10-Q 1 lad20160401_10q.htm FORM 10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

[X] QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2016

OR

[ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number: 001-14733

LITHIA MOTORS, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Oregon |  | 93-0572810
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
150 N. Bartlett Street, Medford, Oregon |  | 97501
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)
Registrant's telephone number, including area code: 541-776-6401

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [X] No [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes [X] No [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer [X] Accelerated filer [ ] Non-accelerated filer [ ] (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes [ ] No [X]

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

Class A common stock without par value |  | 23,826,428
Class B common stock without par value |  | 1,762,231
(Class) |  | (Outstanding at April 29, 2016)

LITHIA MOTORS, INC.

FORM 10-Q

INDEX

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION | Page
Item 1. | Financial Statements | 2
| Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) – March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 | 2
| Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited) – Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) – Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) – Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 | 5
| Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 6
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 16
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 35
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 36
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 36
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 36
Item 6. | Exhibits | 37
Signatures |  | 38

1

LITHIA MOTORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

|  | March 31, 2016 |  |  | December 31, 2015 |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 21,559 |  |  | $ | 45,008 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $3,729 and $2,243 |  |  | 286,292 |  |  |  | 308,462 |
Inventories, net |  |  | 1,541,085 |  |  |  | 1,470,987 |
Other current assets |  |  | 50,473 |  |  |  | 54,408 |
Total Current Assets |  |  | 1,899,409 |  |  |  | 1,878,865 |
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $145,033 and $137,853 |  |  | 882,405 |  |  |  | 876,660 |
Goodwill |  |  | 213,934 |  |  |  | 213,220 |
Franchise value |  |  | 161,668 |  |  |  | 157,699 |
Other non-current assets |  |  | 110,202 |  |  |  | 100,855 |
Total Assets |  | $ | 3,267,618 |  |  | $ | 3,227,299 |
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Floor plan notes payable |  | $ | 55,836 |  |  | $ | 48,083 |
Floor plan notes payable: non-trade |  |  | 1,296,751 |  |  |  | 1,265,872 |
Current maturities of long-term debt |  |  | 33,721 |  |  |  | 38,891 |
Trade payables |  |  | 78,250 |  |  |  | 70,871 |
Accrued liabilities |  |  | 179,145 |  |  |  | 167,108 |
Total Current Liabilities |  |  | 1,643,703 |  |  |  | 1,590,825 |
Long-term debt, less current maturities |  |  | 595,663 |  |  |  | 606,463 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | 70,066 |  |  |  | 66,734 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | 59,134 |  |  |  | 53,129 |
Other long-term liabilities |  |  | 84,375 |  |  |  | 81,984 |
Total Liabilities |  |  | 2,452,941 |  |  |  | 2,399,135 |
Stockholders' Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock - no par value; authorized 15,000 shares; none outstanding |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Class A common stock - no par value; authorized 100,000 shares; issued and outstanding 23,993 and 23,676 |  |  | 213,699 |  |  |  | 258,410 |
Class B common stock - no par value; authorized 25,000 shares; issued and outstanding 1,762 and 2,542 |  |  | 219 |  |  |  | 316 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 34,866 |  |  |  | 38,822 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | (114 | ) |  |  | (277 | )
Retained earnings |  |  | 566,007 |  |  |  | 530,893 |
Total Stockholders' Equity |  |  | 814,677 |  |  |  | 828,164 |
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity |  | $ | 3,267,618 |  |  | $ | 3,227,299 |

See accompanying condensed notes to consolidated financial statements.

2

LITHIA MOTORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New vehicle |  | $ | 1,096,055 |  |  | $ | 1,007,816 |
Used vehicle retail |  |  | 532,726 |  |  |  | 462,931 |
Used vehicle wholesale |  |  | 65,146 |  |  |  | 62,208 |
Finance and insurance |  |  | 77,638 |  |  |  | 64,604 |
Service, body and parts |  |  | 196,675 |  |  |  | 173,475 |
Fleet and other |  |  | 14,621 |  |  |  | 18,144 |
Total revenues |  |  | 1,982,861 |  |  |  | 1,789,178 |
Cost of sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New vehicle |  |  | 1,029,289 |  |  |  | 946,042 |
Used vehicle retail |  |  | 468,449 |  |  |  | 403,489 |
Used vehicle wholesale |  |  | 63,316 |  |  |  | 60,047 |
Service, body and parts |  |  | 100,556 |  |  |  | 89,036 |
Fleet and other |  |  | 14,069 |  |  |  | 17,189 |
Total cost of sales |  |  | 1,675,679 |  |  |  | 1,515,803 |
Gross profit |  |  | 307,182 |  |  |  | 273,375 |
Asset impairments |  |  | 3,498 |  |  |  | 4,130 |
Selling, general and administrative |  |  | 219,106 |  |  |  | 191,618 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 11,663 |  |  |  | 9,726 |
Operating income |  |  | 72,915 |  |  |  | 67,901 |
Floor plan interest expense |  |  | (5,909 | ) |  |  | (4,649 | )
Other interest expense |  |  | (5,459 | ) |  |  | (4,828 | )
Other expense, net |  |  | (1,526 | ) |  |  | (368 | )
Income before income taxes |  |  | 60,021 |  |  |  | 58,056 |
Income tax provision |  |  | (19,751 | ) |  |  | (17,403 | )
Net income |  | $ | 40,270 |  |  | $ | 40,653 |
Basic net income per share |  | $ | 1.56 |  |  | $ | 1.55 |
Shares used in basic per share calculations |  |  | 25,816 |  |  |  | 26,283 |
Diluted net income per share |  | $ | 1.55 |  |  | $ | 1.53 |
Shares used in diluted per share calculations |  |  | 25,973 |  |  |  | 26,519 |

See accompanying condensed notes to consolidated financial statements.

3

LITHIA MOTORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Net income |  | $ | 40,270 |  |  | $ | 40,653 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain on cash flow hedges, net of tax expense of $103 and $86 |  |  | 163 |  |  |  | 139 |
Comprehensive income |  | $ | 40,433 |  |  | $ | 40,792 |

See accompanying condensed notes to consolidated financial statements.

