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Income Taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
INCOME TAXES | INCOME TAXES Income Tax Provision — The following table summarizes the expense for income taxes on continuing operations for the periods indicated (in millions):
December 31, |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Federal: | Current | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | (8) |  |  | $ | (7) |
| Deferred | 42 |  |  | (17) |  |  | (4) |
State: | Current | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |
| Deferred | 18 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |
Foreign: | Current | 273 |  |  | 458 |  |  | 368 |
| Deferred | (465) |  |  | (219) |  |  | (4) |
Total |  | $ | (133) |  |  | $ | 216 |  |  | $ | 352 |
Effective and Statutory Rate Reconciliation — The following table summarizes a reconciliation of the U.S. statutory federal income tax rate to the Company's effective tax rate as a percentage of income from continuing operations before taxes for the periods indicated:
December 31, |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Statutory Federal tax rate |  | 21 | % |  | 21 | % |  | 21 | %
State taxes, net of Federal tax benefit |  | (6) | % |  | (6) | % |  | 6 | %
Taxes on foreign earnings |  | (2) | % |  | 15 | % |  | 12 | %
Valuation allowance |  | 7 | % |  | 16 | % |  | (2) | %
Uncertain tax positions |  | 16 | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
Change in tax law |  | (1) | % |  | 3 | % |  | (1) | %
U.S. Investment Tax Credit |  | — | % |  | (8) | % |  | — | %
Alto Maipo deconsolidation |  | (17) | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
Noncontrolling interest on Buffalo Gap impairments |  | (3) | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
Other—net |  | (2) | % |  | 3 | % |  | (1) | %
Effective tax rate |  | 13 | % |  | 44 | % |  | 35 | %
For 2021, included in the 7% for valuation allowance is approximately $93 million related to the release of valuation allowance at one of our Brazilian subsidiaries. Included in the 16% uncertain tax positions is approximately $176 million of income tax benefit related to effective settlement resulting from the exam closure of the Company’s U.S. 2017 tax return, the focus of which was on the TCJA one-time transition tax. The (17)% included in the Alto Maipo deconsolidation item above primarily reflects the lack of tax benefit for approximately $775 million of the $2,074 million pretax Alto Maipo deconsolidation loss. Also included in this item is approximately $41 million of tax benefit related to resulting tax over book outside basis difference in Alto Maipo, which is offset by $41 million of tax expense in the valuation allowance line item. The (3)% Buffalo Gap impairments item relates to the amounts of impairment allocated to tax equity noncontrolling interest which are nondeductible. For 2020, the 15% taxes on foreign earnings item includes $20 million of tax benefit associated with the Company's equity investment in Guacolda. Included in the 2020 (8)% U.S. investment tax credit is $35 million of benefit associated with the Na Pua Makani wind facility. Not included in the 2020 effective tax rate is $75 million of income tax expense recorded to additional paid-in-capital related to the Company's sale of 35% of its ownership interest in the Southland Energy assets. See Note 17—Equity for details of the sale. For 2019, the 12% taxes on foreign earnings item includes $19 million of tax benefit associated with the Company's equity investment in Guacolda. Included in the 2019 change in tax law amount of (1)% are the downward adjustments to the U.S. one-time transition tax expense and deferred tax remeasurement benefit resulting from the issuance of the final regulations in 2019, offset by the impact of deferred tax remeasurement expense related to the December 2019 Argentina tax law change. Income Tax Receivables and Payables — The current income taxes receivable and payable are included in Other current assets and Accrued and other liabilities, respectively, on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The noncurrent income taxes receivable and payable are included in Other noncurrent assets and Other noncurrent liabilities, respectively, on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The following table summarizes the income taxes receivable and payable as of the periods indicated (in millions):
December 31, |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Income taxes receivable—current |  | $ | 184 |  |  | $ | 138 |
Income taxes receivable—noncurrent |  | 2 |  |  | 9 |
Total income taxes receivable |  | $ | 186 |  |  | $ | 147 |
Income taxes payable—current |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | 284 |
Income taxes payable—noncurrent |  | — |  |  | — |
Total income taxes payable |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | 284 |
