Due to the nature of the activities that the Company carries out and as a result of holding financial instruments, the Company is exposed to credit risk, liquidity risk and market risk, including foreign currency risk and interest rate risk. The Company’s exposure to credit risk, liquidity risk and market risk is managed within risk management parameters documented in corporate policies. These risk management parameters remain unchanged since the previous period, unless otherwise indicated.

Credit risk is defined as the Company’s exposure to a financial loss if a debtor fails to meet its obligations in accordance with the terms and conditions of its arrangements with the Company. The Company is exposed to credit risk on its accounts receivable and certain other assets through its normal commercial activities. The Company is also exposed to credit risk through its normal treasury activities on its cash and cash equivalents and derivative financial assets. Credit risks arising from the Company’s normal commercial activities are managed with regards to customer credit risk.

The Company’s customers are mainly established companies, some of which have publicly available credit ratings, as well as government agencies, which facilitates risk assessment and monitoring. In addition, the Company typically receives substantial non‑refundable advance payments for contracts with customers. The Company closely monitors its exposure to major airline companies in order to mitigate its risk to the extent possible. Furthermore, the Company’s trade receivables are held with a wide range of commercial and government organizations and agencies. As well, the Company’s credit exposure is further reduced by the sale of certain of its accounts receivable to third-party financial institutions for cash consideration on a limited recourse basis (receivable purchase facility). The Company does not hold any collateral as security. The credit risk on cash and cash equivalents is mitigated by the fact that they are mainly in place with a diverse group of major North American and European financial institutions.

The Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of non-performance by counterparties to its derivative financial instruments. The Company uses several measures to minimize this exposure. First, the Company enters into contracts with counterparties that are of high credit quality. The Company signed International Swaps & Derivatives Association, Inc. (ISDA) Master Agreements with all the counterparties with whom it trades derivative financial instruments. These agreements make it possible to offset when a contracting party defaults on the agreement, for each of the transactions covered by the agreement and in force at the time of default. Also, collateral or other security to support derivative financial instruments subject to credit risk can be requested by the Company or its counterparties (or both parties, if need be) when the net balance of gains and losses on each transaction exceeds a threshold defined in the ISDA Master Agreement. Finally, the Company monitors the credit standing of counterparties on a regular basis to help minimize credit risk exposure.


As at March 31, 2024		Civil Aviation			Defense and Security			Amounts not allocated to a segment			Total
Gross accounts receivable	$	347.1			258.2		$	40.1		$	645.4
Gross contract assets		177.3			401.9			—			579.2
Total	$	524.4		$	660.1		$	40.1		$	1,224.6
Credit loss allowances	$	(19.9)		$	(1.0)		$	—		$	(20.9)
As a %		3.8	%		0.2	%		—	%		1.7	%


As at March 31, 2023		Civil Aviation			Defense and Security			Amounts not allocated to a segment			Total
Gross accounts receivable	$	354.1		$	198.1		$	89.0		$	641.2
Gross contract assets		160.6			571.6			3.5			735.7
Total	$	514.7		$	769.7		$	92.5		$	1,376.9
Credit loss allowances	$	(23.1)		$	(1.0)		$	(1.4)		$	(25.5)
As a %		4.5	%		0.1	%		1.5	%		1.9	%

The Company manages this risk by establishing cash forecasts, as well as long-term operating and strategic plans. The management of consolidated liquidity requires a regular monitoring of expected cash inflows and outflows which is achieved through a forecast of the Company’s consolidated liquidity position, for efficient use of cash resources. Liquidity adequacy is assessed in view of seasonal needs, stress-test results, growth requirements and capital expenditures, and the maturity profile of indebtedness, including availability of credit facilities, working capital requirements, compliance with financial covenants and the funding of financial commitments. The Company manages its liquidity risk to maintain sufficient liquid financial resources to fund its operations and meet its commitments and obligations. The Company also regularly monitors any financing opportunities to optimize its capital structure and maintain appropriate financial flexibility.

