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INVESTMENT SECURITIES
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2025
Investments [Abstract]  
INVESTMENT SECURITIES INVESTMENT SECURITIES
Investment Securities
We classify our investment securities as either available-for-sale (“AFS”) or held-to-maturity (“HTM”). AFS securities, which primarily consist of debt securities used to manage liquidity and interest rate risk and to generate interest income, are measured at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses from AFS securities, net of applicable taxes, are recorded in other comprehensive income. HTM securities are those that management has both the intent and ability to hold until maturity and are carried at amortized cost. This amount reflects the original investment cost, adjusted for the amortization or accretion of any purchase premiums or discounts, as well as any impairment losses, including credit-related impairment. Gains or losses on the sale of investment securities are recognized in noninterest income using the specific identification method.
The carrying values of our investment securities exclude accrued interest receivables of $57 million and $60 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. These receivables are included in “Other assets” on the consolidated balance sheet.
Investment securities with a carrying value of $17.4 billion and $17.9 billion were pledged as collateral for potential borrowings at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
When a security is transferred from AFS to HTM, the difference between its amortized cost basis and fair value at the date of transfer is amortized as a yield adjustment through interest income. The fair value at the date of transfer results in either a premium or discount to the amortized cost basis of the HTM securities. The amortization of unrealized gains or losses reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) will offset the effect of the amortization of the premium or discount in interest income created by the transfer. The discount associated with securities previously transferred from AFS to HTM was $1.7 billion ($1.2 billion after tax) at September 30, 2025, compared with $1.8 billion ($1.4 billion after tax) at December 31, 2024.
For additional information regarding our fair value estimation process and the accounting treatment of our investment securities, see Notes 3 and 5, respectively, of our 2024 Form 10-K.
The following schedule presents the amortized cost and estimated fair values of our AFS and HTM securities:
September 30, 2025
(In millions)Amortized
cost
Gross unrealized gains 1
Gross unrealized lossesEstimated
fair value
Available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury securities$1,401 $15 $105 $1,311 
U.S. Government agencies and corporations:
Agency securities349 — 17 332 
Agency guaranteed mortgage-backed securities7,208 4 1,041 6,171 
Small Business Administration loan-backed securities374 — 16 358 
Municipal securities1,022 — 49 973 
Other debt securities25 — — 25 
Total available-for-sale10,379 19 1,228 9,170 
Held-to-maturity
U.S. Government agencies and corporations:
Agency securities139 — 4 135 
Agency guaranteed mortgage-backed securities8,643 89 28 8,704 
Municipal securities277 — 10 267 
Total held-to-maturity9,059 89 42 9,106 
Total investment securities$19,438 $108 $1,270 $18,276 
December 31, 2024
(In millions)Amortized
cost
Gross unrealized gains 1
Gross unrealized lossesEstimated
fair value
Available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury securities$781 $— $119 $662 
U.S. Government agencies and corporations:
Agency securities441 — 26 415 
Agency guaranteed mortgage-backed securities7,713 1 1,263 6,451 
Small Business Administration loan-backed securities455 — 21 434 
Municipal securities1,186 — 78 1,108 
Other debt securities25 — — 25 
Total available-for-sale10,601 1 1,507 9,095 
Held-to-maturity
U.S. Government agencies and corporations:
Agency securities148 — 8 140 
Agency guaranteed mortgage-backed securities9,202 2 263 8,941 
Municipal securities319 — 18 301 
Total held-to-maturity9,669 2 289 9,382 
Total investment securities$20,270 $3 $1,796 $18,477 
1 Gross unrealized gains for the respective AFS security categories without values were individually less than $1 million.
The following schedule presents gross unrealized losses for AFS securities and the estimated fair value, categorized by the length of time the securities have been in an unrealized loss position:
September 30, 2025
Less than 12 months12 months or moreTotal
(In millions)Gross
unrealized
losses		Estimated
fair
value		Gross
unrealized
losses		Estimated
fair
value		Gross
unrealized
losses		Estimated
fair
value
Available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury securities$— $— $105 $296 $105 $296 
U.S. Government agencies and corporations:
Agency securities— 7 17 320 17 327 
Agency guaranteed mortgage-backed securities— 6 1,041 5,846 1,041 5,852 
Small Business Administration loan-backed securities— 32 16 321 16 353 
Municipal securities— 86 49 813 49 899 
Total available-for-sale investment securities$— $131 $1,228 $7,596 $1,228 $7,727 
December 31, 2024
Less than 12 months12 months or moreTotal
(In millions)Gross
unrealized
losses		Estimated
 fair
 value		Gross
unrealized
losses		Estimated
 fair
 value		Gross
unrealized
losses		Estimated
 fair
 value
Available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury securities$3 $198 $116 $285 $119 $483 
U.S. Government agencies and corporations:
Agency securities— 3 26 403 26 406 
Agency guaranteed mortgage-backed securities— 86 1,263 6,171 1,263 6,257 
Small Business Administration loan-backed securities— 35 21 387 21 422 
Municipal securities— 68 78 984 78 1,052 
Total available-for-sale investment securities$3 $390 $1,504 $8,230 $1,507 $8,620 
At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the number of AFS investment securities in an unrealized loss position was 2,135 and 2,534, respectively.
