Income Taxes

The components of the provision (benefit) for income taxes were as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Fiscal Year Ended
	2017			2016			2015
Current:
Federal	$	62,455		$	42,096		$	42,516
Foreign	176			310			502
State	12,344			8,399			6,998
	74,975			50,805			50,016
Deferred:
Federal	17,051			26,467			305
Foreign	(35		)	(296		)	268
State	1,217			611			671
	18,233			26,782			1,244
Total Tax Provision	$	93,208		$	77,587		$	51,260

The Company is subject to federal income taxes in the United States and the income taxes of multiple state jurisdictions and in Canada. Amounts of pre-tax earnings related to Canadian operations for fiscal 2017, 2016, and 2015 were not material. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal, state and local, or Canadian income tax examinations for fiscal years ended 2012 and prior. During fiscal 2016, the Company was notified by the Internal Revenue Service that its federal income tax return for fiscal 2014 was selected for examination. The Company believes its provision for income taxes is adequate; however, any assessment would affect the Company’s results of operations and cash flows. Income taxes receivable totaled $7.5 million and $1.4 million as of July 29, 2017 and July 30, 2016, respectively. Income taxes receivable is included in current assets in the consolidated balance sheets as of July 30, 2016. Income taxes payable totaled $1.1 million and $15.3 million as of July 29, 2017 and July 30, 2016, respectively.

The deferred tax provision represents the change in the deferred tax assets and the liabilities representing the tax consequences of changes in the amount of temporary differences and changes in tax rates during the year. The significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities consisted of the following (dollars in thousands):



	July 29, 2017			July 30, 2016
Deferred tax assets:
Insurance and other reserves	$	36,955		$	33,847
Allowance for doubtful accounts and reserves	1,975			1,013
Net operating loss carryforwards	765			1,151
Stock-based compensation	8,022			6,424
Other	1,750			1,363
Total deferred tax assets	49,467			43,798
Valuation allowance	(122		)	(358		)
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance	$	49,345		$	43,440
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property and equipment	$	87,581		$	63,926
Goodwill and intangibles	38,125			32,632
Other	741			736
Deferred tax liabilities	$	126,447		$	97,294

Net deferred tax liabilities	$	77,102		$	53,854

The valuation allowance above reduces the deferred tax asset balances to the amount that the Company has determined is more likely than not to be realized. The valuation allowance primarily relates to immaterial state net operating loss carryforwards, which generally begin to expire in fiscal 2022.

The difference between the total tax provision and the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rates to pre-tax income is as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Fiscal Year Ended
	2017			2016			2015
Statutory rate applied to pre-tax income	$	87,649		$	72,214		$	47,454
State taxes, net of federal tax benefit	9,868			7,398			5,159
Non-taxable and non-deductible items, net	(4,686		)	(2,013		)	(1,220		)
Change in accruals for uncertain tax positions	632			113			(74		)
Other items, net	(255		)	(125		)	(59		)
Total tax provision	$	93,208		$	77,587		$	51,260

Non-taxable and non-deductible items during fiscal 2017 and 2016 consisted of a production related tax deduction of $6.0 million and $4.5 million, respectively, offset by $1.3 million and $2.5 million of non-deductible items, respectively.

The Company’s effective income tax rate differs from the statutory rate for the tax jurisdictions where it operates primarily as the result of the impact of non-deductible and non-taxable items and tax credits recognized in relation to pre-tax results. The application of ASU 2016-09 may result in greater volatility in the effective tax rate in future periods due to the timing of recognition of certain tax benefits from share-based award activities. ASU 2016-09 will be effective for the Company beginning with the fiscal quarter ending October 28, 2017. See Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Accounting Policies, for information on the expected impacts of ASU 2016-09.

As of July 29, 2017 and July 30, 2016, the Company had total unrecognized tax benefits of $3.1 million and $2.4 million, respectively, resulting from uncertain tax positions. The Company’s effective tax rate will be reduced during future periods if it is determined these tax benefits are realizable. The Company had approximately $1.2 million and $1.0 million accrued for the payment of interest and penalties as of July 29, 2017 and July 30, 2016, respectively. Interest expense related to unrecognized tax benefits for the Company for fiscal 2017 and 2016 was not material.

A summary of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Fiscal Year Ended
	2017			2016			2015
Balance at beginning of year	$	2,440		$	2,327		$	2,401
Additions based on tax positions related to the fiscal year	441			161			44
Additions (reductions) based on tax positions related to prior years	229			86			(98		)
Reductions related to the expiration of statutes of limitation	(38		)	(134		)	(20		)
Balance at end of year	$	3,072		$	2,440		$	2,327