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INCOME TAXES
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
INCOME TAXES
13.INCOME TAXES
Provision for Income Taxes
The Company and its subsidiaries are based in the U.S. and file federal and various state income tax returns. The components of the provision for income taxes were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
Current tax expense$33,024 $9,221 $3,512 
Deferred tax expense14,746 32,486 21,362 
Income tax expense$47,770 $41,707 $24,874 
The Company expects to pay approximately $25,000 in federal income taxes for 2023. The Company makes cash payments for state income taxes in states in which the Company does not have net operating loss carry forwards. For 2023, the Company expects to pay $8,000 in state income taxes.
Effective Tax Rate
The items comprising the difference between income taxes computed at the U.S. federal statutory rates in effect for 2023, 2022 and 2021 and our effective tax rates were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
Amount%Amount%Amount%
Tax expense at the U.S. federal statutory rate$40,029 21.0 %$29,435 21.0 %$18,650 21.0 %
State income taxes, net of federal benefits8,374 4.4 %11,064 7.9 %5,579 6.3 %
Taxes on subsidiaries’ and joint ventures’ earnings allocated to noncontrolling interests owners(880)(0.5)%(366)(0.3)%(521)(0.6)%
Executive compensation, including stock incentives8 — %1,366 1.0 %1,698 1.9 %
Other permanent differences239 0.1 %208 0.1 %(532)(0.6)%
Income tax expense$47,770 25.1 %$41,707 29.8 %$24,874 28.0 %
The 2023, 2022 and 2021 effective income tax rate varied from the statutory rate primarily as a result of state income taxes, nondeductible compensation and other permanent differences.
Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
The components of deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows:
Long Term
As of December 31,
Assets related to:20232022
Accrued compensation and other$3,780 $3,287 
Noncontrolling interests3,179 2,642 
Members interest liabilities4,676 4,783 
Right of use liabilities14,213 15,259 
Deferred payments— 23 
Net operating loss carryforwards1,025 1,320 
Total deferred tax assets26,873 27,314 
Liabilities related to:
Depreciation of property and equipment(49,311)(40,770)
Right of use assets(14,189)(15,157)
Amortization of tax basis goodwill(20,256)(16,047)
Amortization of intangibles(18,929)(6,582)
Other(952)(417)
Total deferred tax liabilities(103,637)(78,973)
Net total deferred tax (liability) asset$(76,764)$(51,659)
Net Operating Loss—At December 31, 2023 the Company had federal and state net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of $255 and $14,838, respectively. Federal NOLs have expiration dates between 2034 and 2036. The Company has $28 of federal NOLs that do not expire. State NOLs have expiration dates between 2028 and 2038.
Uncertain Tax Positions
The Company's U.S. federal and state income tax returns for 2020 and later are open and subject to examination. Additionally, federal and state NOLs may be adjusted by the taxing authorities for the 2013 and later tax years.
The Company has an Uncertain Tax Position (“UTP”) liability of $8,077 and an additional liability related to the UTP for penalties of $1,615 and interest of $611 at December 31, 2023. We recognize interest and penalties related to the UTP as administrative expense. The UTP, including penalties and interest, are fully offset by an indemnification receivable at December 31, 2023. The Company estimates that approximately $1,344 of the recorded UTP may be recognized by the end of 2024, with no material impact to the Consolidated Statement of Operations due to the associated indemnification receivable. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company did not have any material UTP’s.