our RSU activity for the year ended December 28, 2019:

(Shares in thousands) | Shares |  | Weighted average grant date fair value
Balance, December 29, 2018 | 4,412 |  |  | $ | 7.53 |
Granted | 2,445 |  |  | 16.23 |
Effect of vesting multiplier | 216 |  |  | — |
Vested | (1,734 | ) |  | 8.10 |
Forfeited or expired | (564 | ) |  | 7.27 |
Balance, December 28, 2019 | 4,775 |  |  | $ | 12.23 |

At December 28, 2019 there was $51.9 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested RSUs. Our current practice is to issue new shares when RSUs vest. Compensation expense for RSUs is recognized using the straight-line method over the related vesting period.
Market-Based and Performance-Based Stock Compensation
In fiscal years 2017 through 2019, we granted stock options and RSUs with either a market condition (TSR) or a performance condition (Adjusted EBITDA) to certain executives.
The options with a market condition granted in fiscal year 2017 have a two year vesting period and vest between 0% and 200% of the target amount, based on the Company's relative TSR when compared to the TSR of a component of companies of the PHLX Semiconductor Sector Index over a two year period. Under the terms of the grants, executives will receive the target amount if the Company’s TSR relative to that of the Index achieves or exceeds the 50 th percentile. Executives may receive 200% if the Company’s TSR exceeds the 75 th percentile. No vesting occurs if the Company’s TSR does not exceed the 25 th percentile.
In fiscal years 2018 and 2019, we granted inducement awards outside of, but subject to the terms and conditions of the 2013 Incentive Plan to certain executives. These awards consisted of RSUs with either a market condition or a performance condition that vest and become payable upon achievement of TSR or Adjusted EBITDA targets, respectively. The TSR-based awards vest and become payable over a three-year period based on the Company’s TSR relative to the PHLX Semiconductor Sector Index, with 100% of the units vesting at the 50th percentile and either 200% or 250% of the units vesting at the 75th percentile, depending upon the executive, zero vesting if relative TSR is below the 25th percentile, and vesting scaling linearly for achievement between the 25th and 75th percentile. The Adjusted EBITDA-based awards will vest and become payable based upon the Company’s generating specified “adjusted” EBITDA levels on a trailing four quarter basis in any two consecutive trailing four-quarter periods. During the third quarter of fiscal 2019, the market condition for awards granted in the previous year achieved the 75 th percentile of the condition, and the first tranche of these awards vested at 200% or 250% of the RSUs, as applicable for the respective executive.
The following table summarizes the assumptions used in the valuation of stock options and RSUs with a market or performance condition:

| Year Ended
| December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
Executive stock options with a market condition
Expected volatility | n/a |  | n/a |  | 41%
Risk-free interest rate | n/a |  | n/a |  | 1.9%
Expected term (years) | n/a |  | n/a |  | 4.5
Executive RSUs with a market or performance condition
Expected volatility | 40.15% to 41.10% |  | 41.06% to 41.74% |  | n/a
Risk-free interest rate | 1.66% to 2.55% |  | 2.71% to 2.87% |  | n/a
Expected term (years) | 3.00 |  | 3.00 to 3.16 |  | n/a

The following table summarizes the activity for our stock options and RSUs with a market condition or performance condition:

(Shares in thousands) |  | Unvested |  | Vested |  | Total
Balance, December 29, 2018 |  | 909 |  |  | — |  |  | 909 |
Granted |  | 584 |  |  | — |  |  | 584 |
Effect of vesting multiplier |  | 260 |  |  | — |  |  | 260 |
Vested |  | (484 | ) |  | 71 |  |  | (413 | )
Exercised |  | — |  |  | (71 | ) |  | (71 | )
Canceled |  | (106 | ) |  | — |  |  | (106 | )
Balance, December 28, 2019 |  | 1,163 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,163 |