4

LITHIA MOTORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 40,270 |  |  | $ | 40,653 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset impairments |  |  | 3,498 |  |  |  | 4,130 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 11,663 |  |  |  | 9,726 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 3,149 |  |  |  | 2,727 |
(Gain) loss on disposal of other assets |  |  | (3,391 | ) |  |  | 8 |
Gain on disposal of franchise |  |  | (1,087 | ) |  |  | (3,349 | )
Deferred income taxes |  |  | 10,261 |  |  |  | 3,863 |
Excess tax benefit from share-based payment arrangements |  |  | (4,379 | ) |  |  | (4,733 | )
(Increase) decrease (net of acquisitions and dispositions): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade receivables, net |  |  | 25,564 |  |  |  | 7,569 |
Inventories |  |  | (73,744 | ) |  |  | (39,460 | )
Other assets |  |  | (4,705 | ) |  |  | (2,078 | )
Increase (decrease) (net of acquisitions and dispositions): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Floor plan notes payable |  |  | 7,753 |  |  |  | 1,092 |
Trade payables |  |  | 920 |  |  |  | 6,799 |
Accrued liabilities |  |  | 13,425 |  |  |  | 4,444 |
Other long-term liabilities and deferred revenue |  |  | 5,396 |  |  |  | 6,838 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 34,593 |  |  |  | 38,229 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures |  |  | (15,900 | ) |  |  | (24,917 | )
Proceeds from sales of assets |  |  | 92 |  |  |  | 103 |
Cash paid for other investments |  |  | (11,449 | ) |  |  | (9,804 | )
Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired |  |  | (13,799 | ) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from sales of stores |  |  | 11,822 |  |  |  | 3,680 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (29,234 | ) |  |  | (30,938 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Borrowings on floor plan notes payable, net: non-trade |  |  | 38,626 |  |  |  | (21,984 | )
Borrowings on lines of credit |  |  | 213,123 |  |  |  | 271,023 |
Repayments on lines of credit |  |  | (229,311 | ) |  |  | (293,960 | )
Principal payments on long-term debt, scheduled |  |  | (3,979 | ) |  |  | (3,619 | )
Principal payments on long-term debt and capital leases, other |  |  | (2,303 | ) |  |  | (9,189 | )
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt |  |  | 12,080 |  |  |  | 50,350 |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock |  |  | 1,464 |  |  |  | 1,039 |
Repurchase of common stock |  |  | (57,736 | ) |  |  | (10,343 | )
Excess tax benefit from share-based payment arrangements |  |  | 4,379 |  |  |  | 4,733 |
Dividends paid |  |  | (5,151 | ) |  |  | (4,216 | )
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  | (28,808 | ) |  |  | (16,166 | )
Decrease in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (23,449 | ) |  |  | (8,875 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  |  | 45,008 |  |  |  | 29,898 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 21,559 |  |  | $ | 21,023 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the period for interest |  | $ | 12,990 |  |  | $ | 12,494 |
Cash paid during the period for income taxes, net |  |  | 497 |  |  |  | 6,542 |
Supplemental schedule of non-cash activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Floor plan debt paid in connection with store disposals |  | $ | 5,284 |  |  | $ | 2,208 |

See accompanying condensed notes to consolidated financial statements.

5

LITHIA MOTORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

Note 1. Interim Financial Statements

Basis of Presentation

These condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contain unaudited information as of March 31, 2016 and for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015. The unaudited interim financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations for reporting on Form 10-Q. Accordingly, certain disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America for annual financial statements are not included herein. In management’s opinion, these unaudited financial statements reflect all adjustments (which include only normal recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair presentation of the information when read in conjunction with our 2015 audited Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes thereto. The financial information as of December 31, 2015 is derived from our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 26, 2016. The interim condensed Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto included in our 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The results of operations for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications of amounts previously reported have been made to the accompanying consolidated financial statements to maintain consistency and comparability between periods presented. These reclassifications had no impact on previously reported net income.

Note 2. Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2016 |  |  | December 31, 2015 |
Contracts in transit |  | $ | 153,126 |  |  | $ | 168,460 |
Trade receivables |  |  | 37,543 |  |  |  | 33,749 |
Vehicle receivables |  |  | 31,833 |  |  |  | 36,470 |
Manufacturer receivables |  |  | 53,059 |  |  |  | 59,215 |
Auto loan receivables |  |  | 50,811 |  |  |  | 42,490 |
Other receivables |  |  | 3,023 |  |  |  | 3,033 |
|  |  | 329,395 |  |  |  | 343,417 |
Less: Allowances |  |  | (3,729 | ) |  |  | (2,243 | )
Less: Long-term portion of accounts receivable, net |  |  | (39,374 | ) |  |  | (32,712 | )
Total accounts receivable, net |  | $ | 286,292 |  |  | $ | 308,462 |

Accounts receivable classifications include the following:

| • | Contracts in transit are receivables from various lenders for the financing of vehicles that we have arranged on behalf of the customer and are typically received within five to ten days of selling a vehicle.

| • | Trade receivables are comprised of amounts due from customers, lenders for the commissions earned on financing and others for commissions earned on service contracts and insurance products.

| • | Vehicle receivables represent receivables for the portion of the vehicle sales price paid directly by the customer.

| • | Manufacturer receivables represent amounts due from manufacturers, including holdbacks, rebates, incentives and warranty claims.

| • | Auto loan receivables include amounts due from customers related to retail sales of vehicles and certain finance and insurance products.

Interest income on auto loan receivables is recognized based on the contractual terms of each loan and is accrued until repayment, charge-off or repossession. Direct costs associated with loan originations are capitalized and expensed as an offset to interest income when recognized on the loans. All other receivables are recorded at invoice and do not bear interest until they are 60 days past due.

The allowance for doubtful accounts is estimated based on our historical write-off experience and is reviewed monthly. Consideration is given to recent delinquency trends and recovery rates. Account balances are charged against the allowance after all appropriate means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. The annual activity for charges and subsequent recoveries is immaterial.

6

The long-term portion of accounts receivable was included as a component of other non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Note 3. Inventories

The components of inventories, net, consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2016 |  |  | December 31, 2015 |
New vehicles |  | $ | 1,154,910 |  |  | $ | 1,113,613 |
Used vehicles |  |  | 332,341 |  |  |  | 302,911 |
Parts and accessories |  |  | 53,834 |  |  |  | 54,463 |
Total inventories |  | $ | 1,541,085 |  |  | $ | 1,470,987 |

Note 4. Goodwill and Franchise Value

The changes in the carrying amounts of goodwill are as follows (in thousands):

|  | Domestic |  |  | Import |  |  | Luxury |  |  | Consolidated |
Balance as of December 31, 2014(1) |  | $ | 91,011 |  |  | $ | 79,601 |  |  | $ | 28,763 |  |  | $ | 199,375 |
Additions through acquisitions |  |  | 6,892 |  |  |  | 5,029 |  |  |  | 2,170 |  |  |  | 14,091 |
Reduction related to divestiture |  |  | — |  |  |  | (246 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (246 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2015(1) |  |  | 97,903 |  |  |  | 84,384 |  |  |  | 30,933 |  |  |  | 213,220 |
Additions through acquisitions |  |  | 456 |  |  |  | 1,283 |  |  |  | 193 |  |  |  | 1,932 |
Reduction related to divestiture |  |  | (1,218 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,218 | )
Balance as of March 31, 2016(1) |  | $ | 97,141 |  |  | $ | 85,667 |  |  | $ | 31,126 |  |  | $ | 213,934 |

(1) | Net of accumulated impairment losses of $299.3 million recorded during the year ended December 31, 2008.

The changes in the carrying amounts of franchise value are as follows (in thousands):

|  | Franchise Value |
Balance as of December 31, 2014 |  | $ | 150,892 |
Additions through acquisitions |  |  | 6,843 |
Transfers to assets held for sale |  |  | (36 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2015 |  |  | 157,699 |
Additions through acquisitions |  |  | 4,487 |
Reduction related to divestiture |  |  | (518 | )
Balance as of March 31, 2016 |  | $ | 161,668 |

Note 5. Stockholders’ Equity

Repurchases of Class A Common Stock

In August 2011, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 2 million shares of our Class A common stock and, on July 20, 2012, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of 1 million additional shares of our Class A common stock. Through March 31, 2016, we have repurchased 2,327,636 shares under this authorization at an average price of $51.09 per share. Of this amount, 599,123 shares were repurchased during the first three months of 2016 at an average price of $79.21 per share for a total of $47.5 million.

Effective February 29, 2016, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $250 million of our Class A common stock. This authorization replaced the existing authorization, increasing the total and establishing a maximum dollar rather than share amount. Through March 31, 2016, we have repurchased 19,000 shares under this authorization at an average price of $92.20 per share for a total of $1.8 million. As of March 31, 2016, we have $248.2 million available for repurchases pursuant to this authorization.

7

In addition, during the first three months of 2016, we repurchased 94,363 shares at an average price of $90.48 per share, for a total of $8.5 million, related to tax withholdings associated with the vesting of restricted stock units (“RSUs”). The repurchase of shares related to tax withholdings associated with stock awards does not reduce the number of shares available for repurchase as approved by our Board of Directors.