Deferred Income Taxes — Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of (a) temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes and (b) operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. These items are stated at the enacted tax rates that are expected to be in effect when taxes are actually paid or recovered. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards for tax return purposes of approximately $1.9 billion, of which approximately $540 million expire in years 2034 to 2036 and $1.4 billion carry forward indefinitely. The Company also had federal general business tax credit carryforwards of approximately $68 million, of which $14 million expire in years 2022 to 2032 and $54 million expire in years 2035 to 2041. Additionally, the Company had state net operating loss carryforwards as of December 31, 2021 of approximately $6.8 billion expiring primarily in years 2022 to 2040. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had foreign net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $1.2 billion that expire at various times beginning in 2022 and some of which carry forward without expiration, and tax credits available in foreign jurisdictions of approximately $2 million, which primarily carry forward without expiration. Valuation allowances decreased $106 million during 2021 to $528 million at December 31, 2021. This net decrease was primarily due to the release of valuation allowance at one of our Brazilian subsidiaries. Valuation allowances decreased $190 million during 2020 to $634 million at December 31, 2020. This net decrease was primarily the result of valuation allowance activity due to the liquidation of certain holding companies with net operating losses with full valuation allowances. The Company believes that it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets as shown below will be realized when future taxable income is generated through the reversal of existing taxable temporary differences and income that is expected to be generated by businesses that have long-term contracts or a history of generating taxable income. The following table summarizes deferred tax assets and liabilities, as of the periods indicated (in millions):
December 31, |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Differences between book and tax basis of property |  | $ | (961) |  |  | $ | (1,308) |
Investment in U.S. tax partnerships |  | (629) |  |  | (332) |
Other taxable temporary differences |  | (418) |  |  | (403) |
Total deferred tax liability |  | (2,008) |  |  | (2,043) |
Operating loss carryforwards |  | 979 |  |  | 1,156 |
Capital loss carryforwards |  | 77 |  |  | 73 |
Bad debt and other book provisions |  | 380 |  |  | 87 |
Tax credit carryforwards |  | 68 |  |  | 78 |
Other deductible temporary differences |  | 464 |  |  | 471 |
Total gross deferred tax asset |  | 1,968 |  |  | 1,865 |
Less: Valuation allowance |  | (528) |  |  | (634) |
Total net deferred tax asset |  | 1,440 |  |  | 1,231 |
Net deferred tax liability |  | $ | (568) |  |  | $ | (812) |
The Company considers undistributed earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries to be indefinitely reinvested outside of the U.S. Except for the one-time transition tax in the U.S., no taxes have been recorded with respect to our indefinitely reinvested earnings in accordance with the relevant accounting guidance for income taxes. Should the earnings be remitted as dividends, the Company may be subject to additional foreign withholding and state income taxes. Under the TCJA, future distributions from foreign subsidiaries will generally be subject to a federal dividends received deduction in the U.S. As of December 31, 2021, the cumulative amount of U.S. GAAP foreign un-remitted earnings upon which additional income taxes have not been provided is approximately $3 billion. It is not practicable to estimate the amount of any additional taxes which may be payable on the undistributed earnings. Income from operations in certain countries is subject to reduced tax rates as a result of satisfying specific commitments regarding employment and capital investment. The Company's income tax benefits related to the tax status of these operations are estimated to be $27 million, $33 million and $26 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The per share effect of these benefits after noncontrolling interests was $0.02, $0.03 and $0.02 for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Included in the Company's income tax benefits is the benefit related to our operations in Vietnam, which is estimated to be $16 million, $16 million and $13 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The per share effect of these benefits related to our operations in Vietnam after noncontrolling interest was $0.01, $0.01 and $0.01 for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The following table shows the income (loss) from continuing operations, before income taxes, net equity in earnings of affiliates and noncontrolling interests, for the periods indicated (in millions):
December 31, |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
U.S. |  | $ | 622 |  |  | $ | (135) |  |  | $ | (57) |
Non-U.S. |  | (1,686) |  |  | 623 |  |  | 1,058 |
Total |  | $ | (1,064) |  |  | $ | 488 |  |  | $ | 1,001 |