We incurred stock compensation expense related to these stock option and RSU awards with a market or performance condition of approximately $5.7 million, $0.9 million, and $0.5 million in fiscal years 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively, which is recorded as a component of total stock-based compensation expense.
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Note 11 - Income Taxes
We are subject to federal and state income tax as well as income tax in the various foreign jurisdictions in which we operate. The domestic and foreign components of Income (loss) before income taxes were as follows:

|  | Year Ended
(In thousands) |  | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
Domestic |  | $ | 33,417 |  |  | $ | (8,274 | ) |  | $ | (17,341 | )
Foreign |  | 11,648 |  |  | (15,695 | ) |  | (52,372 | )
Income (loss) before taxes |  | $ | 45,065 |  |  | $ | (23,969 | ) |  | $ | (69,713 | )

The components of the Income tax expense are as follows:

|  | Year Ended
(In thousands) |  | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | 499 |  |  | $ | 536 |  |  | $ | 508 |
State |  | 45 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 30 |
Foreign |  | 1,345 |  |  | 1,869 |  |  | 304 |
|  | 1,889 |  |  | 2,443 |  |  | 842 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
State |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign |  | (317 | ) |  | (90 | ) |  | 7 |
|  | (317 | ) |  | (90 | ) |  | 7 |
Income tax expense |  | $ | 1,572 |  |  | $ | 2,353 |  |  | $ | 849 |

Income tax expense differs from the amount of income tax determined by applying the applicable U.S. statutory federal income tax rate to pretax income as a result of the following differences:

|  | Year Ended
|  | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
|  | % |  | % |  | %
Statutory federal rate |  | 21 |  | (21) |  | (35)
Adjustments for tax effects of: |  |  |  |  |  |
State taxes, net |  | 3 |  | (6) |  | (7)
Research and development credits |  | 3 |  | (5) |  | (1)
Stock compensation |  | (11) |  | 8 |  | 3
Foreign rate differential |  | (2) |  | 20 |  | 28
Foreign dividends |  | — |  | — |  | 1
Foreign withholding taxes |  | 3 |  | 5 |  | —
Other permanent |  | 6 |  | 2 |  | —
Other deferred tax asset adjustment |  | — |  | 13 |  | —
Valuation allowance |  | (19) |  | (11) |  | (73)
Change in uncertain tax benefit accrual |  | — |  | 2 |  | 1
Stock compensation (ASU 2016-09) adoption |  | — |  | — |  | (8)
Tax rate change |  | — |  | — |  | 93
Other |  | — |  | 3 |  | (1)
Effective income tax rate |  | 4 |  | 10 |  | 1

ASC 740, “Income Taxes”, provides for the recognition of deferred tax assets if realization of these assets is more-likely-than-not. We evaluate both positive and negative evidence to determine if some or all of our deferred tax assets should be recognized on a quarterly basis.
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Through December 28, 2019, we continued to evaluate the valuation allowance position in the United States and concluded that we should maintain a full valuation allowance against the net federal and state deferred tax assets. In making this evaluation, we exercised significant judgment and considered estimates about our ability to generate revenue and taxable profits sufficient to offset expenditures in future periods within the United States. It is reasonably possible that during the next twelve months, we will establish a sustained level of profitability in the U.S. As a result, we may reverse a significant portion of the valuation allowance recorded against our U.S. deferred tax assets. The reversal would result in an income tax benefit for the quarterly and annual fiscal period in which we release the valuation allowance.
We will continue to evaluate both positive and negative evidence in future periods to determine if we will realize the net deferred tax assets. We don't have a valuation allowance in any foreign jurisdictions as we have concluded it is more likely than not that we will realize the net deferred tax assets in future periods. The net decrease in the total valuation allowance affecting the effective tax rate for the year ended December 28, 2019 was approximately $8.6 million, mainly attributable to the write down of intangible assets which had no tax basis.
The components of our net deferred tax assets are as follows:

(In thousands) |  | December 28, 2019 |  | December 29, 2018
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |
Accrued expenses and reserves |  | $ | 4,137 |  |  | $ | 3,714 |
Inventory |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Deferred Revenue |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock-based and deferred compensation |  | 2,812 |  |  | 2,660 |
Interest expense disallowance |  | — |  |  | 1,283 |
Intangible assets |  | 12,294 |  |  | 14,649 |
Fixed assets |  | 256 |  |  | 281 |
Net operating loss carry forwards |  | 86,899 |  |  | 88,333 |
Tax credit carry forwards |  | 90,339 |  |  | 92,208 |
Capital loss carry forwards |  | 4,235 |  |  | 5,007 |
Other |  | 1,059 |  |  | 1,130 |
Total deferred tax assets |  | 202,031 |  |  | 209,267 |
Less: valuation allowance |  | (198,499 | ) |  | (207,108 | )
Net deferred tax assets |  | 3,532 |  |  | 2,159 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |
Fixed assets |  | 2,620 |  |  | 1,536 |
Deferred revenue |  | 434 |  |  | 525 |
Other |  | — |  |  | (57 | )
Total deferred tax liabilities |  | 3,054 |  |  | 2,004 |
Net deferred tax assets |  | $ | 478 |  |  | $ | 155 |

The following table displays the activity related to changes in our valuation allowance for deferred tax assets:

Fiscal Years Ended (In thousands) |  | Balance at beginning of period |  | Charged (Credit) to costs and expenses |  | Charged (credit) to other accounts |  | Balance at end of period
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 28, 2019 |  | $ | 207,108 |  |  | $ | (8,609 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 198,499 |
December 29, 2018 |  | $ | 209,691 |  |  | $ | (2,583 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 207,108 |
December 30, 2017 |  | $ | 260,687 |  |  | $ | (50,960 | ) |  | $ | (36 | ) |  | $ | 209,691 |

At December 28, 2019, we had U.S. federal net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards (pretax) of approximately $360.5 million that expire at various dates between 2020 and 2037. We had state NOL carryforwards (pretax) of approximately $141.3 million that expire at various dates from 2020 through 2039. We also had federal and state credit carryforwards of $50.1 million and $62.6 million, respectively. Of the $62.6 million state credit carryforwards, $61.9 million do not expire. The federal and remaining state credits expire at various dates from 2020 through 2039.
Future utilization of federal and state net operating losses and tax credit carry forwards may be limited if cumulative changes to ownership exceed 50% within any three-year period. If there is a significant change in ownership, future tax attribute utilization may be restricted and NOL carryforwards and/or R&D credits will be reduced to reflect the limitation.
Foreign earnings may be subject to withholding taxes in local jurisdictions if they are distributed and repatriated in the United States. At December 28, 2019, U.S. income taxes and foreign withholding taxes were not provided for on a cumulative total of approximately $2.9 million of the undistributed earnings of our Chinese subsidiary. We intend to reinvest these earnings indefinitely.
At December 28, 2019, our unrecognized tax benefits associated with uncertain tax positions were $41.9 million, of which $39.9 million, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate, subject to valuation allowance. As of December 28, 2019, interest and penalties associated with unrecognized tax benefits were $9.0 million, which are not reflected in the table below.
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The following table summarizes the changes to unrecognized tax benefits for the fiscal years presented:

(In thousands) |  | Amount
Balance at December 31, 2016 |  | $ | 47,623 |
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year |  | 471 |
Additions based on tax positions of prior years |  | 11 |
Reduction for tax positions of prior years |  | (1,226 | )
Reduction as a result of lapse of applicable statute of limitations |  | (2,047 | )
Balance at December 30, 2017 |  | 44,832 |
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year |  | 389 |
Additions based on tax positions of prior years |  | 19 |
Reductions for tax positions of prior years |  | (5 | )
Reduction as a result of lapse of applicable statute of limitations |  | (1,235 | )
Balance at December 29, 2018 |  | 44,000 |
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year |  | 238 |
Additions based on tax positions of prior years |  | 334 |
Reductions for tax positions of prior years |  | (213 | )
Reduction as a result of lapse of applicable statute of limitations |  | (2,432 | )
Balance at December 28, 2019 |  | $ | 41,927 |