Class B Common Stock Conversion

On March 2, 2016, Lithia Holding Company, L.L.C. (“Holding Company”), which is managed and controlled by Sidney B. DeBoer, our Chairman of the Board, notified us that it had converted 780,000 shares of our Class B Common Stock into shares of our Class A Common Stock and distributed them to certain members of Holding Company in redemption of their membership interests in Holding Company.

Dividends

Dividends paid on our Class A and Class B common stock were as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Dividend amount per share |  | $ | 0.20 |  |  | $ | 0.16 |
Total amount of dividend (in thousands) |  |  | 5,151 |  |  |  | 4,216 |

See Note 13 for a discussion of a dividend related to our first quarter 2016 financial results.

Note 6. Deferred Compensation and Long-Term Incentive Plan

We offer a deferred compensation and long-term incentive plan (the “LTIP”) to provide certain employees the ability to accumulate assets for retirement on a tax-deferred basis. We may make discretionary contributions to the LTIP. Discretionary contributions vest over one to seven years depending on the employee’s age and position. Additionally, a participant may defer a portion of his or her compensation and receive the deferred amount upon certain events, including termination or retirement. The following is a summary related to our LTIP (dollars in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Compensation expense |  | $ | 280 |  |  | $ | 457 |
Discretionary contribution |  |  | 1,382 |  |  |  | 2,096 |
Guaranteed annual return |  |  | 5.25 | % |  |  | 5.25 | %

As of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the balance due, comprised of both amounts participants elected to defer and discretionary contributions, was $18.3 million and $19.7 million, respectively, and was included as a component of accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Assets to fund the obligations of the LTIP are held in a Rabbi Trust and must be used only for purposes of providing benefits under the plan, other than in an event of insolvency. The assets held by the Rabbi Trust are invested in corporate-owned life insurance. As of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the value of the assets held by the Rabbi trust were $21.3 million and $15.4 million, respectively, and are recorded as a component of Other non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Note 7. Fair Value Measurements

Factors used in determining the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities are summarized into three broad categories:

| • | Level 1 - quoted prices in active markets for identical securities;

| • | Level 2 - other significant observable inputs, including quoted prices for similar securities, interest rates, prepayment spreads, credit risk; and

| • | Level 3 - significant unobservable inputs, including our own assumptions in determining fair value.

The inputs or methodology used for valuing financial assets and liabilities are not necessarily an indication of the risk associated with investing in them.

We estimate the value of our equity-method investment, which is recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis, based on a market valuation approach. We use prices and other relevant information generated primarily by recent market transactions involving similar or comparable assets. Because these valuations contain unobservable inputs, we classified the measurement of fair value of our equity-method investment as Level 3.

8

We estimate the value of other long-lived assets that are recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis based on a market valuation approach. We use prices and other relevant information generated primarily by recent market transactions involving similar or comparable assets, as well as our historical experience in divestitures, acquisitions and real estate transactions. Additionally, we may use a cost valuation approach to value long-lived assets when a market valuation approach is unavailable. Under this approach, we determine the cost to replace the service capacity of an asset, adjusted for physical and economic obsolescence. When available, we use valuation inputs from independent valuation experts, such as real estate appraisers and brokers, to corroborate our estimates of fair value. Real estate appraisers’ and brokers’ valuations are typically developed using one or more valuation techniques including market, income and replacement cost approaches. Because these valuations contain unobservable inputs, we classified the measurement of fair value of long-lived assets as Level 3.

There were no changes to our valuation techniques during the three-month period ended March 31, 2016.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value

Following are the disclosures related to our assets that are measured at fair value (in thousands):

Fair Value at March 31, 2016 |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |
Measured on a non-recurring basis: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity-method investment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,721 |

Fair Value at December 31, 2015 |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |
Measured on a non-recurring basis: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity-method investment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 22,284 |
Long-lived assets held and used: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Certain buildings and improvements |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,559 |

Based on operating losses recognized by the equity-method investment, we determined that an impairment of our investment had occurred. Accordingly, we performed a fair value calculation for this investment and determined that a $3.5 million and a $4.1 million impairment, respectively, was required to be recorded as asset impairments in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. See Note 9.

Fair Value Disclosures for Financial Assets and Liabilities

We determined the carrying value of cash equivalents, accounts receivable, trade payables, accrued liabilities and short-term borrowings approximate their fair values because of the nature of their terms and current market rates of these instruments. We believe the carrying value of our variable rate debt approximates fair value.

We have fixed rate debt and calculate the estimated fair value of our fixed rate debt using a discounted cash flow methodology. Using estimated current interest rates based on a similar risk profile and duration (Level 2), the fixed cash flows are discounted and summed to compute the fair value of the debt. As of March 31, 2016, this debt had maturity dates between May 1, 2018 and October 1, 2034. A summary of the aggregate carrying values and fair values of our long-term fixed interest rate debt is as follows (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2016 |  |  | December 31, 2015 |
Carrying value |  | $ | 290,008 |  |  | $ | 297,463 |
Fair value |  |  | 284,075 |  |  |  | 296,961 |

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Note 8. Net Income Per Share of Class A and Class B Common Stock

We compute net income per share of Class A and Class B common stock using the two-class method. Under this method, basic net income per share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period excluding common shares underlying equity awards that are unvested or subject to forfeiture. Diluted net income per share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares and, if dilutive, potential common shares outstanding during the period. Potential common shares consist of the common shares issuable upon the net exercise of stock options and unvested RSUs and is reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the treasury stock method. The computation of the diluted net income per share of Class A common stock assumes the conversion of Class B common stock, while the diluted net income per share of Class B common stock does not assume the conversion of those shares.

Except with respect to voting and transfer rights, the rights of the holders of our Class A and Class B common stock are identical. Under our Articles of Incorporation, the Class A and Class B common stock share equally in any dividends, liquidation proceeds or other distribution with respect to our common stock and the Articles of Incorporation can only be amended by a vote of the shareholders. Additionally, Oregon law provides that amendments to our Articles of Incorporation that would adversely alter the rights, powers or preferences of a given class of stock, must be approved by the class of stock adversely affected by the proposed amendment. As a result, the undistributed earnings for each year are allocated based on the contractual participation rights of the Class A and Class B common shares as if the earnings for the year had been distributed. Because the liquidation and dividend rights are identical, the undistributed earnings are allocated on a proportionate basis.

Following is a reconciliation of net income and weighted average shares used for our basic earnings per share (“EPS”) and diluted EPS (in thousands, except per share amounts):

Three Months Ended March 31, |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Basic EPS |  | Class A |  |  | Class B |  |  | Class A |  |  | Class B |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income applicable to common stockholders |  | $ | 36,692 |  |  | $ | 3,578 |  |  | $ | 36,690 |  |  | $ | 3,963 |
Distributed net income applicable to common stockholders |  |  | (4,693 | ) |  |  | (458 | ) |  |  | (3,805 | ) |  |  | (411 | )
Basic undistributed net income applicable to common stockholders |  | $ | 31,999 |  |  | $ | 3,120 |  |  | $ | 32,885 |  |  | $ | 3,552 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average number of shares outstanding used to calculate basic net income per share |  |  | 23,522 |  |  |  | 2,294 |  |  |  | 23,721 |  |  |  | 2,562 |
Earnings per Share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic net income per share applicable to common stockholders |  | $ | 1.56 |  |  | $ | 1.56 |  |  | $ | 1.55 |  |  | $ | 1.55 |
Basic distributed net income per share applicable to common stockholders |  |  | (0.20 | ) |  |  | (0.20 | ) |  |  | (0.16 | ) |  |  | (0.16 | )
Basic undistributed net income per share applicable to common stockholders |  | $ | 1.36 |  |  | $ | 1.36 |  |  | $ | 1.39 |  |  | $ | 1.39 |

