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Income Taxes And Tax-Related Items
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes and Tax-Related Items INCOME TAXES AND TAX-RELATED ITEMS
The provision for income taxes is calculated as the sum of income taxes due for the current year and deferred taxes. Income taxes due for the current year are computed by applying federal and state tax statutes to current year taxable income. Deferred taxes arise from temporary differences between the income tax basis and financial accounting basis of assets and liabilities. Tax-related interest and penalties and foreign taxes are then added to the tax provision.
The current and deferred components of the provision for income taxes were as follows:
(in millions)   
December 31202420232022
Current:
Federal$143 $297 $296 
Foreign11 9 6 
State and local37 49 50 
Total current191 355 352 
Deferred:
Federal23 (83)(24)
State and local(24)(9)(3)
Total deferred(1)(92)(27)
Total$190 $263 $325 
Income before income taxes of $888 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 included $57 million of foreign taxable income.
    The provision for income taxes does not reflect the tax effects of unrealized gains and losses on investment securities available-for-sale, hedging transactions or the change in defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans adjustment included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Refer to Note 14 for additional information on accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
A reconciliation of expected income tax expense at the federal statutory rate to the Corporation’s provision for income taxes and effective tax rate follows:
(dollar amounts in millions)202420232022
Years Ended December 31AmountRateAmountRateAmountRate
Tax based on federal statutory rate$186 21.0 %$240 21.0 %$310 21.0 %
State income taxes10 1.1 35 3.1 36 2.5 
Affordable housing and historic credits(15)(1.7)(16)(1.4)(13)(0.9)
Bank-owned life insurance(8)(0.9)(10)(0.9)(10)(0.7)
FDIC insurance expense13 1.5 15 1.3 6 0.4 
Employee stock transactions1 0.2 (1)(0.1)(3)(0.2)
Tax-related interest and penalties— — (4)(0.4)— — 
Other3 0.4 4 0.4 (1)(0.1)
Provision for income taxes$190 21.6 %$263 23.0 %$325 22.0 %

The liability for tax-related interest and penalties, included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, was $1 million and less than $1 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
In the ordinary course of business, the Corporation enters into certain transactions that have tax consequences. From time to time, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) may review and/or challenge specific interpretive tax positions taken by the Corporation with respect to those transactions. The Corporation believes that its tax returns were filed based upon applicable statutes, regulations and case law in effect at the time of the transactions. The IRS or other tax jurisdictions, an administrative authority or a court, if presented with the transactions, could disagree with the Corporation’s interpretation of the tax law.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of net unrecognized tax benefits follows:
(in millions)202420232022
Balance at January 1$7 $16 $18 
Increase as a result of tax positions taken during a prior period— — (2)
Increase as a result of tax positions taken during the current period1 1 3 
Decreases related to settlements with tax authorities— (10)(3)
Reduction as a result of expiration of statute of limitations— — — 
Balance at December 31$8 $7 $16 
After consideration of the effect of the federal tax benefit available on unrecognized state tax benefits, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits which, if recognized, would affect the Corporation’s effective tax rate was approximately $6 million and $5 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
The following tax years for significant jurisdictions remain subject to examination as of December 31, 2024:
JurisdictionTax Years
Federal
2021-2023
New York
2018-2023
California
2020-2023
Based on current knowledge and probability assessment of various potential outcomes, the Corporation believes current tax reserves are adequate, and the amount of any potential incremental liability arising is not expected to have a material adverse effect on the Corporation’s consolidated financial condition or results of operations. Probabilities and outcomes are reviewed as events unfold, and adjustments to the reserves are made when necessary.
The principal components of deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows:
(in millions)  
December 3120242023
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for loan losses$145 $145 
Deferred compensation72 77 
Deferred loan origination fees and costs10 11 
Net hedging losses187 186 
Net unrealized losses on investment securities available-for-sale690 628 
Operating lease liabilities75 81 
Other temporary differences, net131 124 
Total deferred tax assets before valuation allowance1,310 1,252 
Valuation allowance(11)(6)
Total deferred tax assets1,299 1,246 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Lease financing transactions(18)(20)
Defined benefit plans(177)(159)
Allowance for depreciation(9)(5)
Leasing Right of Use assets(61)(67)
Total deferred tax liabilities(265)(251)
Net deferred tax assets$1,034 $995 
Included in deferred tax assets at December 31, 2024 was approximately $9 million of federal foreign tax credit carryforwards expiring between 2029 and 2035, compared to $5 million at December 31, 2023. In addition, there were $2 million of state net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards at both December 31, 2024 and 2023, the majority of which expires between 2024 and 2028. The Corporation believes it is more likely than not that the benefit from federal foreign tax credits and certain state NOL carryforwards will not be realized and, accordingly, maintains a federal valuation allowance of $9 million and a state valuation allowance of $2 million at December 31, 2024, compared to a federal valuation of $5 million and a state valuation allowance of $1 million in the comparable period in 2023. The determination regarding valuation allowances was based on available evidence of NOL carryback capacity, projected future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, foreign tax rates, taxable income limitations per Internal Revenue Code Section 904, and assumptions made regarding future events. For further information on the Corporation’s valuation policy for deferred tax assets, refer to Note 1.