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BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

The Company has prepared the accompanying consolidated financial statements in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP"). Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative U.S. GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and Accounting Standards Updates (“ASUs”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) and pursuant to the regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC").

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidated financial statements upon consolidation.

Use of estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in the Company’s consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes as of the date of the consolidated financial statements. The most significant estimates and assumptions are used in determining: (i) inputs used to recognize revenue over time relating to hours estimated to complete the remaining performance obligations, (ii) fair value of financial instruments, and (iii) long term revenue forecasts used in the accounting for the SIF Loan (see below and Note 7 for further information). These estimates and assumptions are based on current facts, historical experience and various other factors believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the recording of expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates as there are changes in circumstances, facts, and experience.

The Company’s accounting estimates and assumptions may change over time in response to risks and uncertainties, including uncertainty in the current economic environment due to inflation, increased interest rates, Ukraine/Russia conflict, the Israel-Hamas War, and any evolutions thereof. The change could be material in future periods. As of the date of issuance of these consolidated financial statements, the Company is not aware of any specific event or circumstances that would require the Company to update estimates, judgments or revise the carrying value of any assets or liabilities. Actual results may differ from those estimates or assumptions.

Public Warrants and Private Warrants

The Company evaluated its outstanding warrants which were issued in exchange for (i) the warrants initially included in the DPCM Units (the "Units") issued in DPCM’s initial public offering (the “Public Warrants”), and (ii) the warrants of DPCM held by CDPM Sponsor Group, LLC (the “Sponsor”) that were issued to the Sponsor at the closing of DPCM’s initial public offering (the “Private Warrants,” and together with the Public Warrants, the “Warrants”), which are discussed in Note 10 - Warrant liabilities, in accordance with ASC 815-40, “Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity.”

The Private Warrants do not meet the derivative scope exception and are accounted for as derivative liabilities. Specifically, the Private Warrants contain provisions that cause the settlement amounts to be dependent upon the characteristics of the holder of the warrant which is not an input into the pricing of a fixed-for-fixed option on equity shares. Therefore, the Private Warrants are not considered indexed to the Company’s stock and should be classified as a liability. Since the Private Warrants meet the definition of a derivative, the Company recorded the Private Warrants as liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value upon the Closing, with subsequent changes in the fair value recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss at each reporting date. The measurements of the Private Warrants after the detachment of the Public Warrants from the Units are classified as Level 2 fair value measurements due to the use of an observable market quote for the Public Warrants, which are considered to be a similar asset in an active market.

The Public Warrants also do not meet the indexation guidance in ASC 815-40 and are accounted for as liabilities as the Public Warrants include a provision whereby in a scenario on which there is not an effective registration statement, the warrant holders have a cap, 0.361 Common Shares per warrant (subject to adjustment), on the issuable number of shares in a cashless exercise. The measurements of the Public Warrants after the detachment of the Public Warrants from the Units are classified as Level 1 fair value measurements due to the use of an observable market quote in an active market.

The Company determines the accounting classification of warrants that are issued, as either liability or equity, by first assessing whether the warrants meet liability classification in accordance with ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”), and then in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”), depending on the specific terms of the warrant agreement. Under ASC 480, warrants are considered liability classified if the warrants are mandatorily redeemable, obligate the issuer to settle the warrants or the underlying shares by paying cash or other assets, or must or may require settlement by issuing variable number of shares.

If warrants do not meet liability classification under ASC 480, the Company assesses the requirements under ASC 815, which states that contracts that require or may require the issuer to settle the contract for cash are liabilities recorded at fair value, irrespective of the likelihood of the transaction occurring that triggers the net cash settlement feature. If the warrants do not require liability classification under ASC 815, in order to conclude equity classification, the Company assesses whether the warrants are indexed to its common stock and whether the warrants are classified as equity under ASC 815 or other applicable GAAP. After all relevant assessments are made, the Company concludes whether the warrants are classified as liability or equity. Liability classified warrants are required to be accounted for at fair value both on the date of issuance and on subsequent accounting period ending dates, with all changes in fair value after the issuance date recorded in the statements of operations as a gain or loss. For equity classified warrants, no changes in fair value are recognized after the issuance date.