Uncertain Tax Positions — Uncertain tax positions have been classified as noncurrent income tax liabilities unless they are expected to be paid within one year. The Company's policy for interest and penalties related to income tax exposures is to recognize interest and penalties as a component of the provision for income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The following table shows the total amount of gross accrued income taxes related to interest and penalties included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for the periods indicated (in millions):
December 31, |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Interest related |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 1 |
Penalties related |  | 1 |  |  | — |
The following table shows the expense/(benefit) related to interest and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits for the periods indicated (in millions):
December 31, |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Total benefit for interest related to unrecognized tax benefits |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2) |
Total expense for penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
We are potentially subject to income tax audits in numerous jurisdictions in the U.S. and internationally until the applicable statute of limitations expires. Tax audits by their nature are often complex and can require several years to complete. The following is a summary of tax years potentially subject to examination in the significant tax and business jurisdictions in which we operate:
Jurisdiction |  | Tax Years Subject to Examination
Argentina |  | 2015-2021
Brazil |  | 2016-2021
Chile |  | 2018-2021
Colombia |  | 2016-2021
Dominican Republic |  | 2019-2021
El Salvador |  | 2018-2021
Netherlands |  | 2015-2021
Panama |  | 2018-2021
United Kingdom |  | 2018-2021
United States (Federal) |  | 2017-2021
As of December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits was $122 million, $458 million and $465 million, respectively. The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that would benefit the effective tax rate as of December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 is $122 million, $439 million and $448 million, respectively, of which $4 million, $33 million, and $33 million, respectively, would be in the form of tax attributes that would warrant a full valuation allowance. Further, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefit that would benefit the effective tax rate as of 2021 would be reduced by approximately $34 million of tax expense related to remeasurement from 35% to 21%. The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits anticipated to result in a net decrease to unrecognized tax benefits within 12 months of December 31, 2021 is estimated to be between zero and $10 million, primarily relating to statute of limitation lapses and tax exam settlements. The following is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized tax benefits for the periods indicated (in millions):
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Balance at January 1 |  | $ | 458 |  |  | $ | 465 |  |  | $ | 463 |
Additions for current year tax positions |  | 28 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |
Additions for tax positions of prior years |  | 14 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4 |
Reductions for tax positions of prior years |  | — |  |  | (6) |  |  | (5) |
Settlements |  | (377) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Lapse of statute of limitations |  | (1) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (3) |
Balance at December 31 |  | $ | 122 |  |  | $ | 458 |  |  | $ | 465 |
The 2021 settlement amount of $377 million above primarily relates to effective settlement of historic unrecognized tax benefits as a result of the exam closure of the Company’s U.S. 2017 tax return, the focus of which was on the TCJA one-time transition tax assessed on cumulative foreign earnings and profits. This amount is based on the pre-TCJA income tax rate of 35% though the actual impact to the Company’s income tax expense is an income tax benefit computed at 21%. The Company and certain of its subsidiaries are currently under examination by the relevant taxing authorities for various tax years. The Company regularly assesses the potential outcome of these examinations in each of the taxing jurisdictions when determining the adequacy of the amount of unrecognized tax benefit recorded. While it is often difficult to predict the final outcome or the timing of resolution of any particular uncertain tax position, we believe we have appropriately accrued for our uncertain tax benefits. However, audit outcomes and the timing of audit settlements and future events that would impact our previously recorded unrecognized tax benefits and the range of anticipated increases or decreases in unrecognized tax benefits are subject to significant uncertainty. It is possible that the ultimate outcome of current or future examinations may exceed our provision for current unrecognized tax benefits in amounts that could be material, but cannot be estimated as of December 31, 2021. Our effective tax rate and net income in any given future period could therefore be materially impacted.

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