Income Taxes

Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes

Income (loss) before income taxes consists of the following:



	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
United States	$	40,471		$	(187,252	)	$	87,505
Foreign	(2,072		)	(14,580		)	31,659
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	38,399		$	(201,832	)	$	119,164

Provision

Significant components of the provision for income taxes are as follows:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
Current:
Federal	$	9,977		$	22,846		$	22,608
State and local	1,009			1,138			1,406
Foreign	5,299			3,103			12,326
Total current	16,285			27,087			36,340
Deferred:
Federal	(3,334		)	(25,707		)	3,135
State and local	(206		)	(619		)	180
Foreign	957			1,923			(3,563		)
Total deferred	(2,583		)	(24,403		)	(248		)
Total provision	$	13,702		$	2,684		$	36,092

Effective Tax Rate Reconciliation

The reconciliation of income taxes computed at the U.S. federal statutory tax rate to income tax expense is as follows:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
Income tax expense at U.S. statutory rate	$	13,440		$	(70,641	)	$	41,708
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit	694			361			841
Foreign income, net of credit on foreign taxes	164			12			(245		)
Effective tax rate differential of earnings outside of U.S.	513			(46		)	(5,411		)
Change in valuation allowance	6,581			5,658			—
Research & experimentation credits	(896		)	(860		)	(1,150		)
Non-deductible items	756			2,745			1,947
Change in uncertain tax positions	(158		)	60			(52		)
Domestic production activities deduction	(1,236		)	(2,133		)	(2,093		)
Tax effect of asset impairments	—			67,340			—
Tax effect of insurance proceeds	(5,845		)	—			—
Other items	(311		)	188			547
Income tax expense	$	13,702		$	2,684		$	36,092

Deferred Taxes

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:



	December 31,
	2016			2015
Deferred tax assets:
Accruals and reserves	$	24,076		$	23,363
Pensions	5,298			6,276
Inventory	6,835			6,768
Share-based compensation	9,347			8,593
Tax credit carryforwards	2,179			1,046
Foreign net operating loss carryforwards	5,903			2,454
State net operating loss carryforwards	1,646			1,922
Other — net	889			2,714
Total deferred tax assets before valuation allowance	56,173			53,136
Valuation allowance	(15,051		)	(8,842		)
Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance	$	41,122		$	44,294
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property, plant and equipment	$	19,446		$	20,482
Goodwill and intangible assets	22,894			25,474
Convertible notes	1,023			1,586
Total deferred tax liabilities	$	43,363		$	47,542
Net deferred tax liabilities	$	2,241		$	3,248
The net deferred tax liability is classified as follows:
Other assets	(2,000		)	(1,898		)
Long-term deferred tax liabilities	4,241			5,146
Net deferred tax liabilities	$	2,241		$	3,248

Federal, State and Local Net Operating Loss Carryforwards: As a result of the Company’s acquisition of SeQual in 2010, the Company has $22,418 of state net operating losses. California tax law limits the use of these state net operating losses. The remaining state net operating losses expire between 2017 and 2030. In addition, the Company has state net operating losses in various other states which begin to expire in 2017. The gross deferred tax asset for the state net operating losses of $1,646 is substantially offset by a valuation allowance of $1,454.

Foreign Net Operating Loss and Tax Credit Carryforwards: As of December 31, 2016, cumulative foreign operating losses of $28,912 generated by the Company were available to reduce future taxable income. Approximately $27,494 of these operating losses expire between 2019 and 2024. The remaining $1,418 can be carried forward indefinitely. The deferred tax asset for the foreign operating losses of $5,903 is substantially offset by a valuation allowance of $5,700. As of December 31, 2016, the Company has $828 of investment tax credits available to reduce its future tax liability. The gross deferred tax asset of $828 is fully offset by a valuation allowance due to uncertainties relating to the Company’s ability to fully use these credits prior to expiration.

Other Tax Information

The Company has not provided for income taxes on approximately $190,419 of foreign subsidiaries’ undistributed earnings as of December 31, 2016, since the earnings retained have been reinvested indefinitely by the subsidiaries. It is not practicable to estimate the additional income taxes and applicable foreign withholding taxes that would be payable on the remittance of such undistributed earnings.

Cash paid for income taxes during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 was $17,576, $30,492, and $31,208, respectively.

Unrecognized Income Tax Benefits

The reconciliation of beginning to ending unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
Unrecognized tax benefits at beginning of the year	$	1,024		$	948		$	941
Additions for tax positions of prior years	—			98			358
Reductions for tax positions of prior years	(17		)	—			(329		)
Lapse of statutes of limitation	(219		)	(22		)	(22		)
Unrecognized tax benefits at end of the year	$	788		$	1,024		$	948

Included in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2016 and 2015 were $579 and $714, respectively, of income tax benefits which, if ultimately recognized, would impact the Company’s annual effective tax rate.

The Company had accrued approximately $86 and $121 for the payment of interest and penalties at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The Company accrued approximately $21 and $27 during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively in additional interest associated with uncertain tax positions.

The Company is subject to income taxes in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions. Tax regulations within each jurisdiction are subject to the interpretation of the related tax laws and regulations and require significant judgment to apply. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal, state and local or non-U.S. income tax examinations by tax authorities for years prior to 2012.

Due to the expiration of various statutes of limitation, it is reasonably possible the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2016 may decrease within the next twelve months by approximately $77.