Operating segments

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate discrete information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker, or decision-making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer, who is the chief operating decision maker ("CODM"), reviews financial information on an aggregate basis for allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. As such, the Company views its operations and manages its business in one operating and reportable segment.

Foreign currency translation and transactions

The Company’s reporting currency is the U.S. Dollar. The functional currency of the Company's international subsidiaries is the currency of their primary economic environment. All balance sheet accounts of subsidiaries where the functional currency is not the U.S. dollar have been translated into U.S. dollars using the rate of exchange at the respective balance sheet date. Components of the consolidated statements of operation and comprehensive loss have been translated at the average exchange rate for the year or the corresponding period. Translation gains and losses are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss as a component of stockholders’ equity. Gains or losses arising from currency exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in a currency other than the local functional currency are included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded a foreign currency transaction gain of $3.0 million and a loss of $1.0 million, respectively, in other income in its consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Comprehensive loss

Comprehensive loss consists of two components, net loss and other comprehensive loss. The Company’s other comprehensive loss consists of foreign currency translation adjustments that result from consolidation of its foreign entities.

Cash and cash equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of 3 months or less to be cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, cash consisted of demand deposits and money market funds with no fixed term.

The Company regularly maintains deposits and money market funds with large and reputable financial institutions in excess of amounts insured by the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Canadian Deposit Insurance Corporation. These deposits and money market funds may be redeemed upon demand. The Company performs periodic evaluations of the relative credit standing of the financial institutions.

Trade accounts receivable, net

The Company’s accounts receivable consists principally of billed and currently due from customers and represents our unconditional rights to consideration arising from our performance under our customer contracts. These receivables are generally due within 30 days of the period in which the corresponding sales occur and do not bear interest are classified as trade accounts receivable, net on the consolidated balance sheets. Trade accounts receivable are reported at their estimated net realizable value.

The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts that is calculated under the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model. The CECL model applies to financial assets measured at amortized cost, and requires the Company to reflect expected credit losses over the remaining contractual term of the asset. As the large majority of the Company’s receivables settle within 30 days, the forecast period under the CECL model is a relatively short horizon. The Company uses an aging method to estimate allowances for doubtful accounts under the CECL model as the Company has determined that the aging method adequately reflects expected credit losses, as corroborated by historical loss rates. Past due trade accounts receivable balances are written off when collection efforts have been exhausted.

Investment in securities

The Company holds investments in the equity securities of privately held companies, which are valued based on their original cost. Adjustments are made for observable price changes in orderly transactions involving identical or similar securities of the same issuer, as there are no quoted market prices available.

The Company also holds an investment in a convertible note (the "Note") of Zapata Computing, Inc. ("Zapata"). The Company accounted for the Note as a loan receivable pursuant to ASC 310, as the Note did not meet the definition of a security. On April 1, 2024, Zapata stock began trading on the Nasdaq and as such became readily convertible to cash. The Company then bifurcated the conversion feature at fair value.

On October 11, 2024, Zapata announced that it was insolvent and would cease operations. Considering this and other financial information available prior to the balance sheet date, the Note was provisionally determined to be uncollectible, and the Company has recognized a credit loss provision for the entire balance owed of $1.0 million as of December 31, 2024. The charge was recorded within general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

The Company is one of two senior-most secured creditors to Zapata. The Note is secured by substantially all of Zapata's assets, including cash accounts, accounts receivables, inventory, contract rights and general intangibles, intellectual property, and equipment, as set forth in the security agreements pertaining to the Note. A collateral agent is acting on behalf of the Company to manage, hold, and enforce any liens on the collateral granted by Zapata in favor of the Company to secure its obligations or liabilities under the Note and related security agreements. Any recoveries will be recognized when the fair value of the collateral accruing to the Company becomes determinable.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost, determined using the weighted average cost method, or net realizable value. Inventory that is obsolete or in excess of forecasted usage is written down to its estimated net realizable value based on the assumptions about future demand and market conditions. Inventory write-downs are charged to cost of revenue and establish a new cost basis for the inventory. Inventories include raw materials, which consist of parts and supplies used in the Company’s manufacturing process and research and development activities as well as service parts for the Company’s quantum computer systems, work-in-process and finished goods.

