Description of the Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the United States of America generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Dropbox and its wholly owned subsidiaries.

Consolidation

All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported and disclosed in the Company’s consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates are based on information available as of the date of the consolidated financial statements. On a regular basis, management evaluates these estimates and assumptions. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates.

The Company’s most significant estimates and judgments involve the measurement of the Company’s stock-based compensation, including the estimation of the underlying deemed fair value of common stock for periods prior to the Company's IPO, and the estimation of the fair value of market-based awards.

Financial information about segments and geographic areas

The Company manages its operations and allocates resources as a single operating segment. Further, the Company manages, monitors, and reports its financials as a single reporting segment. The Company’s chief operating decision-maker is its Chief Executive Officer, who reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of making operating decisions, assessing financial performance, and allocating resources.

Foreign currency transactions

The assets and liabilities of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are translated from their respective functional currencies into U.S. dollars at the rates in effect at the balance sheet date and revenue and expense amounts are translated at the average exchange rate for the period. Foreign currency translation gains and losses are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss).

Gains and losses realized from foreign currency transactions (those transactions denominated in currencies other than the foreign subsidiaries’ functional currency) are included in other income, net. Monetary assets and liabilities are remeasured using foreign currency exchange rates at the end of the period, and non-monetary assets are remeasured based on historical exchange rates.

Revenue recognition, Cost of revenue and Deferred commissions, net

The Company derives its revenue from subscription fees from customers for access to its platform. The Company’s policy is to exclude sales and other indirect taxes when measuring the transaction price of its subscription agreements. The Company accounts for revenue contracts with customers through the following steps:


•	Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer


•	Identification of the performance obligations in the contract


•	Determination of the transaction price


•	Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract


•	Recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation

The Company’s subscription agreements generally have monthly or annual contractual terms and a small percentage have multi-year contractual terms. Revenue is recognized ratably over the related contractual term beginning on the date that the platform is made available to a customer. Access to the platform represents a series of distinct services as the Company continually provides access to, and fulfills its obligation to the end customer over the subscription term. The series of distinct services represents a single performance obligation that is satisfied over time. The Company recognizes revenue ratably because the customer receives and consumes the benefits of the platform throughout the contract period. The Company’s contracts are generally non-cancelable.

The Company bills in advance for monthly contracts and typically bills annually in advance for contracts with terms of one year or longer. The Company also recognizes an immaterial amount of unbilled receivables, primarily relating to consideration for services completed but not billed at the reporting date. Unbilled receivables are classified as receivables when the Company has the right to invoice the customer.

The Company records contract liabilities when cash payments are received or due in advance of performance to deferred revenue. Deferred revenue primarily relates to the advance consideration received from the customer.

The price of subscriptions is generally fixed at contract inception and therefore, the Company’s contracts do not contain a significant amount of variable consideration. As a result, the amount of revenue recognized in the periods presented from performance obligations satisfied (or partially satisfied) in previous periods was not material.

Deferred commissions, net is stated at gross deferred commissions less accumulated amortization. Sales commissions earned by the Company’s sales force and third-party resellers, as well as related payroll taxes, are considered to be incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. As a result, these amounts have been capitalized as deferred commissions within prepaid and other current assets and other assets on the consolidated balance sheet.

Cost of revenue consists primarily of expenses associated with the storage, delivery, and distribution of the Company’s platform for both paying users and Basic users. These costs, which are referred to as infrastructure costs, include depreciation of servers located in co-location facilities that the Company leases and operates, rent and facilities expense for those datacenters, network and bandwidth costs, support and maintenance costs for infrastructure equipment, and payments to third-party datacenter service providers. Cost of revenue also includes costs, such as salaries, bonuses, benefits, travel-related expenses, and stock-based compensation, which are referred to as employee-related costs, for employees whose primary responsibilities relate to supporting the Company’s infrastructure and delivering user support. Other non-employee costs included in cost of revenue include credit card fees related to processing customer transactions and allocated overhead, such as facilities, including rent, utilities, depreciation on leasehold improvements and other equipment shared by all departments, and shared information technology costs. In addition, cost of revenue includes amortization of developed technologies, professional fees related to user support initiatives, and property taxes related to the datacenters.