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Three Months Ended March 31, |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Diluted EPS |  | Class A |  |  | Class B |  |  | Class A |  |  | Class B |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Distributed net income applicable to common stockholders |  | $ | 4,693 |  |  | $ | 458 |  |  | $ | 3,805 |  |  | $ | 411 |
Reallocation of distributed net income as a result of conversion of dilutive stock options |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | (4 | )
Reallocation of distributed net income due to conversion of Class B to Class A common shares outstanding |  |  | 455 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 407 |  |  |  | — |
Diluted distributed net income applicable to common stockholders |  | $ | 5,151 |  |  | $ | 455 |  |  | $ | 4,216 |  |  | $ | 407 |
Undistributed net income applicable to common stockholders |  | $ | 31,999 |  |  | $ | 3,120 |  |  | $ | 32,885 |  |  | $ | 3,552 |
Reallocation of undistributed net income as a result of conversion of dilutive stock options |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | (32 | )
Reallocation of undistributed net income due to conversion of Class B to Class A |  |  | 3,102 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,520 |  |  |  | — |
Diluted undistributed net income applicable to common stockholders |  | $ | 35,119 |  |  | $ | 3,102 |  |  | $ | 36,437 |  |  | $ | 3,520 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average number of shares outstanding used to calculate basic net income per share |  |  | 23,522 |  |  |  | 2,294 |  |  |  | 23,721 |  |  |  | 2,562 |
Weighted average number of shares from stock options |  |  | 157 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 236 |  |  |  | — |
Conversion of Class B to Class A common shares outstanding |  |  | 2,294 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,562 |  |  |  | — |
Weighted average number of shares outstanding used to calculate diluted net income per share |  |  | 25,973 |  |  |  | 2,294 |  |  |  | 26,519 |  |  |  | 2,562 |
Earnings per Share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted net income per share applicable to common stockholders |  | $ | 1.55 |  |  | $ | 1.55 |  |  | $ | 1.53 |  |  | $ | 1.53 |
Diluted distributed net income per share applicable to common stockholders |  |  | (0.20 | ) |  |  | (0.20 | ) |  |  | (0.16 | ) |  |  | (0.16 | )
Diluted undistributed net income per share applicable to common stockholders |  | $ | 1.35 |  |  | $ | 1.35 |  |  | $ | 1.37 |  |  | $ | 1.37 |

Three Months Ended March 31, |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Diluted EPS |  | Class A |  |  | Class B |  |  | Class A |  |  | Class B |
Antidilutive Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares issuable pursuant to stock options not included since they were antidilutive |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | —

Note 9. Equity-Method Investment

In October 2014, we acquired a 99.9% membership interest in a limited liability company managed by U.S. Bancorp Community Development Corporation with an initial equity contribution of $4.1 million. We made additional equity contributions to the entity of $5.7 million in the first three months of 2016 and $22.8 million in the full year of 2015. We are obligated to make $49.8 million of total contributions in quarterly installments to the entity over a two-year period ending October 2016, of which $32.6 million in contributions have been made as of March 31, 2016.

This investment generates new markets tax credits under the New Markets Tax Credit Program (“NMTC Program”). The NMTC Program was established by Congress in 2000 to spur new or increased investments into operating businesses and real estate projects located in low-income communities.

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While U.S. Bancorp Community Development Corporation exercises management control over the limited liability company, due to the economic interest we hold in the entity, we determined our ownership portion of the entity was appropriately accounted for using the equity method.

The following amounts related to this equity-method investment were recorded in our Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2016 |  |  | December 31, 2015 |
Carrying value, recorded as a component of other non-current assets |  | $ | 16,721 |  |  | $ | 22,284 |
Present value of obligation associated with future equity contributions, recorded as a component of accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities |  |  | 16,930 |  |  |  | 22,511 |

The following amounts related to this equity-method investment were recorded in our Consolidated Statements of Operations (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Asset impairments to write investment down to fair value |  | $ | 3,498 |  |  | $ | 4,130 |
Our portion of the partnership’s operating losses |  |  | 2,066 |  |  |  | 1,732 |
Non-cash interest expense related to the amortization of the discounted fair value of future equity contributions |  |  | 92 |  |  |  | 211 |
Tax benefits and credits generated |  |  | 5,945 |  |  |  | 7,250 |

Note 10. Segments

While we have determined that each individual store is a reporting unit, we have aggregated our reporting units into three reportable segments based on their economic similarities: Domestic, Import and Luxury.

Our Domestic segment is comprised of retail automotive franchises that sell new vehicles manufactured by Chrysler, General Motors and Ford. Our Import segment is comprised of retail automotive franchises that sell new vehicles manufactured primarily by Honda, Toyota, Subaru, Nissan and Volkswagen. Our Luxury segment is comprised of retail automotive franchises that sell new vehicles manufactured primarily by BMW, Mercedes-Benz and Lexus. The franchises in each segment also sell used vehicles, parts and automotive services, and automotive finance and insurance products.

Corporate and other revenue and income includes the results of operations of our stand-alone body shop offset by unallocated corporate overhead expenses, such as corporate personnel costs, and certain unallocated reserve and elimination adjustments. Additionally, certain internal corporate expense allocations increase segment income for Corporate and other while decreasing segment income for the other reportable segments. These internal corporate expense allocations are used to increase comparability of our dealerships and reflect the capital burden a stand-alone dealership would experience. Examples of these internal allocations include internal rent expense, internal floor plan financing charges, and internal fees charged to offset employees within our corporate headquarters that perform certain dealership functions.

We define our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) to be certain members of our executive management group. Historical and forecasted operational performance is evaluated on a store-by-store basis and on a consolidated basis by the CODM. We derive the operating results of the segments directly from our internal management reporting system. The accounting policies used to derive segment results are substantially the same as those used to determine our consolidated results, except for the internal allocation within Corporate and other discussed above. Our CODM measures the performance of each operating segment based on several metrics, including earnings from operations, and uses these results, in part, to evaluate the performance of, and to allocate resources to, each of the operating segments.

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Certain financial information on a segment basis is as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  | $ | 768,902 |  |  | $ | 690,682 |
Import |  |  | 865,743 |  |  |  | 760,080 |
Luxury |  |  | 346,813 |  |  |  | 336,993 |
|  |  | 1,981,458 |  |  |  | 1,787,755 |
Corporate and other |  |  | 1,403 |  |  |  | 1,423 |
|  | $ | 1,982,861 |  |  | $ | 1,789,178 |
Segment income*: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  | $ | 21,730 |  |  | $ | 27,294 |
Import |  |  | 22,633 |  |  |  | 17,063 |
Luxury |  |  | 4,235 |  |  |  | 6,645 |
|  |  | 48,598 |  |  |  | 51,002 |
Corporate and other |  |  | 30,071 |  |  |  | 21,976 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | (11,663 | ) |  |  | (9,726 | )
Other interest expense |  |  | (5,459 | ) |  |  | (4,828 | )
Other expense, net |  |  | (1,526 | ) |  |  | (368 | )
Income before income taxes |  | $ | 60,021 |  |  | $ | 58,056 |

*Segment income for each of the segments is defined as Income before income taxes, depreciation and amortization, other interest expense and other expense, net.

