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Income taxes - Differences between income tax expense (benefit) in Puerto Rico (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands | 3 Months Ended | 9 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended
--- | --- | --- | ---
Sep. 30, 2019 | Sep. 30, 2018 | Sep. 30, 2019 | Sep. 30, 2018 | Dec. 31, 2018
Amount |  |  |  |  |
Income tax expense | $ 41,370 | $ 42,018 | $ 131,923 | $ 35,613 |
% of pre-tax income |  |  |  |  |
Computed income tax at statutory rates |  |  | 37.50% |  | 39.00%
PUERTO RICO |  |  |  |  |
Amount |  |  |  |  |
Computed income tax at statutory rates | 77,508 | 71,240 | $ 238,602 | 213,474 |
Net benefit of net tax exempt interest income | (38,103) | (24,941) | (95,986) | (70,341) |
Deferred tax asset valuation allowance | 3,170 | 5,606 | 9,915 | 17,018 |
Difference in tax rates due to multiple jurisdictions | (4,233) | (5,203) | (9,851) | (10,400) |
Effect of income subject to preferential tax rate | (2,243) | (2,031) | (7,458) | (108,087) |
Unrecognized tax benefits | 0 | (1,621) | 0 | (1,621) |
State and local taxes | 2,180 | 3,115 | 5,535 | 6,196 |
Other | 3,091 | (4,147) | (8,834) | (10,626) |
Income tax expense | $ 41,370 | $ 42,018 | $ 131,923 | $ 35,613 |
% of pre-tax income |  |  |  |  |
Computed income tax at statutory rates | 38.00% | 39.00% | 38.00% | 39.00% |
Net benefit of net tax exempt interest income | (18.00%) | (14.00%) | (15.00%) | (13.00%) |
Deferred tax asset valuation allowance | 1.00% | 3.00% | 2.00% | 3.00% |
Difference in tax rates due to multiple jurisdictions | (2.00%) | (3.00%) | (2.00%) | (2.00%) |
Effect of income subject to preferential tax rate | (1.00%) | (1.00%) | (1.00%) | (20.00%) |
Unrecognized tax benefits | 0.00% | (100.00%) | 0.00% | 0.00% |
State and local taxes | 1.00% | 2.00% | 1.00% | 1.00% |
Others | 1.00% | (2.00%) | (2.00%) | (2.00%) |
Income tax (benefit) expense | 20.00% | 23.00% | 21.00% | 6.00% |

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