Our liability for uncertain tax positions (including penalties and interest) was $24.6 million and $26.3 million at December 28, 2019 and December 29, 2018, respectively, and is recorded as a component of Other long-term liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The remainder of our uncertain tax position exposure of $24.8 million is netted against deferred tax assets.
At December 28, 2019, it is reasonably possible that $2.4 million of unrecognized tax benefits and $0.5 million of associated interest and penalties could be recognized during the next twelve months. The $2.9 million potential change would represent a decrease in unrecognized tax benefits, comprised of items related to tax filings for years that will no longer be subject to examination under expiring statutes of limitations.
The years that remain subject to examination are 2016 for federal income taxes, 2015 for state income taxes, and 2012 for foreign income taxes, including years ending thereafter. However, to the extent allowed by law, the tax authorities may have the right to examine prior periods where net operating losses or tax credits were generated and carried forward, and make adjustments up to the amount of the net operating losses or credit carryforward amount.
Our Philippines 2016 and 2017 and Israeli 2013 through 2017 income tax returns are currently under examination. We are not under examination in any other jurisdiction.
We are not currently paying U.S. federal income taxes and do not expect to pay such taxes until we fully utilize our tax NOL and credit carryforwards. We expect to pay a nominal amount of state income tax. We are paying foreign income and withholding taxes, which are reflected in income tax expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and are primarily related to the cost of operating offshore activities and subsidiaries. We accrue interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense.
Note 12 - Employee Benefit Plans
Qualified Investment Plan
In 1990, we adopted a 401(k) tax-deferred savings plan, which provides all employees in the United States who meet certain eligibility requirements with an opportunity to accumulate funds for retirement. Participants may contribute up to the amount allowable as a deduction for federal income tax purposes. The plan does not allow investments in the Company's common stock. The plan allows for the Company to make discretionary matching contributions in cash. We recorded matching contributions of approximately $0.8 million, $0.6 million, and $0.8 million in fiscal years 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively.
Cash Incentive Plans
For 2019, 2018, and 2017, the Board of Directors of the Company, upon the recommendation of the Compensation Committee, approved the Cash Incentive Plan (the “Cash Plans”) for the respective fiscal year. The chief executive officer, other executive officers, and other members of senior management, including vice presidents and director-level employees, together with all other employees of the Company not on the Company's sales incentive plan are eligible to participate in the Cash Plans. Under the Cash Plans, individual cash incentive payments for the eligible employees will be based both on Company financial performance, as measured by achievement of operating income (before incentive plan accruals) and revenue goals within specified ranges established by the Compensation Committee, and Company performance, as measured by the achievement of personal management objectives. The Compensation Committee determines the performance of the chief executive officer, the chief financial officer and other participants based on the achievement of the management objectives established by the Compensation Committee during the first quarter of the respective fiscal year. We recorded approximately $5.8 million, $5.9 million, and $7.2 million of expense under the Cash Plans in fiscal 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively.
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Note 13 - Contingencies
Legal Matters
On or about December 19, 2018, Steven A.W. De Jaray, Perienne De Jaray and Darrell R. Oswald (collectively, the “Plaintiffs”) commenced an action against the Company and several unnamed defendants in the Multnomah County Circuit Court of the State of Oregon, in connection with the sale of certain products by the Company to the Plaintiffs in or around 2008. The Plaintiffs allege that we violated The Lanham Act, engaged in negligence and fraud by failing to disclose to the Plaintiffs the export-controlled status of the subject parts. The Plaintiffs seek damages of $138 million, treble damages, and other remedies. In January 2019, we removed the action to the United States District Court for the District of Oregon. At this stage of the proceedings, we do not have an estimate of the likelihood or the amount of any potential exposure to the Company; however, we believe that these claims are without merit and intend to vigorously defend the action. See “Litigation and unfavorable results of legal proceedings could adversely affect our financial condition and operating results” in “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
From time to time, we are exposed to certain asserted and unasserted potential claims. Periodically, we review the status of each significant matter and assess its potential financial exposure. If the potential loss from any claim or legal proceeding is considered probable and a range of possible losses can be estimated, we then accrue a liability for the estimated loss. Legal proceedings are subject to uncertainties, and the outcomes are difficult to predict. Because of such uncertainties, accruals are based only on the best information available at the time. As additional information becomes available, we reassess the potential liability related to pending claims and litigation and may revise estimates.
Note 14 - Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)
A summary of the Company's consolidated quarterly results of operations is as follows:

|  | 2019 |  | 2018
(In thousands, except per share data) |  | Q4 |  | Q3 |  | Q2 |  | Q1 |  | Q4 |  | Q3 |  | Q2 |  | Q1
Revenue |  | $ | 100,237 |  |  | $ | 103,469 |  |  | $ | 102,296 |  |  | $ | 98,091 |  |  | $ | 95,977 |  |  | $ | 101,484 |  |  | $ | 102,715 |  |  | $ | 98,623 |
Gross margin |  | 59,293 |  |  | 61,439 |  |  | 60,038 |  |  | 57,652 |  |  | 54,306 |  |  | 58,364 |  |  | 50,248 |  |  | 56,521 |
Restructuring charges |  | (55 | ) |  | 252 |  |  | 3,126 |  |  | 1,341 |  |  | 11,854 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 4,376 |  |  | 1,029 |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 13,987 |  |  | $ | 13,539 |  |  | $ | 8,559 |  |  | $ | 7,408 |  |  | $ | (7,121 | ) |  | $ | 6,974 |  |  | $ | (20,223 | ) |  | $ | (5,952 | )
Net income (loss) per share - basic |  | $ | 0.10 |  |  | $ | 0.10 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | (0.05 | ) |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | (0.16 | ) |  | $ | (0.05 | )
Net income (loss) per share - diluted |  | $ | 0.10 |  |  | $ | 0.10 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | (0.05 | ) |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | (0.16 | ) |  | $ | (0.05 | )

Note 15 - Subsequent Event
Subsequent to December 28, 2019, the Company's Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program pursuant to which up to $40.0 million of outstanding common stock may be repurchased from time to time. The duration of the repurchase program is twelve months. All repurchases will be open market transactions and funded from available working capital.
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
Lattice Semiconductor Corporation:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Lattice Semiconductor Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 28, 2019 and December 29, 2018, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 28, 2019, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 28, 2019 and December 29, 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 28, 2019, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 28, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 24, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Change in Accounting Principle
As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for leases as of December 30, 2018, due to the adoption of ASC 842, Leases, and related amendment ASU 2019-01, Leases (Topic 842): Codification Improvements.
As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for revenue recognition as of December 31, 2017, due to the adoption of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgment. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Assessment of the net realizable value of inventory
As discussed in Notes 1 and 4 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s inventories were $54,980 thousand as of December 28, 2019. The Company records its inventories at the lower of average cost or market. The Company records an adjustment to the cost basis of inventory when it is obsolete or the Company holds quantities in excess of projected customer demand. These adjustments result in a write-down of inventory to net realizable value. The Company’s estimate of the obsolete and/or excess inventory includes comparing projected customer demand to inventory units-on-hand.
We identified the assessment of the net realizable value of inventory as a critical audit matter. This is due to a higher degree of auditor judgment that was required to evaluate projected customer demand, due to the dynamic business environment the Company competes in, which is characterized by rapid technology and product evolution.
The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following. We tested certain internal controls over the Company’s inventory process, including controls related to the Company’s projected customer demand. We evaluated the assumption that historical sales was a relevant predictor of projected customer demand by:

– | inquiring of relevant Company personnel in order to identify and analyze changes to the overall business environment, including customers, key products or product lines, and industry factors,

– | selecting a sample of inventory items and testing historical sales of those samples by agreeing them to underlying sales documents and comparing it to inventory units-on-hand, and

– | obtaining the historical sales for each product line associated with each sample selection and performing a historical sales trend analysis.

/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2007.
Portland, Oregon
February 24, 2020
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
Lattice Semiconductor Corporation:
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Lattice Semiconductor Corporation and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 28, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 28, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 28, 2019 and December 29, 2018, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 28, 2019, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 24, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Portland, Oregon
February 24, 2020
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Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants On Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
In connection with the filing of this Form 10-K, our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of December 28, 2019. These disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms. Our disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that we accumulate and communicate correct information to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls are effective as of December 28, 2019.
Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
The management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding reliability of financial reporting and the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

(i) | pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;

(ii) | provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and

(iii) | provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met, and may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 28, 2019. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this assessment, management concluded that, as of December 28, 2019, the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective.
KPMG LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting and has issued its opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting, which appears on page 55 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
During the quarter ended December 28, 2019, the Company’s management identified deficiencies in the design and operation of general information technology controls over system access. We evaluated the controls over system access and designed a remediation plan which included implementing additional controls and improving the design of existing controls over system access. During the quarter ended December 28, 2019, management implemented the remediation plan, tested the controls over system access, and concluded the deficiencies had been remediated.
Except with respect to the changes in connection with our implementation of the remediation plan discussed above, there were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Item 9B. Other Information
None.
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PART III

