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Financial Risk Management | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2020
Text block [abstract] |
Financial Risk Management |
36. | Financial Risk Managemen t
(1) Financial Risk Factors The Group’s activities expose it to a variety of financial risks: market risk, credit risk and liquidity risk. The Group’s overall risk management program focuses on the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to minimize potential adverse effects on the Group’s financial performance. The Group uses derivative financial instruments to hedge certain risk exposures such as cash flow risk. The Group’s financial policy is set up in the long-term perspective and annually reported to the Board of Directors. The financial risk management is carried out by the Value Management Office, which identifies, evaluates and hedges financial risks. The treasury department in the Value Management Office considers various finance market conditions to estimate the effect from the market changes. 1) Market risk The Group’s market risk management focuses on controlling the extent of exposure to the risk in order to minimize revenue volatility. Market risk is a risk that decreases value or profit of the Group’s portfolio due to changes in market interest rate, foreign exchange rate and other factors. (i) Sensitivity analysis Sensitivity analysis is performed for each type of market risk to which the Group is exposed. Reasonably possible changes in the relevant risk variable such as prevailing market interest rates, currency rates, equity prices or commodity prices are estimated and if the rate of change in the underlying risk variable is stable, the Group does not alter the chosen reasonably possible change in the risk variable. The reasonably possible change does not include remote or ‘worst case’ scenarios or ‘stress tests’. (ii) Foreign exchange risk The Group is exposed to foreign exchange risk arising from operating, investing and financing activities. Foreign exchange risk is managed within the range of the possible effect on the Group’s cash flows. Foreign exchange risk (i.e. foreign currency translation of overseas operating assets and liabilities) unaffecting the Group’s cash flows is not hedged but can be hedged at a particular situation. As at December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, if the foreign exchange rate had strengthened/weakened by 10% with all other variables held constant, the effects on profit before inc o me tax and shareholders’ equity would have been as follows:
(In millions of Ko r ean won) |  | Fluctuation of foreign exchange rate |  |  | Income before tax 1 |  |  | Shareholders’ equity |
2018.12.31 |  |  | 10 | % |  | ￦ | 7,212 |  |  | ￦ | 10,196 |
|  | -10 | % |  |  | (12,413 | ) |  |  | (9,625 | )
2019.12.31 |  |  | 10 | % |  | ￦ | 45,149 |  |  | ￦ | 52,092 |
|  | -10 | % |  |  | (45,149 | ) |  |  | (52,092 | )
2020.12.31 |  |  | 10 | % |  | ￦ | 25,220 |  |  | ￦ | 36,961 |
|  | -10 | % |  |  | (25,220 | ) |  |  | (36,961 | )
1 | Computed with considering derivatives hedging effect applied by the Group to hedge foreign exchange risk of liabilities in foreign currencies.
The above analysis is a simple sensitivity analysis which assumes that all the variables other than foreign exchange rates are held constant. Therefore, the analysis does not reflect any correlation between foreign exchange rates and other variables, nor the management’s decision to decrease the risk. Details of financial assets and liabilit i es in foreign currencies as at December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, are as follows:
(In thousands of foreign currencies) |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
| Financial assets |  |  | Financial liabilities |  |  | Financial assets |  |  | Financial liabilities |  |  | Financial assets |  |  | Financial liabilities |
US D |  |  | 528,539 |  |  |  | 1,893,849 |  |  |  | 645,941 |  |  |  | 1,830,764 |  |  |  | 400,046 |  |  |  | 1,937,935 |
SDR 1 |  |  | 267 |  |  |  | 730 |  |  |  | 255 |  |  |  | 729 |  |  |  | 255 |  |  |  | 728 |
JPY |  |  | 66,078 |  |  |  | 50,000,000 |  |  |  | 24,930 |  |  |  | 80,000,000 |  |  |  | 209,376 |  |  |  | 46,000,009 |
GBP |  |  | — |  |  |  | 256 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 56 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
EUR |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 316 |  |  |  | 162 |
DZD 2 |  |  | 618 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
CNY |  |  | 1,954 |  |  |  | 171 |  |  |  | 457 |  |  |  | 161 |  |  |  | 458 |  |  |  | 491 |
UZS 3 |  |  | 121,053 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
RWF 4 |  |  | 857 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 706 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 646 |  |  |  | — |
THB 5 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 535 |  |  |  | — |
MMK 6 |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
TZS 7 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,876 |  |  |  | 6,919 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,019 |  |  |  | — |
BWP 8 |  |  | 897 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 911 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 212 |  |  |  | — |
HKD |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 268 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 198 |
BDT 9 |  |  | 39,494 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18,897 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
PLN 10 |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | — |
VND 11 |  |  | 467,272 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 271,563 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 242,370 |  |  |  | — |
XAF 12 |  |  | 666 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 97,411 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 16,229 |  |  |  | — |
SGD |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 284,000 |
| 1 | Special Drawing Rights.
