10-Q 1 a20200331form10-q.htm FORM 10-Q

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

þ |  | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2020
OR

¨ |  | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from ___ to ___
Commission File Number 1-31993

STERLING CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
DELAWARE | 25-1655321
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1800 Hughes Landing Blvd. The Woodlands, Texas | 77380
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (281) 214-0800

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share | STRL | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC
(Title of each class) | (Trading Symbol) | (Name of each exchange on which registered)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. þ Yes ¨ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). þ Yes ¨ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer | ¨ | Accelerated filer | þ
Non-accelerated filer | ¨ | Smaller reporting company | ¨
|  | Emerging growth company | ¨
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. | ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ¨ Yes þ No

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock as of May 1, 2020 – 27,977,131

STERLING CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC.
QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS

| Page
PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 3
Statements of Operations | 3
Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) | 4
Balance Sheets | 5
Statements of Cash Flows | 6
Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity | 7
Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 8
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 25
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 32
Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 32
PART II—OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 33
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 33
Item 6. Exhibits | 34
Signatures | 35

2

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
STERLING CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC. & SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Revenues | $ | 296,688 |  |  | $ | 223,949 |
Cost of revenues | (261,443 | ) |  | (204,446 | )
Gross profit | 35,245 |  |  | 19,503 |
General and administrative expense | (17,604 | ) |  | (11,889 | )
Intangible asset amortization | (2,837 | ) |  | (600 | )
Acquisition related costs | (473 | ) |  | — |
Other operating expense, net | (2,228 | ) |  | (2,294 | )
Operating income | 12,103 |  |  | 4,720 |
Interest income | 99 |  |  | 364 |
Interest expense | (7,803 | ) |  | (3,060 | )
Income before income taxes | 4,399 |  |  | 2,024 |
Income tax expense | (1,184 | ) |  | (163 | )
Net income | 3,215 |  |  | 1,861 |
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (100 | ) |  | (46 | )
Net income attributable to Sterling common stockholders | $ | 3,115 |  |  | $ | 1,815 |
Net income per share attributable to Sterling common stockholders: |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.11 |  |  | $ | 0.07 |
Diluted | $ | 0.11 |  |  | $ | 0.07 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |
Basic | 27,736 |  |  | 26,377 |
Diluted | 27,992 |  |  | 26,723 |

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
3

STERLING CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC. & SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Net income | $ | 3,215 |  |  | $ | 1,861 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax |  |  |
Loss on interest rate swap, net of tax (Note 11) | (7,061 | ) |  | — |
Total comprehensive (loss) income | (3,846 | ) |  | 1,861 |
Less: Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (100 | ) |  | (46 | )
Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to Sterling common stockholders | $ | (3,946 | ) |  | $ | 1,815 |

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
4

STERLING CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC. & SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)

| March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Assets |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents ($7,126 and $7,538 related to variable interest entities (“VIEs”)) | $ | 73,905 |  |  | $ | 45,733 |
Accounts receivable, including retainage ($30,550 and $24,642 related to VIEs) | 221,268 |  |  | 248,247 |
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings ($9,078 and $8,328 related to VIEs) | 54,791 |  |  | 42,555 |
Receivables from and equity in construction joint ventures ($7,729 and $7,406 related to VIEs) | 10,789 |  |  | 9,196 |
Other current assets ($1,047 and $503 related to VIEs) | 10,335 |  |  | 11,790 |
Total current assets | 371,088 |  |  | 357,521 |
Property and equipment, net ($5,627 and $5,619 related to VIEs) | 117,818 |  |  | 116,030 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets ($3,938 and $3,817 related to VIEs) | 14,790 |  |  | 13,979 |
Goodwill ($1,501 and $1,501 related to VIEs) | 191,892 |  |  | 191,892 |
Other intangibles, net | 253,486 |  |  | 256,323 |
Deferred tax asset, net | 27,149 |  |  | 26,012 |
Other non-current assets, net | 172 |  |  | 183 |
Total assets | $ | 976,395 |  |  | $ | 961,940 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable ($26,664 and $18,213 related to VIEs) | $ | 123,172 |  |  | $ | 137,593 |
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings ($7,443 and $9,649 related to VIEs) | 79,293 |  |  | 85,011 |
Current maturities of long-term debt ($13 and $39 related to VIEs) | 50,211 |  |  | 42,473 |
Current portion of long-term lease obligations ($1,742 and $1,838 related to VIEs) | 7,410 |  |  | 7,095 |
Income taxes payable | 1,656 |  |  | 1,212 |
Accrued compensation ($2,298 and $1,521 related to VIEs) | 14,187 |  |  | 13,727 |
Other current liabilities ($1,097 and $1,429 related to VIEs) | 10,403 |  |  | 6,393 |
Total current liabilities | 286,332 |  |  | 293,504 |
Long-term debt ($2 and $2 related to VIEs) | 408,828 |  |  | 390,627 |
Long-term lease obligations ($2,196 and $1,979 related to VIEs) | 7,465 |  |  | 6,976 |
Members’ interest subject to mandatory redemption and undistributed earnings | 49,186 |  |  | 49,003 |
Other long-term liabilities | 5,654 |  |  | 619 |
Total liabilities | 757,465 |  |  | 740,729 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 12) |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 38,000 shares authorized, 28,282 and 28,290 shares issued, 27,966 and 27,772 shares outstanding | 283 |  |  | 283 |
Additional paid in capital | 250,689 |  |  | 251,019 |
Treasury Stock, at cost: 316 and 518 shares | (4,247 | ) |  | (6,142 | )
Retained deficit | (21,918 | ) |  | (25,033 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (7,270 | ) |  | (209 | )
Total Sterling stockholders’ equity | 217,537 |  |  | 219,918 |
Noncontrolling interests | 1,393 |  |  | 1,293 |
Total stockholders’ equity | 218,930 |  |  | 221,211 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 976,395 |  |  | $ | 961,940 |

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
5

STERLING CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC. & SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 3,215 |  |  | $ | 1,861 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 8,285 |  |  | 4,302 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs | 1,022 |  |  | 833 |
Gain on disposal of property and equipment | (393 | ) |  | (38 | )
Deferred taxes | 913 |  |  | 141 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 2,234 |  |  | 1,021 |
Loss on interest rate hedge | 171 |  |  | — |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities (Note 17) | (4,676 | ) |  | (27,362 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 10,771 |  |  | (19,242 | )
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (7,354 | ) |  | (3,814 | )
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment | 512 |  |  | 137 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (6,842 | ) |  | (3,677 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Borrowings on revolving credit facility | 30,000 |  |  | — |
Repayments of long-term debt | (5,082 | ) |  | (5,610 | )
Distributions to noncontrolling interest owners | — |  |  | (5,100 | )
Purchase of treasury stock | — |  |  | (3,201 | )
Other | (675 | ) |  | (501 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 24,243 |  |  | (14,412 | )
Net change in cash and cash equivalents | 28,172 |  |  | (37,331 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 45,733 |  |  | 94,095 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 73,905 |  |  | $ | 56,764 |

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
6

STERLING CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC. & SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid in Capital |  | Treasury Stock |  | Retained Deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total Sterling Stockholders’ Equity |  | Non-controlling Interests |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2019 | 27,772 |  |  | $ | 283 |  |  | $ | 251,019 |  |  | 518 |  |  | $ | (6,142 | ) |  | $ | (25,033 | ) |  | $ | (209 | ) |  | $ | 219,918 |  |  | $ | 1,293 |  |  | $ | 221,211 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,115 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,115 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 3,215 |
Loss on interest rate swap | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,061 | ) |  | (7,061 | ) |  | — |  |  | (7,061 | )
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,234 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,234 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,234 |
Issuance of stock | 248 |  |  | — |  |  | (2,460 | ) |  | (248 | ) |  | 2,563 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 103 |  |  | — |  |  | 103 |
Shares withheld for taxes | (54 | ) |  | — |  |  | (104 | ) |  | 46 |  |  | (668 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (772 | ) |  | — |  |  | (772 | )
Balance at March 31, 2020 | 27,966 |  |  | $ | 283 |  |  | $ | 250,689 |  |  | 316 |  |  | $ | (4,247 | ) |  | $ | (21,918 | ) |  | $ | (7,270 | ) |  | $ | 217,537 |  |  | $ | 1,393 |  |  | $ | 218,930 |

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid in Capital |  | Treasury Stock |  | Retained Deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total Sterling Stockholders’ Equity |  | Non-controlling Interests |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2018 | 26,597 |  |  | $ | 271 |  |  | $ | 233,795 |  |  | 467 |  |  | $ | (4,731 | ) |  | $ | (64,934 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 164,401 |  |  | $ | 7,859 |  |  | $ | 172,260 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,815 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,815 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 1,861 |
Stock-based compensation | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | 1,021 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,021 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,021 |
Distributions to owners | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,100 | ) |  | (5,100 | )
Purchase of treasury stock | (250 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 250 |  |  | (3,201 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,201 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3,201 | )
Issuance of stock | 130 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,314 | ) |  | (130 | ) |  | 1,314 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Shares withheld for taxes | (52 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45 |  |  | (564 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (564 | ) |  | — |  |  | (564 | )
Balance at March 31, 2019 | 26,424 |  |  | $ | 271 |  |  | $ | 233,502 |  |  | 632 |  |  | $ | (7,182 | ) |  | $ | (63,119 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 163,472 |  |  | $ | 2,805 |  |  | $ | 166,277 |

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
7

STERLING CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC. & SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
March 31, 2020
($ and share values in thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)

1. | NATURE OF OPERATIONS

Business Summary
Sterling Construction Company, Inc., (“Sterling,” “the Company,” “we,” “our” or “us”), a Delaware corporation, is a construction company that has been involved in the construction industry since its founding in 1955. The Company operates through a variety of subsidiaries within three operating groups specializing in heavy civil, specialty services, and residential projects in the United States (the “U.S.”), primarily across the southern U.S., the Rocky Mountain states, California and Hawaii, as well as other areas with strategic construction opportunities. Heavy civil includes infrastructure and rehabilitation projects for highways, roads, bridges, airfields, ports, light rail, water, wastewater and storm drainage systems. Specialty services projects include construction site excavation and drainage, drilling and blasting for excavation, foundations for multi-family homes, parking structures and other commercial concrete projects. Residential projects include concrete foundations for single-family homes.

2. | BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation
Presentation Basis—The accompanying Condensed Financial Statements are presented in accordance with accounting policies generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) and reflect all wholly owned subsidiaries and those entities the Company is required to consolidate. See the “Consolidated 50% Owned Subsidiaries” and “Construction Joint Ventures” section of this Note for further discussion of the Company’s consolidation policy for those entities that are not wholly owned. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Values presented within tables (excluding per share data) are in thousands. Reclassifications have been made to historical financial data in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements to conform to the current year presentation.
Estimates and Judgments—The preparation of the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Certain accounting estimates of the Company require a higher degree of judgment than others in their application. These include the recognition of revenue and earnings from construction contracts over time, the valuation of long-lived assets, goodwill, income taxes, and purchase accounting estimates, including goodwill and other intangible assets. Management continually evaluates all of its estimates and judgments based on available information and experience; however, actual results could differ from these estimates.
Significant Accounting Policies
Revenue Recognition—Our revenue is derived from long-term contracts for customers in our heavy civil and specialty services business segments, as well as short-term projects for customers in our residential business segment. Accounting treatment for these contracts in accordance with Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09 (Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers), is as follows:

• | Performance Obligations Satisfied Over Time (Heavy Civil and Specialty Services)

Recognition of Performance Obligations—A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer, and is the unit of account in the new revenue standard. The contract transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. Heavy civil projects typically span between 12 to 36 months, and specialty services projects are between 6 to 24 months. The majority of our contracts have a single performance obligation as the promise to transfer the individual goods or services is not separately identifiable from other promises in the contracts and, therefore, not distinct. Some contracts have multiple performance obligations, most commonly due to the contract covering multiple phases of the project life cycle (design and construction).
8

Revenues are recognized as our obligations are satisfied over time, using the ratio of project costs incurred to estimated total costs for each contract because of the continuous transfer of control to the customer as all of the work is performed at the customer’s site and, therefore, the customer controls the asset as it is being constructed. This continuous transfer of control to the customer is further supported by clauses in the contract that allow the customer to unilaterally terminate the contract for convenience, pay the Company for costs incurred plus a reasonable profit and take control of any work in process. This cost-to-cost measure is used because management considers it to be the best available measure of progress on these contracts. Contract costs include all direct material, labor, subcontract and other costs and those indirect costs determined to relate to contract performance, such as indirect salaries and wages, equipment repairs and depreciation, insurance and payroll taxes.
Items excluded from cost-to-cost—Pre-contract costs are generally not material and are charged to expense as incurred, but in certain cases pre-contract recognition may be deferred if specific probability criteria are met. Provisions for estimated losses on uncompleted contracts are made in the period in which such losses are determined.
Remaining Performance Obligations (“RPOs”)—RPOs represent the amount of revenues we expect to recognize in the future from our contract commitments on projects and are hereafter referred to as “Backlog”. Backlog includes the entire expected revenue values for joint ventures we consolidate and our proportionate value for those we proportionately consolidate. Backlog may not be indicative of future operating results, and projects included in Backlog may be canceled, modified or otherwise altered by customers. See Note 4 - Revenue from Customers, for further discussion.
Variable Consideration—Contract modifications through change orders, claims and incentives are routine in the performance of the Company’s contracts to account for changes in the contract specifications or requirements. In most instances, contract modifications are not distinct from the existing contract due to the significant integration of services provided in the contract and are accounted for as a modification of the existing contract and performance obligation. Either the Company or its customers may initiate change orders, which may include changes in specifications or designs, manner of performance, facilities, equipment, materials, sites and period of completion of the work. Change orders that are unapproved as to both price and scope are evaluated as claims. The Company considers claims to be amounts in excess of approved contract prices that the Company seeks to collect from its customers or others for customer-caused delays, errors in specifications and designs, contract terminations, change orders that are either in dispute or are unapproved as to both scope and price, or other causes of unanticipated additional contract costs.
The Company estimates variable consideration for a performance obligation at the most likely amount to which the Company expects to be entitled (or the most likely amount the Company expects to incur in the case of liquidated damages), utilizing estimation methods that best predict the amount of consideration to which the Company will be entitled (or will be incurred in the case of liquidated damages). The Company includes variable consideration in the estimated transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur or when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. The Company’s estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on an assessment of its anticipated performance and all information (historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available to the Company.
The effect of variable consideration on the transaction price of a performance obligation is recognized as an adjustment to revenue on a cumulative catch-up basis. To the extent unapproved change orders and claims reflected in the transaction price (or excluded from the transaction price in the case of liquidated damages) are not resolved in the Company’s favor, or to the extent incentives reflected in the transaction price are not earned, there could be reductions in, or reversals of, previously recognized revenue.

• | Performance Obligations Satisfied at a Point-in-Time (Residential)

Revenue for our residential contracts is recognized at a point in time and utilizes an output measure for performance based on the completion of a unit of work (e.g. completion of concrete foundation). The time from starting construction to completion is typically two weeks or less. Upon fulfillment of the performance obligation, the customer is provided an invoice (or equivalent) demonstrating transfer of control to the customer.
Receivables, including Retainage—Receivables are generally based on amounts billed to the customer in accordance with contractual provisions. Many of the contracts under which the Company performs work also contain retainage provisions. Retainage refers to that portion of our billings held for payment by the customer pending satisfactory completion of the project. Unless reserved, the Company assumes that all amounts retained by customers under such provisions are fully collectible. Retainage on active contracts is classified as a current asset regardless of the term of the contract and is generally collected within one year of the completion of a contract. At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, receivables included $73,400 and $79,400 of retainage.
9

Receivables are written off based on individual credit evaluation and specific circumstances of the customer, when such treatment is warranted. The Company performs a review of outstanding receivables, historical collection information and existing economic conditions to determine if there are potential uncollectible receivables. At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our allowance for doubtful accounts against contracts receivable was zero.
As is customary, we have agreed to indemnify our bonding company for all losses incurred by it in connection with bonds that are issued, and we have granted our bonding company a security interest in certain assets, including accounts receivable, as collateral for such obligation.
Contracts in Progress—The timing of revenue recognition, billings and costs incurred results in billed accounts receivable and costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings on uncompleted contracts (contract assets) on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. For performance obligations satisfied over time, amounts are billed as work progresses in accordance with agreed-upon contractual terms, either at periodic intervals (e.g., biweekly or monthly) or upon achievement of contractual milestones. Typically, Sterling bills for advances or deposits from its customers, before revenue is recognized, resulting in billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts (contract liabilities). However, the Company occasionally bills subsequent to revenue recognition, resulting in contract assets. These assets and liabilities are reported on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period.
Consolidated 50% Owned Subsidiaries—The Company has 50% ownership interests in two subsidiaries that it fully consolidates as a result of its exercise of control of the entities. The results attributable to the 50% portions that the Company does not own are eliminated within “Other operating expense, net” within the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and an associated liability is established within “Members’ interest subject to mandatory redemption and undistributed earnings” within the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. These subsidiaries also have individual mandatory redemption provisions which, under circumstances that are certain to occur, obligate the Company to purchase the remaining 50% interests. These purchase obligations are also recorded in “Members’ interest subject to mandatory redemption and undistributed earnings” on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Construction Joint Ventures—In the ordinary course of business, the Company executes specific projects and conducts certain operations through joint venture arrangements (referred to as “joint ventures”). The Company has various ownership interests in these joint ventures, with such ownership typically proportionate to the Company’s decision making and distribution rights.
Each joint venture is assessed at inception and on an ongoing basis as to whether it qualifies as a Variable Interest Entity (“VIE”) under the consolidations guidance in ASC Topic 810. If at any time a joint venture qualifies as a VIE, the Company performs a qualitative assessment to determine whether the Company is the primary beneficiary of the VIE and therefore needs to consolidate the VIE.
If the Company determines it is not the primary beneficiary of the VIE or only has the ability to significantly influence, rather than control the joint venture, it is not consolidated. The Company accounts for unconsolidated joint ventures using a pro-rata basis in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and as a single line item (“Receivables from and equity in construction joint ventures”) in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. This method is a permissible modification of the equity method of accounting which is a common practice in the construction industry.
Cash and Restricted cash—Our cash is comprised of highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less. Restricted cash of approximately $4,700 and $4,800 is included in “Other current assets” on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. This primarily represents cash deposited by the Company into separate accounts and designated as collateral for standby letters of credit in the same amount in accordance with contractual agreements.
Property and equipment—Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, including buildings and improvements (5 to 39 years) and plant and field equipment (5 to 20 years). Renewals and betterments that substantially extend the useful life of an asset are capitalized and depreciated. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the lesser of the useful life of the asset or the applicable lease term. See Note 7 - Property and Equipment for disclosure of the components of property and equipment.
Lease Arrangements— In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into a variety of lease arrangements, including operating and finance leases.

• | Operating & Finance Leases—The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. The operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets are included within the Company’s non-current assets and lease liabilities are included in current or non-current liabilities on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Finance leases are included in “Property and equipment”, “Current maturities of long-term debt”, and “Long-term debt” on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset

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for the lease term. Lease liabilities are the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, and are measured on a discounted basis. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term on the commencement date. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company’s incremental borrowing rate was used based on the information available on the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. For future leases, the implied rate in the lease will be used to determine the present value. The operating lease ROU asset includes any lease payments made and initial direct costs incurred and excludes lease incentives. The lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Lease expense for minimum lease payments continues to be recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Goodwill—Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of companies acquired over the fair value of their net assets at the dates of acquisition. Goodwill is not amortized, but instead is reviewed for impairment at least annually at a reporting unit level, absent any interim indicators of impairment. Interim testing for impairment is performed if indicators of potential impairment exist. We perform our annual impairment assessment during the fourth quarter of each year. We identify a potential impairment by comparing the fair value of the applicable reporting unit to its net book value, including goodwill. To determine the fair value of our reporting units and test for impairment, we utilize an income approach (discounted cash flow method) as we believe this is the most direct approach to incorporate the specific economic attributes and risk profiles of our reporting units into our valuation model. We generally do not utilize a market approach, given the lack of relevant information generated by market transactions involving comparable businesses. However, to the extent market indicators of fair value become available, we consider such market indicators in our discounted cash flow analysis and determination of fair value.
Evaluating Impairment of Other Intangible Assets and Other Long-Lived Assets—Our finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated remaining useful economic lives. Our project-related intangible assets are amortized as the applicable projects progress, customer relationships are amortized utilizing an accelerated method based on the pattern of cash flows expected to be realized, taking into consideration expected revenues and customer attrition, and our other intangibles are amortized utilizing a straight-line method. When events or changes in circumstances indicate that finite-lived intangible and other long-lived assets may be impaired, an evaluation is performed. If the asset or asset group fails the recoverability test, we will perform a fair value measurement to determine and record an impairment charge. See Note 8 - Other Intangible Assets for further discussion.
Federal and State Income Taxes—We determine deferred income tax assets and liabilities using the balance sheet method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is determined based on the tax effects of the temporary differences between the book and tax bases of the various balance sheet assets and liabilities and gives current recognition to changes in tax rates and laws. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. We recognize the financial statement benefit of a tax position only after determining the relevant tax authority would more likely than not sustain the position following an audit. For tax positions meeting the more likely than not threshold, the amount recognized in the financial statements is the largest benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority. Refer to Note 13 - Income Taxes for further information regarding our federal and state income taxes.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13 to add the guidance in ASC 326 on the impairment of financial instruments. The ASU introduces an impairment model (known as the current expected credit loss (CECL) model) that is based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. Under the new guidance, an entity recognizes as an allowance its estimate of expected credit losses, which the FASB believes will result in more timely recognition of such losses. The ASU is also intended to reduce the complexity of U.S. GAAP by decreasing the number of credit impairment models that entities use to account for debt instruments. The amendments in the ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2020 as required and noted no material impact to the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

