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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Principles of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Non-controlling interests in the results and equity of subsidiaries are shown separately in the consolidated statement of operations, statement of comprehensive income (loss), statement of changes in stockholders’ equity and balance sheet respectively.

The continuous assessment of variable interest entities (“VIEs”) puts emphasis on a qualitative rather than quantitative analysis to determine the primary beneficiary of a VIE. A VIE must be consolidated if the Company has both (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

The Company is involved in an entity that qualifies as a VIE. This entity is a trust account in which the customer deposits cash related to an engine repair and maintenance agreement, generally in advance of the services to be performed under the contract, based on an agreed upon engine operating fee. The financial arrangement results in the Company receiving financial benefits from the VIE, however, it does not empower the Company to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIEs’ economic performance. Consequently, the VIE is not consolidated into the financial results of the Company.

The VIE had restricted cash equivalents of $18.3 million and $57.6 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Segment Information

Segment information

The Company determined its operating segments after considering the Company’s organizational structure and the information regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) to evaluate financial performance and allocate resources. The Company’s chief executive officer, who is the CODM, reviews financial information on an operating segment basis for purposes of evaluating financial performance and allocating resources. Based on these factors, the Company determined that it operates and manages its business as two operating segments: i) Engine Services and ii) Component Repair Services and, accordingly, has two reportable segments for financial reporting purposes.

Translation of Foreign Currencies

Translation of foreign currencies

The functional currency of the Company and its subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar as revenues, expenses, cash flows, financing and intra-entity transactions are in U.S. dollars, and the reporting currency of the Company is the U.S. Dollar. Management periodically assesses the functional currency of each subsidiary in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 830, “Foreign Currency Matters”.

Prior to November 2024, the Company’s Ireland subsidiary’s, SA Component Services (Ireland) Limited, functional currency was the Euro. The Company re-assessed SA Component Services (Ireland) Limited’s functional currency and determined that as of October 31, 2024, the subsidiary’s functional currency changed from the Euro to the U.S. dollar based on Management's analysis of changes in the increased operations in U.S. Dollar. The impact associated with this change was not material.

Transactions in currencies other than the functional currency are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing on the date of the transaction. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are remeasured in the functional currency at the exchange rates in effect as of the consolidated balance sheet dates. Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are measured in the functional currency at the exchange rate in effect at the date of the transaction. All gains and losses from the remeasurement of assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the respective functional currency are included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Translation of functional currencies to reporting currency for assets and liabilities is recorded using the exchange rates at each balance sheet date, revenue and expenses are translated at average rates prevailing during the reporting period or at the date of the transaction, stockholders’ equity is translated at historical rates. Adjustments resulting from translating functional currency into reporting currency are recorded as a separate component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) in the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity.

The functional currency for all subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar.

Business Combinations

Business combinations

Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting, in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. The acquisition method requires identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed to be recognized and measured, with limited exceptions, at fair value on the acquisition date, the date the acquirer obtains control of the acquired business. The amount by which the purchase price paid exceeds the net fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill.

The determination of estimated fair values requires judgment and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions, including assumptions with respect to future cash inflows and outflows, discount rates, and asset lives, among other items. The fair values presented are subject to adjustments during a measurement period of up to one year from the acquisition date. The measurement period provides the Company with the ability to adjust the fair values of acquired assets for new information that is obtained about circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date.

Transactions costs associated with business combinations are expensed as they are incurred.

Use of Accounting Estimates

Use of accounting estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Estimates are used when accounting for the allowance for expected credit losses, slow moving or obsolete inventory, recognizing revenue over time, the accounting for engine utilization contracts, establishment of useful lives for long-lived assets and impairment of goodwill and other long-lived assets, purchase price accounting related to business acquisitions, employee benefit plans, stock-based compensation, income taxes, provisions for losses on contracts, warranty reserves, insurance claims and other contingencies, among others. The Company evaluates and updates its assumptions and estimates on an ongoing basis. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The relevant assumptions and estimates used by the Company are described within the accounting policies disclosed within this note.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue recognition

The Company has three significant types of maintenance contracts with customers: fixed price contracts, time and material contracts and engine utilization contracts. The performance obligations in a contract can include: (i) repair services and parts/modules embodied and (ii) engine rental revenue. Most of the Company's arrangements with customers create a single performance obligation as the promise to transfer the individual manufactured product or service is capable of being distinct.

