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Stock-based compensation | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] |
Long-term Incentive Compensation and Shareholders’ Equity | Stock-based compensation Stock-based compensation Stock-based compensation consists primarily of stock-settled stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units and performance stock units. Stock-based compensation, which is primarily general and administrative in nature, is attributed to the Company’s U.S. dialysis business, its corporate administrative support, and its ancillary services. See Note 1 "Organization and summary of significant accounting policies" for more information on how the Company measures and recognizes stock-based compensation expense. Long-term incentive compensation plans The DaVita Inc. 2020 Incentive Award Plan (the 2020 Plan) is the Company’s current omnibus equity compensation plan and provides for grants of stock-based awards to employees, directors and other individuals providing services to the Company, except that incentive stock options may only be awarded to employees. The 2020 Plan provides for the grant of stock appreciation rights, nonqualified stock options, incentive stock options, restricted stock units, restricted stock, performance stock awards, dividend equivalents, stock payments, deferred stock unit awards, deferred stock awards and performance cash awards. The 2020 Plan mandates a maximum award term of 10 years for stock appreciation rights and stock options and stipulates that awards of these types be granted with a base or exercise price per share of not less than the fair market value of the Company's common stock on the date of grant. Shares available under the 2020 Plan are also stated on a full value share basis rather than on an option-equivalent basis. The 2020 Plan therefore provides that shares available for issuance under the plan are reduced by one share available for every four shares underlying stock appreciation rights and stock options, and are reduced by one share available for every one share underlying stock-based awards other than stock appreciation rights and stock options. At December 31, 2022, there were 6,815 shares available for future grants under the 2020 Plan. The Company’s stock awards granted under the 2020 Plan generally vest over 36 months to 48 months from the date of grant. The DaVita Healthcare Partners Inc. 2011 Incentive Award Plan (the 2011 Plan) was the Company’s prior omnibus equity compensation plan and authorized the Company to award stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units, restricted stock, and other stock-based or performance-based awards. The 2011 Plan mandated a maximum award term of five years and stipulated that stock appreciation rights and stock options be granted with prices not less than fair market value on the date of grant. The 2011 Plan also required that full value share awards such as restricted stock units reduce shares available under the 2011 Plan at a ratio of 3.5:1. The Company’s stock appreciation rights and stock units awarded under the 2011 Plan generally vest over 36 months to 48 months from the date of grant. The 2011 Plan was terminated with respect to any new awards upon stockholder approval of the 2020 Plan. A combined summary of the status of the Company’s stock-settled awards under both the 2020 Plan and 2011 Plan, including base shares for stock-settled stock appreciation rights (SSARs) and stock-settled stock unit awards is as follows:
| Year ended December 31, 2022
| Stock appreciation rights |  | Stock units
| Awards |  | Weighted average exercise price |  | Weighted average remaining contractual life |  | Awards |  | Weighted average remaining contractual life
Outstanding at beginning of year | 5,943 |  |  | $ | 64.66 |  |  |  |  | 3,385 |  |  |
Granted | 130 |  |  | $ | 110.63 |  |  |  |  | 1,152 |  |  |
Added by performance factor |  |  |  |  |  |  | 136 |  |  |
Exercised/Vested | (619) |  |  | $ | 63.59 |  |  |  |  | (1,269) |  |  |
Canceled | (64) |  |  | $ | 55.53 |  |  |  |  | (332) |  |  |
Outstanding at end of period | 5,390 |  |  | $ | 66.00 |  |  | 1.62 |  | 3,072 |  |  | 1.93
Exercisable at end of period | 2,618 |  |  | $ | 64.93 |  |  | 1.32 |  | — |  |  | — |
Weighted-average fair value of grants: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2022 | $ | 35.13 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 107.60 |  |  |
2021 | $ | 32.15 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 109.50 |  |  |
2020 | $ | 26.70 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 77.83 |  |  |
|  | Awards Outstanding |  | Weighted average exercise price |  | Awards exercisable |  | Weighted average exercise price
Range of SSARs base prices |
$50.01–$60.00 |  | 1,397 |  |  | $ | 52.41 |  |  | 401 |  |  | $ | 52.41 |
$60.01–$70.00 |  | 3,462 |  |  | $ | 67.41 |  |  | 2,212 |  |  | $ | 67.18 |
$70.01–$80.00 |  | 269 |  |  | $ | 75.85 |  |  | 5 |  |  | $ | 70.32 |
$100.01–$110.00 |  | 132 |  |  | $ | 108.93 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
$110.01–$120.00 |  | 130 |  |  | $ | 110.63 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Total |  | 5,390 |  |  | $ | 66.00 |  |  | 2,618 |  |  | $ | 64.93 |