3. | PLATEAU ACQUISITION

General—On October 2, 2019, pursuant to the Equity Purchase Agreement with Greg K. Rogers, Philip T. Travis, as trustee of the Lorin L. Rogers 2018 Trust, Kimberlin Rogers 2018 Trust, Gregory K. Rogers 2018 Trust and Mary A. Rogers 2018 Trust, as well as LK Gregory Construction, Inc., Plateau Excavation, Inc. and DeWitt Excavation, LLC (collectively “Plateau”), Sterling consummated the acquisition (the “Plateau Acquisition”) of all of the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of LK Gregory Construction, Inc. and Plateau Excavation, Inc., and all of the issued and outstanding equity interests in DeWitt Excavation, LLC. Plateau is engaged in the business of surveying, clearing and grubbing, erosion control, grading, grassing, site excavation, storm drainage, sanitary sewer and water main installation, drilling and blasting, curb and gutter, paving, concrete work and landfill
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services, in each case to general contractors and developers engaged in construction services, and engineering services relating thereto.
Acquisition Accounting—The Plateau Acquisition is accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations.
Purchase Consideration—Sterling completed the Plateau Acquisition for a purchase price of $427,659, net of cash acquired, detailed as follows:

Cash consideration transferred, net of $2,425 of cash acquired | $ | 375,000 |
Target working capital adjustment | 21,323 |
Equity consideration transferred (1,245 shares at $13.01 per share(1)) | 16,195 |
Note payable to seller (See Note 9 - Debt) | 10,000 |
Estimated tax basis election | 5,141 |
Total consideration | $ | 427,659 |

(1) Sterling’s closing stock price on October 1, 2019
Preliminary Purchase Price Allocation—The aggregate purchase price noted above was allocated to the assets and liabilities acquired based upon their estimated fair values at the acquisition closing date, which were based, in part, upon external preliminary appraisal and valuation of certain assets, including specifically identified intangible assets. The excess of the purchase price over the preliminary estimated fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired totaling $106,661, was recorded as goodwill.
The following table summarizes our purchase price allocation at the acquisition closing date, net of cash acquired:

Net tangible assets: |
Accounts receivable, including retainage | $ | 81,921 |
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings | 974 |
Other current assets | 249 |
Property and equipment, net | 65,492 |
Other non-current assets, net | 10 |
Accounts payable | (22,039 | )
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings | (16,540 | )
Other current liabilities | (7,669 | )
Total net tangible assets | 102,398 |
Identifiable intangible assets | 218,600 |
Goodwill | 106,661 |
Total consideration transferred | $ | 427,659 |

The purchase price allocation above is subject to further change when additional information is obtained. We have not finalized our assessment of the fair values primarily for intangible assets and property and equipment. We intend to finalize the purchase price allocation as soon as practicable within the measurement period, but in no event later than one year following the closing date of the Plateau Acquisition. Our final purchase price allocation may result in additional adjustments to various other assets and liabilities, including the residual amount allocated to goodwill during the measurement period.
Identifiable Intangible Assets—Intangible assets identified as part of the Plateau Acquisition are reflected in the table below and are recorded at their estimated fair value, as determined by the Company’s management, based on available information which includes a preliminary valuation from external experts. The estimated useful lives for intangible assets were determined based upon the remaining useful economic lives of the intangible assets that are expected to contribute directly or indirectly to future cash flows.
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| Weighted Average Life (Years) |  | October 2, 2019 Fair Value
Customer relationships | 25 |  | $ | 191,800 |
Trade name | 25 |  | 24,800 |
Non-compete agreements | 5 |  | 2,000 |
Total |  |  | $ | 218,600 |

Supplemental Pro Forma Information (Unaudited)—The following unaudited pro forma combined financial information (“the pro forma financial information”) gives effect to the Plateau Acquisition, accounted for as a business combination using the purchase method of accounting. The pro forma financial information reflects the Plateau Acquisition and related events as if they occurred at the beginning of the period, and gives effect to pro forma events that are: directly attributable to the acquisition, factually supportable and expected to have a continuing impact on the combined results of Sterling and Plateau following the Plateau Acquisition. The pro forma financial information includes adjustments to: (1) exclude transaction costs that were included in historical results and are expected to be non-recurring, (2) include additional intangibles amortization and net interest expense associated with the Plateau Acquisition and (3) include the pro forma results of Plateau for the period ended March 31, 2019. This pro forma financial information has been presented for illustrative purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the operating results that would have been achieved had the pro forma events taken place on the dates indicated. Further, the pro forma financial information does not purport to project the future operating results of the combined company following the Plateau Acquisition.

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
Pro forma revenue | $ | 282,609 |
Pro forma net income attributable to Sterling | $ | 7,331 |

4. | REVENUE FROM CUSTOMERS

Backlog
The Company had the following backlog, by segment:

|  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Heavy Civil Backlog |  | $ | 886,575 |  |  | $ | 834,049 |
Specialty Services Backlog |  | 303,545 |  |  | 233,976 |
Total Heavy Civil and Specialty Services Backlog |  | $ | 1,190,120 |  |  | $ | 1,068,025 |

The Company expects to recognize approximately 65% of its backlog as revenue during the next twelve months, and the balance thereafter.
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Revenue Disaggregation
The following tables present the Company’s revenue disaggregated by major end market and contract type:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
Revenue by major end market | 2020 |  | 2019
Heavy Highway | $ | 96,374 |  |  | $ | 93,610 |
Aviation | 28,457 |  |  | 29,937 |
Water Containment and Treatment | 21,809 |  |  | 15,234 |
Other | 8,975 |  |  | 11,724 |
Heavy Civil Revenue | $ | 155,615 |  |  | $ | 150,505 |
Land Development | $ | 76,245 |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial | 28,478 |  |  | 30,679 |
Specialty Services Revenue | $ | 104,723 |  |  | $ | 30,679 |
Residential Revenue | $ | 36,350 |  |  | $ | 42,765 |
Revenues | $ | 296,688 |  |  | $ | 223,949 |
Revenue by contract type |  |  |
Fixed-Unit Price | $ | 141,739 |  |  | $ | 141,219 |
Lump Sum | 114,252 |  |  | 39,132 |
Residential and Other | 40,697 |  |  | 43,598 |
Revenues | $ | 296,688 |  |  | $ | 223,949 |

Each of these contract types presents advantages and disadvantages. Typically, the Company assumes more risk with lump-sum contracts. However, these types of contracts offer additional profits if the work is completed for less than originally estimated. Under fixed-unit price contracts, the Company’s profit may vary if actual labor-hour costs vary significantly from the negotiated rates. Also, because some contracts can provide little or no fee for managing material costs, the components of contract cost can impact profitability.
Variable Consideration
The Company has projects that it is in the process of negotiating, or awaiting final approval of, unapproved change orders and claims with its customers. The Company is proceeding with its contractual rights to recoup additional costs incurred from its customers based on completing work associated with change orders, including change orders with pending change order pricing, or claims related to significant changes in scope which resulted in substantial delays and additional costs in completing the work. Unapproved change order and claim information has been provided to the Company’s customers and negotiations with the customers are ongoing. If additional progress with an acceptable resolution is not reached, legal action will be taken.
Based upon the Company’s review of the provisions of its contracts, specific costs incurred and other related evidence supporting the unapproved change orders and claims, together in some cases as necessary with the views of the Company’s outside claim consultants, the Company concluded it was appropriate to include in project price amounts of $7,100 and $3,000, at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Provisions for estimated losses on uncompleted contracts are made in the period in which such losses are determined.
Contract Estimates
Accounting for long-term contracts and programs involves the use of various techniques to estimate total contract revenue and costs. For long-term contracts, the Company estimates the profit on a contract as the difference between the total estimated revenue and expected costs to complete a contract and recognizes such profit over the life of the contract.
Contract estimates are based on various assumptions to project the outcome of future events that often span several years. These assumptions include labor productivity and availability, the complexity of the work to be performed, the cost and availability of materials and the performance of subcontractors. Changes in job performance, job conditions and estimated profitability, including those changes arising from contract penalty provisions and final contract settlements may result in revisions to costs and income and are recognized in the period in which the revisions are determined.
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Changes in estimated revenues and gross margin resulted in a net increase of $95 for the three months ended March 31, 2020, and net decrease of $200 for the three months ended March 31, 2019, included in “Operating income” on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

5. | CONSOLIDATED 50% OWNED SUBSIDIARIES

The Company has 50% ownership interests in two subsidiaries (“Myers” and “RHB”) that it fully consolidates as a result of its exercise of control over the entities. The earnings attributable to the 50% portions the Company does not own were $1,700 and $1,300 for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and are eliminated within “Other operating expense, net” in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Any undistributed earnings for partners are included in “Members’ interest subject to mandatory redemption and undistributed earnings” within the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and are mandatorily payable at the time of the noncontrolling owners’ death or permanent disability.
These two subsidiaries have individual mandatory redemption provisions which, under circumstances outlined in the partner agreements, are certain to occur and obligate the Company to purchase each partner’s remaining 50% interests for $20,000 ($40,000 in the aggregate). The Company has purchased two separate $20,000 death and permanent total disability insurance policies to mitigate the Company’s cash draw if such events were to occur. These purchase obligations are recorded in “Members’ interest subject to mandatory redemption and undistributed earnings” on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The liability consists of the following:

| March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Members’ interest subject to mandatory redemption | $ | 40,000 |  |  | $ | 40,000 |
Net accumulated earnings | 9,186 |  |  | 9,003 |
Total liability | $ | 49,186 |  |  | $ | 49,003 |

The Company must determine whether any of its entities, including these two 50% owned subsidiaries, in which it participates, is a variable interest entity (“VIE”). The Company determined Myers is a VIE, as the Company is the primary beneficiary, as pursuant to the terms of the Myers Operating Agreement the Company is exposed to the majority of potential losses of the partnership.
Summary financial information for Myers is as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Revenues | $ | 44,362 |  |  | $ | 42,414 |
Operating income | $ | 155 |  |  | $ | 277 |
Net income | $ | 158 |  |  | $ | 282 |

6. | CONSTRUCTION JOINT VENTURES

The Company participates in joint ventures with other major construction companies and other partners, typically for large, technically complex projects, including design-build projects, when it is desirable to share risk and resources in order to seek a competitive advantage. Joint venture partners typically provide independently prepared estimates, furnish employees and equipment, enhance bonding capacity and often also bring local knowledge and expertise. These projects generally have joint and several liability. The Company selects its joint venture partners based on its analysis of their construction and financial capabilities, expertise in the type of work to be performed and past working relationships with the Company, among other criteria.
Joint ventures with a controlling interest—For these joint ventures, the equity held by the remaining owners and their portions of net income (loss) are reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets line item “Noncontrolling interests” in “Stockholders’ equity” and the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations line item “Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests,” respectively.
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The following table summarizes the changes in the noncontrolling owners’ interests in subsidiaries and consolidated joint ventures:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 1,293 |  |  | $ | 7,859 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | 100 |  |  | 46 |
Distributions to noncontrolling interest owners | — |  |  | (5,100 | )
Balance, end of period | $ | 1,393 |  |  | $ | 2,805 |

