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Income taxes - Differences between income tax expense (benefit) in Puerto Rico (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands | 12 Months Ended
--- | ---
Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
Amount |  |  |
Change in tax rates | $ 1,000 |  |
Income tax expense | 134,197 | $ 132,330 | $ 309,018
PR |  |  |
Amount |  |  |
Computed income tax at statutory rates | 253,327 | 463,114 | 466,465
Net benefit of tax exempt interest income | (95,222) | (165,065) | (139,426)
Effect of income subject to preferential tax rate | (1,854) | (86,797) | (11,981)
Deferred tax asset valuation allowance | 2,304 | (21,469) | 20,932
NOL Adjustments | 0 | (34,817) | 0
Difference in tax rates due to multiple jurisdictions | (12,857) | (26,887) | (30,719)
Change in tax rates | (18,714) | 0 | 0
Unrecognized tax benefits | (1,529) | (1,503) | (5,484)
Other tax benefits | (2,925) | 0 | 0
State and local taxes | 25,401 | 14,981 | 14,629
Others | (13,734) | (9,227) | (5,398)
Income tax expense | $ 134,197 | $ 132,330 | $ 309,018
% of pre-tax income |  |  |
Computed income tax at statutory rates | 38.00% | 38.00% | 38.00%
Net benefit of tax exempt interest income | (14.00%) | (13.00%) | (12.00%)
Effect of income subject to preferential tax rate | 0.00% | (7.00%) | (1.00%)
Deferred tax asset valuation allowance | 0.00% | (2.00%) | 2.00%
NOL Adjustments | 0.00% | (3.00%) | 0.00%
Difference in tax rates due to multiple jurisdictions | (2.00%) | (2.00%) | (3.00%)
Change in tax rates | (3.00%) | 0.00% | 0.00%
Unrecognized tax benefits | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00%
Other tax benefits | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00%
State and local taxes | 3.00% | 1.00% | 1.00%
Others | (2.00%) | (1.00%) | 0.00%
Income tax expense | 20.00% | 11.00% | 25.00%

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