For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the aggregate intrinsic value of stock-based awards exercised was $149,442, $208,585 and $49,258, respectively. At December 31, 2022, the aggregate intrinsic value of stock-based awards outstanding was $289,942 and the aggregate intrinsic value of stock awards exercisable was $25,508. Estimated fair value of stock-based compensation awards The Company has estimated the grant-date fair value of stock-settled stock appreciation rights awards using the Black-Scholes-Merton valuation model and stock-settled stock unit awards at intrinsic value on the date of grant, except for portions of the Company’s performance stock unit awards for which a Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate the grant-date fair value. The following assumptions were used in estimating these values and determining the related stock-based compensation expense attributable to the current period: Expected term of the awards: The expected term of awards granted represents the period of time that they are expected to remain outstanding from the date of grant. The Company determines the expected term of its stock awards based on its historical experience with similar awards, considering the Company’s historical exercise and post-vesting termination patterns. Expected volatility: Expected volatility represents the volatility anticipated over the expected term of the award. The Company determines the expected volatility for its awards based on the volatility of the price of its common stock over the most recent retrospective period commensurate with the expected term of the award, considering the volatilities expected by peer companies in near industries. Expected dividend yield: The Company has not paid dividends on its common stock and does not currently expect to pay dividends during the term of stock awards granted. Risk-free interest rate: The Company bases the expected risk-free interest rate on the implied yield currently available on stripped interest coupons of U.S. Treasury issues with a remaining term equivalent to the expected term of the award. A summary of the weighted average valuation inputs described above used for estimating the grant-date fair value of SSAR awards granted in the periods indicated is as follows:
| Year ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Expected term | 4.5 |  | 4.5 |  | 4.8
Expected volatility | 34.3 | % |  | 34.3 | % |  | 28.2 | %
Expected dividend yield | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
Risk-free interest rate | 2.1 | % |  | 0.7 | % |  | 1.5 | %
The Company estimates expected forfeitures based upon historical experience with separate groups of employees that have exhibited similar forfeiture behavior in the past. Stock-based compensation expense is recorded only for awards that are expected to vest. Employee stock purchase plan The Employee Stock Purchase Plan entitles qualifying employees to purchase up to $25 of the Company’s common stock during each calendar year. The amounts used to purchase stock are accumulated through payroll withholdings or through optional lump sum payments made in advance of the first day of the purchase right period. This compensatory plan allows employees to purchase stock for the lesser of 100% of its fair market value on the first day of the purchase right period or 85% of its fair market value on the last day of the purchase right period. Purchase right periods begin on January 1 and July 1, and end on December 31. Contributions used to purchase the Company’s common stock under this plan for the 2022, 2021 and 2020 purchase periods were $18,061, $19,626 and $17,148, respectively. Shares purchased pursuant to the plan’s 2022, 2021 and 2020 purchase periods were 285, 203 and 222, respectively. At December 31, 2022, there were 5,702 shares remaining available for future grants under this plan. The fair value of participants’ purchase rights was estimated as of the beginning dates of the purchase right periods using the Black-Scholes-Merton valuation model with the following weighted average assumptions for purchase right periods in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively: expected volatility of 31.7%, 39.0% and 40.4%; risk-free interest rates of 1.3%, 0.1% and 1.0%; and no dividends. Using these assumptions, the weighted average estimated per share fair value of each purchase right was $26.50, $34.94 and $22.06 for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense and proceeds For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized $95,427, $102,209 and $91,458 in stock-based compensation expense for stock appreciation rights, stock units and discounted employee stock purchase plan purchases, which are primarily included in general and administrative expenses. The estimated tax benefits recorded for stock-based compensation in 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $14,723, $13,853 and $11,775, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, there was $149,081 of total estimated but unrecognized stock-based compensation expense under the Company’s equity compensation and employee stock purchase plans. The Company expects to recognize this expense over a weighted average remaining period of 1.3 years. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company received $24,805, $46,990 and $8,957, respectively, in actual tax benefits upon the exercise or vesting of stock awards. Since the Company issues stock-settled stock appreciation rights rather than stock options, there were no cash proceeds from stock option exercises.

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