Joint ventures with a noncontrolling interest—Where the Company has a noncontrolling joint interest in a venture, the Company accounts for its share of the operations of such construction joint ventures on a pro-rata basis using proportionate consolidation on its Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and as a single line item in “Receivables from and equity in construction joint ventures” in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. This method is an acceptable modification of the equity method of accounting which is a common practice in the construction industry. Condensed combined financial amounts of joint ventures in which the Company has a noncontrolling interest and the Company’s share of such amounts which are included in the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are shown below:

| March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Current assets | $ | 60,517 |  |  | $ | 92,710 |
Current liabilities | $ | (77,164 | ) |  | $ | (86,705 | )
Sterling’s receivables from and equity in construction joint ventures | $ | 10,789 |  |  | $ | 9,196 |

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Revenues | $ | 26,846 |  |  | $ | 31,384 |
Income before tax | $ | 2,157 |  |  | $ | 1,969 |
Sterling’s noncontrolling interest: |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 13,082 |  |  | $ | 15,684 |
Income before tax | $ | 1,049 |  |  | $ | 984 |

The caption “Receivables from and equity in construction joint ventures,” includes undistributed earnings and receivables owed to the Company. Undistributed earnings are typically released to the joint venture partners after the customer accepts the project as completed and the warranty period, if any, has passed.
The Company must determine whether each joint venture in which it participates is a variable interest entity. This determination focuses on identifying which joint venture partner, if any, has the power to direct the activities of a joint venture and the obligation to absorb losses of the joint venture or the right to receive benefits from the joint venture in excess of their ownership interests and could have the effect of requiring us to consolidate joint ventures in which we have a noncontrolling variable interest.
The Company determined that the joint venture between RLW (51% owner) and SEMA Construction Inc (“SEMA”) (49% owner) is a VIE as the Company is the primary beneficiary, as pursuant to the terms of the SEMA Operating Agreement the Company is exposed to 51% of potential losses of the partnership.
Summary financial information for SEMA is as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Revenues | $ | 4,064 |  |  | $ | 602 |
Operating income | $ | 296 |  |  | $ | 38 |
Net income | $ | 299 |  |  | $ | 38 |

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7. | PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

Property and equipment are summarized as follows:

|  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Construction and transportation equipment |  | $ | 221,336 |  |  | $ | 217,945 |
Buildings and improvements |  | 15,711 |  |  | 14,641 |
Land |  | 3,891 |  |  | 3,891 |
Office equipment |  | 2,607 |  |  | 2,767 |
Total property and equipment |  | 243,545 |  |  | 239,244 |
Less accumulated depreciation |  | (125,727 | ) |  | (123,214 | )
Total property and equipment, net |  | $ | 117,818 |  |  | $ | 116,030 |

Depreciation Expense—Depreciation expense is primarily included within cost of revenues and was $5,448 and $3,702 for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

8. | OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The following table presents the Company’s acquired finite-lived intangible assets at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019:

|  |  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
| Weighted Average Life |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization
Customer relationships | 25 years |  | $ | 232,623 |  |  | $ | (9,251 | ) |  | $ | 232,623 |  |  | $ | (6,911 | )
Trade name | 23 years |  | 30,107 |  |  | (2,071 | ) |  | 30,107 |  |  | (1,692 | )
Non-competition agreements | 5 years |  | 2,487 |  |  | (409 | ) |  | 2,487 |  |  | (291 | )
Total | 24 years |  | $ | 265,217 |  |  | $ | (11,731 | ) |  | $ | 265,217 |  |  | $ | (8,894 | )

The Company's intangible amortization expense was $2,837 and $600 for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

9. | DEBT

The Company’s outstanding debt was as follows:

| March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Term Loan Facility | $ | 395,000 |  |  | $ | 400,000 |
Revolving Credit Facility | 50,000 |  |  | 20,000 |
Credit Facility | 445,000 |  |  | 420,000 |
Note payable to seller, Plateau Acquisition | 10,000 |  |  | 10,000 |
Notes and deferred payments to sellers, Tealstone Acquisition | 12,500 |  |  | 12,230 |
Notes payable for transportation and construction equipment and other | 723 |  |  | 805 |
Total debt | 468,223 |  |  | 443,035 |
Less - Current maturities of long-term debt | (50,211 | ) |  | (42,473 | )
Less - Unamortized debt issuance costs | (9,184 | ) |  | (9,935 | )
Total long-term debt | $ | 408,828 |  |  | $ | 390,627 |

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Credit Facility—On October 2, 2019, the Company, as borrower, and certain of its subsidiaries, as guarantors, entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with BMO Harris Bank N.A., as administrative agent (the “Agent”), Bank of America, N.A., as syndication agent, and BMO Capital Markets Corp. and BofA Securities, Inc., as joint lead arrangers and joint book runners. The Credit Agreement provides the Company with senior secured debt financing in an amount up to $475,000 in the aggregate, consisting of (i) a senior secured first lien revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) in an aggregate principal amount of $75,000 (with a $75,000 limit for the issuance of letters of credit and a $15,000 sublimit for swing line loans) and (ii) a senior secured first lien term loan facility (the “Term Loan Facility”) in the amount of $400,000 (collectively, the “Credit Facility”). The obligations under the Credit Facility are secured by substantially all assets of the Company and the subsidiary guarantors, subject to certain permitted liens and interests of other parties. The Credit Facility will mature on October 2, 2024.
The Revolving Credit Facility bears interest at either the Base Rate plus a margin (4.25% and 3.50% per annum, respectively at March 31, 2020), or one-, two-, three-, six- or, if available, twelve-month LIBOR plus an applicable margin (0.93% and 4.50% per annum, respectively at March 31, 2020, using a one-month LIBOR rate), at the Company’s election. In addition to interest on debt borrowings, we are assessed quarterly commitment fees on the unutilized portion of the facility as well as letter of credit fees on outstanding instruments. Interest under the Revolving Credit Facility is payable (i) with respect to LIBOR borrowings, on the last day of each applicable interest period (one, two, three, six or twelve months), unless the applicable interest period is longer than three months, then on each day occurring every three months after the commencement of such interest period, and on the maturity date, and (ii) with respect to Base Rate borrowings, on the last day of every calendar quarter and on the maturity date. At March 31, 2020, we had $50,000 of outstanding borrowings under the facility, providing $25,000 of available capacity. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, our weighted average interest rate on borrowings under the facility was approximately 6.17%. The Revolving Credit Facility may be repaid in whole or in part at any time, with final payment of all principal and interest then outstanding due on October 2, 2024.
Interest under the Term Loan Facility is payable at the same frequencies and bears interest at the same rate options as the Revolving Credit Facility. In connection with entering into the Credit Facility, on December 5, 2019 we entered into an interest rate swap to hedge against $350,000 of the outstanding Term Loan Facility, which resulted in a weighted average interest rate of approximately 6.05% per annum during the three months ended March 31, 2020. At March 31, 2020, we had $395,000 of outstanding borrowings under the facility. Principal payments on the Term Loan Facility total $30,000, $50,000, $50,000, $50,000 and $220,000 for each of the years ending 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, and 2024, respectively. A final payment of all principal and interest then outstanding on the Term Loan Facility is due on October 2, 2024.
The Credit Agreement contains various affirmative and negative covenants that may, subject to certain exceptions, restrict the ability of us and our subsidiaries to, among other things, grant liens, incur additional indebtedness, make loans, advances or other investments, make non-ordinary course asset sales, declare or pay dividends or make other distributions with respect to equity interests, purchase, redeem or otherwise acquire or retire capital stock or other equity interests, or merge or consolidate with any other person, among various other things. In addition, the Company is required to maintain the following financial covenants:

• | a Total Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) at the last day of each fiscal quarter not to be greater than 4.00 to 1.00 ending on December 31, 2019 through and including June 30, 2020, 3.75 to 1.00 ending on September 30, 2020, 3.50 to 1.00 ending on December 31, 2020 through and including March 31, 2021, 3.25 to 1.00 ending on June 30, 2021 through and including September 30, 2021, and 3.00 to 1.00 ending on December 31, 2021 and thereafter; and

• | a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) of not less than 1.20 to 1.00 as of the last day of each fiscal quarter of the Company, commencing with the fiscal quarter ending December 31, 2019.

Debt issuance costs—The Company incurred $10,688 of fees relating to the establishment of the Credit Facility in 2019. The costs associated with the Term Loan Facility and Revolving Credit Facility are reflected on the Balance Sheets as a direct reduction from the related debt liability and amortized over the terms of the respective facilities. Amortization of debt issuance costs was $752 and $833 for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and was recorded as interest expense.
Note Payable to Seller, Plateau Acquisition—As part of the Plateau Acquisition, the Company issued a $10,000 subordinated promissory note to one of the Plateau sellers that bears interest at 8% with interest payments due quarterly beginning January 1, 2020. The subordinated promissory note has no scheduled payments, however, it may be repaid in whole or in part at any time, subject to certain payment restrictions under a subordination agreement with the Agent under our Credit Agreement, without premium or penalty, with final payment of all principal and interest then outstanding due on April 2, 2025.
Notes and deferred Payments to Sellers, Tealstone Acquisition—At March 31, 2020 the Company had $12,500 outstanding, net of debt discounts, of the combined promissory notes and deferred cash payments issued as part of the Tealstone Acquisition. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company did not make any deferred cash payments. The remaining principal amounts of $5,000 of promissory notes and $7,500 of deferred cash payments are due on April 3, 2020.
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Notes Payable for Transportation and Construction Equipment and Other—The Company has purchased and financed various construction and transportation equipment to enhance the Company’s fleet of equipment. The total long-term notes payable related to the purchase of financed equipment was $723 and $805 at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The purchases have payment terms ranging from 3 to 5 years and the associated interest rates range from 2.99% to 6.92%.
Compliance and other—As of March 31, 2020, we were in compliance with all of our restrictive and financial covenants. The Company’s debt is recorded at its carrying amount in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the carrying values of our debt outstanding approximated the fair values.

