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Income taxes - Differences between income tax expense (benefit) in Puerto Rico (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands | 3 Months Ended
--- | ---
Mar. 31, 2023 | Mar. 31, 2022
Amount |  |
Income tax expense | $ 46,314 | $ 50,479
PR |  |
Amount |  |
Computed income tax at statutory rates | 76,985 | 98,312
Net benefit of tax exempt interest income | (21,902) | (42,869)
Effect of income subject to preferential tax rate | (855) | (3,945)
Deferred tax asset valuation allowance | (4,565) | 3,891
Difference in tax rates due to multiple jurisdictions | (5,169) | (6,493)
State and local taxes | 3,355 | 3,665
Other | (1,535) | (2,082)
Income tax expense | $ 46,314 | $ 50,479
% of pre-tax income |  |
Computed income tax at statutory rates | 38.00% | 38.00%
Net benefit of tax exempt interest income | (11.00%) | (16.00%)
Effect of income subject to preferential tax rate | 0.00% | (2.00%)
Deferred tax asset valuation allowance | (2.00%) | 1.00%
Difference in tax rates due to multiple jurisdictions | (3.00%) | (2.00%)
State and local taxes | 2.00% | 1.00%
Others | (1.00%) | (1.00%)
Income tax expense | 23.00% | 19.00%

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