The Company has customer contracts that are started and completed within the same year, as well as contracts derived from long-term agreements and programs that can span several years. The Company holds long-term agreements with many of its major customers which define specific program requirements. Purchase orders (or authorizations to proceed) are issued under these agreements to reflect presently enforceable rights and obligations for the services being purchased. The units for accounting purposes (“accounting contract”) are typically determined by the purchase order. Management considers a number of factors when determining the existence of an accounting contract and the related performance obligations that include, but are not limited to, the nature and substance of the business exchange, the contractual terms and conditions, the promised products and services, the termination provisions in the contract, presently enforceable rights and obligations of the parties to the contract, whether the promised products and services are distinct or capable of being distinct within the context of the contract, as well as how and when products and services are transferred to the customer. Changes in estimates of revenue, cost of revenue, and the related impact on operating profit are recognized prospectively.

The majority of the Company’s accounting contracts have a single performance obligation as the promise is to provide services to maintain, repair or overhaul an engine. The transaction price of a contract reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive for fully satisfying the performance obligation in the contract.

The Company typically provides warranties on all services to provide assurance to the customers that the services meet the specifications in the contract. Generally, warranties are not priced separately because customers cannot purchase them independently of the services under contract, so they do not create performance obligations. Provisions for estimated expenses are accrued at the time of sale and are recorded as cost of revenue.

Fixed price and time and material contracts

Revenue is recognized as control of promised products or services transfer to a customer and is recognized in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for those products or services. Revenue is recognized over time as work progresses, as the services performed by the Company enhance customer-controlled assets. As performance obligations are satisfied over time, the Company recognizes revenue using an input method with revenue amounts being recognized proportionately as costs are incurred relative to total expected costs to satisfy the performance obligation. The Company believes that costs incurred are an appropriate measure of progress towards satisfaction of the performance obligation since this measure reasonably depicts the progress of the work effort. To determine the revenue recognized at each period end for contracts in progress, the Company has elected to use a portfolio approach by applying an estimated margin by engine platform to the contract costs incurred. The estimated margin by engine platform is based on average historical margins on similar completed contracts. Judgment is required when determining the estimated margin by engine platform, which includes evaluating the appropriateness of using average historical margins by engine platform for completed contracts on similar contracts in progress. The Company’s fixed price and time and material contracts with customers generally require payment under normal commercial terms after delivery. Payment terms are typically within 30 to 120 days of delivery.

Engine Utilization Contracts

Engine utilization contracts are agreements in which the Company will provide a stand ready service of scheduled and unscheduled maintenance events. Revenue is recognized over time using an input method with revenue amounts being recognized proportionately as costs are incurred relative to total expected costs to satisfy the performance obligation. The Company identifies and estimates the variable consideration of the total contract revenue and costs of the engine utilization contract. The estimates used are based on the Company’s expected value with respect to the customer’s utilization of engines during the contract and only recognized to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. As a result, such estimates may be materially impacted by changes in the customer’s engine utilization including, as a result of general economic slowdowns, fleet retirements and changes in the customer’s agreements. As a significant change in one or more of these estimates could affect the profitability of a contract, estimates are reviewed and updated on a quarterly basis. Revenue and profit in future periods of contract performance is recognized using the adjusted estimate. The Company’s engine utilization contracts with customers generally require monthly payments under normal commercial terms based on flight hours. The timing of satisfaction of performance obligations and actual receipt of payment from a customer may differ and affect the balance of contract assets and contract liabilities. The Company’s current contracts do not include any significant financing components as the timing of the transfer of the underlying products and services under contract are at the customer’s discretion.

For contracts that are deemed to be loss contracts, the Company establishes forward loss reserves for total estimated costs that are in excess of total estimated consideration in the period in which they become known. These reserves are based on estimates for accounting contracts.

Engine rental

The Company owns rental engines which it leases to satisfy customers' short-term requirements. The leases are classified as operating and variable lease payments are recognized as revenue based on the hours flown multiplied by the appropriate hourly rate. The leases are renewable with fixed terms, which generally vary from one to twelve months.

