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Income taxes - Differences between income tax expense (benefit) in Puerto Rico (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands | 12 Months Ended
--- | ---
Dec. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2020 | Dec. 31, 2019
Amount |  |  |
Income tax expense | $ 309,018 | $ 111,938 | $ 147,181
PR |  |  |
Amount |  |  |
Computed income tax at statutory rates | 466,465 | 231,960 | 306,869
Benefit of net tax exempt interest income | (139,426) | (126,232) | (145,597)
Effect of income subject to preferential tax rate | (11,981) | (10,141) | (9,562)
Deferred tax asset valuation allowance | 20,932 | 15,276 | 16,992
Difference in tax rates due to multiple jurisdictions | (30,719) | (1,903) | (12,888)
Adjustments in net deferred tax due to change in tax law | 0 | 0 | (6,559)
Unrecognized tax benefits | (5,484) | (2,163) | 0
State and local taxes | 14,629 | 4,350 | 4,749
Other | (5,398) | 791 | (6,823)
Income tax expense | $ 309,018 | $ 111,938 | $ 147,181
% of pre-tax income |  |  |
Computed income tax at statutory rates | 38.00% | 38.00% | 38.00%
Benefit of net tax exempt interest income | (12.00%) | (20.00%) | (18.00%)
Effect of income subject to preferential tax rate | (1.00%) | (2.00%) | (1.00%)
Deferred tax asset valuation allowance | 2.00% | 2.00% | 2.00%
Difference in tax rates due to multiple jurisdictions | (3.00%) | 0.00% | (2.00%)
Adjustments in net deferred tax due to change in tax law | 0.00% | 0.00% | (1.00%)
Unrecognized tax benefits | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00%
State and local taxes | 1.00% | 0.00% | 1.00%
Others | 0.00% | 0.00% | (1.00%)
Income tax expense | 25.00% | 18.00% | 18.00%

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