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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☑ |  | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2020
OR

☐ |  | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from ___ to ___

Commission File Number | 1-31993

STERLING CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware | 25-1655321
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1800 Hughes Landing Blvd. The Woodlands, Texas | 77380
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (281) 214-0800

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share | STRL | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC
(Title of each class) | (Trading Symbol) | (Name of each exchange on which registered)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. þ Yes ¨ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). þ Yes ¨ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer | ¨ | Accelerated filer | þ
Non-accelerated filer | ¨ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. | ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes þ No

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock as of October 30, 2020 – 28,101,317

STERLING CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC.
QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS

| Page
PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 3
Statements of Operations | 3
Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) | 4
Balance Sheets | 5
Statements of Cash Flows | 6
Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity | 7
Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 9
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 23
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 30
Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 31
PART II—OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 31
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 31
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 32
Item 5. Other Information | 32
Item 6. Exhibits | 33
Signatures | 34

2

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
STERLING CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC. & SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Revenues | $ | 383,458 |  |  | $ | 291,699 |  |  | $ | 1,080,184 |  |  | $ | 779,734 |
Cost of revenues | (333,542) |  |  | (262,483) |  |  | (935,424) |  |  | (705,519) |
Gross profit | 49,916 |  |  | 29,216 |  |  | 144,760 |  |  | 74,215 |
General and administrative expense | (15,154) |  |  | (10,239) |  |  | (51,209) |  |  | (32,302) |
Intangible asset amortization | (2,866) |  |  | (600) |  |  | (8,569) |  |  | (1,800) |
Acquisition related costs | (401) |  |  | (1,896) |  |  | (1,013) |  |  | (2,158) |
Other operating expense, net | (2,664) |  |  | (4,366) |  |  | (9,989) |  |  | (9,936) |
Operating income | 28,831 |  |  | 12,115 |  |  | 73,980 |  |  | 28,019 |
Interest income | 23 |  |  | 331 |  |  | 146 |  |  | 986 |
Interest expense | (7,177) |  |  | (3,024) |  |  | (22,537) |  |  | (8,988) |
Income before income taxes | 21,677 |  |  | 9,422 |  |  | 51,589 |  |  | 20,017 |
Income tax expense | (6,280) |  |  | (913) |  |  | (14,712) |  |  | (1,782) |
Net income | 15,397 |  |  | 8,509 |  |  | 36,877 |  |  | 18,235 |
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (240) |  |  | (552) |  |  | (395) |  |  | (635) |
Net income attributable to Sterling common stockholders | $ | 15,157 |  |  | $ | 7,957 |  |  | $ | 36,482 |  |  | $ | 17,600 |
Net income per share attributable to Sterling common stockholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.54 |  |  | $ | 0.30 |  |  | $ | 1.31 |  |  | $ | 0.67 |
Diluted | $ | 0.54 |  |  | $ | 0.30 |  |  | $ | 1.30 |  |  | $ | 0.66 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 28,003 |  |  | 26,365 |  |  | 27,832 |  |  | 26,359 |
Diluted | 28,233 |  |  | 26,637 |  |  | 27,986 |  |  | 26,661 |

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
3

STERLING CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC. & SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Net income | $ | 15,397 |  |  | $ | 8,509 |  |  | $ | 36,877 |  |  | $ | 18,235 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in interest rate swap, net of tax (Note 11) | 1,010 |  |  | — |  |  | (6,104) |  |  | — |
Total comprehensive income | 16,407 |  |  | 8,509 |  |  | 30,773 |  |  | 18,235 |
Less: Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (240) |  |  | (552) |  |  | (395) |  |  | (635) |
Comprehensive income attributable to Sterling common stockholders | $ | 16,167 |  |  | $ | 7,957 |  |  | $ | 30,378 |  |  | $ | 17,600 |

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
4

STERLING CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC. & SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)

| September 30, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Assets |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents ($24,009 and $7,538 related to variable interest entities (“VIEs”)) | $ | 72,593 |  |  | $ | 45,733 |
Accounts receivable, including retainage ($37,721 and $24,642 related to VIEs) | 271,342 |  |  | 248,247 |
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings ($7,213 and $8,328 related to VIEs) | 55,310 |  |  | 42,555 |
Receivables from and equity in construction joint ventures ($9,684 and $7,406 related to VIEs) | 13,802 |  |  | 9,196 |
Other current assets ($146 and $503 related to VIEs) | 14,171 |  |  | 11,790 |
Total current assets | 427,218 |  |  | 357,521 |
Property and equipment, net ($5,944 and $5,619 related to VIEs) | 121,534 |  |  | 116,030 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets ($4,079 and $3,817 related to VIEs) | 17,250 |  |  | 13,979 |
Goodwill ($1,501 and $1,501 related to VIEs) | 192,014 |  |  | 191,892 |
Other intangibles, net | 247,754 |  |  | 256,323 |
Deferred tax asset, net | 16,589 |  |  | 26,012 |
Other non-current assets, net | 153 |  |  | 183 |
Total assets | $ | 1,022,512 |  |  | $ | 961,940 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable ($25,276 and $18,213 related to VIEs) | $ | 127,336 |  |  | $ | 137,593 |
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings ($18,533 and $9,649 related to VIEs) | 126,986 |  |  | 85,011 |
Current maturities of long-term debt ($6,793 and $39 related to VIEs) | 57,476 |  |  | 42,473 |
Current portion of long-term lease obligations ($1,716 and $1,838 related to VIEs) | 7,624 |  |  | 7,095 |
Income taxes payable | 2,251 |  |  | 1,212 |
Accrued compensation ($3,582 and $1,521 related to VIEs) | 24,328 |  |  | 13,727 |
Other current liabilities ($2,256 and $1,429 related to VIEs) | 11,368 |  |  | 6,393 |
Total current liabilities | 357,369 |  |  | 293,504 |
Long-term debt ($37 and $2 related to VIEs) | 335,237 |  |  | 390,627 |
Long-term lease obligations ($2,363 and $1,979 related to VIEs) | 9,668 |  |  | 6,976 |
Members’ interest subject to mandatory redemption and undistributed earnings | 50,798 |  |  | 49,003 |
Other long-term liabilities ($1,016 and $0 related to VIEs) | 10,124 |  |  | 619 |
Total liabilities | 763,196 |  |  | 740,729 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 12) |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 38,000 shares authorized, 28,280 and 28,290 shares issued, 28,086 and 27,772 shares outstanding | 283 |  |  | 283 |
Additional paid in capital | 254,860 |  |  | 251,019 |
Treasury stock, at cost: 194 and 518 shares | (2,651) |  |  | (6,142) |
Retained earnings (deficit) | 11,449 |  |  | (25,033) |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (6,313) |  |  | (209) |
Total Sterling stockholders’ equity | 257,628 |  |  | 219,918 |
Noncontrolling interests | 1,688 |  |  | 1,293 |
Total stockholders’ equity | 259,316 |  |  | 221,211 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 1,022,512 |  |  | $ | 961,940 |

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
5

STERLING CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC. & SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 36,877 |  |  | $ | 18,235 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 24,639 |  |  | 12,288 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs and non-cash interest | 2,489 |  |  | 2,375 |
Gain on disposal of property and equipment | (1,042) |  |  | (466) |
Deferred taxes | 10,946 |  |  | 1,561 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 7,961 |  |  | 2,489 |
Change in interest rate hedge | 251 |  |  | — |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities (Note 17) | 8,828 |  |  | (28,005) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 90,949 |  |  | 8,477 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (22,088) |  |  | (7,871) |
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment | 1,557 |  |  | 1,265 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (20,531) |  |  | (6,606) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Repayments of debt | (52,695) |  |  | (10,435) |
Distributions to noncontrolling interest owners | — |  |  | (5,900) |
Purchase of treasury stock | — |  |  | (3,201) |
Other borrowings | 9,137 |  |  | 100 |
Net cash used in financing activities | (43,558) |  |  | (19,436) |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents | 26,860 |  |  | (17,565) |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 45,733 |  |  | 94,095 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 72,593 |  |  | $ | 76,530 |

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
6

STERLING CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC. & SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid in Capital |  | Treasury Stock |  | Retained Earnings (Deficit) |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total Sterling Stockholders’ Equity |  | Non-controlling Interests |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2019 | 27,772 |  |  | $ | 283 |  |  | $ | 251,019 |  |  | 518 |  |  | $ | (6,142) |  |  | $ | (25,033) |  |  | $ | (209) |  |  | $ | 219,918 |  |  | $ | 1,293 |  |  | $ | 221,211 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,115 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,115 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 3,215 |
Change in interest rate swap | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,061) |  |  | (7,061) |  |  | — |  |  | (7,061) |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,234 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,234 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,234 |
Issuance of stock | 248 |  |  | — |  |  | (2,460) |  |  | (248) |  |  | 2,563 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 103 |  |  | — |  |  | 103 |
Shares withheld for taxes | (54) |  |  | — |  |  | (104) |  |  | 46 |  |  | (668) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (772) |  |  | — |  |  | (772) |
Balance at March 31, 2020 | 27,966 |  |  | $ | 283 |  |  | $ | 250,689 |  |  | 316 |  |  | $ | (4,247) |  |  | $ | (21,918) |  |  | $ | (7,270) |  |  | $ | 217,537 |  |  | $ | 1,393 |  |  | $ | 218,930 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,210 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,210 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 18,265 |
Change in interest rate swap | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (53) |  |  | (53) |  |  | — |  |  | (53) |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,962 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,962 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,962 |
Issuance of stock | 73 |  |  | — |  |  | (740) |  |  | (73) |  |  | 844 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 104 |  |  | — |  |  | 104 |
Shares withheld for taxes | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | (18) |  |  | 3 |  |  | (32) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (50) |  |  | — |  |  | (50) |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | (73) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (73) |  |  | — |  |  | (73) |
Balance at June 30, 2020 | 28,034 |  |  | $ | 283 |  |  | $ | 253,820 |  |  | 246 |  |  | $ | (3,435) |  |  | $ | (3,708) |  |  | $ | (7,323) |  |  | $ | 239,637 |  |  | $ | 1,448 |  |  | $ | 241,085 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,157 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,157 |  |  | 240 |  |  | 15,397 |
Change in interest rate swap | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,010 |  |  | 1,010 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,010 |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,765 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,765 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,765 |
Issuance of stock | 66 |  |  | — |  |  | (714) |  |  | (66) |  |  | 917 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 203 |  |  | — |  |  | 203 |
Shares withheld for taxes | (14) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | (133) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (133) |  |  | — |  |  | (133) |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11) |  |  | — |  |  | (11) |
Balance at September 30, 2020 | 28,086 |  |  | $ | 283 |  |  | $ | 254,860 |  |  | 194 |  |  | $ | (2,651) |  |  | $ | 11,449 |  |  | $ | (6,313) |  |  | $ | 257,628 |  |  | $ | 1,688 |  |  | $ | 259,316 |