There were no gross realized gains or losses from sales of AFS investment securities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.
The following schedule presents interest income categorized by investment security type:
Three Months Ended September 30,
20252024
(In millions)TaxableNontaxableTotalTaxableNontaxableTotal
Available-for-sale$66 $7 $73 $75 $8 $83 
Held-to-maturity49 2 51 54 1 55 
Total investment securities$115 $9 $124 $129 $9 $138 
Nine Months Ended September 30,
20252024
(In millions)TaxableNontaxableTotalTaxableNontaxableTotal
Available-for-sale$196 $21 $217 $227 $24 $251 
Held-to-maturity151 4 155 165 3 168 
Total investment securities$347 $25 $372 $392 $27 $419 
Maturities
The following schedule presents the amortized cost and weighted average yields of debt securities, categorized by the remaining contractual maturity of principal payments at September 30, 2025. The schedule does not reflect the impact of interest rate resets or fair value hedges. Additionally, the remaining contractual principal maturities presented do not represent the portfolio's duration, as they do not incorporate expected prepayments or amortization, which generally result in measured durations that are shorter than contractual maturities.
September 30, 2025
Total
debt securities		Due in one year or lessDue after one year through five yearsDue after five years through ten yearsDue after ten years
(Dollar amounts in millions)Amortized costAverage yieldAmortized costAverage yieldAmortized costAverage yieldAmortized costAverage yieldAmortized costAverage yield
Available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury securities$1,401 3.69 %$100 4.04 %$201 3.99 %$699 4.33 %$401 2.35 %
U.S. Government agencies and corporations:
Agency securities349 3.18 32 2.78 55 3.91 163 2.96 99 3.28 
Agency guaranteed mortgage-backed securities7,208 2.04 7 1.27 96 2.00 1,478 2.02 5,627 2.05 
Small Business Administration loan-backed securities374 4.58 — — 10 5.94 110 3.81 254 4.87 
Municipal securities 1
1,022 2.14 117 3.17 309 2.16 580 1.91 16 2.43 
Other debt securities25 8.15 — — 10 9.51 — — 15 7.25 
Total available-for-sale securities
10,379 2.42 256 3.41 681 2.98 3,030 2.65 6,412 2.21 
Held-to-maturity
U.S. Government agencies and corporations:
Agency securities139 4.15 — — — — 77 3.46 62 5.01 
Agency guaranteed mortgage-backed securities
8,643 1.84 — — 28 1.46 11 2.70 8,604 1.84 
Municipal securities 1
277 3.26 27 2.47 131 2.90 112 3.71 7 5.93 
Total held-to-maturity securities9,059 1.92 27 2.47 159 2.65 200 3.56 8,673 1.86 
Total investment securities$19,438 2.18 $283 3.32 $840 2.92 $3,230 2.71 $15,085 2.01 
1 The yields on tax-exempt securities are calculated on a tax-equivalent basis.
Impairment
On a quarterly basis, we review our investment securities portfolio to assess potential impairment on an individual security level. For additional information regarding our impairment assessment methodology and related accounting policies applicable to investment securities, see Note 5 of our 2024 Form 10-K.
AFS Impairment
No impairment losses were recognized on our AFS investment securities portfolio during the first nine months of either 2025 or 2024. The unrealized losses primarily reflect the impact of higher interest rates following the purchase of the securities and are not attributable to credit-related factors. Accordingly, absent any future sales, we expect to recover the full principal value of these securities upon maturity. At September 30, 2025, we did not intend to sell any securities in an unrealized loss position, nor do we believe it is more likely than not that we would be required to sell such securities prior to recovering their amortized cost basis.
HTM Impairment
For HTM securities, the allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) is evaluated using the same methodology applied to loans and leases measured at amortized cost, as described in Note 6. At September 30, 2025, the ACL for HTM securities was less than $1 million. All HTM securities were assigned a credit quality rating of “Pass,” with none classified as past due.