Included in cost of revenue is rental engine depreciation of $1.8 million, $2.5 million and $2.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities

Contract assets and contract liabilities

Contract assets primarily represent revenues recognized for performance obligations that have been satisfied but for which amounts have not been billed. Current contract assets are those for which performance obligations are expected to be fully satisfied within 12 months of contract origination. Contract liabilities represents advance payments and billings in excess of revenue recognized. These amounts are recorded as contract liabilities until such performance obligations are satisfied, either over time as costs are incurred or at a point in time when deliveries are made. Contract assets and contract liabilities are determined on a contract-by-contract basis.

Cash

The Company’s cash position represents cash held in bank accounts. These assets are generally available to the Company on a daily basis and are highly liquid in nature.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable

Accounts receivable consist of billed and unbilled accounts receivable and are stated net of an allowance for expected credit losses. The Company maintains an allowance for expected credit losses to reflect the expected uncollectible amounts of accounts receivable based on past collection history and specific risks identified. In determining the required allowance, the Company considers factors such as general and industry-specific economic conditions, customer credit history, and customers’ current and expected future financial performance. The majority of customers are recurring customers with an established payment history. Certain customers are required to undergo extensive credit checks prior to delivery of products or services. Regular evaluations of customer payment experience, current financial condition, and risk analysis are performed. The Company may require collateral in the form of security interest in assets or letters of credit for transactions executed on other than normal trade terms. The allowance for expected credit loss provision is recorded as an element of selling, general and administrative expenses. Accounts receivable together with the associated allowance are written off when there is no realistic prospect of future recovery and all collateral has been realized or transferred to the Company. If, in a subsequent year, the write-off is recovered, the recovery is recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Revenues that have been recognized, but not invoiced represent unbilled accounts receivable included in accounts receivable, net on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Inventories

Inventories are recorded at the lower of cost and net realizable value with cost being determined on a first-in first-out basis. Costs include materials, direct labor, and an allocation of overhead in the case of work in process. The Company writes down its inventories for estimated obsolescence or unmarketable inventory on a part-by-part basis using aging profiles. Aging profiles are determined based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions. If actual future demand or market conditions are less favorable than those projected, inventory adjustments may be required. Should future demand or market conditions prove to be different than the estimates, the Company’s cost of revenue may increase.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation, which includes costs for significant improvements as well as those that increase the useful lives of existing assets. The cost of routine maintenance, repairs and minor renewals is expensed as incurred. When property, plant and equipment are retired or sold, the net carrying amount is eliminated and any gain or loss on disposition is recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the respective period. Depreciation is provided over the estimated useful lives of the assets or for leased assets, the lesser of this and the terms of the lease, using the straight-line method, as summarized below.


		Buildings		5 to 40 years
		Computer equipment and software		1 to 3 years
		Machinery and equipment		3 to 20 years
		Leasehold improvements		Shorter of the economic life or term of the lease – 1 to 22 years
		Rental engines		Based on hours flown
		Land		Not depreciated

Leases

The Company’s lease arrangements primarily pertain to production facilities, office buildings, land, equipment and vehicles. Contractual agreements which provide control over the use of an asset are evaluated to determine if the agreement is, or contains, a lease at its inception date. The Company evaluates the likelihood of exercising of lease renewal options and includes those in the lease term that are considered reasonably certain. The lease is classified as an operating or finance lease using the classification criteria set forth in ASC 842.

The Company recognizes a right of use asset and corresponding lease liability based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The net lease payments are discounted using the Company’s incremental borrowing rate at lease commencement considering credit risk, the lease term, and other available information as of the commencement date if the rate is not implicit in the lease agreement. Variable lease payments that depend on an index or rate are included in the calculation of operating right-of-use assets and lease liabilities using the index or rate at the lease commencement date. Future differences between the variable lease payments based on an index or rate at the lease commencement date and a subsequent date, or other variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or rate, are recorded as lease expense as they occur. The Company expenses non-lease components and leases with terms of twelve months or less as incurred. The Company’s leases do not contain any material residual value guarantees or restrictive covenants. The Company has an immaterial amount of sublease arrangements where they account for the lessee and lessor component respectively.

