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Income Taxes
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Tax Act”) was signed into law. The Tax Act, among other things, reduced the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, requires companies to pay a one-time transition tax on certain unrepatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries, requires a current inclusion in U.S. federal taxable income of certain earnings of foreign corporations, and creates a new limitation on deductible interest expense. Consequently, we recorded a provisional $22.5 net favorable tax benefit during the fourth quarter of 2017 related to the Tax Act. This benefit mainly consisted of a one-time, provisional benefit of $26.9 related to the remeasurement of certain of our deferred tax liabilities using the lower U.S. federal corporate tax rate of 21%. This was partially offset by (i) a one-time, provisional charge of $8.7 related to the deemed repatriation transition tax, which is a tax on previously untaxed accumulated earnings and profits of certain of our foreign subsidiaries, and (ii) a one-time tax provisional expense and tax benefit of $4.5 and $8.7, respectively, related to our intent to amend pre-acquisition Hudson U.S. federal tax returns.
As we complete our analysis of the Tax Act, further collect and analyze data, interpret any additional guidance issued by the U.S. Treasury Department, the IRS, and other standard-setting bodies, we may make adjustments to the provisional amounts. Those adjustments may materially impact our provision for income taxes in the period in which the adjustments are made.
As of March 31, 2018, we have not completed our accounting for the income tax effects of certain elements of the Tax Act. If we were able to make reasonable estimates of the effects of elements for which our analysis is not yet complete, we recorded provisional adjustments. If we were not yet able to make reasonable estimates of the impact of certain elements, we have not recorded any adjustments related to those elements and have continued accounting for them in accordance with ASC 740 on the basis of the tax laws in effect before the Tax Act.
Our accounting for the following elements of the Tax Act is incomplete. However, we were able to make reasonable estimates of certain effects and, therefore, recorded provisional adjustments as follows:
Reduction of U.S. federal corporate tax rate: The Tax Act reduces the U.S. federal corporate tax rate to 21% effective January 1, 2018. For certain of our deferred tax liabilities, we have recorded a provisional decrease of $26.9, with a corresponding adjustment to deferred income tax benefit $26.9 for the year ended December 31, 2017. No further changes have been made to the provisional amount during the three months ended March 31, 2018. While we are able to make a reasonable estimate of the impact of the reduction in the U.S. federal corporate tax rate, it may be affected by other analyses related to the Tax Act, including, but not limited to, our calculation of deemed repatriation of deferred foreign income and the state tax effect of adjustments made to federal temporary differences.
Deemed Repatriation Transition Tax: The Deemed Repatriation Transition Tax (“Transition Tax”) is a tax on total post-1986 earnings and profits (E&P) of certain of our foreign subsidiaries. We were able to make a reasonable estimate of the Transition Tax and recorded (i) a one-time, provisional charge of $8.7 related to the deemed repatriation transition tax, and (ii) a one-time provisional tax expense and tax benefit of $4.5 and $8.7, respectively, related to our intent to amend pre-acquisition Hudson U.S. federal tax returns. We have not yet completed our calculation of the total post-1986 E&P for these foreign subsidiaries. Furthermore, the Transition Tax is based in part on the amount of those earnings held in cash and other specified assets. This amount may change when we finalize the calculation of post-1986 foreign E&P previously deferred from U.S. federal taxation and finalize the amounts held in cash or other specified assets. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, no additional income taxes have been provided for any remaining undistributed foreign earnings not subject to the Transition Tax, or any additional outside basis difference inherent in these entities since these amounts continue to be indefinitely reinvested in foreign operations. Determining the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability related to any remaining undistributed foreign earnings not subject to the Transition Tax and additional outside basis difference in these entities (i.e., basis difference in excess of that subject to the one-time Transition Tax) is not practicable.  
Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (GILTI), Foreign Derived Intangible Income (FDII), Base Erosion and Anti-Abuse Tax (BEAT), and IRC Section 163(j) interest limitation (Interest Limitation):  For our calendar year beginning in 2018, we are subject to several provisions of the Tax Act including computations under GILTI, FDII, BEAT and the Interest Limitation rules.  We were able to make a reasonable estimate of the impact of each provision of the Tax Act on our effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2018. For the GILTI and FDII computations, we recorded a provisional estimate in our effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2018.  For the BEAT and Interest Limitation computations, we have not recorded a provisional estimate in our effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2018 because we currently estimate that these provisions of the Tax Act will not apply in 2018. We will continue to refine our provisional estimates for our computations of the GILTI, FDII, BEAT and Interest Limitation rules as we gather additional information.
Valuation allowances: We must assess whether our valuation allowance analyses are affected by various aspects of the Tax Act (e.g., deemed repatriation of deferred foreign income, GILTI inclusions, new categories of foreign tax credits). The GILTI provisions require us in our U.S. income tax return, to include foreign subsidiary earnings in excess of an allowable return on the foreign subsidiary’s tangible assets. We are evaluating if we will be subject to incremental U.S. tax on GILTI income in 2018, due to expense allocations required by the U.S. foreign tax credit rules. We have provisionally elected to account for GILTI tax in the period in which it is incurred, and therefore, we have not provided any provisional deferred tax impacts of GILTI in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2018. Since, as discussed herein, we have recorded provisional amounts related to certain portions of the Tax Act, any corresponding determination of the need for or change in a valuation allowance is also provisional.
Income tax expense of $2.3 and an income tax benefit of $1.8 for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, represents taxes on both U.S. and foreign earnings at a combined effective income tax rate of 26.7% and 37.4%, respectively. The effective income tax rate of 26.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2018 differed from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due the effect of income earned by certain of our foreign entities being taxed at higher rates than the federal statutory rate as well as losses incurred by certain of our Chinese operations for which no benefit was recorded.
The effective income tax rate of 37.4% for the three months ended March 31, 2017 differed from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 35% primarily due to foreign exchange losses realized upon the receipt of previously taxed income and treated as a discrete item for the quarter offset by losses incurred by certain of our Chinese operations for which no benefit was recorded and the effect of income earned by certain of our international entities operating in lower taxed jurisdictions.
As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we had a liability for gross unrecognized tax benefits of $1.1 and $0.8, respectively. This amount includes $1.0 and $0.6 of unrecognized tax benefits as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, which, if ultimately recognized, would reduce our annual effective income tax rate. We recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. We accrued approximately $0.2 and $0.1 for the payment of interest and penalties as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.