Floor plan interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  | $ | 6,431 |  |  | $ | 4,722 |
Import |  |  | 4,299 |  |  |  | 3,713 |
Luxury |  |  | 2,657 |  |  |  | 2,062 |
|  |  | 13,387 |  |  |  | 10,497 |
Corporate and other |  |  | (7,478 | ) |  |  | (5,848 | )
|  | $ | 5,909 |  |  | $ | 4,649 |

|  | March 31, 2016 |  |  | December 31, 2015 |
Total assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  | $ | 1,013,079 |  |  | $ | 985,374 |
Import |  |  | 786,619 |  |  |  | 725,011 |
Luxury |  |  | 449,916 |  |  |  | 475,305 |
Corporate and other |  |  | 1,018,004 |  |  |  | 1,041,609 |
|  | $ | 3,267,618 |  |  | $ | 3,227,299 |

Note 11. Contingencies

Litigation

We are party to numerous legal proceedings arising in the normal course of our business. Although we do not anticipate that the resolution of legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business or the proceedings described below will have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows, we cannot predict this with certainty.

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Stein and Jessos Litigations

On December 14, 2015, Shiva Y. Stein, a Lithia shareholder, filed derivative claims on behalf of Lithia against its Board of Directors, listing Lithia as a nominal defendant. The case, Stein v. DeBoer, et al., Case No. 15CV33696, is pending in the Circuit Court of the State of Oregon for Marion County. Ms. Stein’s claims relate to the adoption of a transition agreement between Lithia and Sidney B. DeBoer, as disclosed in a Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 16, 2015. Ms. Stein alleges that Lithia's directors breached their fiduciary duties of loyalty and due care, and wasted corporate assets, when they approved the agreement with Mr. DeBoer. Ms. Stein also alleges a claim against Sidney B. DeBoer, asserting that he has been unjustly enriched by the agreement. Ms. Stein is seeking relief in the amount of damages allegedly sustained by Lithia as a result of the alleged breaches of fiduciary duty and alleged corporate waste, disgorgement and imposition of a constructive trust on all property and profits Sidney B. DeBoer received as a result of the alleged wrongful conduct, and an award of the costs and disbursements of the lawsuit, including reasonable attorneys fees, costs, and expenses. The Board and Mr. DeBoer filed Motions to Dismiss the Stein suit on February 26, 2016.

On February 12, 2016, Marty A. Jessos, a Lithia shareholder, also filed derivative claims on behalf of Lithia against its Board of Directors, listing Lithia as a nominal defendant. The case, Jessos v. DeBoer, et al., Case No. 16CV04181, was filed in the Circuit Court of the State of Oregon for Multnomah County. The Jessos suit involves the same subject matter and alleges substantially the same facts, claims, and causes of action as the Stein suit. On March 22, 2016, the Jessos suit was transferred to Marion County Circuit Court. On April 4, 2016, the parties filed a Stipulation and [Proposed] Order of Consolidation in the Stein suit to consolidate both Stein and Jessos under the Stein suit, Case No. 15CV33696. On April 4, 2016, the Court signed the consolidation order. The case will be known as In re Lithia Motors Derivative Litigation, Case No. 15CV33696. Plaintiffs filed their consolidated complaint on April 15, 2016. The Board and Mr. DeBoer have not yet filed an answer or otherwise responded to the consolidated complaint.

The Board and Mr. DeBoer are defending themselves against Ms. Stein’s and Mr. Jessos’ allegations.

California Wage and Hour Litigations

In June 2012 Mr. Robles and Mr. Laredo brought claims against DCH Tustin Acura (Robles vs. Tustin Motors, Inc., Case No. 30-2012-00579414, filed in the Superior Court of California, Orange County) alleging that the employer underpaid technicians in light of the Wage Order provisions that require an employer to pay at least two times the minimum wage for each hour worked if the employee is required to bring his or her own tools. The complaint was amended in late 2013 to include allegations that the employer failed to pay technicians for non-productive time and/or time spent performing tasks not compensated by the flat-rate compensation system; off-the-clock time worked; and wages due at termination. The amended complaint also alleged that the employer failed to provide technicians accurate and complete wage statements; and statutory meal and rest periods. Plaintiffs are now seeking relief on behalf of all employees at all DCH Auto Group dealerships in California. Plaintiffs also seek attorney fees and costs. These Plaintiffs (and several other former technicians in separate-but-partially-overlapping actions) also seek relief under California’s Private Attorney General Action (PAGA) provisions, which allow private plaintiffs to recover civil penalties on behalf of the State of California. DCH successfully compelled arbitration based on arbitration agreements between these claimants and the employer, although certain representative claims were excluded and stayed pending arbitration.

The Company and these claimants settled their individual claims in arbitration in 2015. In April 2016, DCH and plaintiffs agreed in principle to settle the representative claims, although this settlement has not yet been approved by either an independent arbitrator or the California courts as expressly contemplated by the parties and required by applicable law as a condition of the agreed release of claims. DCH Auto Group (USA) Limited must indemnify Lithia Motors, Inc. for losses related to this claim pursuant to the stock purchase agreement between Lithia Motors, Inc. and DCH Auto Group (USA) Limited dated June 14, 2014. As a result, we believe the exposure related to this lawsuit, when considered in relation to the terms of the stock purchase agreement, is immaterial to our financial statements.

In August 2014 Ms. Holzer filed a complaint in the Central District of California (Holzer vs. DCH Auto Group (USA) Inc., Case No. BC558869) alleging that her employer, an affiliate of DCH Auto Group (USA) Inc., failed to provide vehicle finance and sales persons, service advisors, and other clerical and hourly workers accurate and complete wage statements; and statutory meal and rest periods. The complaint also alleges that the employer failed to pay these employees for off-the-clock time worked; and wages due at termination. Plaintiffs also seek attorney fees and costs. DCH has sought to compel arbitration based on Plaintiffs’ arbitration agreements. Plaintiffs (and several other employees in separate actions) are seeking relief under California’s PAGA provisions. DCH is defending itself against these claims, and DCH Auto Group (USA) Limited must indemnify Lithia Motors, Inc. for losses related to this claim pursuant to the stock purchase agreement between Lithia Motors, Inc. and DCH Auto Group (USA) Limited dated June 14, 2014. As a result, we believe the exposure related to this lawsuit, when considered in relation to the terms of the stock purchase agreement, is immaterial to our financial statements.

Note 12. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued accounting standards update (“ASU”) 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” which amends the accounting guidance related to revenues. This amendment will replace most of the existing revenue recognition guidance when it becomes effective. The new standard, as amended in July 2015, is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and entities are allowed to adopt the standard as early as annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods therein. The standard permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. We are evaluating the effect this amendment will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures and believe the financial impact is not material. We have not yet selected a transition method.

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In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-11, “Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory (Topic 330).” ASU 2015-11 simplifies the accounting for the valuation of all inventory not accounted for using the last-in, first-out method by prescribing inventory be valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value. ASU 2015-11 is effective for public companies' annual periods, including interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2016 on a prospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. We do not expect the adoption of ASU 2015-11 to have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, "Leases." ASU 2016-02 increases transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and requires disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those annual periods. We are evaluating the effect this amendment will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, "Compensation - Stock Compensation - Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting." ASU 2016-09 simplifies the accounting for several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities and classification on the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods. We are evaluating the effect this amendment will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. We have not yet selected a transition method.

Note 13. Subsequent Events

Common Stock Dividend

On April 19, 2016, our Board of Directors approved a dividend of $0.25 per share on our Class A and Class B common stock related to our first quarter 2016 financial results. The dividend will total approximately $6.4 million and will be paid on May 27, 2016 to shareholders of record on May 13, 2016.