| 2 | Algeria Dinar.
| 3 | Uzbekistan Sum.
| 4 | Rwanda Franc.
| 5 | Thailand Bhat.
| 6 | Myanmar Kyat.
| 7 | Tanzanian Shilling.
| 8 | Botswana Pula.
| 9 | Bangladesh Taka.
| 10 | Polish Zloty.
| 11 | Vietnam Dong.
| 12 | Central African Franc.
(iii) Price risk As at December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, the Group is exposed to equity securities price risk because the securities held by the Group are traded in active markets. If the market prices had increased/decreased by 10% with all other variables held constant, the effects on profit before income tax and shareholders’ equity would have been as follows:
(In millions of Korean won) |  | Fluctuation of price |  | Income before tax |  |  | Equity |
2018.12.31 |  | 10% |  | ￦ | 12 |  |  | ￦ | 898 |
| -10% |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | (898 | )
2019.12.31 |  | 10% |  | ￦ | 24 |  |  | ￦ | 613 |
| -10% |  |  | (24 | ) |  |  | (613 | )
2020.12.31 |  | 10% |  | ￦ | 2,811 |  |  | ￦ | 3,472 |
| -10% |  |  | (2,811 | ) |  |  | (3,472 | )
The above analysis is based on the assumption that the equity index had increased/decreased by 10% with all other variables held constant and all the Group’s marketable equity instruments had moved according to the historical correlation with the index. Gain or loss on equity securities classified as financial assets at fair value through profit or loss and financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income can increase or decrease equity. (iv) Cash flow and fair value interest rate risk The Group’s interest rate risk arises from liabilities in foreign currency such as foreign currency debentures. Debentures in foreign currency issued at variable rates expose the Group to cash flow interest rate risk which is partially offset by swap transactions. Debentures and borrowings issued at fixed rates expose the Group to fair value interest rate risk. The Group sets the policy and operates to minimize the uncertainty of the changes in interest rates and financial costs. As at December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, if the market interest rate had increased/decreased by 100 bp with other variables held constant, the effects on profit before income tax and shareholders’ equity would be as follows:
(In millions of Korean won) |  | Fluctuation of interest rate |  |  | Income before tax |  |  | Shareholders’ equity |
2018.12.31 |  |  | + 100 bp |  |  | ￦ | 1,059 |  |  | ￦ | 9,689 |
|  | - 100 bp |  |  |  | (1,958 | ) |  |  | (10,237 | )
2019.12.31 |  |  | + 100 bp |  |  | ￦ | 425 |  |  | ￦ | 14,764 |
|  | - 100 bp |  |  |  | (482 | ) |  |  | (19,280 | )
2020.12.31 |  |  | + 100 bp |  |  | ￦ | 973 |  |  | ￦ | 18,584 |
|  | - 100 bp |  |  |  | (973 | ) |  |  | (19,377 | )
The above analysis is a simple sensitivity analysis which assumes that all the variables other than market interest rates are held constant. Therefore, the analysis does not reflect any correlation between market interest rates and other variables, nor the management’s decision to decrease the risk.
