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Long-term Incentive Compensation and Shareholders’ Equity | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract] |
Long-term Incentive Compensation and Shareholders’ Equity | Long-term incentive compensation and shareholders’ equity Long-term incentive compensation Long-term incentive program (LTIP) compensation includes both stock-based awards (principally stock-settled stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units and performance stock units) as well as long-term performance-based cash awards. Long-term incentive compensation expense, which was primarily general and administrative in nature, was attributed to the Company’s U.S. dialysis and related lab services business, corporate administrative support, and the ancillary services and strategic initiatives. The Company’s stock-based compensation expense for stock-settled awards is measured at the estimated fair value of awards on the date of grant and recognized on a cumulative straight-line basis over the vesting terms of the awards unless the stock awards are based on non-market based performance metrics, in which case expense is adjusted for expected ultimate payouts as of the end of each reporting period. Stock-based compensation expense for cash-settled awards is based on the estimated fair values as of the end of each reporting period. The expense for all stock-based awards is recognized net of expected forfeitures. Stock-based compensation to be settled in shares is recorded to the Company’s shareholders’ contributed capital, while stock-based compensation to be settled in cash is recorded to a liability. Shares issued upon exercise of stock awards are issued from authorized but unissued shares. Long-term incentive compensation plans The Company’s 2011 Incentive Award Plan (the 2011 Plan) is the Company’s omnibus equity compensation plan and provides for grants of stock-based awards to employees, directors and other individuals providing services to the Company, except that incentive stock options may only be awarded to employees. The 2011 Plan authorizes the Company to award stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units, restricted stock, and other stock-based or performance-based awards, and is designed to enable the Company to grant equity and cash awards that qualified as performance-based compensation under Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code for tax years 2017 and prior. The 2011 Plan mandates a maximum award term of five years and stipulates that stock appreciation rights and stock options be granted with prices not less than fair market value on the date of grant. The 2011 Plan also requires that full value share awards such as restricted stock units reduce shares available under the 2011 Plan at a ratio of 3.5:1. The Company’s nonqualified stock appreciation rights and stock units awarded under the 2011 Plan generally vest over 36 months to 48 months from the date of grant. At December 31, 2018, there were 6,162,797 stock-settled stock appreciation rights, 1,860,475 stock-settled stock units, 23,000 cash-settled stock appreciation rights and 1,600 cash-settled stock units outstanding, and 23,091,764 shares available for future grants, under the 2011 Plan. A combined summary of the status of the Company’s stock-settled awards under the 2011 Plan, including base shares for stock-settled stock appreciation rights (SSARs) and stock-settled stock unit awards is as follows:
| Year ended December 31, 2018
| Stock appreciation rights |  | Stock units
| Awards |  | Weighted average exercise price |  | Weighted average remaining contractual life |  | Awards |  | Weighted average remaining contractual life
Outstanding at beginning of year | 6,648,199 |  |  | $ | 67.92 |  |  |  |  | 1,075,572 |  |  |  |
Granted | 1,902,652 |  |  | $ | 66.54 |  |  |  |  | 1,101,388 |  |  |  |
Exercised | (2,059,872 | ) |  | $ | 60.34 |  |  |  |  | (165,543 | ) |  |  |
Canceled | (328,182 | ) |  | $ | 70.44 |  |  |  |  | (150,942 | ) |  |  |
Outstanding at end of period | 6,162,797 |  |  | $ | 69.90 |  |  | 2.9 |  | 1,860,475 |  |  | 2.2 |
Exercisable at end of period | 1,422,529 |  |  | $ | 73.39 |  |  | 0.9 |  | — |  |  | — |
Weighted-average fair value of grants |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2018 | $ | 16.24 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 66.23 |  |  |  |
2017 | $ | 14.51 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 65.73 |  |  |  |
2016 | $ | 13.74 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 70.99 |  |  |  |
|  | Awards Outstanding |  | Weighted average exercise price |  | Awards exercisable |  | Weighted average exercise price
Range of SSARs base prices |
$50.01–$60.00 |  | 131,470 |  |  | $ | 57.90 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
$60.01–$70.00 |  | 4,083,162 |  |  | $ | 66.66 |  |  | 757,237 |  |  | $ | 68.96 |
$70.01–$80.00 |  | 1,351,997 |  |  | $ | 74.78 |  |  | 346,316 |  |  | $ | 73.81 |
$80.01–$90.00 |  | 596,168 |  |  | $ | 83.60 |  |  | 318,976 |  |  | $ | 83.47 |
Total |  | 6,162,797 |  |  | $ | 69.90 |  |  | 1,422,529 |  |  | $ | 73.39 |