7

STERLING CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC. & SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid in Capital |  | Treasury Stock |  | Retained Deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total Sterling Stockholders’ Equity |  | Non-controlling Interests |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2018 | 26,597 |  |  | $ | 271 |  |  | $ | 233,795 |  |  | 467 |  |  | $ | (4,731) |  |  | $ | (64,934) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 164,401 |  |  | $ | 7,859 |  |  | $ | 172,260 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,815 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,815 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 1,861 |
Stock-based compensation | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | 1,021 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,021 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,021 |
Distributions to owners | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,100) |  |  | (5,100) |
Purchase of treasury stock | (250) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 250 |  |  | (3,201) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,201) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,201) |
Issuance of stock | 130 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,314) |  |  | (130) |  |  | 1,314 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Shares withheld for taxes | (52) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45 |  |  | (564) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (564) |  |  | — |  |  | (564) |
Balance at March 31, 2019 | 26,424 |  |  | $ | 271 |  |  | $ | 233,502 |  |  | 632 |  |  | $ | (7,182) |  |  | $ | (63,119) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 163,472 |  |  | $ | 2,805 |  |  | $ | 166,277 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,828 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,828 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 7,865 |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 649 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 649 |  |  | — |  |  | 649 |
Issuance of stock | 49 |  |  | — |  |  | (494) |  |  | (49) |  |  | 494 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Shares withheld for taxes | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | (98) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (98) |  |  | — |  |  | (98) |
Balance at June 30, 2019 | 26,466 |  |  | $ | 271 |  |  | $ | 233,559 |  |  | 583 |  |  | $ | (6,688) |  |  | $ | (55,291) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 171,851 |  |  | $ | 2,842 |  |  | $ | 174,693 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,957 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,957 |  |  | 552 |  |  | 8,509 |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 819 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 819 |  |  | — |  |  | 819 |
Distributions to owners | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (800) |  |  | (800) |
Issuance of stock | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | (69) |  |  | (13) |  |  | 139 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 70 |  |  | — |  |  | 70 |
Shares withheld for taxes | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | (32) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (32) |  |  | — |  |  | (32) |
Balance at September 30, 2019 | 26,476 |  |  | $ | 271 |  |  | $ | 234,309 |  |  | 573 |  |  | $ | (6,581) |  |  | $ | (47,334) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 180,665 |  |  | $ | 2,594 |  |  | $ | 183,259 |

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
8

STERLING CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC. & SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2020
($ and share values in thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)

1. | NATURE OF OPERATIONS |

Business Summary
Sterling Construction Company, Inc., (“Sterling,” “the Company,” “we,” “our” or “us”), a Delaware corporation, is a construction company that has been involved in the construction industry since its founding in 1955. The Company operates through a variety of subsidiaries within three segments specializing in Heavy Civil, Specialty Services and Residential projects in the United States (the “U.S.”), primarily across the southern U.S., the Rocky Mountain States, California and Hawaii, as well as other areas with strategic construction opportunities. Heavy Civil includes infrastructure and rehabilitation projects for highways, roads, bridges, airfields, ports, light rail, water, wastewater and storm drainage systems. Specialty Services projects include construction site excavation and drainage, drilling and blasting for excavation, foundations for multi-family homes, parking structures and other commercial concrete projects. Residential projects include concrete foundations for single-family homes.

2. | BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation
Presentation Basis—The accompanying Condensed Financial Statements are presented in accordance with accounting policies generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) and reflect all wholly owned subsidiaries and those entities the Company is required to consolidate. See the “Consolidated 50% Owned Subsidiaries” and “Construction Joint Ventures” section of the Notes for further discussion of the Company’s consolidation policy for those entities that are not wholly owned. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Values presented within tables (excluding per share data) are in thousands. Reclassifications have been made to historical financial data in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements to conform to the current year presentation.
Estimates and Judgments—The preparation of the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Certain accounting estimates of the Company require a higher degree of judgment than others in their application. These include the recognition of revenue and earnings from construction contracts over time, the valuation of long-lived assets, goodwill, income taxes and purchase accounting estimates, including goodwill and other intangible assets. Management continually evaluates all of its estimates and judgments based on available information and experience; however, actual results could differ from these estimates.
Significant Accounting Policies
Consistent with Regulation S-X Rule 10-1(a), the Company has omitted significant accounting policies in this quarterly report that would duplicate the disclosures contained in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 under “Part II, Item 8. - Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.”
Receivables, including Retainage—Receivables are generally based on amounts billed to the customer in accordance with contractual provisions. Many of the contracts under which the Company performs work also contain retainage provisions. Retainage refers to that portion of our billings held for payment by the customer pending satisfactory completion of the project. Unless reserved, the Company assumes that all amounts retained by customers under such provisions are fully collectible. Retainage on active contracts is classified as a current asset regardless of the term of the contract and is generally collected within one year of the completion of a contract. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, receivables included $78,300 and $79,400 of retainage (contract asset), respectively.
Receivables are written off based on individual credit evaluation and specific circumstances of the customer, when such treatment is warranted. The Company performs a review of outstanding receivables, historical collection information and existing economic conditions to determine if there are potential uncollectible receivables. At both September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our allowance for doubtful accounts against contracts receivable was zero.
9

Cash and Restricted cash—Our cash is comprised of highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less. Restricted cash of approximately $6,100 and $4,800 is included in “Other current assets” on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. This primarily represents cash deposited by the Company into separate accounts and designated as collateral for standby letters of credit in the same amount in accordance with contractual agreements.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13 to add the guidance in ASC 326 on the impairment of financial instruments. The ASU introduces an impairment model (known as the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model) that is based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. Under the new guidance, an entity recognizes as an allowance its estimate of expected credit losses, which the FASB believes will result in more timely recognition of such losses. The ASU is also intended to reduce the complexity of GAAP by decreasing the number of credit impairment models that entities use to account for debt instruments. The amendments in the ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2020 and noted no material impact to the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

3. | PLATEAU ACQUISITION

General—On October 2, 2019, Sterling consummated the acquisition (the “Plateau Acquisition”) of all of the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of LK Gregory Construction, Inc. and Plateau Excavation, Inc., and all of the issued and outstanding equity interests in DeWitt Excavation, LLC. The Plateau Acquisition was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 805, Business Combinations.
Purchase Consideration—Sterling completed the Plateau Acquisition for a purchase price of $427,533, net of cash acquired, detailed as follows:

Cash consideration transferred, net of $2,425 of cash acquired | $ | 375,000 |
Target working capital adjustment | 21,323 |
Equity consideration transferred (1,245 shares at $13.01 per share(1)) | 16,195 |
Note payable to seller (See Note 9 - Debt) | 10,000 |
Tax basis election | 5,015 |
Total consideration | $ | 427,533 |

(1) Sterling’s closing stock price on October 1, 2019
Purchase Price Allocation—The aggregate purchase price noted above was allocated to the assets and liabilities acquired based upon their estimated fair values at the acquisition closing date, which were based, in part, upon an external appraisal and valuation of certain assets, including specifically identified intangible assets. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired totaling $106,784 was recorded as goodwill.
The following table summarizes our purchase price allocation at the acquisition closing date, net of cash acquired:

Net tangible assets: |
Accounts receivable, including retainage | $ | 81,921 |
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings | 974 |
Other current assets | 249 |
Property and equipment, net | 65,492 |
Other non-current assets, net | 10 |
Accounts payable | (22,039) |
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings | (16,540) |
Other current and non-current liabilities | (7,918) |
Total net tangible assets | 102,149 |
Identifiable intangible assets | 218,600 |
Goodwill | 106,784 |
Total consideration transferred | $ | 427,533 |

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Identifiable Intangible Assets—Intangible assets identified as part of the Plateau Acquisition are reflected in the table below and are recorded at their estimated fair value, as determined by the Company’s management, based on available information which includes a valuation from external experts. The estimated useful lives for intangible assets were determined based upon the remaining useful economic lives of the intangible assets that are expected to contribute directly or indirectly to future cash flows.

| Weighted Average Life (Years) |  | October 2, 2019 Fair Value
Customer relationships | 25 |  | $ | 191,800 |
Trade name | 25 |  | 24,800 |
Non-compete agreements | 5 |  | 2,000 |
Total |  |  | $ | 218,600 |

Supplemental Pro Forma Information (Unaudited)—The following unaudited pro forma combined financial information (“the pro forma financial information”) gives effect to the Plateau Acquisition, accounted for as a business combination using the purchase method of accounting. The pro forma financial information reflects the Plateau Acquisition and related events as if they occurred at the beginning of the period, and gives effect to pro forma events that are: directly attributable to the acquisition, factually supportable and expected to have a continuing impact on the combined results of Sterling and Plateau following the Plateau Acquisition. The pro forma financial information includes adjustments to (1) exclude transaction costs that were included in historical results and are expected to be non-recurring, (2) include additional intangibles amortization and net interest expense associated with the Plateau Acquisition and (3) include the pro forma results of Plateau for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. This pro forma financial information has been presented for illustrative purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the operating results that would have been achieved had the pro forma events taken place on the dates indicated. Further, the pro forma financial information does not purport to project the future operating results of the combined company following the Plateau Acquisition.

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Pro forma revenue | $ | 381,721 |  |  | $ | 1,012,192 |
Pro forma net income attributable to Sterling | $ | 29,902 |  |  | $ | 58,225 |

4. | REVENUE FROM CUSTOMERS

Backlog
The Company had the following backlog, by segment:

| September 30, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Heavy Civil Backlog | $ | 945,060 |  |  | $ | 834,049 |
Specialty Services Backlog | 293,081 |  |  | 233,976 |
Total Heavy Civil and Specialty Services Backlog | $ | 1,238,141 |  |  | $ | 1,068,025 |

