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Transfers of financial assets and mortgage servicing assets | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets |
Transfers Of Financial Assets And Mortgage Servicing Assets | Note 12 – Transfers of financ ial assets and mortgage servicing assets The Corporation typically transfers conforming residential mortgage lo ans in conjunction with GNMA and FNMA securitization transactions whereby the loans are exchanged for cash or securities and servicing rights. As seller, the Corporation has made certain representations and warranties with respect to the originally transferred loans and, in the past, has sold certain loans with credit recourse to a government-sponsored entity, namely FNMA. Refer to Note 24 to the C onsolidated F inancial S tatements for a description of such arrangements. No liabilities were incurred as a result of these securitizations during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 because they did not contain any credit recourse arra ngements. The Corporation recorded a net gain of $8.9 million and $15.2 m illion, respectively, during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 r elated to the residential mortgage loans securitized. The following tables present the initial fair value of the assets obtained as proceeds from residential mortgage loans securitized during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:
|  | Proceeds Obtained During the Year Ended December 31, 2018
(In thousands) | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Initial fair value
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities - FNMA | $ | - | $ | 11,865 | $ | - | $ | 11,865
Total debt securities available-for-sale | $ | - | $ | 11,865 | $ | - | $ | 11,865
Trading account debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities - GNMA | $ | - | $ | 412,500 | $ | - | $ | 412,500
Mortgage-backed securities - FNMA |  | - |  | 82,320 |  | - |  | 82,320
Total trading account debt securities | $ | - | $ | 494,820 | $ | - | $ | 494,820
Mortgage servicing rights | $ | - | $ | - | $ | 9,337 | $ | 9,337
Total | $ | - | $ | 506,685 | $ | 9,337 | $ | 516,022
|  | Proceeds Obtained During the Year Ended December 31, 2017
(In thousands) | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Initial fair value
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities - FNMA | $ | - | $ | 16,049 | $ | - | $ | 16,049
Total debt securities available-for-sale | $ | - | $ | 16,049 |  | - | $ | 16,049
Trading account debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities - GNMA | $ | - | $ | 376,186 | $ | - | $ | 376,186
Mortgage-backed securities - FNMA |  | - |  | 69,798 |  | - |  | 69,798
Total trading account debt securities | $ | - | $ | 445,984 | $ | - | $ | 445,984
Mortgage servicing rights | $ | - | $ | - | $ | 6,898 | $ | 6,898
Total | $ | - | $ | 462,033 | $ | 6,898 | $ | 468,931
During the year ended December 31, 2018, t he Corporation retained servicing rights on whole loan sales involving approximately $57 m illion in principal balance outstanding (2017 - $49 m illion), with net realized gains of approximately $0.8 million (2017 - $1.7 million). All loan sales performed during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 w ere without credit recourse agreements. The Corporation recognizes as assets the rights to serv ice loans for others, whether these rights are purchased or result from asset transfers such as sales and securitizations. These mortgage servicing rights (“MSR”) are measured at fair value. The Corporation uses a discounted cash flow model to estimate the fair value of MSRs. The discounted cash flow model incorporates assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income, including estimates of prepayment speeds, discount rate, cost to service, escrow account earnings, co ntractual servicing fee income, prepayment and late fees, among other considerations. Prepayment speeds are adjusted for the Corporation’s loan characteristics and portfolio behavior. The following table presents the changes in MSRs measured using the fai r value method for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.
Residential MSRs
(In thousands) | December 31, 2018 | December 31, 2017
Fair value at beginning of period | $ | 168,031 | $ | 196,889
Additions |  | 10,223 |  | 7,661
Changes due to payments on loans[1] |  | (13,459) |  | (15,308)
Reduction due to loan repurchases |  | (3,721) |  | (2,225)
Changes in fair value due to changes in valuation model inputs or assumptions |  | 8,703 |  | (18,986)
Fair value at end of period | $ | 169,777 | $ | 168,031
[1] Represents changes due to collection / realization of expected cash flows over time.