Property and equipment, net

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment. Depreciation is recognized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the depreciable property, or for leasehold improvements, the remaining term of the lease, whichever is shorter. Costs for capital assets not yet placed into service are capitalized as construction-in-progress and depreciated once placed into service. The Company’s estimated useful lives of its property and equipment are as follows.


Quantum computer systems			5 years
Lab equipment			5 years
Computer equipment			3 years
Furniture and fixtures			5 years
Leasehold improvements			Shorter of expected lease term or estimated useful life

Upon sale or retirement of the assets, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and the resulting gain or loss is recognized in the statement of operations and comprehensive loss. Expenditures for general maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred.

Intangible assets, net

The Company’s intangible assets consist of acquired computer software, including off-the-shelf software applications as well as costs associated with systems’ implementations. Computer software is stated at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment. Off-the-shelf software is amortized on a straight-line basis over three years while the costs of implementing systems are amortized over the initial license term. Annual license fees for off-the-shelf software are expensed as incurred.

Internally developed software

The Company capitalizes costs associated with customized internal-use software systems that have reached the application development stage. Such capitalized costs include external direct costs utilized in developing or obtaining the applications and payroll and payroll-related expenses for employees who are directly associated with applications development. Capitalization of such costs begins when the preliminary project stage is complete and it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the function intended. Capitalization ceases at the point in which the project is substantially complete and ready for its intended purpose. Amortization is computed using the straight-line method, generally over three years.

Costs related to the development of software for internal use in research and development activities are expensed as incurred to research and development on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Impairment of long-lived assets

Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment and other long-term assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset or asset group to be tested for possible impairment, the Company first compares undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by that asset or asset group to its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of the long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment is recognized to the extent the carrying amount of the underlying asset exceeds its fair value.

The Company did not record any impairment loss on long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Sales of future revenues and Term Loan fair value option election

Sales of future revenues

On November 20, 2020, the Company entered into an agreement with the Canada Strategic Innovation Fund ("SIF"), wherein SIF committed to providing a conditionally repayable loan to the Company in the amount of up to C$40.0 million (the "SIF Loan"). The SIF Loan is conditionally repayable according to a revenue-based formula. See Note 7 for additional information concerning the SIF Loan.

The accounting treatment for the SIF Loan considers the "sale of future revenues" guidance promulgated by ASC 470-10-25. The debt arising from the SIF Loan was recorded at face value and will be amortized using the effective interest method, leading to the accrual of interest expenses over the estimated term of the SIF Loan. The amortization schedule is based on projected cash flows derived from the Company's long-term revenue forecast. Subsequent changes in forecasted cash flows will be accounted for under the catch-up method, which entails adjusting the accrued interest portion of the principal balance through earnings to reflect the currently projected effective interest rate. The liability is classified as non-current, as the current forecast indicates that repayments will not commence within the 12 months following the balance sheet date.

As the SIF Loan is originated through a government program, a market rate of interest is not imputed in accordance with the scope limitation provisions of ASC 835.

Term Loan fair value option election

•On April 13, 2023 (the "Closing Date"), the Company finalized a Term Loan and Security Agreement ("Term Loan") with PSPIB Unitas Investments II Inc. ("PSPIB" or the "Lender"), a related party to the Company's largest shareholder. The Company determined that it is eligible for the fair value option election in connection with the Term Loan. The Term Loan meets the definition of a “recognized financial liability” which is an acceptable financial instrument eligible for the fair value option under ASC 825. At the date of issuance, the fair value of the Term Loan was derived from the instrument’s implied discount rate at inception. The fair value option election was made to enhance the relevance and transparency of information presented related to the features embedded in the Term Loan.

Changes in the fair value of the Term Loan, other than changes associated with the Company's own credit risk, are recorded as gains or losses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in each reporting period. Changes in fair value attributable to the Company's own credit risk are recorded in other comprehensive income or loss in the Company's consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in each reporting period; there have been no such changes for the year ended December 31, 2024. Under the fair value option, debt issuance costs are recorded in other expense in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

As of December 31, 2024, the Term Loan had been repaid in full.

