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Income taxes - Differences between income tax expense (benefit) in Puerto Rico (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands | 3 Months Ended
--- | ---
Mar. 31, 2021 | Mar. 31, 2020
Amount |  |
Income tax expense | $ 76,831 | $ 3,097
PR |  |
Amount |  |
Computed income tax at statutory rates | 127,299 | 14,025
Benefit of net tax exempt interest income | (34,163) | (32,896)
Deferred tax asset valuation allowance | 10,321 | 5,538
Difference in tax rates due to multiple jurisdictions | (10,948) | 8,875
Effect of income subject to preferential tax rate | (3,329) | (1,900)
Adjustments in net deferred tax due to change in tax law | (10,328) | 9,004
State and local taxes | 61 | (555)
Other | (2,082) | 1,006
Income tax expense | $ 76,831 | $ 3,097
% of pre-tax income |  |
Computed income tax at statutory rates | 38.00% | 38.00%
Benefit of net tax exempt interest income | (10.00%) | (88.00%)
Deferred tax asset valuation allowance | 3.00% | 15.00%
Difference in tax rates due to multiple jurisdictions | (3.00%) | 24.00%
Effect of income subject to preferential tax rate | (1.00%) | (5.00%)
Adjustments in net deferred tax due to change in tax law | (3.00%) | 24.00%
State and local taxes | 0.00% | (2.00%)
Others | (1.00%) | 2.00%
Income tax expense | 23.00% | 8.00%

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