The Company expects to recognize approximately 66% of its backlog as revenue during the next twelve months, and the balance thereafter.
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Revenue Disaggregation
The following tables present the Company’s revenue disaggregated by major end market and contract type:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |
Revenue by major end market | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |
Heavy Highway | $ | 148,239 |  |  | $ | 142,118 |  |  | $ | 397,139 |  |  | $ | 365,692 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aviation | 20,473 |  |  | 39,105 |  |  | 83,797 |  |  | 106,103 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Water Containment and Treatment | 17,751 |  |  | 15,960 |  |  | 56,089 |  |  | 46,709 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other | 14,615 |  |  | 21,711 |  |  | 40,116 |  |  | 51,131 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Heavy Civil Revenue | $ | 201,078 |  |  | $ | 218,894 |  |  | $ | 577,141 |  |  | $ | 569,635 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land Development | $ | 114,961 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 296,845 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | 25,010 |  |  | 32,863 |  |  | 83,552 |  |  | 91,436 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Specialty Services Revenue | $ | 139,971 |  |  | $ | 32,863 |  |  | $ | 380,397 |  |  | $ | 91,436 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential Revenue | $ | 42,409 |  |  | $ | 39,942 |  |  | $ | 122,646 |  |  | $ | 118,663 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 383,458 |  |  | $ | 291,699 |  |  | $ | 1,080,184 |  |  | $ | 779,734 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue by contract type |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-Unit Price | $ | 187,692 |  |  | $ | 207,807 |  |  | $ | 631,639 |  |  | $ | 534,323 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lump Sum | 148,463 |  |  | 43,959 |  |  | 301,025 |  |  | 125,096 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential and Other | 47,303 |  |  | 39,933 |  |  | 147,520 |  |  | 120,315 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 383,458 |  |  | $ | 291,699 |  |  | $ | 1,080,184 |  |  | $ | 779,734 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Each of these contract types presents advantages and disadvantages. Typically, the Company assumes more risk with lump-sum contracts. However, these types of contracts offer additional profits if the work is completed for less than originally estimated. Under fixed-unit price contracts, the Company’s profit may vary if actual labor-hour costs vary significantly from the negotiated rates. Also, because some contracts can provide little or no fee for managing material costs, the components of contract cost can impact profitability.
Variable Consideration
The Company has projects that it is in the process of negotiating, or awaiting final approval of, unapproved change orders and claims with its customers. The Company is proceeding with its contractual rights to recoup additional costs incurred from its customers based on completing work associated with change orders, including change orders with pending change order pricing, or claims related to significant changes in scope which resulted in substantial delays and additional costs in completing the work. Unapproved change order and claim information has been provided to the Company’s customers and negotiations with the customers are ongoing. If additional progress with an acceptable resolution is not reached, legal action will be taken.
Based upon the Company’s review of the provisions of its contracts, specific costs incurred and other related evidence supporting the unapproved change orders and claims, together in some cases as necessary with the views of the Company’s outside claim consultants, the Company concluded it was appropriate to include in project price amounts of approximately $7,900 and $3,000, at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, relating to unapproved change orders and claims. Provisions for estimated losses on uncompleted contracts are made in the period in which such losses are determined.
Contract Estimates
Accounting for long-term contracts and programs involves the use of various techniques to estimate total contract revenue and costs. For long-term contracts, the Company estimates the profit on a contract as the difference between the total estimated revenue and expected costs to complete a contract and recognizes such profit over the life of the contract.
Contract estimates are based on various assumptions to project the outcome of future events that often span several years. These assumptions include labor productivity and availability, the complexity of the work to be performed, the cost and availability of materials and the performance of subcontractors. Changes in job performance, job conditions and estimated profitability, including those changes arising from contract penalty provisions and final contract settlements, may result in revisions to costs and income and are recognized in the period in which the revisions are determined.
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Changes in contract estimates resulted in net increases of approximately $2,700 and $5,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, and net increases of approximately $500 and $3,700 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, included in “Operating income” on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

5. | CONSOLIDATED 50% OWNED SUBSIDIARIES

The Company has 50% ownership interests in two subsidiaries (“Myers” and “RHB”) that it fully consolidates as a result of its exercise of control over the entities. The earnings attributable to the 50% portions the Company does not own were approximately $2,600 and $8,900 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, and $5,500 and $8,200 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, and are eliminated within “Other operating expense, net” in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Any undistributed earnings for partners are included in “Members’ interest subject to mandatory redemption and undistributed earnings” within the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and are mandatorily payable at the time of the noncontrolling owners’ death or permanent disability.
These two subsidiaries have individual mandatory redemption provisions which, under circumstances outlined in the partner agreements, are certain to occur and obligate the Company to purchase each partner’s remaining 50% interests for $20,000 ($40,000 in the aggregate). The Company has purchased two separate $20,000 death and permanent total disability insurance policies to mitigate the Company’s cash draw if such events were to occur. These purchase obligations are recorded in “Members’ interest subject to mandatory redemption and undistributed earnings” on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The liability consists of the following:

| September 30, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Members’ interest subject to mandatory redemption | $ | 40,000 |  |  | $ | 40,000 |
Net accumulated earnings | 10,798 |  |  | 9,003 |
Total liability | $ | 50,798 |  |  | $ | 49,003 |

The Company must determine whether any of its entities, including these two 50% owned subsidiaries, in which it participates, is a VIE. The Company determined Myers is a VIE, as the Company is the primary beneficiary, as pursuant to the terms of the Myers Operating Agreement the Company is exposed to the majority of potential losses of the partnership.
Summary financial information for Myers is as follows:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Revenues | $ | 57,566 |  |  | $ | 55,111 |  |  | $ | 156,292 |  |  | $ | 157,189 |
Operating income | $ | 1,889 |  |  | $ | 1,861 |  |  | $ | 3,093 |  |  | $ | 4,142 |
Net income | $ | 1,864 |  |  | $ | 1,869 |  |  | $ | 3,073 |  |  | $ | 4,160 |

6. | CONSTRUCTION JOINT VENTURES

The Company participates in joint ventures with other major construction companies and other partners, typically for large, technically complex projects, including design-build projects, when it is desirable to share risk and resources in order to seek a competitive advantage. Joint venture partners typically provide independently prepared estimates, furnish employees and equipment, enhance bonding capacity and often also bring local knowledge and expertise. These projects generally have joint and several liability. The Company selects joint venture partners based on its analysis of their construction and financial capabilities, expertise in the type of work to be performed and past working relationships with the Company, among other criteria.
Joint ventures with a controlling interest—Where the Company has a controlling joint interest in a venture, the equity held by the remaining owners and their portions of net income (loss) are reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets line item “Noncontrolling interests” in “Stockholders’ equity” and the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations line item “Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests,” respectively. The Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity summarize the changes in the noncontrolling owners’ interests in subsidiaries and consolidated joint ventures.
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Joint ventures with a noncontrolling interest—Where the Company has a noncontrolling joint interest in a venture, the Company accounts for its share of the operations of such construction joint ventures on a pro-rata basis using proportionate consolidation on its Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and as a single line item in “Receivables from and equity in construction joint ventures” in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. This method is an acceptable modification of the equity method of accounting which is a common practice in the construction industry. Condensed combined financial amounts of joint ventures in which the Company has a noncontrolling interest and the Company’s share of such amounts which are included in the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are shown below:

| September 30, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Current assets | $ | 120,688 |  |  | $ | 92,710 |
Current liabilities | $ | (125,294) |  |  | $ | (86,705) |
Sterling’s receivables from and equity in construction joint ventures | $ | 13,802 |  |  | $ | 9,196 |

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Revenues | $ | 58,541 |  |  | $ | 40,875 |  |  | $ | 128,853 |  |  | $ | 127,565 |
Income before tax | $ | 7,814 |  |  | $ | 3,588 |  |  | $ | 14,487 |  |  | $ | 14,401 |
Sterling’s noncontrolling interest: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 26,195 |  |  | $ | 20,119 |  |  | $ | 58,653 |  |  | $ | 61,774 |
Income before tax | $ | 3,541 |  |  | $ | 1,769 |  |  | $ | 6,559 |  |  | $ | 5,869 |

The caption “Receivables from and equity in construction joint ventures,” includes undistributed earnings and receivables owed to the Company. Undistributed earnings are typically released to the joint venture partners after the customer accepts the project as completed and the warranty period, if any, has passed.
The Company must determine whether each joint venture in which it participates is a VIE. This determination focuses on identifying which joint venture partner, if any, has the power to direct the activities of a joint venture and the obligation to absorb losses of the joint venture or the right to receive benefits from the joint venture in excess of their ownership interests and could have the effect of requiring us to consolidate joint ventures in which we have a noncontrolling variable interest.
The Company determined that the joint venture between Ralph L. Wadsworth Construction, LLC, a subsidiary of the Company (“RLW”) (51% owner), and SEMA Construction Inc. (“SEMA”) (49% owner) is a VIE because the Company is the primary beneficiary, as pursuant to the terms of the SEMA Operating Agreement, the Company is exposed to 51% of potential losses of the partnership.
Summary financial information for SEMA is as follows:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Revenues | $ | 4,266 |  |  | $ | 768 |  |  | $ | 11,734 |  |  | $ | 2,397 |
Operating income | $ | 290 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 961 |  |  | $ | 162 |
Net income | $ | 292 |  |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 967 |  |  | $ | 164 |

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7. | PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

Property and equipment are summarized as follows:

|  | September 30, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Construction and transportation equipment |  | $ | 225,887 |  |  | $ | 217,945 |
Buildings and improvements |  | 19,275 |  |  | 14,641 |
Land |  | 3,891 |  |  | 3,891 |
Office equipment |  | 2,762 |  |  | 2,767 |
Total property and equipment |  | 251,815 |  |  | 239,244 |
Less accumulated depreciation |  | (130,281) |  |  | (123,214) |
Total property and equipment, net |  | $ | 121,534 |  |  | $ | 116,030 |

Depreciation Expense—Depreciation expense is primarily included within cost of revenues and was $5,232 and $16,070 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, and $3,215 and $10,488 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.

8. | OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The following table presents the Company’s acquired finite-lived intangible assets at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019:

|  |  | September 30, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
| Weighted Average Life |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization
Customer relationships | 25 years |  | $ | 232,623 |  |  | $ | (13,990) |  |  | $ | 232,623 |  |  | $ | (6,911) |
Trade name | 23 years |  | 30,107 |  |  | (2,830) |  |  | 30,107 |  |  | (1,692) |
Non-competition agreements | 5 years |  | 2,487 |  |  | (643) |  |  | 2,487 |  |  | (291) |
Total | 24 years |  | $ | 265,217 |  |  | $ | (17,463) |  |  | $ | 265,217 |  |  | $ | (8,894) |

The Company's intangible amortization expense was $2,866 and $8,569 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, and $600 and $1,800 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.