Fair value of financial instruments

Certain assets and liabilities are carried at fair value under U.S. GAAP. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value are to be classified and disclosed in one of the following three levels of the fair value hierarchy, of which the first two are considered observable and the last is considered unobservable:

•Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

•Level 2—Observable inputs (other than Level 1 quoted prices), such as quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

•Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to determining the fair value of the assets or liabilities, including pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques.

The categorization of a financial instrument within the valuation hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company recognizes transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy on the date of the event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer. The Company did not transfer any assets or liabilities in or out of Level 3 during the year ended December 31, 2024 or 2023.

The Warrants are accounted for as liabilities in accordance with ASC 815-40 and are presented within warrant liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. The warrant liabilities are measured at fair value at inception and on a recurring basis, with changes in fair value presented within change in fair value of warrant liabilities in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

For periods subsequent to the detachment of the Public Warrants from the Units, the close price of the Public Warrants was used as the fair value of the Warrants as of each relevant date. The subsequent measurements of the Public Warrants after the detachment of the Public Warrants from the Units are classified as Level 1 fair value measurements due to the use of an observable market quote in an active market. The subsequent measurements of the Private Warrants after the detachment of the Public Warrants from the Units are classified as Level 2 fair value measurements due to the use of an observable market quote for the Public Warrants, which are considered to be a similar asset in an active market.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and current operating lease liabilities and operating lease liabilities, net of current portion on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no financing lease arrangements. The Company recognizes lease expense for its operating leases on a straight line basis over the term of the lease.

ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease. ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term. Operating lease ROU assets also include the impact of any lease incentives. Amendments to a lease are assessed to determine if it represents a lease modification or a separate contract. Lease modifications are reassessed as of the effective date of the modification using an incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date. For modified leases, the Company also reassesses the lease classification as of the effective date of the modification.

The interest rate used to determine the present value of the future lease payments is generally the Company’s incremental borrowing rate, because the interest rate implicit in the Company’s leases is usually not readily determinable. The incremental borrowing rate is estimated to approximate the Company's cost of borrowing on a collateralized basis with similar terms and payments, and in the economic environments where the leased assets are located.

The Company’s lease terms include periods under options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option in the measurement of its ROU assets and liabilities. The Company considers contractual factors such as the nature and terms of the renewal or termination, asset-based factors such as physical location of the asset and entity-based factors such as the importance of the leased asset to the Company’s operations to determine the lease term. The right-of-use assets are tested for impairment at least annually.

Revenue recognition and Cost of revenue

Revenue recognition

The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) and accounts for certain contract costs in accordance with FASB’s Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 340-40, Other Assets and Deferred Costs-Contracts with Customers.

The core principle of ASC 606 is that an entity shall recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.

To support this core principle, the Company applies the following five step approach:

⮚Step 1: Identify the contract with the customer

The Company executes signed contracts with customers for services sold through either its direct sales force or various reseller channels. Payment terms on invoiced amounts are typically net 30 days or less. The Company does not offer rights of return for its services in the normal course of business.

In arrangements with re-sellers of the Company’s services, the re-seller is considered the customer and the Company does not have any contractual relationships with the re-sellers’ end users. For these arrangements, revenue is recognized at the amount charged to the re-seller.

Upon initiation of a customer contract, an assessment is conducted by the Company regarding the customer's ability to pay for the services rendered. This assessment encompasses various factors such as the customer's creditworthiness and past transaction history. Furthermore, periodic evaluations of customers' financial conditions are performed by the Company.

⮚Step 2: Identify the performance obligations

The Company’s contracts with customers often include multiple performance obligations. The Company's performance obligations are as follows:

•Subscription access to its QCaaS cloud platform

•Professional services related to the development and implementation of quantum computing applications

•Quantum computing systems

•Quantum computing application training

•Application support and maintenance

•Printed circuit boards.

Our contracts with customers may include renewals or other options at fixed prices, which typically do not represent a significant discount. Based on our assessment of standalone selling prices, we determined that there were no significant material rights provided to our customers requiring separate recognition.

⮚Step 3: Determine the transaction price

The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring goods and services to the customer. The price for the Company’s offerings is fixed and stated in the contract with the customer. The Company has elected the practical expedient terms that permit an entity not to recognize a significant financing component if the time between the transfer of a good or service and payment is one year or less. The Company excludes from revenue government-assessed and imposed taxes on goods and services that are invoiced to customers.