Certain information required by Part III is incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement (the “Proxy Statement”) for the 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, pursuant to Regulation 14A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which we will file not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this report. With the exception of the information expressly incorporated by reference from the Proxy Statement, the Proxy Statement is not to be deemed filed as a part of this report.
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Information regarding our directors that is required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information contained under the captions “Proposal 1: Election of Directors” and “Corporate Governance and Other Matters--Board Meetings and Committees” in the Proxy Statement. Information regarding our executive officers that is required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information contained under the caption "Executive Compensation--The Executive Officers of the Company” in the Proxy Statement.
Information regarding Section 16(a) reporting compliance that is required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information contained under the caption “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” in the Proxy Statement.
We have adopted a Code of Conduct that applies to all of our employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer, and persons performing similar functions. The Code of Conduct is posted on our website at www.latticesemi.com. There were no changes to our Code of Conduct during fiscal 2019. Amendments to the Code of Conduct or any grant of a waiver from a provision of the Code of Conduct requiring disclosure under applicable SEC rules, if any, will be disclosed on our website at www.latticesemi.com.
Information about our Corporate Governance Policies, our “Director Code of Ethics” and written committee charters for our Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, and Nominating and Governance Committee are available free of charge on the Company's website at www.latticesemi.com and are available in print to any shareholder upon request.
Information regarding our Audit Committee that is required by this Item is incorporated by reference from the information concerning our Audit Committee contained under the caption “Corporate Governance and Other Matters--Board Meetings and Committees” in the Proxy Statement.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information contained under the captions “Executive Compensation,” "Director Compensation," “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation,” and “Compensation Committee Report” in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information contained under the captions “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and "Equity Compensation Plan Information" in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information contained under the captions entitled “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” and “Corporate Governance and Other Matters--Director Independence” in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information contained under the caption entitled “Proposal 5: Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm--Audit and Related Fees” in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.
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PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits
(a) List of Documents Filed as Part of this Report
(1) All financial statements
The following financial statements are filed as part of this report under Item 8.

Consolidated Financial Statements: | Page
Consolidated Statements of Operations | 29
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) | 30
Consolidated Balance Sheets | 31
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 32
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity | 34
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 35

All other schedules have been omitted because the required information is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements or the notes thereto, or is not applicable or required.
(2) Exhibits

Exhibit Number |  | Description
3.1 |  | The Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation filed, as amended on June 4, 2009 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 filed with the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 4, 2009).
3.2 |  | The Company’s Bylaws, as amended as of November 3, 2016 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 filed with the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016).
4.1 |  | Description of Securities
10.1* |  | Lattice Semiconductor Corporation 1996 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended, and Related Form of Option Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 filed with the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 29, 2012).
10.2* |  | 2001 Stock Plan, as amended, and related Form of Option Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34 filed with the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 29, 2012).
10.3* |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement executed by each director and executive officer of the Company and certain other officers and employees of the Company and its subsidiaries (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.41 filed with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 3, 2004).
10.4* |  | Form of Amendment to Stock Option Agreements for 1996 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended, and 2001 Stock Plan, as amended (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.3 filed with the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 12, 2005).
10.5* |  | Form of Notice of Grant of Restricted Stock Units to Executive Officer (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 filed with the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 8, 2007).
10.6* |  | Employment Agreement between Lattice Semiconductor Corporation and Byron Milstead effective as of December 30, 2008 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.66 filed with the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed for the fiscal year ended January 3, 2009).
10.7 |  | Credit Agreement among Lattice Semiconductor Corporation, the Subsidiary Guarantors from time to time party thereto, the various Lenders from time to time party thereto, Jefferies Finance LLC as Administrative Agent, Jefferies Finance LLC and HSBC Securities (USA) Inc. as lead arrangers and book runners, Jefferies Finance LLC as syndication agent and HSBC Securities (USA) Inc. and ING Capital LLC as co-documentation agents (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 11, 2015).
10.8* |  | Lattice Semiconductor Corporation 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex 1 to the Company's Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A for the 2012 Annual Meeting of Stockholders filed on April 12, 2012).
10.9* |  | Lattice Semiconductor Corporation 2011 Non-Employee Director Equity Incentive Plan. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 filed with the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed June 25, 2019).
10.10* |  | Lattice Semiconductor Corporation 2013 Incentive Plan. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 filed with the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed June 25, 2019).