Stock-based compensation

The Company has granted RSUs to its employees and members of the Board of Directors under the 2008 Equity Incentive Plan (“2008 Plan”), the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (“2017 Plan”), and the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan ("2018 Plan"). The Company had two types of RSUs outstanding as of December 31, 2018:

•

One-tier RSUs, which have a service-based vesting condition over a four-year period. These awards typically have a cliff vesting period of one year and continue to vest quarterly thereafter. The Company began granting one-tier RSUs under its 2008 Plan in August 2015 and it continues to grant one-tier RSUs under its 2018 Plan. The Company recognizes compensation expense associated with one-tier RSUs ratably on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period and accounts for forfeitures in the period in which they occur.

•

Two-tier RSUs, which have both a service-based vesting condition and a Performance Vesting Condition. The service-based vesting period for these awards is typically four years with a cliff vesting period of one year and continue to vest monthly thereafter. Upon satisfaction of the Performance Vesting Condition, these awards vest quarterly. The Performance Vesting Condition was satisfied on the the effectiveness of the registration statement related to the Company's IPO. Prior to August 2015, the Company granted two-tier RSUs under the 2008 Plan. The last grant date for two-tier RSUs was in May 2015. The Company recognizes compensation expense associated with two-tier RSUs using the accelerated attribution method over the requisite service period.

The Performance Vesting Condition for the two-tier RSUs was satisfied upon the effectiveness of the registration statement related to the Company's IPO, which was March 22, 2018. On that date, the Company recognized the cumulative unrecognized expense of the two-tier RSUs, using the accelerated attribution method, which is included in the Company's results for the year ended December 31, 2018. See "—Initial public offering and private placement” for further discussion. As of December 31, 2018, the remaining unamortized stock-based compensation related to the two-tier RSUs was $0.1 million, which will be recognized if the requisite service is provided over a weighted average period of 0.2 years.

Since August 2015, the Company has granted RSUs as the only stock-based payment awards to its employees, with the exception of awards granted to its co-founders, and has not granted any stock options since then. The fair values of the common stock underlying the RSUs granted in periods prior to the date of the Company's IPO were determined by the Board of Directors, with input from management and contemporaneous third-party valuations, which were performed at least quarterly.

Given the absence of a public trading market for the Company's common stock prior to its IPO, and in accordance with the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Practice Guide, Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation, or AICPA Guide, the Company's Board of Directors exercised reasonable judgment and considered numerous objective and subjective factors to determine the best estimate of the fair value of its common stock including:


•	The results of contemporaneous valuations of its common stock by unrelated third parties;


•	The rights, preferences, and privileges of its convertible preferred stock relative to those of its common stock;


•	Market multiples of comparable public companies in its industry as indicated by their market capitalization and guideline merger and acquisition transactions;


•	The Company's performance and market position relative to its competitors, who may change from time to time;


•	The Company's historical financial results and estimated trends and prospects for its future performance;


•	Valuations published by institutional investors that hold investments in its capital stock;


•	The economic and competitive environment;


•	The likelihood and timeline of achieving a liquidity event, such as an initial public offering or sale, given prevailing market conditions;


•	Any adjustments necessary to recognize a lack of marketability for its common stock; and


•	Precedent sales of or offers to purchase its capital stock.

In valuing the Company's common stock, the Board of Directors determined the fair value of its common stock using both the income and market approach valuation methods. The income approach estimates value based on the expectation of future cash flows that a company will generate. These future cash flows are discounted to their present values using a discount rate based on our weighted average cost of capital, and is adjusted to reflect the risks inherent in the Company's cash flows. The market approach estimates value based on a comparison of the subject company to comparable public companies in a similar line of business. From the comparable companies, a representative market value multiple is determined and then applied to the subject company’s financial forecasts to estimate the value of the subject company.

For valuations after the Company's IPO, the Board of Directors determines the fair value of each share of underlying common stock based on the closing price of the Company's Class A common stock as reported on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on the date of the grant.

In December 2017, the Board of Directors approved a grant to the Company’s co-founders of restricted stock awards (“RSAs”) with respect to 14.7 million shares of Class A Common Stock in the aggregate (collectively, the “Co-Founder Grants”), of which 10.3 million RSAs were granted to Mr. Houston, the Company’s co-founder and Chief Executive Officer, and 4.4 million RSAs were granted to Mr. Ferdowsi, the Company’s co-founder and Director. These Co-Founder Grants have service-based, market-based, and performance-based vesting conditions.