In managing its liquidity risk, the Company has access to a committed unsecured revolving credit facility of US$1.0 billion (2023 – US$1.0 billion). As well, the Company has agreements to sell interests in certain of its accounts receivable (receivable purchase facility) for an amount of up to US$400.0 million (2023 – US$400.0 million). As at March 31, 2024, the carrying amount of the original accounts receivable sold to a financial institution pursuant to the receivable purchase facility totaled $303.7 million (2023 ‑ $266.7 million) of which $44.9 million (2023 – $42.4 million), corresponding to the extent of the Company’s continuing involvement, remains in accounts receivable with a corresponding liability included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities.

The following tables present a maturity analysis based on the contractual maturity date of the Company’s financial liabilities based on expected cash flows. Cash flows from derivatives presented either as derivative assets or liabilities have been included, as the Company manages its derivative contracts on a gross basis. The amounts are the contractual undiscounted cash flows. All amounts contractually denominated in foreign currency are presented in Canadian dollar equivalent amounts using the period-end spot rate except as otherwise stated:


							Between		Between		Between		Between
	Carrying		Contractual		Less than			1 and		2 and		3 and		4 and	More than
As at March 31, 2024	amount		cash flows			1 year		2 years		3 years		4 years		5 years		5 years
Non-derivative financial liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (1)	$	775.8	$	775.8	$	775.8	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total long-term debt (2)
Long-term debt (other than lease liabilities)		2,522.4		2,522.4		253.7		265.0		174.1		164.1		644.1		1,021.4
Interest and accretion		—		743.2		94.1		78.7		70.5		66.2		44.3		389.4
Lease liabilities		551.9		922.0		88.2		75.9		72.1		62.5		53.0		570.3
Other non-current liabilities (3)		87.1		164.7		—		24.8		22.7		28.5		21.9		66.8
	$	3,937.2	$	5,128.1	$	1,211.8	$	444.4	$	339.4	$	321.3	$	763.3	$	2,047.9
Net derivative financial liabilities (assets)

Forward foreign currency contracts (4)	$	9.3
Outflow			$	2,916.5	$	2,522.6	$	302.0	$	69.3	$	20.4	$	2.2	$	—
Inflow				(2,905.7)		(2,514.3)		(299.2)		(68.7)		(21.1)		(2.4)		—
Foreign currency and
interest rate swap agreements		(4.8)		3.9		(2.6)		(0.4)		0.3		0.6		6.0		—


Equity swap agreements		15.8		15.8		15.8		—		—		—		—		—
	$	20.3	$	30.5	$	21.5	$	2.4	$	0.9	$	(0.1)	$	5.8	$	—
	$	3,957.5	$	5,158.6	$	1,233.3	$	446.8	$	340.3	$	321.2	$	769.1	$	2,047.9


							Between		Between		Between		Between
		Carrying	Contractual		Less than			1 and		2 and		3 and		4 and	More than
As at March 31, 2023		amount	cash flows			1 year		2 years		3 years		4 years		5 years		5 years
Non-derivative financial liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (1)	$	799.3	$	799.3	$	799.3	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total long-term debt (2)
Long-term debt (other than lease liabilities)		2,794.2		2,794.2		133.4		486.7		264.2		171.5		562.7		1,175.7
Interest and accretion		—		734.5		120.2		93.8		73.9		67.5		53.9		325.2
Lease liabilities		455.9		724.6		104.5		62.7		55.9		51.5		47.6		402.4
Other non-current liabilities (3)		137.6		277.7		—		28.5		27.6		26.0		33.2		162.4
	$	4,187.0	$	5,330.3	$	1,157.4	$	671.7	$	421.6	$	316.5	$	697.4	$	2,065.7
Net derivative financial liabilities (assets)