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Exhibit Number |  | Description
10.11 |  | Office Lease, effective as of October 21, 2014, between 555 SW Oak, LLC and Lattice Semiconductor Corporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 27, 2014).
10.12* |  | Lattice Semiconductor Corporation 2017 Cash Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 filed with the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 14, 2018).
10.13* |  | Lattice Semiconductor Corporation 2018 Cash Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 filed with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 26, 2019).
10.14* |  | Lattice Semiconductor Corporation 2019 Cash Incentive Plan
10.15* |  | Separation Agreement, dated as of March 12, 2018, between Lattice Semiconductor Corporation and Darin G. Billerbeck (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 12, 2018).
10.16 |  | Letter Agreement, dated as of March 7, 2018, among Lattice Semiconductor Corporation, Lion Point Capital, LP, Lion Point Master, LP, Lion Point Capital GP, LLC, Lion Point Holdings GP, LLC, Didric Cederholm and Jim Freeman (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 13, 2018).
10.17* |  | Employment Agreement, by and between Lattice Semiconductor Corporation and James R. Anderson, effective September 4, 2018 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 27, 2018).
10.18* |  | Employment Agreement, by and between Lattice Semiconductor Corporation and Stephen Douglass, effective September 4, 2018 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 filed with the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on October 29, 2018).
10.19* |  | Employment Agreement, by and between Lattice Semiconductor Corporation and Sherri Luther, effective January 2, 2019 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 2, 2019).
10.20* |  | CFO Notice and Supplemental Separation Benefit Letter, by and between Lattice Semiconductor Corporation and Max Downing, dated September 28, 2018 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 filed with the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on October 29, 2018).
10.21* |  | Employment Agreement, by and between Lattice Semiconductor Corporation and Esam Elashmawi, dated September 24, 2018 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 filed with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 26, 2019.).
10.22 |  | Credit Agreement by and among Lattice Semiconductor Corporation, as borrower, the lenders from time to time party thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 20, 2019).
10.23* |  | Amended Employment Agreement, by and between Lattice Semiconductor Corporation and James R. Anderson, effective February 21, 2020.
10.24* |  | Form of Amended Employment Agreement
21.1 |  | Subsidiaries of the Registrant.
23.1 |  | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

* | Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed as an Exhibit to this Annual Report on Form 10-K pursuant to Item 15(b) thereof.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

LATTICE SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION
(Registrant) |
By: | /s/ Sherri Luther
| Sherri Luther Chief Financial Officer (Duly Authorized Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
Date: | February 24, 2020

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints James Anderson and Sherri Luther, or either of them, his or her attorneys-in-fact, each with the power of substitution, for such person in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this report and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that either of said attorneys-in-fact, or his substitute or substitutes, may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant in the capacities indicated and on the dates indicated:

Signature | Title | Date
Principal Executive Officer |  |
/s/ James Anderson |  | February 24, 2020
James Anderson | President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director |
Principal Financial and Accounting Officer |  |
/s/ Sherri Luther |  | February 24, 2020
Sherri Luther | Chief Financial Officer |
Directors |  |
/s/ Robin Abrams |  | February 24, 2020
Robin Abrams | Director |
/s/ John Bourgoin |  | February 24, 2020
John Bourgoin | Director |
/s/ Mark Jensen |  | February 24, 2020
Mark Jensen | Director |
/s/ Anjali Joshi |  | February 24, 2020
Anjali Joshi | Director |
/s/ James Lederer |  | February 24, 2020
James Lederer | Director |
/s/ John Major |  | February 24, 2020
John Major | Director |
|  | February 24, 2020
Krishna Rangasayee | Director |
/s/ Jeff Richardson |  | February 24, 2020
Jeff Richardson | Director |

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