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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and the (provision for) benefit from income taxes consisted of the following:
Year ended December 31,
202420232022
Income (loss) from continuing operations:
United States$172.2 $118.0 $(37.7)
Foreign83.2 68.3 64.8 
$255.4 $186.3 $27.1 
Provision for income taxes:
Current:
United States$(47.5)$(51.1)$(18.9)
Foreign(21.2)(15.7)(9.8)
Total current(68.7)(66.8)(28.7)
Deferred and other:
United States7.1 21.3 17.2 
Foreign8.0 3.9 4.2 
Total deferred and other15.1 25.2 21.4 
Total provision$(53.6)$(41.6)$(7.3)
The reconciliation of income tax computed at the U.S. federal statutory tax rate to our effective income tax rate was as follows:
Year ended December 31,
202420232022
Tax at U.S. federal statutory rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
State and local taxes, net of U.S. federal benefit3.6 %3.5 %9.6 %
U.S. credits and exemptions(1.9)%(2.1)%(13.4)%
Foreign earnings/losses taxed at different rates1.4 %0.6 %(9.7)%
Nondeductible expenses1.2 %2.0 %7.7 %
Adjustments to uncertain tax positions0.4 %(0.6)%(9.4)%
Changes in valuation allowance(0.4)%(1.0)%(19.6)%
Share-based compensation(4.3)%(1.0)%(6.4)%
Goodwill impairment and basis adjustments— %— %(3.9)%
Adjustments to contingent consideration— %— %(0.9)%
Non-deductible loss on Asbestos Portfolio Sale (1)
— %— %53.7 %
Other— %(0.1)%(1.8)%
21.0 %22.3 %26.9 %
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(1) The income tax benefit associated with the loss of $73.9 on the Asbestos Portfolio Sale totaled $1.1.
Significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows:
As of December 31,
20242023
Deferred tax assets:
NOL and credit carryforwards$84.6 $88.9 
Pension, other postretirement and postemployment benefits25.9 26.8 
Payroll and compensation18.0 18.6 
Legal, environmental and self-insurance accruals11.8 23.4 
Working capital accruals27.0 20.0 
Research and experimental expenditures35.9 25.6 
Other5.6 4.3 
Total deferred tax assets208.8 207.6 
Valuation allowance(77.0)(75.2)
Net deferred tax assets131.8 132.4 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Intangible assets recorded in acquisitions171.8 159.4 
Basis difference in affiliates15.9 17.4 
Accelerated depreciation30.0 16.1 
Other4.4 9.0 
Total deferred tax liabilities222.1 201.9 
$(90.3)$(69.5)
General Matters
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. We periodically assess deferred tax assets to determine if they are likely to be realized and the adequacy of deferred tax liabilities, incorporating the results of local, state, federal and foreign tax audits into our estimates and judgments.
At December 31, 2024, we had $14.7 of federal, $154.5 of state, and $211.4 of foreign tax loss carryforwards available. We also had federal and state tax credit carryforwards of $10.4. Of these amounts, $6.1 expire in 2025 and $153.8 expire at various times between 2026 and 2043. The remaining carryforwards have no expiration date.
Realization of deferred tax assets, including those associated with net operating loss and credit carryforwards, is dependent upon generating sufficient taxable income in the appropriate tax jurisdiction. We believe that it is more likely than not that we may not realize the benefit of certain of these deferred tax assets and, accordingly, have established a valuation allowance against these deferred tax assets. Although realization is not assured for the remaining deferred tax assets, we believe it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized through future taxable earnings or tax planning strategies. However, deferred tax assets could be reduced in the near term if our estimates of taxable income are significantly reduced or tax planning strategies are no longer viable. Our valuation allowance increased by $1.8 in 2024 and increased by $6.1 in 2023. The 2024 increase was primarily driven by the generation of certain attributes in foreign jurisdictions where we believe it is more likely than not that such attributes will not be realized.
The amount of income tax that we pay annually is dependent on various factors, including the timing of certain deductions. These deductions can vary from year-to-year, and, consequently, the amount of income taxes paid in future years will vary from the amounts paid in prior years.
Undistributed Foreign Earnings
In general, it is our practice and intention to reinvest the earnings of our non-U.S. subsidiaries in those operations. As of December 31, 2024, we had $329.0 of undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries. The majority of these earnings have already been reinvested in our overseas businesses. Further, we believe future domestic cash generation will be sufficient to meet future domestic cash needs. For this reason, we have not recorded a provision for U.S. or foreign withholding taxes on the excess of the amount for financial reporting over the tax basis of investments in foreign subsidiaries that are essentially permanent in duration. Generally, such amounts may become subject to U.S. taxation upon the remittance of dividends and under certain other circumstances. It is not practicable to estimate the amount of a deferred tax liability related to the undistributed earnings of our
foreign subsidiaries in the event that these earnings are no longer considered to be indefinitely reinvested, due to the hypothetical nature of the calculation.