2) Credit risk Credit risk is the risk of financial loss to the Group if a customer or counterparty to a financial instrument fails to meet its contractual obligations, and arises principally from the Group’s trade receivables from customers, debt securities and others.
| - | Risk management
Credit risk is managed on the Group basis with the purpose of minimizing financial loss. Credit risk arises from the normal transactions and investing activities, where clients or other party fails to discharge an obligation on contract conditions. To manage credit risk, the Group considers the counterparty’s credit based on the counterparty’s financial conditions, default history and other important factors. Credit risk arises from cash and cash equivalents, derivative financial instruments and deposits with banks and financial institutions, as well as outstanding receivables. To minimize such risk, only the financial institutions with strong credit ratings are accepted. The Group’s investments in debt instruments are considered to be low risk investments. The credit ratings of the investments are monitored for credit deterioration .
| - | Security
For some trade receivables, the Group may obtain security in the form of guarantees or letters of credit, etc. which can be called upon if the counterparty is in default under the terms of the agreement.
| - | Impairment of financial assets
The Group has four types of financial assets that are subject to the expected credit loss model:
| • |  | trade receivables for sales of goods and provision of services,
| • |  | contract assets relating to provision of services,
| • |  | debt investments carried at fair value through other comprehensive income, and
| • |  | other financial assets carried at amortized cost.
While cash equivalents are also subject to the impairment requirement, the identified impairment loss was immaterial. The maximum exposure to credit risk of the Group’s financial instruments without considering value of collaterals as at December 31, 2019 and 2020, are as follows:
(In millions of Korean won) |  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
Cash and cash equivalents (except for cash on hand) |  | ￦ | 2,226,608 |  |  | ￦ | 2,625,581 |
Trade and other receivables |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets at amortized costs |  |  | 5,784,228 |  |  |  | 5,034,621 |
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income |  |  | 1,256,266 |  |  |  | 1,118,619 |
Contract assets |  |  | 557,041 |  |  |  | 586,438 |
Other financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives financial assets for hedging |  |  | 58,576 |  |  |  | 7,684 |
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss |  |  | 541,657 |  |  |  | 680,453 |
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income |  |  | 7,086 |  |  |  | 6,570 |
Financial assets at amortized costs |  |  | 441,804 |  |  |  | 671,068 |
Total |  | ￦ | 10,873,266 |  |  | ￦ | 10,731,034 |
(i) Trade receivables and contract assets The Group applies the simplified approach to measuring expected credit losses which uses a lifetime expected loss allowance for all trade receivables and contract assets. The Group measures the expected credit loss by considering the future irrecoverability rate of the remaining balance of trade receivables and other receivables at the end of the reporting period. Each trade receivables and other receivables are classified considering the credit risk characteristics and overdue periods in order to measure expected credit loss. The expected credit loss rate calculation is based on historical payment and credit loss information in relation to revenue for 36 months period up to December 31, 2020. Expected credit loss of 12 months was applied as the credit sales and other credit-related assets of BC Card Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of the Group, has been determined to have low credit risk. (ii) Cash equivalents (except for cash on hand) The Group is also exposed to credit risk in relation cash equivalents. The maximum exposure at the end of the reporting period is the carrying amount of these investments. (iii) Other financial assets at amortized costs Other financial assets at amortized cost include time deposits, other long-term financial instruments and others. All of the financial assets at amortized costs are considered to have low credit risk, and the loss allowance recognized during the period was, therefore, limited to 12 months expected losses. Management consider ‘low credit risk’ for other instruments when they have a low risk of default and the issuer has a strong capacity to meet its contractual cash flow obligations in the near term. (iv) Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income All of the debt investments at fair value through other comprehensive income are considered to have low credit risk, and the loss allowance recognized during the period was, therefore, limited to 12 months expected losses. Management consider ‘low credit risk’ for other instruments when they have a low risk of default and the issuer has a strong capacity to meet its contractual cash flow obligations in the near term. The maximum exposure at the end of the reporting period is the carrying amount of these investments. (v) Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss The Group is also exposed to credit risk in relation to financial assets that are measured at fair value through profit or loss. The maximum exposure at the end of the reporting period is the carrying amount of these investments. 3) Liquidity risk The Group manages its liquidity risk by liquidity strategy and plans. The Group considers the maturity of financial assets and financial liabilities and the estimated cash flows from operations. The table below analyzes the Group’s liabilities (including interest expenses) into relevant maturity groups based on the remaining period at the date of the end of each reporting period to the contractual maturity date. These amounts are contractual undiscounted cash flows and can differ from the amount in the consolidated financial statements.