The Co-Founder Grants comprise nine tranches that are eligible to vest based on the achievement of stock price goals, or, each, a Stock Price Target. The Company estimated the grant date fair value of the Co-Founder Grants using a model based on multiple stock price paths developed through the use of a Monte Carlo simulation that incorporates into the valuation the possibility that the Stock Price Targets may not be satisfied. The average grant date fair value of each Co-Founder Grant was estimated to be $10.60 per share, and the Company will recognize aggregate stock-based compensation expense of $156.2 million over the requisite service period of each tranche, which ranged from 2.9 to 6.9 years, using the accelerated attribution method. If the Stock Price Targets are met sooner than the derived service period, the Company will adjust its stock-based compensation to reflect the cumulative expense associated with the vested awards. The Company will recognize expense if the requisite service is provided, regardless of whether the market conditions are achieved.

The Co-Founder Grants contain an implied performance-based vesting condition because the Stock Price Targets are based on the trailing 30-day average price of the shares from an established national securities exchange or automated quotation system. Accordingly, no vesting could occur until the completion of the Company’s IPO. The relevant performance-based vesting condition for the Co-Founder Grants was satisfied on the date the Company’s shares of Class A common stock commenced trading on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, in connection with the Company’s IPO, which was March 23, 2018. The Company recognized $37.0 million in stock-based compensation related to the Co-Founder Grants during the year ended December 31, 2018.

Advertising and promotional expense

Advertising and promotional expenses are included in sales and marketing expenses within the consolidated statements of operations and are expensed when incurred.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash consists primarily of cash on deposit with banks. Cash equivalents include highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity date of 90 days or less from the date of purchase and primarily consist of money market funds. Cash equivalents also include amounts in transit from payment processors for credit and debit card transactions, which typically settle within five days. Cash and cash equivalents are recorded at cost, which approximates fair value.

Short-term investments

The Company’s short-term investments are primarily comprised of corporate notes and obligations, U.S. treasury securities, certificates of deposits, U.S. agency obligations, and commercial paper. The Company determines the appropriate classification of its short-term investments at the time of purchase and reevaluates such designation at each balance sheet date. The Company has classified and accounted for its short-term investments as available-for-sale securities as the Company may sell these securities at any time for use in its current operations or for other purposes, even prior to maturity. As a result, the Company classifies its short-term investments, including securities with stated maturities beyond twelve months, within current assets in the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company's short-term investments are classified as available-for-sale securities and are recorded at fair value each reporting period. Unrealized gains and losses on these short-term investments are reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated balance sheets until realized. Interest income is reported within interest income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company periodically evaluates its short-term investments to assess whether those with unrealized loss positions are other-than-temporarily impaired. The Company considers various factors in determining whether to recognize an impairment charge, including the length of time the investment has been in a loss position, the extent to which the fair value is less than the Company’s cost basis, and the financial condition and near-term prospects of the investee. Realized gains and losses are determined based on the specific identification method and are reported in other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations. If the Company determines that the decline in an investment’s fair value is other-than-temporary, the difference is recognized as an impairment loss in the consolidated statements of operations.

Trade and other receivables, net/Non-trade receivables

Trade and other receivables, net consists primarily of trade receivables that are recorded at the invoice amount, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts.

The Company records non-trade receivables to reflect amounts due for activities outside of its subscription agreements. Historically, the Company’s non-trade receivables have related primarily to receivables resulting from tenant improvement allowances.

Trade and other receivables, net

The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on the Company’s assessment of the collectability of accounts. The Company regularly reviews the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts by considering the age of each outstanding invoice, the collection history of each customer, and other relevant factors to determine the appropriate amount of the allowance. Accounts receivable deemed uncollectable are charged against the allowance for doubtful accounts when identified.

Concentrations of credit risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments, and accounts receivable. The Company places its cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments with well-established financial institutions. Cash equivalents consist primarily of highly rated money market funds.

Trade accounts receivables are typically unsecured and are derived from revenue earned from customers located around the world.

Property and equipment, net

Equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the related asset, which is generally three to seven years. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the term of the related lease. In the first quarter of 2018, the Company determined that the useful lives of certain infrastructure equipment, which are depreciated through cost of revenue, should be increased from three to four years. The Company accounted for this as a change in estimate that was applied prospectively, effective as of January 1, 2018. This change in useful life resulted in a reduction in depreciation expense within cost of revenue of $16.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2018.