10. | LEASE OBLIGATIONS

The Company has operating and finance leases primarily for construction and transportation equipment, as well as office space. The Company’s leases have remaining lease terms of 1 month to 5 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 10 years.
The components of lease expense were as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Operating lease cost | $ | 2,159 |  |  | $ | 2,211 |
Short-term lease cost | $ | 3,281 |  |  | $ | 4,743 |
Finance lease cost: |  |  |
Amortization of right-of-use assets | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 32 |
Interest on lease liabilities | 8 |  |  | 2 |
Total finance lease cost | $ | 64 |  |  | $ | 34 |

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | 2,105 |  |  | $ | 2,383 |
Operating cash flows from finance leases | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 2 |
Financing cash flows from finance leases | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 32 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations (noncash): |  |  |
Operating leases | $ | 3,540 |  |  | $ | 3,101 |
Finance leases | $ | — |  |  | $ | 76 |

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Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:

| March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Operating Leases |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | $ | 14,790 |  |  | $ | 13,979 |
Current portion of long-term lease obligations | $ | 7,410 |  |  | $ | 7,095 |
Long-term lease obligations | 7,465 |  |  | 6,976 |
Total operating lease liabilities | $ | 14,875 |  |  | $ | 14,071 |
Finance Leases |  |  |
Property and equipment, at cost | $ | 1,479 |  |  | $ | 1,479 |
Accumulated depreciation | (537 | ) |  | (482 | )
Property and equipment, net | $ | 942 |  |  | $ | 997 |
Current maturities of long-term debt | $ | 198 |  |  | $ | 204 |
Long-term debt | 509 |  |  | 560 |
Total finance lease liabilities | $ | 707 |  |  | $ | 764 |
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term |  |  |
Operating leases | 2.6 |  |  | 2.5 |
Finance leases | 3.9 |  |  | 4.0 |
Weighted Average Discount Rate |  |  |
Operating leases | 6.0 | % |  | 6.0 | %
Finance leases | 4.2 | % |  | 4.2 | %

Maturities of lease liabilities are as follows:

| Operating Leases |  | Finance Leases
Year Ending December 31, |  |  |
2020 (excluding the three months ended March 31, 2020) | $ | 5,159 |  |  | $ | 168 |
2021 | 5,720 |  |  | 208 |
2022 | 3,768 |  |  | 161 |
2023 | 1,624 |  |  | 154 |
2024 | 198 |  |  | 77 |
Thereafter | 11 |  |  | — |
Total lease payments | $ | 16,480 |  |  | $ | 768 |
Less imputed interest | (1,605 | ) |  | (61 | )
Total | $ | 14,875 |  |  | $ | 707 |

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11. | FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Derivatives
Interest Rate Derivative—On December 5, 2019, the Company entered into a three year interest rate swap agreement with Bank of America in order to mitigate exposure to the market risk associated with the variable interest on the $400,000 term loan. The Company has designated its interest rate swap agreement as a cash flow hedging derivative. To the extent the derivative instrument is effective and the documentation requirements have been met, changes in fair value are recognized in other comprehensive income until the underlying hedged item is recognized in earnings. As of March 31, 2020, the notional value of the swap contract was $350,000 and the fair value of the swap contract was a loss of $9,524. We utilized Level 2 inputs in the fair value hierarchy of valuation techniques to determine the fair value of the swap contract.
Financial Instruments Disclosures
Fair Value—Financial instruments are required to be categorized within a valuation hierarchy based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of the valuation hierarchy are as follows:
• Level 1—Fair value is based on quoted prices in active markets.

• | Level 2—Fair value is based on internally developed models that use, as their basis, readily observable market parameters. Our derivative positions are classified within level 2 of the valuation hierarchy as they are valued using quoted market prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets. These level 2 derivatives are valued utilizing an income approach, which discounts future cash flow based on current market expectations and adjusts for credit risk.

• | Level 3—Fair value is based on internally developed models that use, as their basis, significant unobservable market parameters. The Company did not have any level 3 classifications at March 31, 2020 or December 31, 2019.

The following table presents the fair value of the interest rate derivative by valuation hierarchy and balance sheet classification:

|  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Derivative Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other current assets |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 216 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 216 |
Other non-current assets |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total assets at fair value |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 216 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 216 |
Derivative Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other current liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (4,086 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (4,086 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (61 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (61 | )
Other non-current liabilities |  | — |  |  | (5,438 | ) |  | — |  |  | (5,438 | ) |  | — |  |  | (398 | ) |  | — |  |  | (398 | )
Total liabilities at fair value |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (9,524 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (9,524 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (459 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (459 | )

The carrying values of the Company's cash and cash equivalents (primarily consisting of bank deposits), accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate their fair values because of the short-term nature of these instruments. At March 31, 2020, the fair value of the term loan, based upon the current market rates for debt with similar credit risk and maturities, approximated its carrying value as interest is based on LIBOR plus an applicable margin.
Derivatives Disclosures
AOCI/Other—The following table presents the change in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) during the three months ended March 31, 2020 for derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:

|  | Before Tax Amount |  | Tax Amount |  | Net of Tax Amount
Net gain (loss) recognized in OCI |  | $ | (9,174 | ) |  | $ | 2,064 |  |  | $ | (7,110 | )
Net amount reclassified from AOCI into earnings (1) |  | 63 |  |  | (14 | ) |  | 49 |
Change in OCI |  | $ | (9,111 | ) |  | $ | 2,050 |  |  | $ | (7,061 | )

(1) Net unrealized losses totaling $3,946 are anticipated to be reclassified from AOCI into interest expense during the next 12 months due to settlement of the associated underlying obligations.
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12. | COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

The Company is required by its insurance providers to obtain and hold a standby letter of credit. These letters of credit serve as a guarantee by the banking institution to pay the Company’s insurance providers the incurred claim costs attributable to its general liability, workers compensation and automobile liability claims, up to the amount stated in the standby letters of credit, in the event that these claims were not paid by the Company. These letters of credit are cash collateralized, resulting in the cash being designated as restricted.
The Company is the subject of certain other claims and lawsuits occurring in the normal course of business. Management, after consultation with legal counsel, does not believe that the outcome of these actions will have a material impact on the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company.

13. | INCOME TAXES

The Company and its subsidiaries are based in the U.S. and file federal and various state income tax returns. The components of the provision for income taxes were as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Current tax expense | $ | 271 |  |  | $ | 22 |
Deferred tax expense | 913 |  |  | 141 |
Income tax expense | $ | 1,184 |  |  | $ | 163 |
Cash paid for income taxes | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | — |

The effective income tax rate varied from the 21% federal statutory rate primarily as a result of the change in tax valuation allowance, state income taxes, and net income attributable to noncontrolling interest owners which is taxable to those owners rather than to the Company and other permanent differences. In addition, 2019 included a reduction in the tax valuation allowance that reduced income tax expense by $203 and 2020 includes state taxes related to Plateau of $332.
Due to the net operating loss carryforwards, the Company expects no cash payments for federal income taxes for 2020 or 2019. The Company makes cash payments for state income taxes in states in which the Company does not have net operating loss carry forwards.
At December 31, 2019 the Company had federal and state net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of $83,270 and $44,857, respectively, which expire at various dates in the next 18 years for U.S. federal income tax and in the next 8 to 18 years for the various state jurisdictions where we operate. Such NOL carryforwards expire beginning in 2028 through 2038.
As a result of the Company’s analysis, management has determined that the Company does not have any material uncertain tax positions.

14. | STOCK INCENTIVE PLAN AND OTHER EQUITY ACTIVITY

General—The Company has a stock incentive plan (the “Stock Incentive Plan”) that is administered by the Compensation and Talent Development Committee of the Board of Directors. Under the Stock Incentive Plan, the Company can issue shares to employees and directors in the form of restricted stock awards (“RSAs”), restricted stock units (“RSUs”), and performance based shares (“PSUs”). Changes in common stock, additional paid in capital, and treasury stock during the three months ended March 31, 2020 primarily relate to activity associated with the Stock Incentive Plan and share repurchases.
Share Grants—During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company had the following share grants associated with the Stock Incentive Plan:

|  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value per Share
RSUs |  | 127 |  |  | $ | 14.08 |
PSUs |  | 173 |  |  | $ | 14.08 |
Total shares granted |  | 300 |  |  |

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Share Issuances—During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company had the following share issuances associated with the Stock Incentive Plan:

|  | Shares
RSUs (issued upon vesting) |  | 39 |
PSUs (issued upon vesting) |  | 86 |
ESPP (issued upon sale) |  | 13 |
Total shares issued |  | 138 |

Stock-Based Compensation Expense—During the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 the Company recognized $2,234 and $1,021, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense, primarily within general and administrative expenses. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur, rather than estimating expected forfeitures. Included within total stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 is $18 and zero, respectively, of expense related to the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”). At March 31, 2020, 774 authorized shares remained available for issuance under the ESPP.
Share Withheld for Taxes—The Company withheld 46 shares for taxes on stock-based compensation vestings for $668 during the three months ended March 31, 2020.
Warrants—During the three months ended March 31, 2020, certain holders of warrants elected the cashless exercise option and the Company issued 110 common shares on the exercise of 470 warrants with a market value of $1,477.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (“AOCI”)—The following table presents changes in AOCI, net of tax:

| Unrealized Fair Value of Swap (Cash Flow Hedge) (1)
Balance at December 31, 2019 | $ | (209 | )
Net gain (loss) recognized in OCI, net of tax effect of $2,064 | (7,110 | )
Amount reclassified from AOCI into earnings, net of tax effect of ($14) | 49 |
Change in OCI, net of tax | (7,061 | )
Balance at March 31, 2020 | $ | (7,270 | )

(1) See Note 11 - Financial Instruments for further discussion of our cash flow hedges.