Right of use assets which qualify as a finance lease are capitalized and included within property, plant and equipment and depreciated over the economic life of the asset or the lease term, whichever is shorter. Interest is charged to the Consolidated Statements of Operations over the period of the lease using a constant interest rate. Depreciation of finance leases is included in the depreciation of the applicable property, plant and equipment category. Right of use assets which qualify as an operating lease are recorded as an “Operating lease right-of-use asset” and an “Operating lease liability” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are expensed on a straight-line basis over the life of the agreement to the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets

Intangible assets comprise of separately acquired intangible assets that are initially recognized at cost and intangible assets acquired in a business combination that are recognized at their fair value at acquisition date. Fees paid for Original Equipment Manufacturers (“OEM”) authorizations and licenses are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over the life of the contract. Customer relationships, Technology and Trademark intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. Amortizable intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the related carrying amounts may not be recoverable.

The amortization periods for the Company’s intangible assets are summarized below:


		Customer relationships		10 to 25 years
		OEM authorizations and licenses		3 to 30 years
		Technology and other		10 to 15 years
		Trademarks		15 years

Long-lived assets

The Company reviews its long-lived assets for possible impairment on an annual basis or when events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset group may not be recoverable. Long lived assets include property, plant and equipment, certain intangible assets, and right of use assets. Assumptions and estimates used in the evaluation of impairment may affect the carrying value of long-lived assets, which could result in impairment charges. If the total of the undiscounted future cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset group, an impairment loss, if any, is recognized as the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value of the asset group.

There was no impairment of long-lived assets for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2022, a $5.8 million non-cash impairment charge of long-lived assets is included “Cost of revenues” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Refer to Note 8, "Property, Plant and Equipment", Note 9, "Intangible Assets" and Note 13, "Leases", for further disclosures.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price and related costs over the value assigned to net tangible and identifiable assets of businesses acquired and accounted for under the purchase method. Goodwill is not amortized but is subject to impairment testing. Impairment testing is performed annually or when there is indication that a triggering event has occurred, such as an operating loss or a significant adverse change in the Company’s business. The Company has elected to perform its annual impairment testing as of October 1 of each year. For goodwill impairment testing, the Company has the option to first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value is less than its carrying amount. If the Company determines that it is not more likely than not, no additional test is required. However, if the Company concludes otherwise or elects not to perform the qualitative assessment then a quantitative impairment test is performed by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying value, including goodwill. Projections used in impairment testing include the use of future cash flow and operating projections, which by their nature, are subjective. If the Company determines that the carrying value exceeds the fair value, an impairment to goodwill is recognized equal to the excess and limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit, as a charge in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

If we have elected to bypass the qualitative test and proceed directly to a quantitative assessment, while performing the qualitative test, we consider factors including, but not limited to, macroeconomic conditions, industry conditions, the competitive environment, changes in the market for our products and services, regulatory and political developments, entity specific factors such as strategy and changes in key personnel, and overall financial performance. If, after completing this assessment, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, we proceed to a quantitative impairment test. When performing the quantitative impairment test, we compare the fair value of each of our reporting units to its carrying value to determine potential impairment and an impairment loss is recognized in the amount by which the carrying value of a reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds its fair value. The fair values of our reporting units are determined using a weighted average of a market approach and an income approach. The market approach estimates the value of reporting units by comparing them to guideline public companies and guideline transactions. Various valuation multiples are calculated utilizing financial data of companies that are economically and operationally similar resulting in ranges of multiples. Judgmental adjustments are often necessary to ensure comparability. The selection of the appropriate multiple within a range requires judgment, considering various qualitative and quantitative factors. Changes in assumptions or estimates could materially affect the estimated fair value of our reporting units and the potential for impairment.

Based on the annual goodwill impairment tests for 2024 and 2023, we determined there was no impairment of our goodwill.

Income Taxes

Income taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance to record the deferred tax assets at an amount expected to, more likely than not, be recoverable. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are estimated using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The Company does not provide taxes on undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries that are considered to be permanently reinvested. A portion of the tax impact of these undistributed earnings has been included in the current income tax provision of the consolidated financial statements to date due to the U.S. Global Intangible Low Tax Income (“GILTI”) rules created under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The undistributed earnings as of January 1, 2018, were subject to the one-time transition tax on the mandatory deemed repatriation of cumulative foreign earnings under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.