Repurchases of Class A Common Stock

Since March 31, 2016, we have repurchased approximately 162,000 shares at a weighted average price of $81.10 per share. As of April 29, 2016, under our existing share repurchase authorization, approximately $235.1 million remains available for share repurchases.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Forward-Looking Statements and Risk Factors

Certain statements under the sections entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Form 10-Q constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Generally, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “project”, “outlook,” “target”, “may,” “will,” “would,” “should,” “seek,” “expect,” “plan,” “intend,” “forecast,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “likely,” “goal,” “strategy,” “future,” “maintain,” and “continue” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terms. Examples of forward-looking statements in this Form 10-Q include, among others, statements we make regarding:

| • | Future market conditions;

| • | Expected operating results, such as improved store performance; maintaining incremental throughput between 45% and 50%; continued improvement of SG&A as a percentage of gross profit and all projections;

| • | Anticipated continued success and growth of DCH Auto Group;

| • | Anticipated ability to capture additional market share;

| • | Anticipated ability to find accretive acquisitions;

| • | Anticipated additions of dealership locations to our portfolio in the future;

| • | Anticipated availability of liquidity from our unfinanced operating real estate; and

| • | Anticipated levels of capital expenditures in the future.

The forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and situations that may cause our actual results to materially differ from the results expressed or implied by these statements. Certain important factors that could cause actual results to differ from our expectations are discussed in Part II - Other Information, Item 1A in this Form 10-Q and in the Risk Factors section of our 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K, as supplemented and amended from time to time in Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties because they relate to events that depend on circumstances that may or may not occur in the future. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made. We assume no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement.

Overview

We are a leading operator of automotive franchises and a retailer of new and used vehicles and related services. As of April 29, 2016, we offered 31 brands of new vehicles and all brands of used vehicles in 138 stores in the United States and online at Lithia.com and DCHauto.com. We sell new and used cars and replacement parts; provide vehicle maintenance, warranty, paint and repair services; arrange related financing; and sell service contracts, vehicle protection products and credit insurance.

Our dealerships are located across the United States. We seek domestic, import and luxury franchises in cities ranging from mid-sized regional markets to metropolitan markets. We evaluate all brands for expansion opportunities provided the market is large enough to support adequate new vehicle sales to justify the required capital investment.

Our mission statement is: “Driven by our employees and preferred by our customers, Lithia is the leading automotive retailer in each of our markets.” We offer customers convenient, flexible personalized service combined with the large company advantages of selection, competitive pricing, broad access to financing, and warranties. We strive for diversification in our products, services, brands and geographic locations to manage market risk and to maintain profitability. We have developed a centralized support structure to reduce store level administrative functions. This allows store personnel to focus on providing a positive customer experience. With our management information systems and centrally-performed administrative functions in Medford, Oregon, and regional accounting processing centers, we seek to gain economies of scale from our dealership network.

Results of Operations

For the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, we reported income, net of tax, of $40.3 million, or $1.55 per diluted share, and $40.7 million, or $1.53 per diluted share, respectively.

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Key Revenue and Gross Profit Metrics

Key performance metrics for revenue and gross profit were as follows (dollars in thousands):

Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 |  | Revenues |  |  | Percent of Total Revenues |  |  | Gross Profit |  |  | Gross Profit Margin |  |  | Percent of Total Gross Profit |
New vehicle |  | $ | 1,096,055 |  |  |  | 55.3 | % |  | $ | 66,766 |  |  |  | 6.1 | % |  |  | 21.7 | %
Used vehicle retail |  |  | 532,726 |  |  |  | 26.9 |  |  |  | 64,277 |  |  |  | 12.1 |  |  |  | 20.9 |
Used vehicle wholesale |  |  | 65,146 |  |  |  | 3.3 |  |  |  | 1,830 |  |  |  | 2.8 |  |  |  | 0.6 |
Finance and insurance(1) |  |  | 77,638 |  |  |  | 3.9 |  |  |  | 77,638 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 25.3 |
Service, body and parts |  |  | 196,675 |  |  |  | 9.9 |  |  |  | 96,119 |  |  |  | 48.9 |  |  |  | 31.3 |
Fleet and other |  |  | 14,621 |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  | 552 |  |  |  | 3.8 |  |  |  | 0.2 |
|  | $ | 1,982,861 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 307,182 |  |  |  | 15.5 | % |  |  | 100.0 | %

Three Months Ended March 31, 2015 |  | Revenues |  |  | Percent of Total Revenues |  |  | Gross Profit |  |  | Gross Profit Margin |  |  | Percent of Total Gross Profit |
New vehicle |  | $ | 1,007,816 |  |  |  | 56.3 | % |  | $ | 61,774 |  |  |  | 6.1 | % |  |  | 22.6 | %
Used vehicle retail |  |  | 462,931 |  |  |  | 25.9 |  |  |  | 59,442 |  |  |  | 12.8 |  |  |  | 21.7 |
Used vehicle wholesale |  |  | 62,208 |  |  |  | 3.5 |  |  |  | 2,161 |  |  |  | 3.5 |  |  |  | 0.8 |
Finance and insurance(1) |  |  | 64,604 |  |  |  | 3.6 |  |  |  | 64,604 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 23.6 |
Service, body and parts |  |  | 173,475 |  |  |  | 9.7 |  |  |  | 84,439 |  |  |  | 48.7 |  |  |  | 30.9 |
Fleet and other |  |  | 18,144 |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 955 |  |  |  | 5.3 |  |  |  | 0.4 |
|  | $ | 1,789,178 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 273,375 |  |  |  | 15.3 | % |  |  | 100.0 | %

(1) | Commissions reported net of anticipated cancellations.

Same Store Operating Data

In the first quarter of 2016, we acquired two stores and, in 2015, we acquired six stores and opened one store. We believe that same store comparisons are an important indicator of our financial performance. Same store measures demonstrate our ability to grow revenues in our existing locations. As a result, same store measures have been integrated into the discussion below.

Same store measures reflect results for stores that were operating in each comparison period and only include the months when operations occurred in both periods. For example, a store acquired in February 2015 would be included in same store operating data beginning in March 2016, after its first full complete comparable month of operation. The first quarter operating results for the same store comparisons would include results for that store in only the period of March for both comparable periods.

17

New Vehicle Revenue and Gross Profit

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  | % |
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit amounts) |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | Increase |  |  | Increase |
Reported |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue |  | $ | 1,096,055 |  |  | $ | 1,007,816 |  |  | $ | 88,239 |  |  |  | 8.8 | %
Gross profit |  | $ | 66,766 |  |  | $ | 61,774 |  |  | $ | 4,992 |  |  |  | 8.1 |
Gross margin |  |  | 6.1 | % |  |  | 6.1 | % |  |  | — | bp |  |  |  |
Retail units sold |  |  | 32,749 |  |  |  | 30,623 |  |  |  | 2,126 |  |  |  | 6.9 |
Average selling price per retail unit |  | $ | 33,468 |  |  | $ | 32,910 |  |  | $ | 558 |  |  |  | 1.7 |
Average gross profit per retail unit |  | $ | 2,039 |  |  | $ | 2,017 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  |  | 1.1 |
Same store |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue |  | $ | 1,062,335 |  |  | $ | 1,000,768 |  |  | $ | 61,567 |  |  |  | 6.2 |
Gross profit |  | $ | 64,818 |  |  | $ | 61,278 |  |  | $ | 3,540 |  |  |  | 5.8 |
Gross margin |  |  | 6.1 | % |  |  | 6.1 | % |  |  | — | bp |  |  |  |
Retail units sold |  |  | 31,779 |  |  |  | 30,391 |  |  |  | 1,388 |  |  |  | 4.6 |
Average selling price per retail unit |  | $ | 33,429 |  |  | $ | 32,930 |  |  | $ | 499 |  |  |  | 1.5 |
Average gross profit per retail unit |  | $ | 2,040 |  |  | $ | 2,016 |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  |  | 1.2 |

| (1) | A basis point is equal to 1/100th of one percent.