15. | EARNINGS PER SHARE

Basic net income per share attributable to Sterling common stockholders is computed by dividing net income attributable to Sterling common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per common share attributable to Sterling common stockholders is the same as basic net income per share attributable to Sterling common stockholders but includes dilutive unvested stock awards and warrants using the treasury stock method. The following table reconciles the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted per common share computations for net income attributable to Sterling common stockholders:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Sterling common stockholders | $ | 3,115 |  |  | $ | 1,815 |
Denominator: |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding — basic | 27,736 |  |  | 26,377 |
Shares for dilutive unvested stock and warrants | 256 |  |  | 346 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding — diluted | 27,992 |  |  | 26,723 |
Basic net income per share attributable to Sterling common stockholders | $ | 0.11 |  |  | $ | 0.07 |
Diluted net income per share attributable to Sterling common stockholders | $ | 0.11 |  |  | $ | 0.07 |

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16. | SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Company’s internal and public segment reporting are aligned based upon the services offered by its operating groups, which represent the reportable segments. The Company’s operations consist of three reportable segments: Heavy Civil, Specialty Services and Residential. The Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker evaluates the performance of the operating groups based upon revenue and income from operations. Each operating group’s income from operations reflects corporate costs, allocated based primarily upon revenue.
The following table presents total revenue and income from operations by reportable segment for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Revenue |  |  |
Heavy Civil | $ | 155,615 |  |  | $ | 150,505 |
Specialty Services | 104,723 |  |  | 30,679 |
Residential | 36,350 |  |  | 42,765 |
Total Revenue | $ | 296,688 |  |  | $ | 223,949 |
Operating Income (Loss) |  |  |  |  |
Heavy Civil | $ | (3,622 | ) |  | $ | (2,147 | )
Specialty Services | 11,114 |  |  | 1,048 |
Residential | 5,084 |  |  | 5,819 |
Subtotal | 12,576 |  |  | 4,720 |
Acquisition related costs | (473 | ) |  | — |
Total Operating Income | $ | 12,103 |  |  | $ | 4,720 |

17. | SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION

Operating assets and liabilities—The following table summarizes the changes in the components of operating assets and liabilities:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Accounts receivable, including retainage | $ | 26,979 |  |  | $ | (1,976 | )
Contracts in progress, net | (17,954 | ) |  | (9,400 | )
Receivables from and equity in construction joint ventures | (1,593 | ) |  | (905 | )
Other current and non-current assets | 1,242 |  |  | 2,084 |
Accounts payable | (14,421 | ) |  | (17,556 | )
Accrued compensation and other liabilities | 888 |  |  | 2,602 |
Members' interest subject to mandatory redemption and undistributed earnings | 183 |  |  | (2,211 | )
Changes in operating assets and liabilities | $ | (4,676 | ) |  | $ | (27,362 | )

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Report contains statements that are, or may be considered to be, “forward-looking statements” regarding the Company which represent our expectations and beliefs concerning future events. These forward-looking statements are intended to be covered by the safe harbor for forward-looking statements provided by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 as set forth in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. The forward-looking statements included herein relate to matters that are predictive in nature, such as our industry, business strategy, goals and expectations concerning our market position, future operations, margins, profitability, capital expenditures, liquidity and capital resources and other financial and operating information, and may use or contain words such as “anticipate,” “assume,” “believe,” “budget,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “future,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would” and similar terms and phrases.
Forward-looking statements reflect our current expectations as of the date of this Report regarding future events, results or outcomes. These expectations may or may not be realized. Some of these expectations may be based upon assumptions or judgments that prove to be incorrect. In addition, our business and operations involve numerous risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control, that could result in our expectations not being realized or otherwise could materially affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Actual events, results and outcomes may differ materially from those anticipated, projected or assumed in the forward-looking statements due to a variety of factors. Although it is not possible to identify all of these factors, they include, among others, the following:

• | potential risks and uncertainties relating to the ultimate impact of COVID-19, including the geographic spread, the severity of the disease, the duration of the COVID-19 outbreak, actions that may be taken by governmental authorities to contain the COVID-19 outbreak or to treat its impact, and the potential negative impacts of COVID-19 on the global economy and financial markets;

• | factors that affect the accuracy of estimates inherent in the bidding for contracts, estimates of backlog, over time recognition accounting policies, including onsite conditions that differ materially from those assumed in the original bid, contract modifications, mechanical problems with machinery or equipment and effects of other risks discussed herein;

• | actions of suppliers, subcontractors, design engineers, joint venture partners, customers, competitors, banks, surety companies and others which are beyond our control, including suppliers’, subcontractors’ and joint venture partners’ failure to perform;

• | cost escalations associated with our contracts, including changes in availability, proximity and cost of materials such as steel, cement, concrete, aggregates, oil, fuel and other construction materials, including changes in U.S. trade policies and retaliatory responses from other countries, and cost escalations associated with subcontractors and labor;

• | change in cost to lease, acquire or maintain our equipment;

• | our dependence on a limited number of significant customers;

• | the presence of competitors with greater financial resources or lower margin requirements than ours, and the impact of competitive bidders on our ability to obtain new backlog at reasonable margins acceptable to us;

• | a shutdown of the federal government;

• | our ability to qualify as an eligible bidder under government contract criteria;

• | changes in general economic conditions, including recessions, reductions in federal, state and local government funding for infrastructure services, changes in those governments’ budgets, practices, laws and regulations and adverse economic conditions in our geographic markets, such as those caused by the recent COVID-19 pandemic;

• | delays or difficulties related to the completion of our projects, including additional costs, reductions in revenues or the payment of liquidated damages, or delays or difficulties related to obtaining required governmental permits and approvals;

• | design/build contracts which subject us to the risk of design errors and omissions;

• | our ability to obtain bonding or post letters of credit;

• | our ability to raise additional capital on favorable terms;

• | our ability to attract and retain key personnel;

• | increased unionization of our workforce or labor costs and any work stoppages or slowdowns;

• | adverse weather conditions;

• | our ability to successfully identify, finance, complete and integrate acquisitions, including the Plateau Acquisition;

• | citations issued by any governmental authority, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration;

• | federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations where non-compliance can result in penalties and/or termination of contracts as well as civil and criminal liability; and

• | the factors discussed in more detail in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (the “2019 Form 10-K”) under “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” and “Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors” of this Report.

In reading this Report, you should consider these factors carefully in evaluating any forward-looking statements and you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. Investors are cautioned that many of the assumptions upon which our forward-looking statements are based are likely to change after the forward-looking statements are made. Further, we may make changes to our business plans that could affect our results. Although we believe that our plans, intentions and expectations reflected in, or suggested by, the forward-looking statements that we make in this Report are reasonable, we can provide no assurance that they will be achieved.
The forward-looking statements included herein are made only as of the date hereof, and we undertake no obligation to update any information contained herein or to publicly release the results of any revisions to any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances that occur, or that we become aware of after the date of this Report.
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OVERVIEW
General—Sterling Construction Company, Inc. (“Sterling” or “the Company”), is a construction company that has been involved in the construction industry since its founding in 1955. The Company operates through a variety of subsidiaries within three operating groups specializing in heavy civil, specialty services, and residential projects in the United States (the “U.S.”), primarily across the southern U.S., the Rocky Mountain states, California and Hawaii, as well as other areas with strategic construction opportunities. Heavy civil includes infrastructure and rehabilitation projects for highways, roads, bridges, airfields, ports, light rail, water, wastewater and storm drainage systems. Specialty services projects include construction site excavation and drainage, drilling and blasting for excavation, foundations for multi-family homes, parking structures and other commercial concrete projects. Residential projects include concrete foundations for single-family homes.
Plateau Acquisition—On October 2, 2019, the Company consummated the acquisition of Plateau and entered into a credit agreement with the financial institutions from time to time party thereto as lenders, BMO Harris Bank N.A., as administrative agent, Bank of America, N.A., as syndication agent, and BMO Capital Markets Corp. and BofA Securities, Inc., as joint lead arrangers and joint book runners. The Credit Agreement provides the Company with senior secured debt financing in an amount up to $475 million in the aggregate with a maturity date of October 2, 2024. With the acquisition of Plateau, we now have three reportable segments: Heavy Civil, Specialty Services and Residential. Refer to Note 9 - Debt for a discussion of our financing arrangements and Note 20 - Segment Information for a discussion of reportable segments and related financial information.
Impact of COVID-19—On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of COVID-19 as a pandemic, and on March 13, 2020, the U.S. President announced a National Emergency relating to COVID-19. Federal, state, and local authorities have advised social distancing and imposed, or have considered imposing, shelter-in-place and stay-at-home orders. The impact from the rapidly changing market and economic conditions due to the COVID-19 pandemic is uncertain, but these conditions have already had, and are expected to continue to have, serious adverse effects on the U.S. and global economies. The Company is closely monitoring the actual and expected impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Sterling’s business has been identified as a component of “Essential Critical Infrastructure” per the National Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Agency, and to date, we have not experienced significant shutdowns of project sites or operational interruptions. Consistent with governmental orders and public health guidelines, the Company has continued to operate across its footprint. For the Company’s office based personnel, the Company is social distancing and, where practical, working from home. For personnel onsite at the Company’s construction sites, the Company has taken mitigation measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19, including but not limited to, social distancing, wellness checks, providing sanitation stations and wearing personal protective equipment. While the Company has not incurred significant disruptions thus far from the COVID-19 pandemic, the pandemic may impact our business, condensed consolidated results of operations and financial condition in the future. However, the significance of the impact on our operations is not yet certain and depends on numerous evolving factors as discussed further in Part II, Item 1A "Risk Factors" in this Form 10-Q. As a result of the uncertainty caused by COVID-19, as previously disclosed, we have withdrawn our full-year 2020 guidance.
MARKET OUTLOOK AND TRENDS
Heavy Civil—Sterling’s heavy civil construction business is primarily driven by federal, state and municipal funding. Federal funds, on average, provide 50% of annual State Department of Transportation (DOT) capital outlays for highway and bridge projects. Several of the states in Sterling’s key markets have instituted actions to further increase annual spending. In November 2018, various state and local transportation measures were passed securing, and in some cases increasing, funding of $1.57 billion in California, $1.27 billion in Texas, $528.5 million in Arizona, $128.2 million in Colorado and $87 million in Utah. In October 2018, the Federal Aviation Administration reauthorized $3.35 billion annually for the next five years. This reauthorization also includes more than $1 billion a year for airport infrastructure grants and about $1.7 billion for disaster relief. In addition to the state locally funded actions, this is the final year of the five-year $305 billion 2015 federally funded Fixing America’s Surface Transportation (“FAST”) Act that increased the annual federal highway investment by 15.1% over the five-year period from 2016 to 2020. With the FAST Act set to expire this year, the federal government is currently working towards a bipartisan Federal Infrastructure Bill (America’s Transportation Infrastructure Act) that would both increase and solidify funding for the next five years. Should the federal government approve this incremental infrastructure investment, it would be an additional growth catalyst; however, it would be unlikely to create a significant business impact before late 2020 or 2021. The Heavy Civil segment saw the largest unfavorable productivity impact in the first quarter related to the pandemic as customers and back offices began to work virtually and new procedures and protocol were developed and implemented into field operations.
Specialty Services—Sterling’s specialty services business is primarily driven by investments from end users and developers. Key end users, including Amazon and Home Depot, have begun implementing publicly announced multi-year capital infrastructure campaigns. In our primary market in the southeastern United States, and specifically Georgia, the availability rate is at 11% and for six consecutive quarters over 20 million square feet of new construction has commenced. In our key commercial markets forecasted net absorption continues to be positive, with more space leased than supplied to the market. Additionally, the lending
26

