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Research and Development Costs | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Research and Development [Abstract] |
Research and development costs | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COSTS The Company's net Research & Development ("R&D") expenditures are included in selling, general and administrative expenses of the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Customer reimbursements are netted against gross R&D expenditures as they are considered a recovery of cost. Customer reimbursements for prototypes are recorded net of prototype costs based on customer contracts, typically either when the prototype is shipped or when it is accepted by the customer. Customer reimbursements for engineering services are recorded when performance obligations are satisfied in accordance with the contract. Financial risks and rewards transfer upon shipment, acceptance of a prototype component by the customer or upon completion of the performance obligation as stated in the respective customer agreement. The following table presents the Company’s gross and net expenditures on R&D activities:
| Year Ended December 31,
(millions of dollars) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Gross R&D expenditures | $ | 511.7 |  |  | $ | 473.1 |  |  | $ | 417.8 |
Customer reimbursements | (71.6 | ) |  | (65.6 | ) |  | (74.6 | )
Net R&D expenditures | $ | 440.1 |  |  | $ | 407.5 |  |  | $ | 343.2 |
Net R&D expenditures as a percentage of net sales were 4.2%, 4.2% and 3.8% for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. None of the Company's R&D related contracts exceeded 5% of net R&D expenditures in any of the years presented.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for research, development, and computer software activities, including contracts and arrangements to be performed for others and with federal government. Includes costs incurred (1) in a planned search or critical investigation aimed at discovery of new knowledge with the hope that such knowledge will be useful in developing a new product or service, a new process or technique, or in bringing about a significant improvement to an existing product or process; or (2) to translate research findings or other knowledge into a plan or design for a new product or process or for a significant improvement to an existing product or process whether intended for sale or the entity's use, during the reporting period charged to research and development projects, including the costs of developing computer software up to the point in time of achieving technological feasibility and in-process research and development acquired in a business combination consummated during the period. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 985 -SubTopic 730 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/subtopic&trid=2197926 + Details
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