9. | DEBT

The Company’s outstanding debt was as follows:

| September 30, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Term Loan Facility | $ | 380,000 |  |  | $ | 400,000 |
Revolving Credit Facility | — |  |  | 20,000 |
Credit Facility | 380,000 |  |  | 420,000 |
Note payable to seller, Plateau Acquisition | 10,000 |  |  | 10,000 |
Notes and deferred payments to sellers, Tealstone Acquisition | — |  |  | 12,230 |
Finance leases and other debt | 10,429 |  |  | 805 |
Total debt | 400,429 |  |  | 443,035 |
Less - Current maturities of long-term debt | (57,476) |  |  | (42,473) |
Less - Unamortized debt issuance costs | (7,716) |  |  | (9,935) |
Total long-term debt | $ | 335,237 |  |  | $ | 390,627 |

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Credit Facility—On October 2, 2019, the Company, as borrower, and certain of its subsidiaries, as guarantors, entered into a Credit Agreement (as amended, the “Credit Agreement”) with BMO Harris Bank N.A., as administrative agent (the “Agent”), Bank of America, N.A., as syndication agent, and BMO Capital Markets Corp. and BofA Securities, Inc., as joint lead arrangers and joint book runners. The Credit Agreement provides the Company with senior secured debt financing in an amount up to $475,000 in the aggregate, consisting of (i) a senior secured first lien revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) in an aggregate principal amount of $75,000 (with a $75,000 limit for the issuance of letters of credit and a $15,000 sublimit for swing line loans) and (ii) a senior secured first lien term loan facility (the “Term Loan Facility”) in the amount of $400,000 (collectively, the “Credit Facility”). The obligations under the Credit Facility are secured by substantially all assets of the Company and the subsidiary guarantors, subject to certain permitted liens and interests of other parties. The Credit Facility will mature on October 2, 2024.
The Revolving Credit Facility bears interest at either the base rate (“Base Rate”) plus a margin (4.25% and 3.50% per annum, respectively, at September 30, 2020), or one-, two-, three-, six- or, if available, twelve-month London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) plus an applicable margin (0.162% and 4.50% per annum, respectively, at September 30, 2020, using a one-month LIBOR rate), at the Company’s election. In addition to interest on debt borrowings, we are assessed quarterly commitment fees on the unutilized portion of the facility as well as letter of credit fees on outstanding instruments. Interest under the Revolving Credit Facility is payable (i) with respect to LIBOR borrowings, on the last day of each applicable interest period (one, two, three, six or twelve months), unless the applicable interest period is longer than three months, then on each day occurring every three months after the commencement of such interest period, and on the maturity date, and (ii) with respect to Base Rate borrowings, on the last day of every calendar quarter and on the maturity date. At September 30, 2020, we had no outstanding borrowings under the facility, providing $75,000 of available capacity. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, our weighted average interest rate on borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility was approximately 6.68%. The Revolving Credit Facility may be repaid in whole or in part at any time, with final payment of all principal and interest then outstanding due on October 2, 2024.
Interest under the Term Loan Facility is payable at the same frequencies and bears interest at the same rate options as the Revolving Credit Facility. We utilize an interest rate swap to hedge against $350,000 of the outstanding Term Loan Facility, which resulted in a weighted average interest rate of approximately 5.80% per annum during the nine months ended September 30, 2020. At September 30, 2020, we had $380,000 of outstanding borrowings under the facility. Principal payments on the Term Loan Facility total $30,000, $50,000, $50,000, $50,000 and $220,000 for each of the years ending 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, and 2024, respectively. A final payment of all principal and interest then outstanding on the Term Loan Facility is due on October 2, 2024.
The Credit Agreement contains various affirmative and negative covenants that may, subject to certain exceptions, restrict the ability of us and our subsidiaries to, among other things, grant liens, incur additional indebtedness, make loans, advances or other investments, make non-ordinary course asset sales, declare or pay dividends or make other distributions with respect to equity interests, purchase, redeem or otherwise acquire or retire capital stock or other equity interests, or merge or consolidate with any other person, among various other things. In addition, the Company is required to maintain the following financial covenants:
•a Total Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) at the last day of each fiscal quarter not to be greater than 4.00 to 1.00 ending on December 31, 2019 through and including June 30, 2020, 3.75 to 1.00 ending on September 30, 2020, 3.50 to 1.00 ending on December 31, 2020 through and including March 31, 2021, 3.25 to 1.00 ending on June 30, 2021 through and including September 30, 2021, and 3.00 to 1.00 ending on December 31, 2021 and thereafter; and
•a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) of not less than 1.20 to 1.00 as of the last day of each fiscal quarter of the Company, commencing with the fiscal quarter ending December 31, 2019.
Debt issuance costs—The costs associated with the Term Loan Facility and Revolving Credit Facility are reflected on the Balance Sheets as a direct reduction from the related debt liability and amortized over the terms of the respective facilities. Amortization of debt issuance costs was $727 and $2,219 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, and zero and $1,555 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, and was recorded as interest expense.
Note Payable to Seller, Plateau Acquisition—As part of the Plateau Acquisition, the Company issued a $10,000 subordinated promissory note to one of the Plateau sellers that bears interest at 8% with interest payments due quarterly beginning January 1, 2020. The subordinated promissory note has no scheduled payments, however, it may be repaid in whole or in part at any time, subject to certain payment restrictions under a subordination agreement with the Agent under our Credit Agreement, without premium or penalty, with final payment of all principal and interest then outstanding due on April 2, 2025.
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Notes and deferred Payments to Sellers, Tealstone Acquisition—At September 30, 2020, the Company had no balance remaining on the combined promissory notes and deferred cash payments issued as part of the Tealstone Acquisition. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company paid $5,000 of deferred cash payments and $7,500 on promissory notes that were due on April 3, 2020.
Finance Leases and Other Debt—The Company had finance leases of $610 and $764 at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The finance leases have payment terms ranging from 3 to 5 years and the associated interest rates range from 2.99% to 6.92%. Additionally, during the second quarter of 2020, the Company’s two 50% owned subsidiaries received three short-term Paycheck Protection Program loans (the “PPP Loans”) totaling approximately $9,800. The loans may be fully or partially forgiven if the funds are used for payroll related costs, interest on mortgages, rent, and utilities, and as long as our employee headcount and salary levels remain consistent with our baseline period over an eight to twenty-four week period following the date the loans were received. Any forgiveness of the loans requires approval by the Small Business Administration (“SBA”). If the SBA determines that the loans are not fully or partially forgiven, the balance is subject to a 1% interest rate and requires repayment. The PPP Loans have been classified as short-term debt under “Current Liabilities” on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2020, as we expect to submit forgiveness applications and receive a determination by the SBA within the next three to six months.
Compliance and other—As of September 30, 2020, we were in compliance with all of our restrictive and financial covenants. The Company’s debt is recorded at its carrying amount in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the carrying values of our debt outstanding approximated the fair values.

10. | LEASE OBLIGATIONS

The Company has operating and finance leases primarily for construction and transportation equipment, as well as office space. The Company’s leases have remaining lease terms of 1 month to 8 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 10 years.
The components of lease expense were as follows:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Operating lease cost | $ | 2,187 |  |  | $ | 2,276 |  |  | $ | 6,421 |  |  | $ | 6,447 |
Short-term lease cost | $ | 3,311 |  |  | $ | 5,363 |  |  | $ | 10,337 |  |  | $ | 13,375 |
Finance lease cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of right-of-use assets | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 69 |  |  | $ | 154 |  |  | $ | 140 |
Interest on lease liabilities | 7 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 12 |
Total finance lease cost | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 176 |  |  | $ | 152 |

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | 6,281 |  |  | $ | 6,277 |
Operating cash flows from finance leases | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 12 |
Financing cash flows from finance leases | $ | 154 |  |  | $ | 140 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations (noncash): |  |  |
Operating leases | $ | 7,679 |  |  | $ | 8,138 |
Finance leases | $ | — |  |  | $ | 770 |

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Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:

| September 30, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Operating Leases |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | $ | 17,250 |  |  | $ | 13,979 |
Current portion of long-term lease obligations | $ | 7,624 |  |  | $ | 7,095 |
Long-term lease obligations | 9,668 |  |  | 6,976 |
Total operating lease liabilities | $ | 17,292 |  |  | $ | 14,071 |
Finance Leases |  |  |
Property and equipment, at cost | $ | 1,479 |  |  | $ | 1,479 |
Accumulated depreciation | (647) |  |  | (482) |
Property and equipment, net | $ | 832 |  |  | $ | 997 |
Current maturities of long-term debt | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 204 |
Long-term debt | 417 |  |  | 560 |
Total finance lease liabilities | $ | 610 |  |  | $ | 764 |
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term |  |  |
Operating leases | 3.4 |  | 2.5
Finance leases | 3.7 |  | 4.0
Weighted Average Discount Rate |  |  |
Operating leases | 5.7 | % |  | 6.0 | %
Finance leases | 4.2 | % |  | 4.2 | %

Maturities of lease liabilities are as follows:

| Operating Leases |  | Finance Leases
Year Ending December 31, |  |  |
2020 (excluding the nine months ended September 30, 2020) | $ | 1,774 |  |  | $ | 56 |
2021 | 7,231 |  |  | 208 |
2022 | 5,177 |  |  | 161 |
2023 | 2,568 |  |  | 154 |
2024 | 1,021 |  |  | 77 |
Thereafter | 1,549 |  |  | — |
Total lease payments | $ | 19,320 |  |  | $ | 656 |
Less imputed interest | (2,028) |  |  | (46) |
Total | $ | 17,292 |  |  | $ | 610 |

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11. | FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Derivatives
Interest Rate Derivative—We continue to utilize a swap arrangement to hedge against interest rate variability associated with $350,000 of the $380,000 outstanding under the Term Loan Facility. The Company has designated its interest rate swap agreement as a cash flow hedging derivative. To the extent the derivative instrument is effective and the documentation requirements have been met, changes in fair value are recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”) until the underlying hedged item is recognized in earnings. The total fair value of the contract was a net loss of $8,370 at September 30, 2020.
Financial Instruments Disclosures
Fair Value—Financial instruments are required to be categorized within a valuation hierarchy based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of the valuation hierarchy are as follows:
•Level 1—Fair value is based on quoted prices in active markets.
•Level 2—Fair value is based on internally developed models that use, as their basis, readily observable market parameters. Our derivative positions are classified within level 2 of the valuation hierarchy as they are valued using quoted market prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets. These level 2 derivatives are valued utilizing an income approach, which discounts future cash flow based on current market expectations and adjusts for credit risk.
•Level 3—Fair value is based on internally developed models that use, as their basis, significant unobservable market parameters. The Company did not have any level 3 classifications at September 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019.
The following table presents the fair value of the interest rate derivative by valuation hierarchy and balance sheet classification:

|  | September 30, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Derivative Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other current assets |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 216 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 216 |
Other non-current assets |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total assets at fair value |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 216 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 216 |
Derivative Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other current liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (4,648) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (4,648) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (61) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (61) |
Other non-current liabilities |  | — |  |  | (3,722) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,722) |  |  | — |  |  | (398) |  |  | — |  |  | (398) |
Total liabilities at fair value |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (8,370) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (8,370) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (459) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (459) |

The carrying values of the Company's cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate their fair values because of the short-term nature of these instruments. At September 30, 2020, the fair value of the term loan, based upon the current market rates for debt with similar credit risk and maturities, approximated its carrying value as interest is based on LIBOR plus an applicable margin.
OCI—The following table presents the total value recognized in OCI and reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) into earnings during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 for derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | Before Tax Amount |  | Tax Amount |  | Net of Tax Amount |  | Before Tax Amount |  | Tax Amount |  | Net of Tax Amount
Net gain (loss) recognized in OCI |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | (11) |  |  | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | (10,155) |  |  | $ | 2,285 |  |  | $ | (7,870) |
Net amount reclassified from AOCI into earnings(1) |  | 1,253 |  |  | (282) |  |  | 971 |  |  | 2,279 |  |  | (513) |  |  | 1,766 |
Change in other comprehensive income |  | $ | 1,303 |  |  | $ | (293) |  |  | $ | 1,010 |  |  | $ | (7,876) |  |  | $ | 1,772 |  |  | $ | (6,104) |

(1) Net unrealized losses totaling $4,427 are anticipated to be reclassified from AOCI into earnings during the next 12 months due to settlement of the associated underlying obligations.
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12. | COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

The Company is required by its insurance providers to obtain and hold standby letters of credit. These letters of credit serve as a guarantee by the banking institution to pay the Company’s insurance providers the incurred claim costs attributable to its general liability, workers compensation and automobile liability claims, up to the amount stated in the standby letters of credit, in the event that these claims were not paid by the Company. These letters of credit are cash collateralized, resulting in the cash being designated as restricted.
The Company, including its construction joint ventures and its consolidated 50% owned subsidiaries, is now and may in the future be involved as a party to various legal proceedings that are incidental to the ordinary course of business. Management, after consultation with legal counsel, does not believe that the outcome of these actions will have a material impact on the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company.