The Company did not grant any cash-settled stock-based awards during 2018. Liability-classified stock-based awards contributed $(20), $114 and $376 to stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had 24,600 liability-classified stock-based awards outstanding, none of which were vested, and a total stock-based compensation liability balance of $79. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, the aggregate intrinsic value of stock-based awards exercised was $31,045, $34,895 and $73,944, respectively. At December 31, 2018, the aggregate intrinsic value of stock-based awards outstanding was $95,822 and the aggregate intrinsic value of stock awards exercisable was zero. Estimated fair value of stock-based compensation awards The Company has estimated the grant-date fair value of stock-settled stock appreciation rights awards using the Black-Scholes-Merton valuation model and stock-settled stock unit awards at intrinsic value on the date of grant, except for portions of the Company’s performance stock unit awards for which a Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate the grant-date fair value. The following assumptions were used in estimating these values and determining the related stock-based compensation expense attributable to the current period: Expected term of the awards: The expected term of awards granted represents the period of time that they are expected to remain outstanding from the date of grant. The Company determines the expected term of its stock awards based on its historical experience with similar awards, considering the Company’s historical exercise and post-vesting termination patterns, and the terms expected by peer companies in near industries. Expected volatility: Expected volatility represents the volatility anticipated over the expected term of the award. The Company determines the expected volatility for its awards based on the volatility of the price of its common stock over the most recent retrospective period commensurate with the expected term of the award, considering the volatility expectations implied by the market price of its exchange-traded options and the volatilities expected by peer companies in near industries. Expected dividend yield: The Company has not paid dividends on its common stock and does not currently expect to pay dividends during the term of stock awards granted. Risk-free interest rate: The Company bases the expected risk-free interest rate on the implied yield currently available on stripped interest coupons of U.S. Treasury issues with a remaining term equivalent to the expected term of the award. A summary of the weighted average valuation inputs described above used for estimating the grant-date fair value of stock-settled stock appreciation rights awards granted in the periods indicated is as follows:
| Year ended December 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Expected term | 4.2 |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | 4.2 |
Expected volatility | 23.8 | % |  | 23.9 | % |  | 21.0 | %
Expected dividend yield | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
Risk-free interest rate | 2.9 | % |  | 1.7 | % |  | 1.0 | %
The Company estimates expected forfeitures based upon historical experience with separate groups of employees that have exhibited similar forfeiture behavior in the past. Stock-based compensation expense is recorded only for awards that are expected to vest. Employee stock purchase plan The Employee Stock Purchase Plan entitles qualifying employees to purchase up to $25 of the Company’s common stock during each calendar year. The amounts used to purchase stock are accumulated through payroll withholdings or through optional lump sum payments made in advance of the first day of the purchase right period. This compensatory plan allows employees to purchase stock for the lesser of 100% of its fair market value on the first day of the purchase right period or 85% of its fair market value on the last day of the purchase right period. Purchase right periods begin on January 1 and July 1, and end on December 31. Contributions used to purchase the Company’s common stock under this plan for the 2018, 2017 and 2016 participation periods were $17,398, $22,131 and $23,902, respectively. Shares purchased pursuant to the plan’s 2018, 2017 and 2016 participation periods were 397,749, 360,368 and 438,002, respectively. At December 31, 2018, there were 6,726,278 shares remaining available for future grants under this plan. The fair value of participants’ purchase rights was estimated as of the beginning dates of the purchase right periods using the Black-Scholes-Merton valuation model with the following weighted average assumptions for purchase right periods in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively: expected volatility of 24%, 23% and 22%; risk-free interest rate of 1.9%, 1.3% and 0.8%, and no dividends. Using these assumptions, the weighted average estimated fair value of these purchase rights was $17.45, $15.19 and $16.73 for 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Long-term incentive compensation expense and proceeds For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company recognized $85,759, $61,978 and $64,956, respectively, in total long-term incentive program (LTIP) expense, of which $73,582, $34,431 and $34,530, respectively, was stock-based compensation expense for stock appreciation rights, stock units and discounted employee stock plan purchases, which are primarily included in general and administrative expenses. The estimated tax benefits recorded for stock-based compensation in 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $13,591, $7,717 and $12,731, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, there was $99,935 total estimated unrecognized compensation expense for outstanding LTIP awards, including $88,596 related to stock-based compensation arrangements under the Company’s equity compensation and stock purchase plans. The Company expects to recognize the performance-based cash component of this LTIP expense over a weighted average remaining period of 0.8 years and the stock-based component of this LTIP expense over a weighted average remaining period of 1.5 years. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company adopted a retirement policy (Rule of 65 policy). The Rule of 65 policy generally provides that Section 16 executive officers that are a minimum age of 55 with five years of continuous service with the Company receive certain benefits with respect to their outstanding equity awards upon a qualifying retirement if the sum of their age plus years of service is greater than or equal to 65. These benefits generally include accelerated vesting of restricted stock unit awards, continued vesting of stock-settled stock appreciation rights and performance stock unit awards and an exercise window from the original vest date through the original expiration date regardless of continued employment, with pro rata vesting for a Rule of 65 retirement within one year of the award grant date. The adoption of the Rule of 65 policy resulted in a $14,704 modification charge and a net acceleration of expense of $9,727 during the year ended December 31, 2018 that is included in the expense amounts reported above. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company received $7,988, $13,473 and $28,397, respectively, in actual tax benefits upon the exercise of stock awards. Since the Company issues stock-settled stock appreciation rights rather than stock options, there have been no cash proceeds from stock option exercises during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. Stock repurchases During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company repurchased a total of 16,844,067 shares and 12,966,672 shares of its common stock for $1,153,511 and $810,949, or an average price of $68.48 and $62.54 per share, respectively, pursuant to previously announced authorizations by the Board of Directors. Subsequent to December 31, 2018, the Company has not repurchased any shares of its common stock through February 22, 2019. On July 11, 2018, the Company's Board of Directors approved an additional share repurchase authorization in the amount of $1,389,999. This share repurchase authorization was in addition to the $110,001 remaining at that time under the Company’s Board of Directors’ prior share repurchase authorization approved in October 2017. Accordingly, as of February 22, 2019, the Company has a total of $1,355,605 available under the current Board repurchase authorizations for additional share repurchases. Although these share repurchase authorizations do not have expiration dates, the Company remains subject to share repurchase limitations under the terms of its senior secured credit facilities and the indentures governing its Senior Notes. The Company retired all shares held in its treasury effective as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017. Charter documents & Delaware law The Company’s charter documents include provisions that may deter hostile takeovers, delay or prevent changes of control or changes in management, or limit the ability of stockholders to approve transactions that they may otherwise determine to be in their best interests. These include provisions prohibiting stockholders from acting by written consent, requiring 90 days advance notice of stockholder proposals or nominations to the Board of Directors and granting the Board of Directors the authority to issue up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock and to determine the rights and preferences of the preferred stock without the need for further stockholder approval. The Company is also subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law which, subject to exceptions, would prohibit the Company from engaging in any business combinations with any interested stockholder, as defined in that section, for a period of three years following the date on which that stockholder became an interested stockholder. These restrictions may discourage, delay or prevent a change in the control of the Company. Changes in DaVita Inc.’s ownership interest in consolidated subsidiaries The effects of changes in DaVita Inc.’s ownership interest in consolidated subsidiaries on the Company’s consolidated equity are as follows:
| Year ended December 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Net income attributable to DaVita Inc. | $ | 159,394 |  |  | $ | 663,618 |  |  | $ | 879,874 |
Changes in paid-in-capital for: |  |  |  |  |
Sales of noncontrolling interest | 79 |  |  | (114 | ) |  | — |
Purchase of noncontrolling interests | (17,897 | ) |  | (2,752 | ) |  | (13,105 | )
Net transfer in noncontrolling interests | (17,818 | ) |  | (2,866 | ) |  | (13,105 | )
Net income attributable to DaVita Inc. net of transfers in noncontrolling interests | $ | 141,576 |  |  | $ | 660,752 |  |  | $ | 866,769 |
The Company acquired additional ownership interests in several existing majority-owned joint ventures for $28,082, $5,357, and $21,512 in 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for shareholders' equity comprised of portions attributable to the parent entity and noncontrolling interest, including other comprehensive income. Includes, but is not limited to, balances of common stock, preferred stock, additional paid-in capital, other capital and retained earnings, accumulated balance for each classification of other comprehensive income and amount of comprehensive income. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 505 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2208762 + Details
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