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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
14.INCOME TAXES
Provision for Income Taxes
The Company and its subsidiaries are based in the U.S. and file federal and various state income tax returns. The components of the provision for income taxes were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
202220212020
Current tax expense$9,221 $3,512 $3,033 
Deferred tax expense32,486 21,362 16,377 
Income tax expense$41,707 $24,874 $19,410 
The Company expects to pay approximately $1,100 in federal income taxes for 2022 and no payments for 2021 due to net operating loss carryforwards. The Company makes cash payments for state income taxes in states in which the Company does not have net operating loss carry forwards. The Company expects to pay federal taxes in 2023 due to the full utilization of its net operating loss carryforward.
Effective Tax Rate
The items comprising the difference between income taxes computed at the U.S. federal statutory rates in effect for 2022, 2021 and 2020 and our effective tax rates were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
202220212020
Amount%Amount%Amount%
Tax expense at the U.S. federal statutory rate$29,435 21.0 %$18,650 21.0 %$13,258 21.0 %
State income taxes, net of federal benefits11,064 7.9 %5,579 6.3 %4,840 7.7 %
Taxes on subsidiaries’ and joint ventures’ earnings allocated to noncontrolling interests owners(366)(0.3)%(521)(0.6)%(130)(0.2)%
Executive compensation, including stock incentives1,366 1.0 %1,698 1.9 %1,881 3.0 %
Other permanent differences208 0.1 %(532)(0.6)%(439)(0.7)%
Income tax expense$41,707 29.8 %$24,874 28.0 %$19,410 30.7 %
The 2022, 2021 and 2020 effective income tax rate varied from the statutory rate primarily as a result of state income taxes, nondeductible compensation and other permanent differences.
Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
The components of deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows:
Long Term
As of December 31,
20222021
Assets related to:
Accrued compensation and other$3,287 $5,237 
Noncontrolling interests2,642 2,030 
Members interest liabilities4,783 4,604 
Right of use liabilities15,259 4,600 
Derivative liability— 515 
Deferred payments23 960 
Net operating loss carryforwards1,320 8,955 
Total deferred tax assets27,314 26,901 
Liabilities related to:
Depreciation of property and equipment(40,770)(25,775)
Right of use assets(15,157)(4,565)
Amortization of tax basis goodwill(16,047)(10,493)
Other(6,999)(4,502)
Total deferred tax liabilities(78,973)(45,335)
Net total deferred tax (liability) asset$(51,659)$(18,434)
Net Operating Loss—At December 31, 2022 the Company had federal and state net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of $253 and $22,224, respectively. Federal NOLs have expiration dates between 2034 and 2036. The Company has $27 of federal NOLs that do not expire. State NOLs have expiration dates between 2028 and 2038.

Uncertain Tax Positions
As a result of the Company’s analysis, management has determined that the Company does not have any material uncertain tax positions. The Company’s U.S. federal income tax returns for 2019 and later years are open and subject to examination by the I.R.S. In addition, the Company’s state income tax returns for 2019 and later years are open and subject to examination. Additionally, federal and state NOLs may be adjusted by the taxing authorities for the 2013 and later tax years.