13. | INCOME TAXES

The Company and its subsidiaries are based in the U.S. and file federal and various state income tax returns. The components of the provision for income taxes were as follows:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Current tax expense | $ | 1,557 |  |  | $ | 113 |  |  | $ | 3,766 |  |  | $ | 221 |
Deferred tax expense | 4,723 |  |  | 800 |  |  | 10,946 |  |  | 1,561 |
Income tax expense | $ | 6,280 |  |  | $ | 913 |  |  | $ | 14,712 |  |  | $ | 1,782 |
Cash paid for income taxes | $ | 2,900 |  |  | $ | 323 |  |  | $ | 2,944 |  |  | $ | 323 |

The effective income tax rate varied from the 21% federal statutory rate primarily as a result of state income taxes, disallowed compensation and net income attributable to noncontrolling interest owners, which is taxable to those owners rather than to the Company. In addition, 2019 included a reduction in the tax valuation allowance.
Due to the net operating loss carryforwards, the Company expects no cash payments for federal income taxes for 2020 or 2019. The Company makes cash payments for state income taxes in states in which the Company does not have net operating loss carry forwards.
At December 31, 2019 the Company had federal and state net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of $83,270 and $44,857, respectively, which expire at various dates in the next 18 years for U.S. federal income tax and in the next 8 to 18 years for the various state jurisdictions where we operate. Such NOL carryforwards expire beginning in 2028 through 2038.
As a result of the Company’s analysis, management has determined that the Company does not have any material uncertain tax positions.

14. | STOCK INCENTIVE PLAN AND OTHER EQUITY ACTIVITY

General—The Company has a stock incentive plan (the “Stock Incentive Plan”) and an employee stock purchase plan (the “ESPP”) that are administered by the Compensation and Talent Development Committee of the Board of Directors. Under the Stock Incentive Plan, the Company can issue shares to employees and directors in the form of restricted stock awards (“RSAs”), restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and performance share units (“PSUs”). Changes in common stock, additional paid in capital and treasury stock during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 primarily relate to activity associated with the Stock Incentive Plan, the ESPP and share repurchases.
Share Grants—During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company had the following share grants associated with the Stock Incentive Plan:

|  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value per Share
RSAs |  | 51 |  |  | $ | 8.73 |
RSUs |  | 160 |  |  | $ | 13.72 |
PSUs (at target) |  | 176 |  |  | $ | 14.06 |
Total shares granted |  | 387 |  |  |

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Share Issuances—During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company had the following share issuances associated with the Stock Incentive Plan and the ESPP:

|  | Shares
RSAs (issued upon grant) |  | 51 |
RSUs (issued upon vesting) |  | 88 |
PSUs (issued upon vesting) |  | 104 |
ESPP (issued upon sale) |  | 33 |
Total shares issued |  | 276 |

Stock-Based Compensation Expense—During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company recognized $1,765 and $7,961, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense, and during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company recognized $819 and $2,489 of stock-based compensation expense, respectively, primarily within general and administrative expenses. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur, rather than estimating expected forfeitures. Included within total stock-based compensation expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 is $18 and $54, respectively, of expense related to the ESPP, and during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company recognized $12 of expense related to the ESPP. At September 30, 2020, 754 authorized shares remained available for issuance under the ESPP.
Shares Withheld for Taxes—The Company withheld 11 and 60 shares for taxes on RSU/PSU stock-based compensation vestings for $105 and $805 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively. The Company withheld 3 and 13 shares for taxes on RSA stock-based compensation vestings for $28 and $150 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively.
Warrants—During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, certain holders of warrants elected the cashless exercise option and the Company issued 110 common shares on the exercise of 470 warrants with a market value of $1,477.
AOCI—During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, changes in AOCI were a result of net gains (losses) recognized in OCI and amounts reclassified from AOCI into earnings related to our interest rate derivative. See Note 11 - Financial Instruments for further discussion of our cash flow hedge.

15. | EARNINGS PER SHARE

Basic net income per share attributable to Sterling common stockholders is computed by dividing net income attributable to Sterling common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per common share attributable to Sterling common stockholders is the same as basic net income per share attributable to Sterling common stockholders but includes dilutive unvested stock awards and warrants using the treasury stock method. The following table reconciles the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted per common share computations for net income attributable to Sterling common stockholders:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Sterling common stockholders | $ | 15,157 |  |  | $ | 7,957 |  |  | $ | 36,482 |  |  | $ | 17,600 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding — basic | 28,003 |  |  | 26,365 |  |  | 27,832 |  |  | 26,359 |
Shares for dilutive unvested stock and warrants | 230 |  |  | 272 |  |  | 154 |  |  | 302 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding — diluted | 28,233 |  |  | 26,637 |  |  | 27,986 |  |  | 26,661 |
Basic net income per share attributable to Sterling common stockholders | $ | 0.54 |  |  | $ | 0.30 |  |  | $ | 1.31 |  |  | $ | 0.67 |
Diluted net income per share attributable to Sterling common stockholders | $ | 0.54 |  |  | $ | 0.30 |  |  | $ | 1.30 |  |  | $ | 0.66 |

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16. | SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Company’s internal and public segment reporting are aligned based upon the services offered by its operating segments. The Company’s operations consist of three reportable segments: Heavy Civil, Specialty Services and Residential. The Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker evaluates the performance of the operating segment based upon revenue and income from operations. Each segment’s income from operations reflects corporate costs, allocated based primarily upon revenue.
The following table presents total revenue and income from operations by reportable segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Heavy Civil | $ | 201,078 |  |  | $ | 218,894 |  |  | $ | 577,141 |  |  | $ | 569,635 |
Specialty Services | 139,971 |  |  | 32,863 |  |  | 380,397 |  |  | 91,436 |
Residential | 42,409 |  |  | 39,942 |  |  | 122,646 |  |  | 118,663 |
Total Revenue | $ | 383,458 |  |  | $ | 291,699 |  |  | $ | 1,080,184 |  |  | $ | 779,734 |
Operating Income |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Heavy Civil | $ | 2,405 |  |  | $ | 7,420 |  |  | $ | 2,679 |  |  | $ | 11,020 |
Specialty Services | 21,474 |  |  | 1,371 |  |  | 55,834 |  |  | 3,284 |
Residential | 5,353 |  |  | 5,220 |  |  | 16,480 |  |  | 15,873 |
Subtotal | 29,232 |  |  | 14,011 |  |  | 74,993 |  |  | 30,177 |
Acquisition related costs | (401) |  |  | (1,896) |  |  | (1,013) |  |  | (2,158) |
Total Operating Income | $ | 28,831 |  |  | $ | 12,115 |  |  | $ | 73,980 |  |  | $ | 28,019 |

17. | SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION

Operating assets and liabilities—The following table summarizes the changes in the components of operating assets and liabilities:

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Accounts receivable, including retainage | $ | (23,095) |  |  | $ | (15,486) |
Contracts in progress, net | 29,220 |  |  | (26,934) |
Receivables from and equity in construction joint ventures | (4,606) |  |  | (3,931) |
Other current and non-current assets | (5,579) |  |  | (2,111) |
Accounts payable | (10,257) |  |  | 11,198 |
Accrued compensation and other liabilities | 21,350 |  |  | 7,330 |
Members' interest subject to mandatory redemption and undistributed earnings | 1,795 |  |  | 1,929 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities | $ | 8,828 |  |  | $ | (28,005) |