Residential mortgage loans serviced for others were $15.7 billion at December 31, 2018 (2017 - $16.1 billion). Net mortgage servicing fees, a component of mortgage banking activities in the C onsolidated S tatements of O perations, include the changes from per iod to period in the fair value of the MSRs, including changes due to collection / realization of expected cash flows. The banking subsidiaries receive servicing fees based on a percentage of the outstanding loan balance. These servicing fees are credited to income when they are collected. At December 31, 2018, t hose weighted average mortgage servicing fees were 0.30% (2017 – 0.28%). Under these servicing agreements, the banking subsidiaries do not generally earn significant prep ayment penalty fees on the underlying loans serviced. The section below includes information on assumptions used in the valuation model of the MSRs, originated and purchased. Key economic assumptions used in measuring the servicing rights derived from loan s securitized or sold by the Corporation during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:
| Years ended
| December 31, 2018 | December 31, 2017
Prepayment speed | 5.0 | % | 4.5 | %
Weighted average life (in years) | 10.8 |  | 10.8 |
Discount rate (annual rate) | 11.0 | % | 11.0 | %
Key economic assumptions used to estimate the fair value of MSRs derived from sales and securitizations of mortgage loans performed by the banking subsidiaries and servicing rights purchased from other financial institutions, and the sensitivity to immediate changes in those assumptions, were as follows as of the end of the periods reported:
|  | Originated MSRs | Purchased MSRs
|  | December 31, | December 31, | December 31, | December 31,
(In thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | 2017
Fair value of servicing rights | $ | 69,400 |  | $ | 73,951 |  | $ | 100,377 |  | $ | 94,080 |
Weighted average life (in years) |  | 7.1 |  |  | 7.3 |  |  | 6.6 |  |  | 6.5 |
Weighted average prepayment speed (annual rate) |  | 5.1 | % |  | 5.1 | % |  | 5.5 | % |  | 5.7 | %
| Impact on fair value of 10% adverse change | $ | (1,430) |  | $ | (1,503) |  | $ | (2,200) |  | $ | (2,070) |
| Impact on fair value of 20% adverse change | $ | (2,817) |  | $ | (2,976) |  | $ | (4,328) |  | $ | (3,999) |
Weighted average discount rate (annual rate) |  | 11.5 | % |  | 11.5 | % |  | 11.0 | % |  | 11.0 | %
| Impact on fair value of 10% adverse change | $ | (3,125) |  | $ | (3,091) |  | $ | (4,354) |  | $ | (3,785) |
| Impact on fair value of 20% adverse change | $ | (6,019) |  | $ | (5,971) |  | $ | (8,394) |  | $ | (7,235) |
The sensitivity analyses presented in the tables above for servicing rights are hypothetical and should be used with caution. As the figures indicate, changes in fair value based on a 10 and 20 percent variation in assumptions generally cannot be extrapola ted because the relationship of the change in assumption to the change in fair value may not be linear. Also, in the sensitivity tables included herein, the effect of a variation in a particular assumption on the fair value of the retained interest is calc ulated without changing any other assumption. In reality, changes in one factor may result in changes in another (for example, increases in market interest rates may result in lower prepayments and increased credit losses), which might magnify or counterac t the sensitivities. At December 31, 2018, the Corporation serviced $1.3 billion (2017 - $1.5 billion) in residential mortgage loans with credit recourse to the Corporation. Under the GNMA securitizations, the Corporation, as se rvicer, has the right to repurchase (but not the obligation), at its option and without GNMA’s prior authorization, any loan that is collateral for a GNMA guaranteed mortgage-backed security when certain delinquency criteria are met. At the time that indiv idual loans meet GNMA’s specified delinquency criteria and are eligible for repurchase, the Corporation is deemed to have regained effective control over these loans if the Corporation was the pool issuer. At December 31, 2018, t he Corporation had recor ded $134 million in mortgage loans on its C onsolidated S tatements of F inancial C ondition related to this buy-back option program (2017 - $840 m illion). As long as the Corporation continues to service the loans that continue to be collateral in a GNMA guaranteed mortgage-backed security, the MSR is recognized by the Corporation. During the year ended December 31, 2018, t he Corporation repurchased approximately $321 million of mortgage loans under the GNMA buy-back option program (2017 - $160 m illion). The determination to repurchase these loans was based on the economic benefits of the transaction, which results in a reduction of the servicing costs for thes e severely delinquent loans, mostly related to principal and interest advances. Furthermore, the risk associated with these loans is reduced due to their guaranteed nature. The Corporation places these loans under its loss mitigation programs and once brough t back to current status, these may be either retained in portfolio or re-sold in the secondary market. Quantitative information about delinquencies, net credit losses, and components of securitized financial assets and other assets managed together with them by the Corporation, including its own loan portfolio, for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, are disclosed in the following tables. Loans securitized/sold represent loans in which the Corporation has continuing involvement in the form of credit recourse.
2018
(In thousands) |  | Total principal amount of loans, net of unearned |  | Principal amount 60 days or more past due |  | Net credit losses (recoveries)
Loans (owned and managed): |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | $ | 12,043,019 | $ | 290,759 | $ | 85,715
Construction |  | 779,449 |  | 13,848 |  | 4,452
Legacy |  | 25,949 |  | 3,072 |  | (2,032)
Lease financing |  | 934,773 |  | 5,140 |  | 6,030
Mortgage |  | 8,620,667 |  | 1,315,384 |  | 66,209
Consumer |  | 5,489,441 |  | 117,775 |  | 122,170
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans securitized / sold |  | 1,333,987 |  | 129,443 |  | 394
Loans held-for-sale |  | 51,422 |  | - |  | -
Loans held-in-portfolio | $ | 26,507,889 | $ | 1,616,535 | $ | 282,150
2017
(In thousands) |  | Total principal amount of loans, net of unearned |  | Principal amount 60 days or more past due |  | Net credit losses (recoveries)
Loans (owned and managed): |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | $ | 11,488,861 | $ | 305,281 | $ | 56,552
Construction |  | 880,029 |  | 170 |  | (2,630)
Legacy |  | 32,980 |  | 3,456 |  | (1,730)
Lease financing |  | 809,990 |  | 4,464 |  | 6,770
Mortgage |  | 8,891,107 |  | 2,193,772 |  | 76,235
Consumer |  | 3,810,527 |  | 101,666 |  | 105,655
Covered loans |  | 517,274 |  | 65,606 |  | 2,848
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans securitized / sold |  | 1,488,305 |  | 497,304 |  | 1,051
Loans held-for-sale |  | 132,395 |  | 872 |  | -
Loans held-in-portfolio | $ | 24,810,068 | $ | 2,176,239 | $ | 242,649

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- Definition The entire disclosure for a transferor's continuing involvement in financial assets that it has transferred in a securitization or asset-backed financing arrangement, the nature of any restrictions on assets reported by an entity in its statement of financial position that relate to a transferred financial asset (including the carrying amounts of such assets), how servicing assets and servicing liabilities are reported, and (for securitization or asset-backed financing arrangements accounted for as sales) when a transferor has continuing involvement with the transferred financial assets and transfers of financial assets accounted for as secured borrowings, how the transfer of financial assets affects an entity's financial position, financial performance, and cash flows. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 860 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2197590 + Details
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