⮚Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations

When the Company determines that its contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations, for these arrangements, the Company allocates the transaction price based on the relative standalone selling price (“SSP”) basis method by comparing the SSP of each distinct performance obligation to the total value of the contract. The Company uses SSP for products and services sold together in a contract to determine whether there is a variable consideration (e.g. discount) to be allocated based on the relative SSP of the various products and services. In instances where SSP is not directly observable, such as when the Company does not sell the product or service separately, the Company determines the SSP by considering its overall pricing objectives and market conditions, including cost plus a reasonable margin. Significant pricing practices taken into consideration include the Company’s discounting practices, the customer demographic, price lists, the Company's go-to-market strategy, historical and current sales, and contract prices. In instances where the Company does not sell or price a product or service separately, the Company maximizes the use of observable inputs by using information that may include market conditions.

⮚Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation

The Company’s QCaaS cloud platform and support and maintenance services are obligations that are satisfied over time by providing the customer with ongoing access to the Company’s resources. The Company uses the straight-line measure of progress to recognize revenue as these performance obligations are satisfied evenly over the respective service periods. The Company’s professional services constitute an activity that creates benefits that the customer receives as the work is being performed. Therefore, professional services revenue is recognized over time using the labor hours incurred as input measure of progress. Revenue from quantum computing systems is recognized at a point in time when control of the system transfers to the customer, typically upon delivery or installation, depending on the terms of the sales contract. The Company’s training and circuit board performance obligations are satisfied at a point in time when control of the goods or service transfers from the Company to the customer.

Contract assets and contract liabilities

The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections may result in accounts receivable, contract assets, and contract liabilities (deferred revenue) on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. A receivable is recorded in the period in which the Company provides services when it has an unconditional right to payment. Contract assets primarily relate to the value of services transferred to the customer for which the right to payment is not dependent only on the passage of time, such as when unbilled receivables are recorded for revenue recognized for work completed under professional services contracts for which the related milestone billing has not yet occurred. Contract assets are transferred to accounts receivable when rights to payment become unconditional.

Deferred revenue primarily consists of billings or payments received in advance of revenue recognition from subscription access to the QCaaS cloud platform and maintenance services and is reduced as the revenue recognition criteria are met. Deferred revenue is classified as current or non-current on the consolidated balance sheets based on the expected timing of revenue recognition. The deferred revenue that will be recognized as revenue within the next twelve months is classified as current, and the deferred revenue that will be recognized thereafter is classified as non-current.

Our contract acquisition costs represent incremental direct costs of obtaining a contract, primarily consisting of sales incentives paid to employees. When these costs are determined to be recoverable, we defer and amortize them over the contract term. Unamortized contract acquisition costs are included in other non-current assets, net on the consolidated balance sheets, with related amortization expense recorded in sales and marketing expenses on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company has elected to apply the practical expedient to expense contract acquisition costs as incurred when the expected amortization period is one year or less.

Cost of revenue

Cost of revenue for services consists of expenses related to delivering the Company’s services, consisting of direct labor costs, including stock-based compensation, direct services costs and depreciation and amortization related to the Company’s quantum computing systems and related software. These costs are expensed as incurred, as they relate to performance obligations that are being simultaneously satisfied as the work is performed.

Cost of revenue for quantum computing systems includes direct manufacturing costs, such as materials and labor for system production, as well as expenses related to installation, warranty, and support. Additionally, it includes shipping and handling costs associated with delivering the systems. These costs are also expensed as incurred.

Research and development

Research and development expenses consist of personnel costs, including stock-based compensation expense, and allocated shared resource costs for the Company’s hardware, software and engineering personnel who design and develop the Company’s quantum computing systems and research new quantum computing technologies. Research and development expenses also include purchased hardware and software costs related to quantum computing systems constructed for research purposes that are not probable of providing future economic benefit and have no alternate future use.