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This quarterly report on Form 10-Q (“Report”) contains statements that are, or may be considered to be, “forward-looking statements” regarding the Company which represent our expectations and beliefs concerning future events. These forward-looking statements are intended to be covered by the safe harbor for forward-looking statements provided by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 as set forth in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. The forward-looking statements included herein relate to matters that are predictive in nature, such as our industry, business strategy, goals and expectations concerning our market position, future operations, margins, profitability, capital expenditures, liquidity and capital resources and other financial and operating information, and may use or contain words such as “anticipate,” “assume,” “believe,” “budget,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “future,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would” and similar terms and phrases.
Forward-looking statements reflect our current expectations as of the date of this Report regarding future events, results or outcomes. These expectations may or may not be realized. Some of these expectations may be based upon assumptions or judgments that prove to be incorrect. In addition, our business and operations involve numerous risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control, that could result in our expectations not being realized or otherwise could materially affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Actual events, results and outcomes may differ materially from those anticipated, projected or assumed in the forward-looking statements due to a variety of factors. Although it is not possible to identify all of these factors, they include, among others, the following:
•potential risks and uncertainties relating to the ultimate impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, including the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, additional actions that may be taken by governmental authorities to contain the COVID-19 pandemic or to address its impact and the potential ongoing or further negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy and financial markets;
•factors that affect the accuracy of estimates inherent in the bidding for contracts, estimates of backlog, and over time recognition accounting policies, including onsite conditions that differ materially from those assumed in the original bid, contract modifications, mechanical problems with machinery or equipment and effects of other risks referenced below;
•actions of suppliers, subcontractors, design engineers, joint venture partners, customers, competitors, banks, surety companies and others which are beyond our control, including suppliers’, subcontractors’ and joint venture partners’ failure to perform;
•cost escalations associated with our contracts, including changes in availability, proximity and cost of materials such as steel, cement, concrete, aggregates, oil, fuel and other construction materials, including changes in U.S. trade policies and retaliatory responses from other countries, and cost escalations associated with subcontractors and labor;
•changes in costs to lease, acquire or maintain our equipment;
•our dependence on a limited number of significant customers;
•the presence of competitors with greater financial resources or lower margin requirements than ours, and the impact of competitive bidders on our ability to obtain new backlog at reasonable margins acceptable to us;
•any prolonged shutdown of the federal government;
•our ability to qualify as an eligible bidder under government contract criteria;
•changes in general economic conditions, including recessions, reductions in federal, state and local government funding for infrastructure services, changes in those governments’ budgets, practices, laws and regulations and adverse economic conditions in our geographic markets, such as those caused by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic;
•delays or difficulties related to the completion of our projects, including additional costs, reductions in revenues or the payment of liquidated damages, or delays or difficulties related to obtaining required governmental permits and approvals;
•design/build contracts which subject us to the risk of design errors and omissions;
•our ability to obtain bonding or post letters of credit;
•our ability to raise additional capital on favorable terms;
•our ability to attract and retain key personnel;
•increased unionization of our workforce or labor costs and any work stoppages or slowdowns;
•adverse weather conditions;
•our ability to successfully identify, finance, complete and integrate acquisitions;
•citations issued by any governmental authority, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration;
•federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations where non-compliance can result in penalties and/or termination of contracts as well as civil and criminal liability; and
•the factors discussed in more detail in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (the “2019 Form 10-K”) under “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” and “Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors” of this Report.
In reading this Report, you should consider these factors carefully in evaluating any forward-looking statements and you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. Investors are cautioned that many of the assumptions upon which our forward-looking statements are based are likely to change after the forward-looking statements are made. Further, we may make changes to our business plans that could affect our results. Although we believe that our plans, intentions and expectations reflected in, or suggested by, the forward-looking statements that we make in this Report are reasonable, we can provide no assurance that they will be achieved.
The forward-looking statements included herein are made only as of the date hereof, and we undertake no obligation to update any information contained herein or to publicly release the results of any revisions to any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances that occur, or that we become aware of after the date of this Report.
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OVERVIEW
General—Sterling Construction Company, Inc. (“Sterling” or “the Company”), is a construction company that has been involved in the construction industry since its founding in 1955. The Company operates through a variety of subsidiaries within three segments specializing in Heavy Civil, Specialty Services and Residential projects in the United States (the “U.S.”), primarily across the southern U.S., the Rocky Mountain States, California and Hawaii, as well as other areas with strategic construction opportunities. Heavy Civil includes infrastructure and rehabilitation projects for highways, roads, bridges, airfields, ports, light rail, water, wastewater and storm drainage systems. Specialty Services projects include construction site excavation and drainage, drilling and blasting for excavation, foundations for multi-family homes, parking structures and other commercial concrete projects. Residential projects include concrete foundations for single-family homes.
Plateau Acquisition—On October 2, 2019, the Company consummated the acquisition of Plateau and entered into a credit agreement with the financial institutions from time to time party thereto as lenders, BMO Harris Bank N.A., as administrative agent, Bank of America, N.A., as syndication agent, and BMO Capital Markets Corp. and BofA Securities, Inc., as joint lead arrangers and joint book runners. The Credit Agreement provides the Company with senior secured debt financing in an amount up to $475 million in the aggregate with a maturity date of October 2, 2024. With the acquisition of Plateau, we now have three reportable segments: Heavy Civil, Specialty Services and Residential. Refer to Note 9 - Debt for a discussion of our financing arrangements and Note 16 - Segment Information for a discussion of reportable segments and related financial information.
Impact of COVID-19—On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of COVID-19 as a pandemic, and on March 13, 2020, the U.S. President announced a National Emergency relating to COVID-19. Federal, state and local authorities have advised social distancing and many imposed shelter-in-place and stay-at-home orders, including some mandatory business closures. Authorities in some areas of the U.S. began to relax these quarantine and isolation measures in the second quarter of 2020, but a resurgence of COVID-19 cases in mid-July in many regions of the country, including some areas where the Company does business, has, in some cases caused authorities to either defer the phasing out of these restrictions or re-impose quarantine and isolation measures. The number of new cases had been decreasing since the most recent spike, and authorities continued to relax certain restrictions during the third quarter 2020. However, recent reports indicate there may be another resurgence in cases currently occurring as of mid-October 2020. The measures taken have had, and are expected to continue to have, serious adverse effects on the U.S. and global economies of an unknown severity and duration. The Company continues to monitor closely the actual and expected impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Sterling’s business has been identified as a component of “Essential Critical Infrastructure” per the National Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Agency, and to date, we have not experienced significant shutdowns of project sites or operational interruptions. Consistent with governmental orders and public health guidelines, the Company has continued to operate across its footprint. For the Company’s office-based personnel, the Company is social distancing and, where practical, working from home. For personnel onsite at the Company’s construction sites, the Company has taken mitigation measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19, including but not limited to, social distancing, wellness checks, providing sanitation stations and wearing personal protective equipment. While the Company has not incurred significant disruptions thus far from the COVID-19 pandemic, the pandemic may impact our business, condensed consolidated results of operations and financial condition in the future. However, the significance of the impact on our operations going forward is not yet certain and depends on numerous evolving factors as discussed further in Part II, Item 1A "Risk Factors" in this Form 10-Q.
MARKET OUTLOOK AND TRENDS
Heavy Civil—Sterling’s Heavy Civil business is primarily driven by federal, state and municipal funding. Federal funds, on average, provide 50% of annual State Department of Transportation (“DOT”) capital outlays for highway and bridge projects. Several of the states in Sterling’s key markets have instituted actions to further increase annual spending. In November 2018, various state and local transportation measures were passed securing, and in some cases increasing, funding of $1.57 billion in California, $1.27 billion in Texas, $528.5 million in Arizona, $128.2 million in Colorado and $87 million in Utah. In October 2018, the Federal Aviation Administration reauthorized $3.35 billion annually for the next five years. This reauthorization also includes more than $1 billion a year for airport infrastructure grants and about $1.7 billion for disaster relief. In addition to the state locally funded actions, this is the final year of the five-year $305 billion 2015 federally funded Fixing America’s Surface Transportation (“FAST”) Act that increased the annual federal highway investment by 15.1% over the five-year period from 2016 to 2020. With the FAST Act set to expire this year, the federal government is currently working towards a bipartisan Federal Infrastructure Bill (America’s Transportation Infrastructure Act) that would both increase and solidify funding for the next five years. Should the federal government approve this incremental infrastructure investment, it would be an additional growth catalyst; however, it would be unlikely to create a significant business impact before the end of 2020 or 2021. The Heavy Civil segment continues to see an unfavorable productivity impact related to the pandemic as customers and back offices began to work virtually and new procedures and protocol were developed and implemented into field operations beginning in the first quarter of 2020.
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Specialty Services—Sterling’s Specialty Services business is primarily driven by investments from end users and developers. Key end users, including Amazon, Facebook and Home Depot, have begun implementing publicly announced multi-year capital infrastructure campaigns. In our primary market in the southeastern United States, and specifically Georgia, the availability rate remains low and positive new square footage development trends continue. In our key commercial markets forecasted net absorption continues to be positive, with more space leased than supplied to the market. Additionally, the lending environment continues to sustain new development within our Specialty Services space. However, the outlook for multifamily vacancy rate continues to be below its long-term average and we are experiencing a slowdown in investment in this space.
Residential—The Company’s Residential business is directly related to new home starts in its key markets. The Company’s core customer base is primarily made up of leading national, regional and custom home builders, including D.R. Horton, Lennar and PulteGroup. The Company has continued its expansion of its Residential business into the Houston market. Although our customers anticipated a slowdown in the housing market and demand for new developments for the second quarter of 2020, our actual revenues exceeded those expectations. However, due to the recent resurgence of COVID-19 infections, we may still experience a slowdown in the demand for new developments in future periods.
BACKLOG
At September 30, 2020, our backlog (“Backlog”) of construction projects, made up of our Heavy Civil and Specialty Services segments, was $1.24 billion, as compared to $1.07 billion at December 31, 2019. The contracts in our Backlog are typically completed in 6 to 36 months. Contracts in which we are the apparent low bidder for projects (“Unsigned Low-bid Awards”) are excluded from Backlog until the contract is executed by our customer. Unsigned Low-bid Awards were $270 million at September 30, 2020 and $273 million at December 31, 2019. The combination of our Backlog and Unsigned Low-bid Awards, which we refer to as “Combined Backlog,” totaled $1.51 billion and $1.34 billion as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
The Company’s margin in Backlog has increased from 11.5% at December 31, 2019 to 12.4% at September 30, 2020 and the Combined Backlog margin increased from 11.0% at December 31, 2019 to 11.6% at September 30, 2020, driven by a greater mix of Specialty Services awards.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Consolidated Results
Summary—For the third quarter of 2020, the Company had operating income of $28.8 million, income before income taxes of $21.7 million, net income attributable to Sterling common stockholders of $15.2 million and net income per diluted share attributable to Sterling common stockholders of $0.54.
Consolidated financial highlights for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 are as follows:

| Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Revenues | $ | 383,458 |  |  | $ | 291,699 |  |  | $ | 1,080,184 |  |  | $ | 779,734 |
Gross profit | 49,916 |  |  | 29,216 |  |  | 144,760 |  |  | 74,215 |
General and administrative expenses | (15,154) |  |  | (10,239) |  |  | (51,209) |  |  | (32,302) |
Intangible asset amortization | (2,866) |  |  | (600) |  |  | (8,569) |  |  | (1,800) |
Acquisition related costs | (401) |  |  | (1,896) |  |  | (1,013) |  |  | (2,158) |
Other operating expense, net | (2,664) |  |  | (4,366) |  |  | (9,989) |  |  | (9,936) |
Operating income | 28,831 |  |  | 12,115 |  |  | 73,980 |  |  | 28,019 |
Interest, net | (7,154) |  |  | (2,693) |  |  | (22,391) |  |  | (8,002) |
Income before income taxes | 21,677 |  |  | 9,422 |  |  | 51,589 |  |  | 20,017 |
Income tax expense | (6,280) |  |  | (913) |  |  | (14,712) |  |  | (1,782) |
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (240) |  |  | (552) |  |  | (395) |  |  | (635) |
Net income attributable to Sterling common stockholders | $ | 15,157 |  |  | $ | 7,957 |  |  | $ | 36,482 |  |  | $ | 17,600 |
Gross margin | 13.0 | % |  | 10.0 | % |  | 13.4 | % |  | 9.5 | %