New vehicle sales increased 8.8% in the three-month period ended March 31, 2016 compared to the same period of 2015, primarily driven by an increase in volume. On a same store basis, new vehicle sales increased 6.2% in the three-month period ended March 31, 2016 compared to the same period of 2015. Same store new vehicle unit sales increased 4.6% compared to national new vehicle sales levels, which increased approximately 3.1% in the three-month period ended March 31, 2016 compared to the same period of 2015.

Same store unit sales increased in all categories as follows:

|  | Three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to the same period of 2015 |  |  | National growth in the three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to the same period of 2015(1) |
Domestic brand same store unit sales growth |  |  | 2.4 | % |  |  | 5.1 | %
Import brand same store unit sales growth |  |  | 6.6 |  |  |  | 1.8 |
Luxury brand same store unit sales growth |  |  | 1.5 |  |  |  | (0.5 | )
Overall |  |  | 4.6 |  |  |  | 3.1 |

(1) National auto unit sales and SAAR data obtained from Stephens Auto Unit Sales and SAAR report as of March 2016

Our unit volume growth rate for the 2016 period was higher than the national average for our import and luxury brands. Our domestic brands unit volume growth lagged the national average for the 2016 period primarily due to our Chrysler stores, which had flat same store unit sales compared to a national average increase of 9% . Certain of our domestic stores had difficult stair step incentive objectives, and elected not to pursue them, resulting in reduced performance compared to the prior year. We continue to focus on increasing our share of overall new vehicle sales within each of our markets.

In addition to the increase in unit volume, an increase in average selling prices of 1.5% in the three-month period ended March 31, 2016 compared to the same period of 2015, contributed to the overall increase in same store new vehicle revenue.

18

New vehicle gross profit increased 8.1% in the three-month period ended March 31, 2016 compared to the same period of 2015. This increase is in line with the increase in revenues. On a same store basis, new vehicle gross profit increased by 5.8% in the three-month period ended March 31, 2016 compared to the same period of 2015, primarily driven by unit growth, as well as a $24 increase in the average gross profit per unit.

Used Vehicle Retail Revenue and Gross Profit

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  | Increase |  |  | % Increase |
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit amounts) |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | (Decrease) |  |  | (Decrease) |
Reported |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retail revenue |  | $ | 532,726 |  |  | $ | 462,931 |  |  | $ | 69,795 |  |  |  | 15.1 | %
Retail gross profit |  | $ | 64,277 |  |  | $ | 59,442 |  |  | $ | 4,835 |  |  |  | 8.1 |
Retail gross margin |  |  | 12.1 | % |  |  | 12.8 | % |  |  | (70 | ) bp |  |  |  |
Retail units sold |  |  | 27,431 |  |  |  | 24,204 |  |  |  | 3,227 |  |  |  | 13.3 |
Average selling price per retail unit |  | $ | 19,421 |  |  | $ | 19,126 |  |  | $ | 295 |  |  |  | 1.5 |
Average gross profit per retail unit |  | $ | 2,343 |  |  | $ | 2,456 |  |  | $ | (113 | ) |  |  | (4.6 | )
Same store |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retail revenue |  | $ | 516,277 |  |  | $ | 459,192 |  |  | $ | 57,085 |  |  |  | 12.4 |
Retail gross profit |  | $ | 62,543 |  |  | $ | 59,026 |  |  | $ | 3,517 |  |  |  | 6.0 |
Retail gross margin |  |  | 12.1 | % |  |  | 12.9 | % |  |  | (80 | ) bp |  |  |  |
Retail units sold |  |  | 26,531 |  |  |  | 23,972 |  |  |  | 2,559 |  |  |  | 10.7 |
Average selling price per retail unit |  | $ | 19,459 |  |  | $ | 19,155 |  |  | $ | 304 |  |  |  | 1.6 |
Average gross profit per retail unit |  | $ | 2,357 |  |  | $ | 2,462 |  |  | $ | (105 | ) |  |  | (4.3 | )

Used vehicle retail sales are a strategic focus for organic growth. We offer three categories of used vehicles: manufacturer Certified Pre-Owned ("CPO") vehicles; Core Vehicles, or late-model vehicles with lower mileage; and Value Autos, or vehicles with over 80,000 miles. Additionally, our volume-based strategy for new vehicle sales increases the organic opportunity to convert vehicles acquired via trade to retail used vehicle sales.

Same store sales increased in all three categories of used vehicles as follows:

|  | Three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to the same period of 2015 |
Certified pre-owned vehicles |  |  | 14.9 | %
Core vehicles |  |  | 12.4 |
Value autos |  |  | 7.1 |
Overall |  |  | 12.4 |

The increases in same store sales were mainly a result of increased unit sales and a slight increase in average selling prices. We continue to see a mix shift towards certified pre-owned vehicle sales as the supply of late-model, off-lease vehicles increases. This increase is driven by increased new vehicle leasing and an overall increase in vehicle sales levels over the past 6 years. Because the average new lease is approximately 30 months, the supply of late model used vehicles has increased.

On an annualized average, as of March 31, 2016 and 2015, each of our stores sold 64 and 57 retail used vehicle units, respectively, per month. We continue to target increasing sales to 75 units per store per month.

19

Used retail vehicle gross profit increased 8.1% in the three-month period ended March 31, 2016 compared to the same period of 2015. On a same store basis, gross profit increased 6.0% in the three-month period ended March 31, 2016 compared to the same period of 2015, primarily driven by volume growth, offset by decreases in the average gross profit per unit sold.

Similar to new vehicle sales, we focus on gross profit dollars earned per unit, not on gross margin, in evaluating our sales performance. Gross profit per unit decreased in all three categories of used vehicles in the three-month period ended March 31, 2016 compared to the same period of 2015 as our stores focused on gaining incremental sales volume. This volume-based strategy creates the ability to generate incremental future business through used vehicle trade-in opportunities, finance and insurance sales and service work.

Used Vehicle Wholesale Revenue and Gross Profit

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  | Increase |  |  | % Increase |
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit amounts) |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | (Decrease) |  |  | (Decrease) |
Reported |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wholesale revenue |  | $ | 65,146 |  |  | $ | 62,208 |  |  | $ | 2,938 |  |  |  | 4.7 | %
Wholesale gross profit |  | $ | 1,830 |  |  | $ | 2,161 |  |  | $ | (331 | ) |  |  | (15.3 | )
Wholesale gross margin |  |  | 2.8 | % |  |  | 3.5 | % |  |  | (70 | ) bp |  |  |  |
Wholesale units sold |  |  | 9,513 |  |  |  | 9,144 |  |  |  | 369 |  |  |  | 4.0 |
Average selling price per wholesale unit |  | $ | 6,848 |  |  | $ | 6,803 |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  |  | 0.7 |
Average gross profit per retail unit |  | $ | 192 |  |  | $ | 236 |  |  | $ | (44 | ) |  |  | (18.6 | )
Same store |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wholesale revenue |  | $ | 63,805 |  |  | $ | 61,949 |  |  | $ | 1,856 |  |  |  | 3.0 |
Wholesale gross profit |  | $ | 1,755 |  |  | $ | 2,222 |  |  | $ | (467 | ) |  |  | (21.0 | )
Wholesale gross margin |  |  | 2.8 | % |  |  | 3.6 | % |  |  | (80 | ) bp |  |  |  |
Wholesale units sold |  |  | 9,255 |  |  |  | 9,063 |  |  |  | 192 |  |  |  | 2.1 |
Average selling price per wholesale unit |  | $ | 6,894 |  |  | $ | 6,835 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  |  | 0.9 |
Average gross profit per retail unit |  | $ | 190 |  |  | $ | 245 |  |  | $ | (55 | ) |  |  | (22.4 | )

Wholesale transactions are vehicles we have purchased from customers or vehicles we have attempted to sell via retail that we elect to dispose of due to inventory age or other factors. Wholesale vehicles are typically sold at or near inventory cost and do not comprise a meaningful component of our gross profit.