The following table presents the estimated useful lives of property and equipment:




Property and equipment		Useful life
Buildings		20 to 30 years
Datacenter and other computer equipment		3 to 5 years
Office equipment and other		3 to 7 years
Leasehold improvements		Lesser of estimated useful life or remaining lease term

Lease obligations

The Company leases office space, datacenters, and equipment under non-cancelable capital and operating leases with various expiration dates through 2033. Certain of the Company’s operating lease agreements contain tenant improvement allowances from its landlords. These allowances are accounted for as lease incentive obligations and are amortized as reductions to rent expense over the lease term. In June 2018, the Company took initial possession of the first phase of its new corporate headquarters and recorded a lease incentive obligation related to this phase. As of December 31, 2018, $2.6 million was included in accrued and other current liabilities and $36.4 million was included in deferred rent, non-current in the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

In addition, certain of the operating lease agreements contain rent concession, rent escalation, and option to renew provisions. Rent concession and rent escalation provisions are considered in determining the straight-line rent expense to be recorded over the lease term. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term commencing on the date the Company has the right to use the leased property. The Company does not assume renewals in its determination of the lease term unless the renewals are deemed to be reasonably assured at lease inception.

In 2012, the Company undertook a series of structural improvements to the floor that it occupied in its previous corporate headquarters. As a result of the requirement to fund construction costs and its responsibility for cost overruns during the construction period, the Company was considered the deemed owner of the floor for accounting purposes. Due to the presence of a standby letter of credit as a security deposit, the Company was deemed to have continuing involvement after the construction period. As such, it accounted for this arrangement as owned real estate and recorded a building asset and an imputed financing obligation for its liability to the legal owners. In September 2018, the Company terminated its master lease for its previous corporate headquarters, the impact of which is described in Note 4, "Property and Equipment, Net".

The Company leases certain equipment from various third parties, including from a related party, through equipment financing leases under capital leases. See Note 14, “Related Party Transactions” for additional details. These leases either include a bargain purchase option, a full transfer of ownership at the completion of the lease term, or the terms of the leases are at least 75 percent of the useful lives of the assets and are therefore classified as capital leases. These leases are capitalized in property and equipment, net and the related amortization of assets under capital leases is included in depreciation and amortization expense in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Initial asset values and lease obligations are based on the present value of future minimum lease payments.

Internal use software

The Company capitalizes certain costs related to developed or modified software solely for its internal use and cloud based applications used to deliver its platform. The Company capitalizes costs during the application development stage once the preliminary project stage is complete, management authorizes and commits to funding the project, and it is probable that the project will be completed and that the software will be used to perform the function intended. Costs related to preliminary project activities and post implementation activities are expensed as incurred.

Business combinations

The Company uses best estimates and assumptions to assign a fair value to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations as of the acquisition date. These estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. During the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, adjustments to the fair value of these tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed may be recorded, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the fair value of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Long-lived assets, including goodwill and other acquired intangible assets, net

The Company evaluates the recoverability of property and equipment and finite-lived intangible assets for possible impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. The evaluation is performed at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. Recoverability of these assets is measured by a comparison of the carrying amounts to the future undiscounted cash flows the assets are expected to generate. If such review determines that the carrying amount of specific property and equipment or intangible assets is not recoverable, the carrying amount of such assets is reduced to its fair value.

The Company reviews goodwill for impairment at least annually in the fourth quarter, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances would more likely than not reduce the fair value of its single reporting unit below its carrying value.

The Company has not recorded impairment charges on property and equipment, goodwill, or intangible assets for the periods presented in these consolidated financial statements.

Acquired property and equipment and finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their useful lives. The Company evaluates the estimated remaining useful life of these assets when events or changes in circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining period of amortization. If the Company reduces the estimated useful life assumption for any asset, the remaining unamortized balance is amortized or depreciated over the revised estimated useful life on a prospective basis.

Deferred offering costs

Deferred offering costs, which consist of direct incremental legal, accounting, and consulting fees related to the Company's IPO, were capitalized.

Income taxes

Deferred income tax balances reflect the effects of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of the Company’s assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to apply when taxes are actually paid or recovered. In addition, deferred tax assets are recorded for net operating loss and credit carryforwards.

A valuation allowance is provided against deferred tax assets unless it is more likely than not that they will be realized based on all available positive and negative evidence. Such evidence includes, but is not limited to, recent cumulative earnings or losses, expectations of future taxable income by taxing jurisdiction, and the carry-forward periods available for the utilization of deferred tax assets.

