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Fair Value of Financial Instruments | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2020
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract] |
Fair Value of Financial Instruments |
19. | Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The authoritative guidance on fair value measurement defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (referred to as an “exit price”). At December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company’s financial instruments include cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and other liabilities. The fair values of these financial instruments approximate their carrying values due to their short-term maturities. Investments measured at fair value are based on one or more of the following three valuation techniques:
| • | Market approach—Prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities;
| • | Cost approach—Amount that would be required to replace the service capacity of an asset (i.e., replacement cost); and
| • | Income approach—Techniques to convert future amounts to a single present amount based on market expectations (including present value techniques, option-pricing models and lattice models).
In addition, the guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are:
Level 1 | Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical assets and liabilities;
Level 2 | Pricing inputs that include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the derivative instrument; and
Level 3 | Prices or valuations that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurements and unobservable.
The methods described above may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, while the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different fair value measurement at the reporting date. The following table sets forth assets associated with the pension plan in “Note 16—Retirement and Other Benefits Plans” that are accounted for at fair value by Level within the fair value hierarchy. Fair value as of December 31, 2020 (in thousands):
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Mutual funds |  | $ | 2,847 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,847 |
Fixed income |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,615 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,615 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 571 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 571 |
|  | $ | 3,418 |  |  | $ | 10,615 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,033 |
Fair value as of December 31, 2019 (in thousands):
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Mutual funds |  |  | 2,987 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,987 |
Fixed income |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,447 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,447 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 334 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 334 |
|  |  | 3,321 |  |  |  | 10,447 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,768 |
As described in “Note 16—Retirement and Other Benefits Plans”, the Company acquired a defined contribution pension plan, a defined benefit pension plan, and supplemental retirement plans. At December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company measured the mutual funds held within the defined benefit pension plan at fair value using unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible for identical assets. The Company measured the fixed income securities using market bid and ask prices. The inputs that are significant to the valuation of fixed income securities are generally observable, and therefore have been classified as Level 2. The following table sets forth redeemable common stock associated with the ESOP in “Note 16—Retirement and Other Benefits Plans” that is accounted for at fair value by Level within the fair value hierarchy. Fair value as of December 31, 2018 (in thousands):
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Redeemable Common Stock |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,876,309 |  |  | $ | 1,876,309 |
|  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,876,309 |  |  | $ | 1,876,309 |
As described in “Note 16—Retirement and Other Benefits Plans”, the Company was obligated to redeem eligible participants’ interests in their ESOP accounts for cash upon an employee’s election until the conclusion of the 180-day lock-up period on November 3, 2019. Prior to the conclusion of the 180-day lock-up period, all shares held by the ESOP were redeemable in the future for cash at the option of the holder once vesting and eligibility requirements had been met. At December 31, 2018, 78,172,809 shares of the Company’s common stock were held by the ESOP which the Company recorded at their redemption values of $1.9 billion and presented as temporary equity on the consolidated balance sheet. The redemption value was based on a share price established by the ESOP trustee, taking into account, among other things, the advice of a third-party valuation consultant for the ESOP trustee, as well as the ESOP trustee’s knowledge of the Company. The share price valuation was determined using a combination of income- and market-based methods that utilized unobservable Level 3 inputs, including significant assumptions such as forecasted revenue and operating margins, working capital requirements, and weighted average cost of capital. At December 31, 2019, all outstanding shares of common stock are included in permanent equity in the consolidated balance sheet. The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) (in thousands):
|  | 2019 |
Balance at beginning of year |  | $ | 1,876,309 |
Purchases of treasury stock |  |  | (6,219 | )
Contributions of treasury stock to ESOP |  | $ | - |
Share price adjustment |  |  | 883,436 |
Transfer to permanent equity |  | $ | (2,753,526 | )
Balance at end of year |  |  | — |
With respect to equity-based compensation, we estimate the fair value of SARs using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Like all option-pricing models, the Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the use of subjective assumptions, including (i) the expected volatility of the market price of the underlying stock, and (ii) the expected term of the award, among others. Accordingly, changes in assumptions and any subsequent adjustments to those assumptions can cause different fair values to be assigned to SARs. Fair value for cash settled awards (excluding SARs prior to vesting) is determined based on the 60-trading day weighted average closing price of the Company’s common stock on the NYSE at the end of each reporting period and on the vesting date. For restricted stock units containing service conditions or service and performance conditions, fair value is based on the closing stock price of a share of the Company’s common stock on the NYSE on the grant date.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=117815213&loc=d3e19207-110258 + Details
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