The Company uses a comprehensive model to recognize, measure, present and disclose in its consolidated financial statements uncertain tax positions that the Company has taken or expects to take on a tax return (including a decision on whether to file a return in a particular jurisdiction). The consolidated financial statements will reflect expected future tax consequences of such positions presuming the taxing authorities’ full knowledge of the position and all relevant facts, but without considering time values.

Pension

The Company contributes to a number of defined contribution pension plans. The Company also contributes to defined benefit plans in France and the United Kingdom. Pension expense on the defined benefit plans are based on management’s assumptions and consists of: the actuarially computed costs of pension benefits in respect of the current years' service; expected return on plan assets and imputed interest on pension obligations; and amortization of experience gains and losses, assumption changes and plan amendments over the expected average remaining service life of the employees group. In addition, the Company is required to recognize as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) the actuarial gains and losses and the prior service costs and credits that arise during the year, but which are not immediately recognized as components of net periodic benefit costs. The amortization of actuarial gains and losses is determined by using a 10% corridor of the greater of the market value of assets or the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation. Total unamortized gains and losses in excess of the corridor are amortized over the average remaining future service. The funded status of the defined benefit pension plan is recognized as an asset or liability in the consolidated financial statements.

Warranty Costs

Warranty costs

The Company provides reserves to account for estimated costs associated with current and future warranty claims. Warranty claims arise when a product the Company services fails to perform to required specifications during the relevant warranty period. The warranty reserve is provided for by increasing cost of revenue by an estimate based on current and historical warranty claims and associated repair costs.

Stock-based Compensation

Stock-based compensation

The Company accounts for share-based compensation expense for awards to employees and directors at the estimated fair value on the grant date, in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation. The Company recognizes the estimated fair value of share-based awards as compensation expense on a ratable basis over the vesting period. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur for all share-based awards.

Government Grants

Government grants

Government grants are recognized when there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received, and all conditions will be complied with. The grant is recognized over the periods necessary to match the grant on a systematic basis to the costs that it is intended to compensate.

Financial Instruments

Financial instruments

Financial assets and liabilities are recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets when the Company becomes a party to the financial instrument. The Company classifies its financial assets and liabilities as (i) measured subsequently at fair value, either through profit and loss or through other comprehensive income (loss), and (ii) measured at amortized cost. The classification of the financial asset or liability is dependent on the business model and the nature of the cash flows associated with the financial asset or liability. The Company will only change the classification of financial assets when the model for managing those financial assets has changed.

The Company’s financial instruments include cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued interest, due to and advances to related parties, long-term debt consisting of Term Loans, recorded at amortized cost. Interest rate swaps, interest rate caps, and foreign exchange contracts are accounted for as cash flow hedges.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Concentration of credit risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of accounts receivable and cash. The Company has assessed the credit risk and believes that the concentration of credit risk associated with accounts receivable is minimal because it has significant revenues from well-established customers and the Company carries credit insurance for certain customers to mitigate its credit exposure. Cash is invested in bank deposit accounts and is generally available to the Company on a daily basis. The risk associated with the Company’s cash is mitigated by the fact that these amounts are placed with commercial financial institutions.

The Company only enters into derivatives with major financial institutions. The Company could be exposed to loss in the event of non-performance by the counterparty. However, credit ratings and concentration of risk of the financial institution are monitored on a continuing basis and present no significant credit risk to the Company.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value of financial instruments

The carrying amounts of cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued interest and advances to and due to related parties, approximate their fair value due to the short-term maturity of these financial instruments. The fair values of the Term Loans, interest rate swaps, interest rate caps and foreign exchange contracts are based on observable market information.

Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivative financial instruments

The Company uses derivative financial instruments primarily to reduce its exposure to adverse fluctuations in interest rates and foreign exchange. When entered into, the Company formally designates and documents the financial instrument as a hedge of a specific underlying exposure, as well as the risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking the hedge transactions. The Company formally assesses both at the inception and at least quarterly thereafter, whether the financial instruments that are used in hedging transactions are effective at offsetting changes in either the fair value or cash flows of the related underlying exposure.