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Revenues—Revenues were $383.5 million for the third quarter of 2020, an increase of $91.8 million or 31% compared with the third quarter of 2019. The increase in the third quarter of 2020 was driven by a $107.1 million increase in Specialty Services due to the inclusion of the quarter results from Plateau, which was acquired on October 2, 2019, and a $2.5 million increase in Residential, partly offset by a $17.8 million decrease in Heavy Civil. Revenues were $1,080.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, an increase of $300.5 million or 39% compared with the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increase in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was driven by a $289.0 million increase in Specialty Services due to the inclusion of nine months of results from Plateau, a $7.5 million increase in Heavy Civil, and a $4.0 million increase in Residential.
Gross profit—Gross profit was $49.9 million for the third quarter of 2020, an increase of $20.7 million or 71% compared to the third quarter of 2019. The Company’s gross margin as a percent of revenue increased to 13.0% in the third quarter of 2020, as compared to 10.0% in the third quarter of 2019. The increases in gross profit and gross margin as a percent of revenue are primarily driven by Specialty Services due to the inclusion of a full quarter results from Plateau. Gross profit was $144.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, an increase of $70.5 million or 95% compared with the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The Company’s gross margin as a percent of revenue increased to 13.4% in the nine months ended September 30, 2020, as compared to 9.5% in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increase in gross profit and gross margin as a percent of revenue are primarily driven by Specialty Services due to the inclusion of nine months of results from Plateau operations in 2020.
Contracts in progress which were not substantially completed totaled approximately 215 and 183 at September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. These contracts are of various sizes, of different expected profitability and in various stages of completion. The nearer a contract progresses toward completion, the more visibility the Company has in refining its estimate of total revenues (including incentives, delay penalties and change orders), costs and gross profit. Thus, gross profit as a percent of revenues can increase or decrease from comparable and subsequent quarters due to variations among contracts and depending upon the stage of completion of contracts.
General and administrative expenses—General and administrative expenses were $15.2 million for the third quarter of 2020, an increase of $4.9 million compared to the third quarter of 2019. General and administrative expenses were $51.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, an increase of $18.9 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. These increases were primarily due to the inclusion of the results from Plateau operations in 2020 and higher stock compensation and other corporate related cost.
Intangible asset amortization—Intangible asset amortization was $2.9 million for the third quarter of 2020, an increase of $2.3 million compared to the third quarter of 2019. Intangible asset amortization was $8.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, an increase of $6.8 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increases were a result of the Plateau Acquisition.
Acquisition related costs—The Company had acquisition related costs of $0.4 million and $1.9 million during the third quarter of 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $1.0 million and $2.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, all of which related to the Plateau Acquisition.
Other operating expense, net—Other operating expense, net, includes 50% of earnings and losses related to Members’ interest of consolidated 50% owned subsidiaries (included within Heavy Civil), earn-out expense and other miscellaneous operating income or expense. Members’ interest earnings are treated as an expense and increase the liability account. The change in other operating expense, net, was a decrease of $1.7 million during the third quarter of 2020 compared to the third quarter of 2019. Earn-out expense decreased by $0.1 million during the third quarter of 2020 to $0.1 million from $0.2 million in the third quarter of 2019. Members’ interest earnings decreased by $1.6 million during the third quarter of 2020 to $2.6 million from $4.2 million in the third quarter of 2019. The change in other operating expense, net, was an increase of $0.1 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Earn-out expense decreased by $0.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 to $1.1 million from $1.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Members’ interest earnings increased by $0.7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 to $8.9 million from $8.2 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019.
Interest expense—Interest expense was $7.2 million in the third quarter of 2020 compared to $3.0 million in the third quarter of 2019 and interest expense was $22.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $9.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increases were due to borrowings related to the Plateau Acquisition.
Income taxes—The effective income tax rate was 29.0% and 28.5% in the third quarter of 2020 and the nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, compared to 9.7% and 8.9% in the third quarter of 2019 and the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increases in both periods are in part due to a reduction in the tax valuation allowance that reduced the effective income tax rate in 2019 and in part due to additional state taxes in 2020 primarily related to Plateau. Due to its net
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operating loss carryforwards, the Company expects no cash payments for federal income taxes for 2020 or 2019. See Note 13 - Income Taxes for more information.
Segment Results

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) | 2020 |  | % of Revenue |  | 2019 |  | % of Revenue |  | 2020 |  | % of Revenue |  | 2019 |  | % of Revenue
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Heavy Civil | $ | 201,078 |  |  | 52% |  | $ | 218,894 |  |  | 75% |  | $ | 577,141 |  |  | 54% |  | $ | 569,635 |  |  | 73%
Specialty Services | 139,971 |  |  | 37% |  | 32,863 |  |  | 11% |  | 380,397 |  |  | 35% |  | 91,436 |  |  | 12%
Residential | 42,409 |  |  | 11% |  | 39,942 |  |  | 14% |  | 122,646 |  |  | 11% |  | 118,663 |  |  | 15%
Total Revenue | $ | 383,458 |  |  |  |  | $ | 291,699 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,080,184 |  |  |  |  | $ | 779,734 |  |  |
Operating Income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Heavy Civil | $ | 2,405 |  |  | 1.2% |  | $ | 7,420 |  |  | 3.4% |  | $ | 2,679 |  |  | 0.5% |  | $ | 11,020 |  |  | 1.9%
Specialty Services | 21,474 |  |  | 15.3% |  | 1,371 |  |  | 4.2% |  | 55,834 |  |  | 14.7% |  | 3,284 |  |  | 3.6%
Residential | 5,353 |  |  | 12.6% |  | 5,220 |  |  | 13.1% |  | 16,480 |  |  | 13.4% |  | 15,873 |  |  | 13.4%
Subtotal | 29,232 |  |  | 7.6% |  | 14,011 |  |  | 4.8% |  | 74,993 |  |  | 6.9% |  | 30,177 |  |  | 3.9%
Acquisition related costs | (401) |  |  |  |  | (1,896) |  |  |  |  | (1,013) |  |  |  |  | (2,158) |  |  |
Total Operating Income | $ | 28,831 |  |  | 7.5% |  | $ | 12,115 |  |  | 4.2% |  | $ | 73,980 |  |  | 6.8% |  | $ | 28,019 |  |  | 3.6%

Heavy Civil
Revenues—Revenues were $201.1 million for the third quarter of 2020, a decrease of $17.8 million or 8.1% compared to the third quarter of 2019. The decrease was driven by lower aviation revenue for the third quarter of 2020 compared to the third quarter of 2019. Revenues were $577.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, a increase of $7.5 million or 1.3% compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increase was driven by higher heavy highway revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019, partly offset by the aforementioned third quarter impact.
Operating Income—Operating income was $2.4 million for the third quarter of 2020, a decrease of $5.0 million, compared to the third quarter of 2019. The decrease was the result of a charge for increased estimated cost to complete the construction of three separate bridges in Texas and a margin shift due to lower volume on aviation work and higher volume of lower margin heavy highway work. The company expects the margin mix to improve in 2021 with the ramp up of several large projects which are in backlog. Operating income was $2.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, a decrease of $8.3 million, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was the result of the aforementioned third quarter impact and greater project mix shift to our 50% owned subsidiaries which increased members interest by $0.7 million and additional costs associated with COVID-19.
Specialty Services
Revenues—Revenues were $140.0 million for the third quarter of 2020, an increase of $107.1 million compared to the third quarter of 2019. The increase was driven by the inclusion of Plateau’s operations in the third quarter of 2020, partly offset by a decrease in Commercial revenues. Revenues were $380.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, an increase of $289.0 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increase was primarily attributable to the inclusion of nine months of results from Plateau operations in 2020, partly offset by a decrease in Commercial revenues.
Operating income—Operating income was $21.5 million for the third quarter of 2020, an increase of $20.1 million, compared to the third quarter of 2019 and operating income was $55.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, an increase of $52.6 million, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increases were primarily attributable to the inclusion of operating income generated from Plateau operations in 2020.
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Residential
Revenues—Revenues were $42.4 million for the third quarter of 2020, an increase of $2.5 million or 6.2%, compared to the third quarter of 2019. Revenues were $122.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, an increase of $4.0 million or 3.4%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increases in revenue were primarily the result of the continued ramp-up of work in Houston.
Operating income—Operating income was $5.4 million for the third quarter of 2020, an increase of $0.1 million, compared to the third quarter of 2019 and operating income was $16.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, an increase of $0.6 million, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increases were driven by the ramp-up of operations and scale in Houston. Houston as a percentage of completed slabs was 15% for the third quarter of 2020 compared to 11% for the third quarter of 2019. Operating income as a percent of revenue decreased 45 basis points compared to the third quarter of 2019, driven by the ramp-up of operations and scale in Houston, temporary price concessions implemented to mitigate a potential decrease in demand due to COVID-19, and an increase in lumber and concrete costs in 2020.
LIQUIDITY AND SOURCES OF CAPITAL
Cash—Cash at September 30, 2020, was $72,593, and includes the following components:

(In thousands) | September 30, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Generally Available | $ | 35,083 |  |  | $ | 29,659 |
Consolidated 50% Owned Subsidiaries | 30,658 |  |  | 12,004 |
Construction Joint Ventures | 6,852 |  |  | 4,070 |
Total Cash | $ | 72,593 |  |  | $ | 45,733 |

The following tables set forth information about our cash flows and liquidity:

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) | 2020 |  | 2019
Net cash provided by (used in): |  |  |
Operating activities | $ | 90,949 |  |  | $ | 8,477 |
Investing activities | (20,531) |  |  | (6,606) |
Financing activities | (43,558) |  |  | (19,436) |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents | $ | 26,860 |  |  | $ | (17,565) |

Operating Activities—During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, net cash provided by operating activities was $90.9 million compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $8.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Cash flows provided by operating activities were driven by net income, adjusted for various non-cash items and changes in accounts receivable, net contracts in progress and accounts payable balances (collectively, “Contract Capital”), as discussed below, and other accrued liabilities.
Changes in Contract Capital—The change in operating assets and liabilities varies due to fluctuations in operating activities and investments in Contract Capital. The changes in the components of Contract Capital during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 were as follows:

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) | 2020 |  | 2019
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings | $ | (12,755) |  |  | $ | (26,060) |
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings | 41,975 |  |  | (874) |
Contracts in progress, net | 29,220 |  |  | (26,934) |
Accounts receivable, including retainage | (23,095) |  |  | (15,486) |
Receivables from and equity in construction joint ventures | (4,606) |  |  | (3,931) |
Accounts payable | (10,257) |  |  | 11,198 |
Change in Contract Capital, net | $ | (8,738) |  |  | $ | (35,153) |