environment continues to sustain new development within our specialty services space. However, the outlook for multifamily vacancy rate continues to be below its long-term average and we are beginning to see indications of a slowdown in investment in this space, which may be additionally impacted adversely by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Residential—The Company’s residential construction business is directly related to new home starts in its key markets. The Company’s core customer base is primarily made up of leading national home builders as well as regional and custom home builders. The Company has continued its expansion of the residential business into the Houston market. During the second quarter of 2020, we anticipate a slowdown in the housing market and demand for new developments, which may be additionally impacted adversely by the COVID-19 pandemic.
BACKLOG
At March 31, 2020, our Backlog of construction projects, made up of our Heavy Civil and Specialty Services segments, was $1.19 billion, as compared to $1.07 billion at December 31, 2019. The contracts in Backlog are typically completed in 6 to 36 months. Contracts in which we are the apparent low bidder for projects (“Unsigned Low-bid Awards”) are excluded from Backlog until the contract is executed by our customer. Unsigned Low-bid Awards were $241 million at March 31, 2020 and $273 million at December 31, 2019. The combination of our Backlog and Unsigned Low-bid Awards, which we refer to as “Combined Backlog” totaled $1.43 billion and $1.34 billion as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Backlog includes $208 million and $161 million attributable to our share of estimated revenues related to joint ventures where we are a noncontrolling joint venture partner at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
The Company’s margin in Backlog has increased from 11.5% at December 31, 2019 to 12.7% at March 31, 2020 and the Combined Backlog margin increased from 11.0% at December 31, 2019 to 12.1% at March 31, 2020, driven by a greater mix of Specialty Services awards.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Consolidated Results
Summary—For the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company had operating income of $12.1 million, income before income taxes of $4.4 million, net income attributable to Sterling common stockholders of $3.1 million and net income per diluted share attributable to Sterling common stockholders of $0.11.
Consolidated financial highlights for the first quarter of 2020 as compared to 2019 are as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands) | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Variance
Revenues | $ | 296,688 |  |  | $ | 223,949 |  |  | 32.5 | %
Gross profit | 35,245 |  |  | 19,503 |  |  | 80.7 | %
General and administrative expenses | (17,604 | ) |  | (11,889 | ) |  | 48.1 | %
Intangible asset amortization | (2,837 | ) |  | (600 | ) |  | 372.8 | %
Acquisition related costs | (473 | ) |  | — |  |  | NM |
Other operating expense, net | (2,228 | ) |  | (2,294 | ) |  | (2.9 | )%
Operating income | 12,103 |  |  | 4,720 |  |  | 156.4 | %
Interest, net | (7,704 | ) |  | (2,696 | ) |  | 185.8 | %
Income tax expense | (1,184 | ) |  | (163 | ) |  | 626.4 | %
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (100 | ) |  | (46 | ) |  | 117.4 | %
Net income attributable to Sterling common stockholders | $ | 3,115 |  |  | $ | 1,815 |  |  | 71.6 | %
Gross margin | 11.9 | % |  | 8.7 | % |  | 36.4 | %

NM – Not meaningful.
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Revenues—Revenues increase d $72.7 million, or 32.5% for the first quarter of 2020 compared with the first quarter of 2019. The increase in the first quarter of 2020 was driven by a $74.0 million increase in Specialty Services due to the inclusion of a full quarter results from Plateau which was acquired on October 2, 2019.
Gross profit—Gross profit increase d $15.7 million for the first quarter of 2020 compared with the first quarter of 2019, driven by Specialty Services due to the inclusion of a full quarter results from Plateau. The Company’s gross margin as a percent of revenue increase d to 11.9% in the first quarter of 2020, as compared to 8.7% in the first quarter of 2019.
Contracts in progress which were not substantially completed totaled approximately 210 and 140 at March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. These contracts are of various sizes, of different expected profitability and in various stages of completion. The nearer a contract progresses toward completion, the more visibility the Company has in refining its estimate of total revenues (including incentives, delay penalties, and change orders), costs and gross profit. Thus, gross profit as a percent of revenues can increase or decrease from comparable and subsequent quarters due to variations among contracts and depending upon the stage of completion of contracts.
General and administrative expenses—General and administrative expenses increase d $5.7 million to $17.6 million during the first quarter of 2020 from $11.9 million in the first quarter of 2019, primarily due to an additional $1.2 million of stock compensation cost in the first quarter of 2020 and the inclusion of a full quarter of results from Plateau.
Intangible asset amortization—Intangible asset amortization increased $2.2 million during the first quarter of 2020 to $2.8 million from $0.6 million in the first quarter of 2019, as a result of the Plateau Acquisition.
Acquisition related costs—The Company had acquisition related costs of $0.5 million during the first quarter of 2020 related to the Plateau Acquisition.
Other operating expense, net—Other operating expense, net, includes 50% of earnings and losses related to Members’ interest of consolidated 50% owned subsidiaries, earn-out expense, and other miscellaneous operating income or expense. Members’ interest earnings are treated as an expense and increase the liability account. The change in other operating expense, net, was $0.1 million during the first quarter of 2020 compared to the first quarter of 2019.
Interest expense—Interest expense was $7.8 million in the first quarter of 2020 compared to $3.1 million in the first quarter of 2019. The increase is due to increased borrowings related to the Plateau Acquisition.
Income taxes—The effective income tax rate was 26.9% in the first quarter of 2020 compared to 8.1% in the first quarter of 2019. The increase is due to a reduction in the tax valuation allowance that reduced the effective income tax rate in 2019 by 10.1% or $203 thousand, and 2020 includes state taxes primarily related to Plateau of 7.6% or $332 thousand. Due to the net operating loss carryforwards, the Company expects no cash payments for federal income taxes for 2020 or 2019. See Note 13 - Income Taxes for more information.
Segment Results

| Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands) | 2020 |  | % of Revenue |  | 2019 |  | % of Revenue
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Heavy Civil | $ | 155,615 |  |  | 53% |  | $ | 150,505 |  |  | 67%
Specialty Services | 104,723 |  |  | 35% |  | 30,679 |  |  | 14%
Residential | 36,350 |  |  | 12% |  | 42,765 |  |  | 19%
Total Revenue | $ | 296,688 |  |  |  |  | $ | 223,949 |  |  |
Operating Income (Loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Heavy Civil | $ | (3,622 | ) |  | (2.3)% |  | $ | (2,147 | ) |  | (1.4)%
Specialty Services | 11,114 |  |  | 10.6% |  | 1,048 |  |  | 3.4%
Residential | 5,084 |  |  | 14.0% |  | 5,819 |  |  | 13.6%
Subtotal | 12,576 |  |  | 4.2% |  | 4,720 |  |  | 2.1%
Acquisition related costs | (473 | ) |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Total Operating Income | $ | 12,103 |  |  | 4.1% |  | $ | 4,720 |  |  | 2.1%

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Heavy Civil
Revenues—Revenues were $155.6 million for the first quarter of 2020, an increase of $5.1 million or 3.4% compared to the first quarter of 2019. The increase was driven by higher Water Containment and Treatment revenue for the first quarter of 2020 compared to the first quarter of 2019.
Operating income—Operating loss was $3.6 million for the first quarter of 2020, a decrease of $1.5 million, compared to the first quarter of 2019. The decrease was the result of first quarter seasonality which drove decreased absorption of fixed costs totaling approximately $1.5 million.
Specialty Services
Revenues—Revenues were $104.7 million for the first quarter of 2020, an increase of $74.0 million, compared to the first quarter of 2019. The increase was primarily attributable to the inclusion of three months of revenue from Plateau operations in the first quarter of 2020.
Operating income—Operating income was $11.1 million for the first quarter of 2020, an increase of $10.1 million, compared to the first quarter of 2019. The increase was primarily attributable to the inclusion of three months of operating income generated from Plateau operations in the first quarter of 2020, in spite of adverse weather conditions.
Residential
Revenues—Revenues were $36.4 million for the first quarter of 2020, a decrease of $6.4 million or 15.0%, compared to the first quarter of 2019. The decrease in revenue was a result of heavy rainfall in March 2020 which pushed revenues from the first quarter into the second quarter of 2020. In addition, the trend to smaller home size we saw develop in mid 2019, continues into 2020, generating less average revenue per slab. The aforementioned impacts caused the completed slab count to decline 11% from the first quarter of 2019. Partially offsetting this decline was a 4% increase in Houston completed slabs compared to the total completed slabs in the first quarter of 2019.
Operating income—Operating income was $5.1 million for the first quarter of 2020, a decrease of $0.7 million, compared to the first quarter of 2019. The decrease was driven by lower volume from revenues as described above and adverse weather conditions, partially offset by the ramp-up in operations and scale in Houston. Houston as a percentage of completed slabs was 14% for the first quarter of 2020 compared to 9% for the first quarter of 2019. Operating income as a percent of revenue increased 40 basis points to 14.0%, compared to the first quarter of 2019.
LIQUIDITY AND SOURCES OF CAPITAL
The following tables set forth information about our cash flows and liquidity:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands) | 2020 |  | 2019
Net cash provided by (used in): |  |  |  |  |
Operating activities | $ | 10,771 |  |  | $ | (19,242 | )
Investing activities | (6,842 | ) |  | (3,677 | )
Financing activities | 24,243 |  |  | (14,412 | )
Total change in cash and cash equivalents | $ | 28,172 |  |  | $ | (37,331 | )

(In thousands) | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 73,905 |  |  | $ | 45,733 |
Working capital : Current Assets (Excluding Cash) Minus Current Liabilities | $ | 10,851 |  |  | $ | 18,284 |

Operating Activities—During the three months ended March 31, 2020, net cash provided by operating activities was $10.8 million compared to net cash used of $19.2 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019. Cash flows provided by operating activities were driven by net income, adjusted for various non-cash items and changes in accounts receivable, net contracts in progress and accounts payable balances (collectively, “Contract Capital”), as discussed below.
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Cash and Working Capital—Cash at March 31, 2020, was $73.9 million, and includes the following components:

(In thousands) | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Generally Available | $ | 57,756 |  |  | $ | 29,659 |
Consolidated 50% Owned Subsidiaries | 12,792 |  |  | 12,004 |
Construction Joint Ventures | 3,357 |  |  | 4,070 |
Total Cash | $ | 73,905 |  |  | $ | 45,733 |

In light of the current COVID-19 environment, the Company borrowed $30.0 million on the Revolving Credit Facility in order to increase cash on hand, which was partially offset in the quarter by a $5 million payment on the Term Loan Facility. The Company’s working capital decreased $7.4 million to $10.9 million at March 31, 2020 from $18.3 million at December 31, 2019, primarily due to seasonality and the changes in Contract Capital, as discussed below.
Contract Capital—The need for working capital for the Company’s business varies due to fluctuations in operating activities and investments in its Contract Capital. The changes in the components of Contract Capital were as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands) | 2020 |  | 2019
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings | $ | (12,236 | ) |  | $ | (2,591 | )
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings | (5,718 | ) |  | (6,809 | )
Contracts in progress, net | (17,954 | ) |  | (9,400 | )
Accounts receivable, including retainage | 26,979 |  |  | (1,976 | )
Receivables from and equity in construction joint ventures | (1,593 | ) |  | (905 | )
Accounts payable | (14,421 | ) |  | (17,556 | )
Contract Capital, net | $ | (6,989 | ) |  | $ | (29,837 | )