Forward foreign currency contracts (4)	$	25.8
Outflow			$	2,119.4	$	1,852.8	$	186.3	$	66.5	$	13.8	$	—	$	—
Inflow				(2,092.2)		(1,832.5)		(182.2)		(64.1)		(13.4)		—		—
Foreign currency and
interest rate swap agreements		(10.5)		(11.3)		(6.5)		(3.2)		(1.1)		(0.4)		(0.1)		—


Equity swap agreements		11.8		11.8		11.8		—		—		—		—		—
	$	27.1	$	27.7	$	25.6	$	0.9	$	1.3	$	—	$	(0.1)	$	—
	$	4,214.1	$	5,358.0	$	1,183.0	$	672.6	$	422.9	$	316.5	$	697.3	$	2,065.7

The Company is party to an agreement that includes a put option, that if exercised, requires CAE to purchase the remaining equity interest in a joint venture. Under the terms of the agreement, the counterparty has the option to sell its shares in the joint venture at fair value. As at March 31, 2024, no value has been ascribed to the put option as the purchase price for the shares corresponds to their fair value.

Market risk is defined as the Company’s exposure to a gain or a loss in the value of its financial instruments as a result of changes in market prices, whether those changes are caused by factors specific to the individual financial instruments or its issuer, or factors affecting all similar financial instruments traded in the market. The Company is mainly exposed to foreign currency risk and interest rate risk.

Derivative instruments are utilized by the Company to manage market risk against the volatility in foreign exchange rates, interest rates and share-based payments in order to minimize their impact on the Company’s results and financial position. The Company’s policy is not to utilize any derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

Foreign currency risk is defined as the Company’s exposure to a gain or a loss in the value of its financial instruments as a result of fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. The Company is exposed to foreign exchange rate variability primarily in relation to certain sale commitments, expected purchase transactions and debt denominated in a foreign currency, as well as on the net investment from its foreign operations which have functional currencies other than the Canadian dollar (in particular the U.S. dollar (USD), Euro (€ or EUR) and British pound (GBP or £). In addition, these operations have exposures to foreign exchange rates primarily through cash and cash equivalents and other working capital accounts denominated in currencies other than their functional currencies.

The Company uses forward foreign currency contracts and foreign currency swap agreements to manage the Company’s exposure from transactions in foreign currencies and to hedge its net investment in U.S. entities. These transactions include forecasted transactions and firm commitments denominated in foreign currencies.

As at March 31, 2024, the Company entered into fixed to fixed cross currency principal and interest rate swap agreements to effectively convert the $400.0 million unsecured senior notes into U.S. dollars. The Company has designated the swap agreements as a hedge of its net investments in U.S. entities against foreign currency fluctuations.


(amounts in millions, except average rate)				2024				2023
		Notional		Average		Notional		Average
Currencies (sold/bought)		amount	(1)	rate		amount	(1)	rate
USD/CDN
Less than 1 year	$	1,280.2		0.74	$	864.6		0.74
Between 1 and 3 years		268.9		0.75		179.1		0.76
Between 3 and 5 years		2.6		0.75		12.8		0.77




EUR/CDN
Less than 1 year		340.1		0.68		249.5		0.68
Between 1 and 3 years		71.0		0.67		61.8		0.71
Between 3 and 5 years		19.4		0.65		1.0		0.70

GBP/CDN
Less than 1 year		53.9		0.59		73.4		0.62
Between 1 and 3 years		5.4		0.59		1.2		0.61




CDN/USD
Less than 1 year		467.9		1.35		323.4		1.35
Between 1 and 3 years		22.5		1.34		10.7		1.31



Other currencies
Less than 1 year		381.2		n.a.		341.9		n.a.
Between 1 and 3 years		3.4		n.a.		—		n.a.
Total	$	2,916.5			$	2,119.4

The Company’s foreign currency hedging programs are typically unaffected by changes in market conditions, as related derivative financial instruments are generally held until their maturity, consistent with the objective to fix currency rates on the hedged item.