|  | December 31, 2019 |
(In millions of Korean won) |  | Less than 1 year |  |  | 1-5 years |  |  | More than 5 years |  |  | Total |
Trade and other payables |  | ￦ | 8,149,445 |  |  | ￦ | 805,241 |  |  | ￦ | 370,044 |  |  | ￦ | 9,324,730 |
Borrowings(including debentures) |  |  | 1,304,936 |  |  |  | 4,417,639 |  |  |  | 2,493,637 |  |  |  | 8,216,212 |
Lease liabilities |  |  | 397,609 |  |  |  | 688,518 |  |  |  | 221,255 |  |  |  | 1,307,382 |
Other non-derivative financial liabilities |  |  | 1,749 |  |  |  | 175,764 |  |  |  | 18,962 |  |  |  | 196,475 |
Financial guarantee contracts 1 |  |  | 19,422 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 19,422 |
Total |  | ￦ | 9,873,161 |  |  | ￦ | 6,087,162 |  |  | ￦ | 3,103,898 |  |  | ￦ | 19,064,221 |
| 1 | It is total amount guaranteed by the Group according to guarantee contracts. Cash flow from financial guarantee contracts is classified as the maturity group in the earliest period when the financial guarantee contracts can be executed.
|  | December 31, 2020 |
(In millions of Korean won) |  | Less than 1 year |  |  | 1-5 years |  |  | More than 5 years |  |  | Total |
Trade and other payables |  | ￦ | 6,587,796 |  |  | ￦ | 730,758 |  |  | ￦ | 258,255 |  |  | ￦ | 7,576,809 |
Borrowings(including debentures) |  |  | 1,573,944 |  |  |  | 4,373,534 |  |  |  | 2,258,360 |  |  |  | 8,205,838 |
Lease liabilities |  |  | 336,024 |  |  |  | 658,501 |  |  |  | 190,907 |  |  |  | 1,185,432 |
Other non-derivative financial liabilities |  |  | 574 |  |  |  | 131,242 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 131,816 |
Financial guarantee contracts 1 |  |  | 22,422 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 22,422 |
Total |  | ￦ | 8,520,760 |  |  | ￦ | 5,894,035 |  |  | ￦ | 2,707,522 |  |  | ￦ | 17,122,317 |
| 1 | It is total amount guaranteed by the Group according to guarantee contracts. Cash flow from financial guarantee contracts is classified as the maturity group in the earliest period when the financial guarantee contracts can be executed.
Cash outflow and inflow of derivatives settled gross or net are undiscounted contractual cash flow and can differ from the amount in the consolidated financial statements.
|  | December 31, 2018 |
(In millions of Korean won) |  | Less than 1 year |  |  | 1-5 years |  |  | More than 5 years |  |  | Total |
Outflow |  | ￦ | 455,343 |  |  | ￦ | 1,466,915 |  |  | ￦ | 517,301 |  |  | ￦ | 2,439,559 |
Inflow |  |  | 484,505 |  |  |  | 1,492,718 |  |  |  | 519,133 |  |  |  | 2,496,356 |
|  | December 31, 2019 |
(In millions of Korean won) |  | Less than 1 year |  |  | 1-5 years |  |  | More than 5 years |  |  | Total |
Outflow |  | ￦ | 650,497 |  |  | ￦ | 1,602,513 |  |  | ￦ | 507,947 |  |  | ￦ | 2,760,957 |
Inflow |  |  | 684,720 |  |  |  | 1,648,746 |  |  |  | 524,483 |  |  |  | 2,857,949 |
|  | December 31, 2020 |
(In millions of Korean won) |  | Less than 1 year |  |  | 1-5 years |  |  | More than 5 years |  |  | Total |
Outflow |  | ￦ | 248,300 |  |  | ￦ | 2,179,046 |  |  | ￦ | 498,619 |  |  | ￦ | 2,925,965 |
Inflow |  |  | 249,301 |  |  |  | 2,074,747 |  |  |  | 480,570 |  |  |  | 2,804,618 |
(2) Management of Capital Risk The Group’s objectives when managing capital are to safeguard the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern in order to provide returns for shareholders and benefits for other shareholders and to maintain an optimal capital structure to reduce the cost of capital. The Group’s capital structure consists of liabilities including borrowings, cash and cash equivalents, and shareholders’ equity. The treasury department monitors the Group’s capital structure and considers cost of capital and risks related each capital component. The debt-to-equity ratios as at December 31, 2019 and 2020, are as follows:
(In millions of Korean won) |  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
Total liabilities |  | ￦ | 19,491,530 |  |  | ￦ | 18,111,112 |
Total equity |  |  | 15,140,684 |  |  |  | 15,551,433 |