Unrecognized Tax Benefits
As of December 31, 2024, we had gross and net unrecognized tax benefits of $3.7 and $3.1, respectively. All of these net unrecognized tax benefits would impact our effective tax rate from continuing operations if recognized. Similarly, at December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had gross unrecognized tax benefits of $2.2 (net unrecognized tax benefits of $2.2) and $4.5 (net unrecognized tax benefits of $4.0), respectively.
We classify interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of our income tax provision/benefit. As of December 31, 2024, gross and net accrued interest totaled $1.4, while the related amounts as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were gross accrued interest of $1.3 (net accrued interest of $1.3) and $1.9 (net accrued interest of $1.7), respectively. Our income tax provision for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 included gross interest income of $0.1, $0.2, and $0.6, respectively, resulting from adjustments to our liability for uncertain tax positions. As of December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, we had no accrual for penalties included in our unrecognized tax benefits.
Based on the outcome of certain examinations or as a result of the expiration of statutes of limitations for certain jurisdictions, we believe that within the next 12 months it is reasonably possible that our previously unrecognized tax benefits could decrease by up to $1.0. The previously unrecognized tax benefits relate to a variety of tax matters including transfer pricing and various state matters.
The aggregate changes in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
202420232022
Unrecognized tax benefit — opening balance$2.2 $4.5 $7.1 
Gross increases — tax positions in prior period1.4 — — 
Gross decreases — tax positions in prior period— (1.1)(0.7)
Gross increases — tax positions in current period0.5 0.1 0.1 
Settlements— (1.0)— 
Statute expirations(0.4)(0.3)(1.9)
Change due to foreign currency exchange rates— — (0.1)
Unrecognized tax benefit — ending balance$3.7 $2.2 $4.5 
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) Pillar Two Model Rules
In December 2021, the OECD issued model rules for a new global minimum tax framework (“Pillar Two”), and various governments around the world have issued, or are in the process of issuing, legislation to implement these rules. The Company is within the scope of the OECD Pillar Two model rules and continues to assess the ultimate impact thereof. As of December 31, 2024, we have accrued $1.8 related to these taxes.
Other Tax Matters
During 2024, our income tax provision was impacted most significantly by (i) $11.0 of excess tax benefits associated with stock-based compensation awards that vested and/or were exercised during the period and (ii) $0.7 of tax benefits related to changes in our estimate of valuation allowances recognized against certain deferred tax assets, as we now expect to realize these deferred tax assets.

During 2023, our income tax provision was impacted most significantly by (i) $2.3 of tax benefits related to changes in our estimate of valuation allowances recognized against certain deferred tax assets as we now expect to realize these deferred tax assets, (ii) $1.8 of excess tax benefits associated with stock-based compensation awards that vested and/or were exercised during the period, and (iii) $1.1 of tax benefits related to revisions to liabilities for uncertain tax positions.

During 2022, our income tax provision was impacted most significantly by (i) the loss on the Asbestos Portfolio Sale (see Note 4) which generated a tax benefit of only $1.1, (ii) a tax benefit of $4.7 related to the release of valuation allowances recognized against certain deferred tax assets, as we now expect to realize these deferred tax assets, primarily due to the 2022 Holding Company Reorganization (see Note 1), (iii) $3.0 of tax benefits related to statute expirations and other revisions to
liabilities for uncertain tax positions, and (iv) $1.7 of excess tax benefits associated with stock-based compensation awards that vested and/or were exercised during the year.
We perform reviews of our income tax positions on a continuous basis and accrue for potential uncertain positions when we determine that a tax position meets the criteria of the Income Taxes Topic of the Codification. Accruals for these uncertain tax positions are recorded in “Income taxes payable” and “Deferred and other income taxes” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets based on the expectation as to the timing of when the matters will be resolved. As events change and resolutions occur, these accruals are adjusted, such as in the case of audit settlements with taxing authorities.
U.S. Federal income tax returns are subject to examination for a period of three years after filing the return. We are not currently under examination by the Internal Revenue Service and believe any contingencies in open years are adequately provided for.
State income tax returns generally are subject to examination for a period of three to five years after filing the respective tax returns. The impact on such tax returns of any federal changes remains subject to examination by various states for a period of up to one year after formal notification to the states. We regularly have various state income tax returns in the process of examination. We believe any uncertain tax positions related to these examinations have been adequately provided for.
We regularly have various foreign income tax returns under examination. We believe that any uncertain tax positions related to these examinations have been adequately provided for.
An unfavorable resolution of one or more of the above matters could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or cash flows in the period in which an adjustment is recorded or the tax is due or paid. As audits and examinations are still in process, the timing of the ultimate resolution and any payments that may be required for the above matters cannot be determined at this time.