The Company is required to recognize all derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative instrument depends on whether it has been designated and qualifies as part of an effective hedging relationship and, further, on the type of hedging relationship. At the inception of the hedging relationship, the Company must designate the derivative instrument as a fair value hedge, cash flow hedge or a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation. This designation is based upon the exposure being hedged.

For derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) and subsequently reclassified to Interest Expense as interest payments are made on the Company’s variable-rate debt.

For derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges of foreign exchange risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) and subsequently reclassified to Selling, General and Administrative Expenses as foreign exchange trades are made.

For derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting, changes in the fair value of derivative instruments are recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Company has established strict counterparty credit guidelines and enters into transactions only with financial institutions of investment grade or better.

The Company has elected to apply the hedge accounting expedients, issued under ASU 2020-04 Reference Rate Reform, related to probability and the assessments of effectiveness for future LIBOR-indexed cash flows to assume that the index upon which future hedged transactions will be based matches the index on the corresponding derivatives. Application of these expedients preserves the presentation of derivatives consistent with past presentation.

Deferred Finance Charges

Deferred finance charges

The Company incurs finance charges in connection with the loan agreements. Certain costs associated with these arrangements were deferred and amortized using the straight-line method over the respective term of the debt. Unamortized deferred finance charges relating to the New 2024 Revolving Credit Facility as of December 31, 2024, are included in other long-term assets. Deferred charges relating to the Company's outstanding debt facilities are reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as a direct deduction from long-term debt. To the extent that debt is extinguished before its scheduled maturity date, associated deferred financing charges are expensed immediately in proportion to the amount of the debt extinguishment.

Insurance and Other Reserves

Insurance and other reserves

The Company maintains insurance for product liability, casualty, property, cybersecurity, business interruption and health claims. Most of the Company’s insurance arrangements include a level of self-insurance. Reserves are established based on the use of current trends and historical data for other claims. These estimates are based on historical information along with certain assumptions about future events.

Legal Costs

Legal costs

Costs associated with the Company’s involvement in legal proceedings are expensed as incurred.

Earnings (Loss) Per Share

Earnings (loss) per share

Basic earnings (loss) per share attributable to stockholders is calculated by dividing the net income (loss) attributable to stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares that were outstanding during the period without consideration of potentially dilutive common stock. Diluted earnings (loss) per share attributable to stockholders reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that then shared in the earnings of the Company unless inclusion of such shares would be anti-dilutive.

For periods in which the Company reports net losses, the calculation of diluted net loss per share gives effect to common stock equivalents; however, potential common shares are excluded if their effect is anti-dilutive. The Company reported a net loss for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, therefore basic loss per share attributable to stockholders is the same as diluted net loss per share attributable to stockholders for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Accounting Pronouncements, Accounting Standards Adopted in the Current Year / Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Standards Adopted in the Current Year

Segment Reporting (Topic 280) – Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures:

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The ASU aims to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses with disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker ("CODM") and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss. The update also requires disclosure regarding the chief operating decision maker and expands the interim segment disclosure requirements. The amendments require the disclosure of the title and position of the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing performance and deciding how to allocate resources. We adopted this standard for the annual period ending December 31, 2024 on a retrospective basis. We updated our segment disclosures to comply with the requirements. See “Note 24: Segment Information” The adoption of the standard did not have an impact on our financial position, results of operations, or liquidity.

Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures primarily related to the tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. For public companies the amendments in this ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 and for all other entities the amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025. The amendments should be applied on a prospective basis. Early adoption and retrospective application are permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impacts of adopting this guidance on its financial statement disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement (Topic 220): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses” which requires additional disclosures of certain amounts included in the expense captions presented on the Statement of Operations as well as disclosures about selling expenses. The ASU is effective on a prospective basis, with the option for retrospective application, for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impacts of adopting this guidance on its consolidated financial statement disclosures.

Other new pronouncements issued but not effective until after December 31, 2024 are not expected to have a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity.

Parent Company

Accounting Policies [Line Items]

Use of Accounting Estimates

Use of estimates

Preparation of the condensed financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying disclosures. Those estimates are inherently subject to change, and actual results may ultimately differ from those estimates.