Advertising costs

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and are included in sales and marketing expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. These costs totaled $0.5 million and $0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Stock-based compensation

The Company accounts for its stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation (ASC 718). ASC 718 requires all stock-based payments to employees and directors to be recognized as expense based on the estimated fair value of the awards as of the grant date. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the grant date fair value of its stock option awards, and the Company uses the quoted market closing price of its common stock as reported on the New York Stock Exchange as the grant date fair value for Restricted Stock Units (RSUs). Stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period using the straight-line method and is based on the value of the portion of stock-based payment awards that is ultimately expected to vest. As such, the Company’s stock-based compensation is reduced for the estimated forfeitures at the grant date and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the use of subjective assumptions, which determine the estimated fair value of share-based awards, including the option’s expected term, the price volatility of the underlying Common Shares, risk-free interest rates, and the expected dividend yield of the Common Shares. The assumptions used to determine the fair value of the stock awards represent management’s best estimates. As there is limited quoted price history for the Company's Common Shares, the Company has estimated the volatility of the Company's Common Shares using comparable publicly-traded peer companies. The Company's estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of judgment.

Income taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the estimated future tax consequences of events that have been included in the consolidated financial statements or in the Company’s tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of the differences between the financial statements and tax bases of assets and liabilities using the enacted tax rates and laws in effect for the years in when the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred income taxes are classified as current or non-current, based on the classification of the related assets and liabilities giving rise to the temporary differences. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, the Company considers factors such as past operating results and expected future taxable income within each jurisdiction in which the Company operates.

To the extent that new information becomes available, which causes the Company to change its judgment regarding the adequacy of tax liabilities or valuation allowances, such changes will impact income tax expense in the period in which such determination is made. Interest and penalties, if any, related to accrued liabilities for potential tax assessments are included in income tax expense.

Tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions are recognized when it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained during an audit. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are included within the provision for income tax.

Net loss per share

Basic net loss per common share is computed by dividing the net loss available to common stockholders (the numerator) by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (the denominator) during the period. Diluted net loss per common share is computed by dividing the net loss available to common stockholders adjusted by any preferred stock dividends declared during the period by the weighted average number of common stock and potential common shares outstanding when the impact is not antidilutive. Contingently issuable shares are included in basic Earnings Per Share ("EPS") only when there is no circumstance under which those shares would not be issued. Shares issuable for little or no cash consideration shall be considered outstanding common shares and included in the computation of basic EPS.

Recent accounting pronouncements issued and adopted and not yet adopted

Recent accounting pronouncements issued and adopted

Segment Reporting

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, Segment Reporting--Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires incremental disclosures about a public entity’s reportable segments but does not change the definition of a segment or the guidance for determining reportable segments. The new guidance requires disclosure of significant segment expenses that are (1) regularly provided to (or easily computed from information regularly provided to) the chief operating decision maker and (2) included in the reported measure of segment profit or loss. The new standard also allows companies to disclose multiple measures of segment profit or loss if those measures are used to assess performance and allocate resources. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 for the year ended December 31, 2024. See Note 16 - Segment and geographic information in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail.

Recent accounting pronouncements not yet adopted

Income Tax Disclosures

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires disaggregated information about our effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. The new guidance will first be effective in our annual disclosures for the year ending December 31, 2025, and should be applied on a prospective basis with the option to apply retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted. We are in the process of assessing the impact of ASU 2023-09 on our disclosures.

Expense Disaggregation Disclosures

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, requiring public entities to disclose additional information about specific expense categories in the notes to the financial statements on an interim and annual basis. ASU 2024-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2024-03.

Climate Disclosures

In March 2024, the SEC adopted new climate rules that require a wide range of climate-related disclosures, including material climate-related risks, information on climate-related targets or goals that are material to the registrant’s business, results of operations or financial condition, Scope 1 and Scope 2 greenhouse gas emissions on a phased-in basis by large accelerated filers and accelerated filers when those emissions are material and the filing of an attestation report covering the same, and disclosure of the financial statement effects of severe weather events and other natural conditions including costs and losses. Compliance dates under the final rule are phased in by registrant category. Multiple lawsuits have been filed challenging the SEC’s new climate rules, which have been consolidated and will be heard in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. In April 2024, the SEC issued an order staying the final rules until judicial review is complete. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the final rules on its disclosures.