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the change in Contract Capital had an impact of $7.0 million. The Company’s Contract Capital fluctuations are impacted by the mix of projects in Backlog, seasonality, the timing of new awards, and related payments for work performed and the contract billings to the customer as projects are completed. Contract Capital is also impacted at period-end by the timing of accounts receivable collections and accounts payable payments for projects. The decrease in net contract capital was primarily attributable to our Plateau operations for the three months ended March 31, 2020.
Investing Activities—During the three months ended March 31, 2020, net cash used in investing activities was $6.8 million compared to $3.7 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019. The use of cash was driven by purchases of capital equipment. Capital equipment is acquired as needed to support changing levels of production activities and to replace retiring equipment. Expenditures for the replacement of certain equipment and to expand construction fleet were approximately $7.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and $3.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019.
Financing Activities—During the three months ended March 31, 2020, net cash provided by financing activities was $24.2 million compared to net cash used of $14.4 million in the prior year. The cash provided by financing activities was driven by the $30.0 million of cash received from our Revolving Credit Facility, which as described above, was drawn in order to increase cash on hand during the COVID-19 pandemic. The financing cash inflow was partially offset by the use of cash for an additional $5.1 million of repayments on debt (primarily consisting of a $5.0 million repayment on the Term Loan Facility).
Capital Strategy—The Company will continue to explore additional revenue growth and capital alternatives to improve leverage and strengthen its financial position in order to take advantage of trends in the civil infrastructure and specialty services markets. The Company expects to pursue strategic uses of its cash, such as, investing in projects or businesses that meet its gross margin targets and overall profitability and managing its debt balances.
OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS AND JOINT VENTURES
We participate in various construction joint venture partnerships in order to share expertise, risk and resources for certain highly complex projects. The joint venture’s contract with the project owner typically requires joint and several liability among the joint venture partners. Although our agreements with our joint venture partners provide that each party will assume and fund its share of any losses resulting from a project, if one of our partners was unable to pay its share, we would be fully liable for such share under our contract with the project owner. Circumstances that could lead to a loss under these guarantee arrangements include a partner’s inability to contribute additional funds to the venture in the event that the project incurred a loss or additional costs
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that we could incur should the partner fail to provide the services and resources toward project completion that had been committed to in the joint venture agreement. See the 2019 Form 10-K under “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors,” as updated herein.
At March 31, 2020, there was approximately $431.2 million of construction work to be completed on unconsolidated construction joint venture contracts, of which $208.4 million represented our proportionate share. Due to the joint and several liability under our joint venture arrangements, if one of our joint venture partners fails to perform, we and the remaining joint venture partners would be responsible for completion of the outstanding work. As of March 31, 2020, we are not aware of any situation that would require us to fulfill responsibilities of our joint venture partners pursuant to the joint and several liability under our contracts.
NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
See the applicable section of Note 2 - Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies for a discussion of new accounting standards.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
The discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations are based on the Company’s Condensed Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these Condensed Financial Statements requires the Company to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. The Company continually evaluates its estimates based on historical experience and various other assumptions that the Company believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. The Company believes the following critical accounting policies involve more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of the Condensed Financial Statements.
Revenue Recognition
Performance Obligations Satisfied Over Time—Revenue for contracts that satisfy the criteria for over time recognition is recognized as the work progresses. The Company measures transfer of control of the performance obligation utilizing the cost-to-cost measure of progress, with cost of revenue including direct costs, such as materials and labor, and indirect costs that are attributable to contract activity. Under the cost-to-cost approach, the use of estimated costs to complete each performance obligation is a significant variable in the process of determining recognized revenue and is a significant factor in the accounting for such performance obligations. Significant estimates that impact the cost to complete each performance obligation are: materials, components, equipment, labor and subcontracts; labor productivity; schedule durations, including subcontractor or supplier progress; contract disputes, including claims; achievement of contractual performance requirements; and contingency, among others. The cumulative impact of revisions in total cost estimates during the progress of work is reflected in the period in which these changes become known, including, to the extent required, the reversal of profit recognized in prior periods and the recognition of losses expected to be incurred on performance obligations in progress. Due to the various estimates inherent in our contract accounting, actual results could differ from those estimates, which could result in material changes to the Company’s Condensed Financial Statements and related disclosures.
Valuation of Long-Lived Assets
Long-lived assets, which include property, equipment and acquired intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. If a recoverability assessment is required, the estimated future cash flow associated with the asset or asset group will be compared to their respective carrying amounts to determine if an impairment exists. Actual useful lives and cash flows could be different from those estimated by management, and this could have a material effect on operating results and financial position. For the three months ended March 31, 2020 and the year ended December 31, 2019, there were no events or changes in circumstances that would indicate a material impairment of our long-lived assets.
Goodwill
At both March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we had goodwill with a carrying amount of $191.9 million. Goodwill is not amortized to earnings, but instead is reviewed for impairment at least annually, absent any indicators of impairment or when other actions require an impairment assessment. The Company performs the annual impairment assessment during the fourth quarter of each year based on balances as of October 1. During the fourth quarter 2019, the Company performed a qualitative assessment of goodwill, and based on this assessment, no indicators of impairment were present. Additionally, during the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company noted no indicators of impairment.
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Income Taxes
Deferred Tax Realization Assessments—Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis using currently enacted income tax rates for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is provided to offset any net deferred tax assets (“DTA(s)”) if, based upon the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the DTAs will not be realized. The realization of our net DTAs depends upon our ability to generate sufficient future taxable income of the appropriate character and in the appropriate jurisdictions.
As a result of the Company’s analysis, management has determined that the Company does not have any material uncertain tax positions. If our estimates or assumptions regarding our current and deferred tax items are inaccurate or are modified, these changes could have potentially material impacts on our earnings.
Purchase Accounting Estimates
The aggregate purchase price for the Plateau Acquisition was allocated to the major categories of assets and liabilities acquired based upon their estimated fair values as of October 2, 2019, which were based, in part, upon an external preliminary appraisal and valuation of certain assets, including specifically identified intangible assets and property and equipment. The excess of the purchase price over the preliminary estimated fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired, totaling $106.7 million, was recorded as goodwill. The purchase price allocation is subject to further change when additional information is obtained. We intend to finalize the purchase price allocation as soon as practicable within the measurement period, but no later than one year following the closing date of the Plateau Acquisition. Our final purchase price allocation may result in additional adjustments to various other assets and liabilities, including the residual amount allocated to goodwill during the measurement period. See Note 3 - Plateau Acquisition to our Condensed Financial Statements for further discussion.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Interest Rate Risk
On December 5, 2019, the company entered into a three year swap agreement with Bank of America. As part of this agreement, at March 31, 2020 we utilized an interest rate swap to hedge against interest rate variability associated with $350 million of our $395 million outstanding Term Loan Facility. The swap arrangement has been designated as a cash flow hedge as its critical terms matched those of the Term Loan Facility at inception and through March 31, 2020. Accordingly, changes in the fair value of the interest rate swap are recognized in AOCI. The total fair value of the contract was a net loss of approximately $9.5 million at March 31, 2020. For the $45 million remaining portion of the Term Loan Facility not associated with the interest rate swap hedge and the $50 million of the Revolving Credit Facility, at March 31, 2020 a 100-basis point (or 1%) increase or decrease in the interest rate would increase or decrease interest expense by approximately $1.0 million per year.
Other
The carrying values of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents (primarily consisting of bank deposits), accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate their fair values because of the short-term nature of these instruments. At March 31, 2020, the fair value of the term loan, based upon the current market rates for debt with similar credit risk and maturities, approximated its carrying value as interest is based on LIBOR plus an applicable margin.
See “Inflation” above regarding risks associated with materials and fuel purchases required to complete our construction contracts.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Disclosure controls and procedures include, but are not limited to, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by an issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is accumulated and communicated to the issuer’s management, including the principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
The Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer reviewed and evaluated the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) as of March 31, 2020. As previously disclosed, we completed the Plateau Acquisition on October 2, 2019 and, as permitted by SEC guidance for newly acquired businesses, we have elected to exclude the acquired operations of Plateau from the scope of design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures for the quarter ended March 31, 2020. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s principal
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executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective at March 31, 2020 to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by the Company in this Report is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management including the principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended March 31, 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, internal control over financial reporting.
Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls
Internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness of internal control to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
PART II—OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
The Company is now and may in the future be involved as a party to various legal proceedings that are incidental to the ordinary course of business. The Company regularly analyzes current information about these proceedings and, as necessary, provide accruals for probable liabilities on the eventual disposition of these matters.
In the opinion of management, after consultation with legal counsel, there are currently no threatened or pending legal matters that would reasonably be expected to have a material adverse impact on the Condensed Consolidated Results of Operations, Financial Position or Cash Flows.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have not been any material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” of the 2019 Form 10-K, except as provided below. In addition, many of the other risks described in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our 2019 Form 10-K may be heightened by the risks described below as well as other impacts of COVID-19 or other global or regional health pandemics, epidemics or similar public health threats. The below discussion of risk factors contains forward-looking statements. These risk factors may be important to understanding other statements in this Report and the 2019 Form 10-K. The below information should be read in conjunction with the risk factors previously disclosed in “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” of the 2019 Form 10-K and with the other portions of this Report, including “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Item 2 of Part I and the Condensed Financial Statements and related notes in Item 1 of Part I. You should carefully consider such risk factors, which could materially affect the business, financial condition or future results.
Risk Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic could disrupt the Company’s operations and adversely affect its business, results of operations, and financial condition.
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of COVID-19 as a pandemic, and on March 13, 2020, the U.S. President announced a National Emergency relating to COVID-19. This outbreak, which has continued to spread worldwide, has adversely affected workforces, customers, economies, and financial markets globally. While we have not incurred significant disruptions thus far from the COVID-19 outbreak, the pandemic may impact our business, condensed consolidated results of operations and financial condition in the future. However, the significance of the impact on the Company's operations, if any, is not yet certain and depends on numerous evolving factors that the Company may not be able to accurately predict or effectively respond to, including, without limitation: the duration and scope of the outbreak; actions taken by governments, businesses, and individuals in response to the outbreak; the effect on economic activity and actions taken in response; the effect on customers and their demand for the Company's products and services; the ability of our subcontractors to perform under their contracts due to their own financial or operational difficulties; the availability of subcontractors and other talent; and the Company's ability to continue operations, including without limitation as a result of supply chain challenges, facility closures, social distancing, restrictions on travel, fear or anxiety by the populace, and shelter-in-place orders.
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Item 6. Exhibits
The following exhibits are filed with this Report:

Exhibit No. | Exhibit Title
3.1 (1) | Certificate of Incorporation of Sterling Construction Company, Inc. as amended through April 28, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3 to Sterling Construction Company, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on May 3, 2017 (SEC File No. 1-31993)).
3.2 (1) | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Sterling Construction Company, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Sterling Construction Company, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on March 8, 2018 (SEC File No. 1-31993)).
31.1 (2) | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)
31.2 (2) | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)
32.1 (3) | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350
32.2 (3) | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

(1) Incorporated by reference to the filing indicated
(2) Filed herewith
(3) Furnished herewith
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| STERLING CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC.
Date: May 5, 2020 | By: | /s/ Ronald A. Ballschmiede
|  | Ronald A. Ballschmiede
|  | Chief Financial Officer and Duly Authorized Officer

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