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During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the change in Contract Capital decreased liquidity by $8.7 million. The Company’s Contract Capital fluctuations are impacted by the mix of projects in Backlog, seasonality, the timing of new awards, and related payments for work performed and the contract billings to the customer as projects are completed. Contract Capital is also impacted at period-end by the timing of accounts receivable collections and accounts payable payments for projects.
Investing Activities—During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, net cash used in investing activities was $20.5 million compared to $6.6 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The use of cash was driven by purchases of capital equipment and buildings and improvements. Capital equipment is acquired as needed to support changing levels of production activities and to replace retiring equipment.
Financing Activities—During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, net cash used in financing activities was $43.6 million compared to net cash used of $19.4 million in the prior year. The financing cash outflow was driven by $52.7 million of repayments on debt, primarily consisting of $12.5 million in payments on the combined promissory notes and deferred cash payments issued as part of the Tealstone Acquisition and $20.0 million in repayments on the Term Loan Facility and $20.0 million in repayments on the Revolving Credit Facility.
Capital Strategy—The Company will continue to explore additional revenue growth and capital alternatives to improve leverage and strengthen its financial position in order to take advantage of trends in the civil infrastructure and specialty services markets. The Company expects to pursue strategic uses of its cash, such as, investing in projects or businesses that meet its gross margin targets and overall profitability and managing its debt balances.
OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS AND JOINT VENTURES
We participate in various construction joint venture partnerships in order to share expertise, risk and resources for certain highly complex projects. The joint venture’s contract with the project owner typically requires joint and several liability among the joint venture partners. Although our agreements with our joint venture partners provide that each party will assume and fund its share of any losses resulting from a project, if one of our partners was unable to pay its share, we would be fully liable for such share under our contract with the project owner. Circumstances that could lead to a loss under these guarantee arrangements include a partner’s inability to contribute additional funds to the venture in the event that the project incurred a loss or additional costs that we could incur should the partner fail to provide the services and resources toward project completion that had been committed to in the joint venture agreement. See the 2019 Form 10-K under “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors,” as updated herein.
At September 30, 2020, there was approximately $573.7 million of construction work to be completed on unconsolidated construction joint venture contracts, of which $255.9 million represented our proportionate share. Due to the joint and several liability under our joint venture arrangements, if one of our joint venture partners fails to perform, we and the remaining joint venture partners would be responsible for completion of the outstanding work. As of September 30, 2020, we are not aware of any situation that would require us to fulfill responsibilities of our joint venture partners pursuant to the joint and several liability under our contracts.
NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
See the applicable section of Note 2 - Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies for a discussion of new accounting standards.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
The discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations are based on the Company’s Condensed Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these Condensed Financial Statements requires the Company to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. The Company continually evaluates its estimates based on historical experience and various other assumptions that the Company believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. The Company believes the following critical accounting policies involve more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of the Condensed Financial Statements.
Revenue Recognition
Performance Obligations Satisfied Over Time—Revenue for contracts that satisfy the criteria for over time recognition is recognized as the work progresses. The Company measures transfer of control of the performance obligation utilizing the cost-to-cost measure of progress, with cost of revenue including direct costs, such as materials and labor, and indirect costs that are attributable to contract activity. Under the cost-to-cost approach, the use of estimated costs to complete each performance
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obligation is a significant variable in the process of determining recognized revenue and is a significant factor in the accounting for such performance obligations. Significant estimates that impact the cost to complete each performance obligation are materials, components, equipment, labor and subcontracts; labor productivity; schedule durations, including subcontractor or supplier progress; contract disputes, including claims; achievement of contractual performance requirements; and contingency, among others. The cumulative impact of revisions in total cost estimates during the progress of work is reflected in the period in which these changes become known, including, to the extent required, the reversal of profit recognized in prior periods and the recognition of losses expected to be incurred on performance obligations in progress. Due to the various estimates inherent in our contract accounting, actual results could differ from those estimates, which could result in material changes to the Company’s Condensed Financial Statements and related disclosures.
Valuation of Long-Lived Assets
Long-lived assets, which include property, equipment and acquired intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. If a recoverability assessment is required, the estimated future cash flow associated with the asset or asset group will be compared to their respective carrying amounts to determine if an impairment exists. Actual useful lives and cash flows could be different from those estimated by management, and this could have a material effect on operating results and financial position. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and the year ended December 31, 2019, there were no events or changes in circumstances that would indicate a material impairment of our long-lived assets.
Goodwill
At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we had goodwill with a carrying amount of $192.0 million and $191.9 million, respectively. Goodwill is not amortized to earnings, but instead is reviewed for impairment at least annually, absent any indicators of impairment or when other actions require an impairment assessment. The Company performs the annual impairment assessment during the fourth quarter of each year based on balances as of October 1. During the fourth quarter 2019, the Company performed a qualitative assessment of goodwill, and based on this assessment, no indicators of impairment were present. Additionally, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company noted no indicators of impairment.
Income Taxes
Deferred Tax Realization Assessments—Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis using currently enacted income tax rates for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is provided to offset any net deferred tax assets (“DTA(s)”) if, based upon the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the DTAs will not be realized. The realization of our net DTAs depends upon our ability to generate sufficient future taxable income of the appropriate character and in the appropriate jurisdictions.
As a result of the Company’s analysis, management has determined that the Company does not have any material uncertain tax positions. If our estimates or assumptions regarding our current and deferred tax items are inaccurate or are modified, these changes could have potentially material impacts on our earnings.
Purchase Accounting Estimates
The aggregate purchase price for the Plateau Acquisition was allocated to the major categories of assets and liabilities acquired based upon their estimated fair values as of October 2, 2019, which were based, in part, upon an external appraisal and valuation of certain assets, including specifically identified intangible assets and property and equipment. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired, totaling $106.8 million, was recorded as goodwill. See Note 3 - Plateau Acquisition to our Condensed Financial Statements for further discussion.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Interest Rate Risk
We continue to utilize a swap arrangement to hedge against interest rate variability associated with $350 million of the $380 million outstanding under the Term Loan Facility. The Company has designated its interest rate swap agreement as a cash flow hedging derivative. To the extent the derivative instrument is effective and the documentation requirements have been met, changes in fair value are recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) until the underlying hedged item is recognized in earnings. The total fair value of the contract was a net loss of approximately $8.4 million at September 30, 2020. For the $30
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million remaining portion of the Term Loan Facility not associated with the interest rate swap hedge, at September 30, 2020 a 100-basis point (or 1%) increase or decrease in the interest rate would increase or decrease interest expense by approximately $0.3 million per year.
Other
The carrying values of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents (primarily consisting of bank deposits), accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate their fair values because of the short-term nature of these instruments. At September 30, 2020, the fair value of the term loan, based upon the current market rates for debt with similar credit risk and maturities, approximated its carrying value as interest is based on LIBOR plus an applicable margin.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Disclosure controls and procedures include, but are not limited to, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by an issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is accumulated and communicated to the issuer’s management, including the principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
The Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer reviewed and evaluated the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) as of September 30, 2020. As previously disclosed, we completed the Plateau Acquisition on October 2, 2019 and, as permitted by SEC guidance for newly acquired businesses, we have elected to exclude the acquired operations of Plateau from the scope of design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures for the quarter ended September 30, 2020. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective at September 30, 2020 to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by the Company in this Report is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management including the principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended September 30, 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, internal control over financial reporting.
Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls
Internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness of internal control to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
PART II—OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
The Company, including its construction joint ventures and its consolidated 50% owned subsidiaries, is now and may in the future be involved as a party to various legal proceedings that are incidental to the ordinary course of business. The Company regularly analyzes current information about these proceedings and, as necessary, provides accruals for probable liabilities on the eventual disposition of these matters.
In the opinion of management, after consultation with legal counsel, there are currently no threatened or pending legal matters that would reasonably be expected to have a material adverse impact on the Condensed Consolidated Results of Operations, Financial Position or Cash Flows.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have not been any material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” of the 2019 Form 10-K, except as provided below. In addition, many of the other risks described in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our 2019 Form 10-K may be heightened by the risks described below as well as other impacts of COVID-19 or other global or regional health pandemics, epidemics or similar public health threats. The below discussion of risk factors contains forward-looking statements. These risk factors may be important to understanding other statements in this Report and the 2019 Form 10-
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K. The below information should be read in conjunction with the risk factors previously disclosed in “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” of the 2019 Form 10-K, as updated by Part II, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, and with the other portions of this Report, including “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Item 2 of Part I and the Condensed Financial Statements and related notes in Item 1 of Part I. You should carefully consider such risk factors, which could materially affect the business, financial condition or future results.
Risk Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic could disrupt the Company’s operations and adversely affect its business, results of operations, and financial condition.
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of COVID-19 as a pandemic, and on March 13, 2020, the U.S. President announced a National Emergency relating to COVID-19. Federal, state, and local authorities have advised social distancing and many imposed shelter-in-place and stay-at-home orders, including some mandatory business closures. Authorities in some areas of the U.S. began to relax these quarantine and isolation measures in the second quarter of 2020, but a resurgence of COVID-19 cases in mid-July in many regions of the country, including some areas where the Company does business, has, in some cases caused authorities to either defer the phasing out of these restrictions, or re-impose quarantine and isolation measures. The number of new cases had been decreasing since the most recent spike, and authorities continued to relax certain restrictions during the third quarter 2020. However, recent reports indicate there may be another resurgence in cases currently occurring as of mid-October 2020. The measures taken have had, and are expected to continue to have, serious adverse effects on the U.S. and global economies of an unknown severity and duration. This outbreak, which has continued to spread worldwide, has adversely affected workforces, customers, economies, and financial markets globally. While the Company has not incurred significant disruptions thus far from the COVID-19 pandemic, the pandemic may impact our business, condensed consolidated results of operations and financial condition in the future. However, the significance of the impact on our operations going forward is not yet certain and depends on numerous evolving factors that the Company may not be able to accurately predict or effectively respond to, including, without limitation: the duration and scope of the outbreak; actions taken by governments, businesses, and individuals in response to the outbreak; the effect on economic activity and actions taken in response; the effect on customers and their demand for the Company's products and services; the ability of our subcontractors to perform under their contracts due to their own financial or operational difficulties; the availability of subcontractors and other talent; and the Company's ability to continue operations, including without limitation as a result of supply chain challenges, facility closures, social distancing, restrictions on travel, fear or anxiety by the populace and shelter-in-place orders.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
The following table shows shares repurchased from employees holding shares of the Company’s common stock that had been awarded to them by the Company and that were released from Company-imposed transfer restrictions. The repurchase was to enable the employees to satisfy the Company’s tax withholding obligations occasioned by the release of the restrictions. The repurchase was made at the election of the employees pursuant to a procedure adopted by the Compensation and Talent Development Committee of the Board of Directors.

Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid Per Share
July 1 – July 31, 2020 | 2,954 |  | $ | 9.60 |
August 1 – August 31, 2020 | — |  | $ | — |
September 1 – September 30, 2020 | — |  | $ | — |
Total | 2,954 |  | $ | 9.60 |

Items 3 and 4 are not applicable and have been omitted.
Item 5. Other Information
On September 1, 2020, the Company filed a Current Report on Form 8-K under Item 5.02(d) disclosing that on September 1, 2020, Mr. Dwayne Wilson was appointed to the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”), effective September 1, 2020. At that time, Mr. Wilson’s Board committee appointments had not yet been determined by the Board.
The Board, based on the recommendation of the Company’s Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee, appointed Mr. Wilson to serve as a member of the Board’s Audit Committee as well as the Board’s Compensation and Talent Development Committee, effective October 30, 2020.
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Item 6. Exhibits
The following exhibits are filed with this Report:

Exhibit No. | Exhibit Title
3.1 (1) | Certificate of Incorporation of Sterling Construction Company, Inc. as amended through April 28, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3 to Sterling Construction Company, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on May 3, 2017 (SEC File No. 1-31993)).
3.2 (1) | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Sterling Construction Company, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Sterling Construction Company, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on March 8, 2018 (SEC File No. 1-31993)).
31.1 (2) | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)
31.2 (2) | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)
32.1 (3) | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350
32.2 (3) | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350
101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document—The instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File as its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

(1) Incorporated by reference to the filing indicated
(2) Filed herewith
(3) Furnished herewith
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| STERLING CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC.
Date: November 3, 2020 | By: | /s/ Ronald A. Ballschmiede
|  | Ronald A. Ballschmiede
|  | Chief Financial Officer and Duly Authorized Officer

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