The Company uses a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain income tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount, which is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense. Significant judgment is required to evaluate uncertain tax positions.

Although the Company believes that it has adequately reserved for its uncertain tax positions, it can provide no assurance that the final tax outcome of these matters will not be materially different. The Company evaluates its uncertain tax positions on a regular basis and evaluations are based on a number of factors, including changes in facts and circumstances, changes in tax law, such as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, correspondence with tax authorities during the course of an audit, and effective settlement of audit issues.

To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made and could have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.

Fair value measurement

The Company applies fair value accounting for all financial assets and liabilities and non-financial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis. The Company defines fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining fair value measurements for assets and liabilities, the Company considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact and the market-based risk measurements or assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, such as risks inherent in valuation techniques, transfer restrictions, and credit risk. Fair value is estimated by applying the following hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels and bases the categorization within the hierarchy upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement:

Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2—Observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3—Inputs that are generally unobservable and typically reflect management’s estimate of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted and Recently adopted accounting pronouncements

Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). Most prominent among the changes in the standard is the recognition of right of use assets and lease liabilities by lessees for those leases classified as operating leases under current GAAP. Under the standard, disclosures are required to meet the objective of enabling users of financial statements to assess the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. The Company is required to adopt the standard using the modified retrospective approach and has elected to use the optional transition method related to comparative reporting at adoption. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company will recognize a material operating lease liability and related right-of-use asset on the consolidated balance sheet on January 1, 2019. The lease liability and corresponding right-of-use asset primarily relate to its office space and data center operating leases. The prospective impact on the consolidated statement of operations under the new standard is substantially similar compared to the current lease accounting model. The Company's accounting for capital leases related to infrastructure equipment, now referred to as financing leases under the new standard, is substantially unchanged under the new standard.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which requires the measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held at amortized cost. It also eliminates the concept of other-than-temporary impairment and requires credit losses related to available-for-sale debt securities to be recorded through an allowance for credit losses rather than as a reduction in the amortized cost basis of the securities. These changes will result in more timely recognition of credit losses. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact and timing of adopting ASU No. 2016-13.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. Under existing U.S. GAAP, the effects of changes in tax rates and laws on deferred tax balances are recorded as a component of income tax expense in the period in which the law was enacted. When deferred tax balances related to items originally recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income are adjusted, certain tax effects become stranded in accumulated other comprehensive income. The amendments in ASU No. 2018-02 allow a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the 2017 Tax Reform Act. The amendments in ASU No. 2018-02 also require certain disclosures about stranded tax effects. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company does not expect the impact of adoption to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting. Under existing U.S. GAAP, the measurement date for equity awards granted to nonemployees is the earlier of the performance commitment date or the date the performance is complete. The amendments in ASU No. 2018-07 allow for measurement of these awards on the grant date, consistent with equity awards granted to employees. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company does not expect the impact of adoption to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820), which amends disclosure requirements for fair value measurements by requiring new disclosures, modifying existing requirements, and eliminating others. The amendments are the result of a broader disclosure project, which aims to improve the effectiveness of disclosures. ASU No. 2018-13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption to have a significant impact on its disclosures and is currently evaluating the timing of adopting ASU No. 2018-13.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40), Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract. Under existing U.S. GAAP, there is diversity in practice in accounting for the costs of implementing cloud computing arrangements that are service contracts. The amendments in ASU No. 2018-15 amend the definition of a hosting arrangement and requires a customer in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract to capitalize certain costs as if the arrangement were an internal-use software project. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact and timing of adopting ASU No. 2018-15.

Recently adopted accounting pronouncements

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (Subtopic 825), which primarily affects the accounting for equity investments, financial liabilities under the fair value option and the presentation and disclosure requirements for financial instruments. In addition, the FASB clarified guidance related to the valuation allowance assessment when recognizing deferred tax assets resulting from unrealized losses on available-for-sale debt securities. The accounting for other financial instruments, such as loans, investments in debt securities and financial liabilities is largely unchanged. The Company adopted ASU No. 2016-01 on January 1, 2018. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-16, Income Taxes: Intra-Entity Transfers Other than Inventory (Topic 740), which requires entities to recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. The Company adopted ASU No. 2016-16 on January 1, 2018. The adoption of the guidance did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price in a business combination over the fair value of net tangible and intangible assets acquired. Goodwill amounts are not amortized, but tested for impairment on an annual basis.