Debt-to-equity ratio |  |  | 129 | % |  |  | 116 | %
The Group manages capital on the basis of the gearing ratio. This ratio is calculated as net debt divided by total capital. Net debt is calculated as total borrowings less cash and cash equivalents. Total capital is calculated as ‘equity’ in the statement of financial position plus net debt. The gearing ratios as at December 31, 2019 and 2020, are as follows:
(In millions of Korean won, %) |  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
Total borrowings |  | ￦ | 7,298,867 |  |  | ￦ | 7,316,298 |
Less: cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (2,305,894 | ) |  |  | (2,634,624 | )
Net debt |  |  | 4,992,973 |  |  |  | 4,681,674 |
Total equity |  |  | 15,140,684 |  |  |  | 15,551,433 |
Total capital |  |  | 20,133,657 |  |  |  | 20,233,107 |
Gearing ratio |  |  | 25 | % |  |  | 23 | %
(3) Offsetting Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities Details of the Group’s recognized financial assets subject to enforceable master netting arrangements or similar agreements are as follows:
(In millions of Korean won) |  | December 31, 2019 |
|  | Gross assets |  |  | Gross liabilities offset |  |  | Net amounts presented in the statement of financial position |  |  | Amounts not offset |  |  | Net amount |
| Financial instruments |  |  | Cash collateral |
Trade receivables |  | ￦ | 66,487 |  |  | ￦ | (1 | ) |  | ￦ | 66,486 |  |  | ￦ | (63,604 | ) |  | ￦ | — |  |  | ￦ | 2,882 |
Other financial assets |  |  | 18,571 |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | 18,558 |  |  |  | (18,526 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 32 |
|  | ￦ | 85,058 |  |  | ￦ | (14 | ) |  | ￦ | 85,044 |  |  | ￦ | (82,130 | ) |  | ￦ | — |  |  | ￦ | 2,914 |
(In millions of Korean won) |  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | Gross assets |  |  | Gross liabilities offset |  |  | Net amounts presented in the statement of financial position |  |  | Amounts not offset |  |  | Net amount |
| Financial instruments |  |  | Cash collateral |
Trade receivables |  | ￦ | 71,497 |  |  | ￦ | (1 | ) |  | ￦ | 71,496 |  |  | ￦ | (67,421 | ) |  | ￦ | — |  |  | ￦ | 4,075 |
Netting arrangements with reference to the offers of telecommunication facility interconnection, sharing data, and others among telecommunication companies. The Group’s recognized financial liabilities subject to enforceable master netting arrangements or similar agreements are as follows:
(In millions of Korean won) |  | December 31, 2019 |
|  | Gross liabilities |  |  | Gross assets offset |  |  | Net amounts presented in the statement of financial position |  |  | Amounts not offset |  |  | Net amount |
| Financial instruments |  |  | Cash collateral |
Trade payables |  | ￦ | 65,669 |  |  | ￦ | (13 | ) |  | ￦ | 65,656 |  |  | ￦ | (63,628 | ) |  | ￦ | — |  |  | ￦ | 2,028 |
Other financial liabilities |  |  | 18,509 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 18,508 |  |  |  | (18,502 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6 |
|  | ￦ | 84,178 |  |  | ￦ | (14 | ) |  | ￦ | 84,164 |  |  | ￦ | (82,130 | ) |  | ￦ | — |  |  | ￦ | 2,034 |
(In millions of Korean won) |  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | Gross liabilities |  |  | Gross assets offset |  |  | Net amounts presented in the statement of financial position |  |  | Amounts not offset |  |  | Net amount |
| Financial instruments |  |  | Cash collateral |
Trade payables |  | ￦ | 69,361 |  |  | ￦ | — |  |  | ￦ | 69,361 |  |  | ￦ | (67,421 | ) |  | ￦ | — |  |  | ￦ | 1,940 |
Other financial liabilities |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  | ￦ | 69,362 |  |  | ￦ | (1 | ) |  | ￦ | 69,361 |  |  | ￦ | (67,421 | ) |  | ￦ | — |  |  | ￦ | 1,940 |
Netting arrangements with reference to the offers of telecommunication facility interconnection, sharing data, and others among telecommunication companies.

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