The following table presents the Company’s exposure to foreign currency risk of financial instruments and the pre-tax effects on net income and OCI as a result of a reasonably possible strengthening of 5% in the relevant foreign currency against the Canadian dollar as at March 31. This analysis assumes all other variables remain constant.

Interest rate risk is defined as the Company’s exposure to a gain or a loss to the value of its financial instruments as a result of fluctuations in interest rates. The Company bears some interest rate fluctuation risk on its floating rate long-term debt and some fair value risk on its fixed interest long-term debt. The Company mainly manages interest rate risk by fixing project-specific floating rate debt in order to reduce cash flow variability. The Company has floating rate debts through its revolving credit facility and other specific floating rate debts. A mix of fixed and floating interest rate debt is sought to reduce the net impact of fluctuating interest rates. Derivative financial instruments used to manage interest rate exposures are mainly interest rate swap agreements. As at March 31, 2024, 93% (2023 – 73%) of the long-term debt bears fixed interest rates.

The Company’s interest rate hedging programs are typically unaffected by changes in market conditions, as related derivative financial instruments are generally held until their maturity to establish asset and liability management matching, consistent with the objective to reduce risks arising from interest rate movements.

During the year ended March 31, 2024, a 1% increase in interest rates would decrease net income by $7.2 million (2023 ‑ $8.8 million) and would not have a significant impact on OCI (2023 – not significant) assuming all other variables remained constant. A 1% decrease in interest rates would have an opposite impact on net income.

The Company has entered into equity swap agreements with major Canadian financial institutions to reduce its exposure to fluctuations in its share price relating to the cash-settled share-based payments plans. Pursuant to the agreement, the Company receives the economic benefit of dividends and share price appreciation while providing payments to the financial institutions for the institution’s cost of funds and any share price depreciation. The net effect of the equity swap agreements partly offset movements in the Company’s share price impacting the cost of the cash-settled share-based payments plans. As at March 31, 2024, the equity swap agreements covered 2,400,000 common shares (2023 – 2,700,000) of the Company.

As at March 31, 2024, the Company has designated a portion of its unsecured senior notes, term loans, revolving credit facility, fixed to fixed cross currency principal and interest rate swap agreements and foreign currency contracts totaling US$1,638.6 million (2023 ‑ US$1,054.8 million) as a hedge of its net investments in U.S. entities. Gains or losses on the translation of the designated portion of these USD denominated long-term debts are recognized in OCI to offset any foreign exchange gains or losses on translation of the financial statements of those U.S. entities.

As at March 31, 2024, the Company had outstanding letters of credit and performance guarantees in the amount of $244.5 million (2023 – $242.5 million) issued in the normal course of business. These guarantees are issued under the revolving credit facility and bilateral facilities which are in most instances supported by the Performance Securities Guarantee (PSG).

The advance payment guarantees are related to progress/milestone payments made by the Company’s customers and are reduced or eliminated upon delivery of the product. The contract performance guarantees are linked to the completion of the intended product or service rendered by the Company and to the customer’s requirements. The customer releases the Company from these guarantees at the signing of a certificate of completion. The letter of credit for the lease obligation provides credit support for the benefit of the owner participant on a sale and leaseback transaction and varies according to the payment schedule of the lease agreement.

In certain transactions involving business dispositions or sales of assets, the Company may provide indemnification to the counterparties with respect to future claims for certain unknown liabilities that exist, or arise from events occurring, prior to the transaction date, including liabilities for taxes, legal matters, environmental exposures, product liability, and other obligations. The terms of the indemnifications vary in duration and scope. While some of the indemnifications specify a maximum potential exposure and/or a termination date, many do not.

The Company believes that, other than liabilities already accrued, the maximum potential future payments that it could be required to make under these indemnifications are not determinable at this time, as any future payments would be dependent on the type and extent of the related claims, and all available defences, including insurance, which cannot be estimated. However, historically, costs incurred to settle claims related to these indemnifications have not been material to the Company’s consolidated financial position, net income or cash flows.