20

Finance and Insurance

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  | % |
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit amounts) |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | Increase |  |  | Increase |
Reported |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue |  | $ | 77,638 |  |  | $ | 64,604 |  |  | $ | 13,034 |  |  |  | 20.2 | %
Average finance and insurance per retail unit |  | $ | 1,290 |  |  | $ | 1,178 |  |  | $ | 112 |  |  |  | 9.5 | %
Same store |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue |  | $ | 75,365 |  |  | $ | 64,206 |  |  | $ | 11,159 |  |  |  | 17.4 | %
Average finance and insurance per retail unit |  | $ | 1,292 |  |  | $ | 1,181 |  |  | $ | 111 |  |  |  | 9.4 | %

The increase in finance and insurance revenue, both as reported and on a same store basis, was primarily due to higher unit volumes and an increase in the average finance and insurance amount per retail unit . On a same store basis, our finance and insurance revenues per retail unit increased $111 in the three-month period ended March 31, 2016 compared to the same period of 2015, as both pricing and penetration rates improved.

Trends in penetration rates for total new and used retail vehicles sold are detailed below:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Finance and insurance |  |  | 78 | % |  |  | 76 | %
Service contracts |  |  | 43 |  |  |  | 42 |
Lifetime lube, oil and filter contracts |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | 25 |

We believe the availability of credit is one of the key indicators of our ability to retail automobiles, as we arrange financing on almost 80% of the vehicles we sell and believe a significant amount of the vehicles we do not arrange financing for are financed elsewhere. To evaluate the availability of credit, we categorize our customers based on their Fair, Isaac and Company (FICO) credit score.

On a same store basis, the distribution by credit score for the customers we arranged financing for was as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  |  |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
| FICO Score Range |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prime | 680 | and | above |  |  | 69 | % |  |  | 69 | %
Non-prime | 620 | - | 679 |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 18 |
Sub-prime | 619 | or | less |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 13 |

Our distribution of customers by credit score was consistent for the first three months of 2016 compared to the same period of 2015. We also did not see any material change in approval rates or finance charge backs within any credit tier in the three-month period ended March 31, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015.

21

Service, Body and Parts Revenue and Gross Profit

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | Increase |  |  | % Increase |
Reported |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer pay |  | $ | 106,891 |  |  | $ | 96,968 |  |  | $ | 9,923 |  |  |  | 10.2 | %
Warranty |  |  | 45,617 |  |  |  | 37,372 |  |  |  | 8,245 |  |  |  | 22.1 |
Wholesale parts |  |  | 29,755 |  |  |  | 27,591 |  |  |  | 2,164 |  |  |  | 7.8 |
Body shop |  |  | 14,412 |  |  |  | 11,544 |  |  |  | 2,868 |  |  |  | 24.8 |
Total service, body and parts |  | $ | 196,675 |  |  | $ | 173,475 |  |  | $ | 23,200 |  |  |  | 13.4 | %
Service, body and parts gross profit |  | $ | 96,119 |  |  | $ | 84,439 |  |  | $ | 11,680 |  |  |  | 13.8 | %
Service, body and parts gross margin |  |  | 48.9 | % |  |  | 48.7 | % |  |  | 20 | bp |  |  |  |
Same store |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer pay |  | $ | 103,326 |  |  | $ | 96,081 |  |  | $ | 7,245 |  |  |  | 7.5 | %
Warranty |  |  | 44,066 |  |  |  | 37,009 |  |  |  | 7,057 |  |  |  | 19.1 |
Wholesale parts |  |  | 28,441 |  |  |  | 27,482 |  |  |  | 959 |  |  |  | 3.5 |
Body shop |  |  | 14,135 |  |  |  | 11,544 |  |  |  | 2,591 |  |  |  | 22.4 |
Total service, body and parts |  | $ | 189,968 |  |  | $ | 172,116 |  |  | $ | 17,852 |  |  |  | 10.4 | %
Service, body and parts gross profit |  | $ | 92,956 |  |  | $ | 83,749 |  |  | $ | 9,207 |  |  |  | 11.0 | %
Service, body and parts gross margin |  |  | 48.9 | % |  |  | 48.7 | % |  |  | 20 | bp |  |  |  |

Our service, body and parts sales grew in all areas in the first three months of 2016 compared to the same period of 2015. There are more late-model units in operation as new vehicle sales volumes have been increasing since 2010. We believe this increase in units in operation will continue to benefit our service, body and parts sales in the coming years as more late-model vehicles age, necessitating repairs and maintenance.

We focus on retaining customers by offering competitively priced routine maintenance and through our marketing efforts. We increased our same store customer pay business 7.5% in the first three months of 2016 compared to the same period of 2015.

Same store warranty sales increased 19.1% in the first three months of 2016 compared to the same period of 2015, primarily due to significant recalls across multiple manufacturers. Additionally, we continue to see increases due to the growing number of units in operation. Routine maintenance, such as oil changes, offered by certain brands, including BMW, Toyota and General Motors, for two to four years after a vehicle is sold, provides for future work as consumers return to the franchised dealer for this maintenance item.

The increase (decrease) in same-store warranty work by segment was as follows:

|  | Three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to the same period of 2015 |
Domestic |  |  | 21.3 | %
Import |  |  | 37.9 | %
Luxury |  |  | (5.0 | )%

Same store wholesale parts increased 3.5% in the first three months of 2016 compared to the same period of 2015, primarily due to targeting independent repair shops, competing new vehicle dealers and wholesale accounts to expand parts sales to other repair shops.

22

Same store body shop increased 22.4% in the first three months of 2016 compared to the same period of 2015. Our stores have increased production through calculated adjustments to optimize personnel and equipment. Additionally, several of our body shops were in locations which experienced increased precipitation compared to the 2015 winter season and had increased volume.

Same store service, body and parts gross profit increased 11.0% in the first three months of 2016 compared to the same period of 2015. This growth is in line with our revenue growth and benefited from a slight improvement in our gross margin. Our gross margin improvements were driven by shifts in mix as the growth in warranty, which has a relatively higher gross margin, has outpaced the growth in customer pay, wholesale parts and body shop compared to the same period in 2015.

Segments

Certain financial information by segment is as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  | Increase |  |  | % Increase |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | (Decrease) |  |  | (Decrease) |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  | $ | 768,902 |  |  | $ | 690,682 |  |  | $ | 78,220 |  |  |  | 11.3 | %
Import |  |  | 865,743 |  |  |  | 760,080 |  |  |  | 105,663 |  |  |  | 13.9 |
Luxury |  |  | 346,813 |  |  |  | 336,993 |  |  |  | 9,820 |  |  |  | 2.9 |
|  |  | 1,981,458 |  |  |  | 1,787,755 |  |  |  | 193,703 |  |  |  | 10.8 |
Corporate and other |  |  | 1,403 |  |  |  | 1,423 |  |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  | (1.4 | )
|  | $ | 1,982,861 |  |  | $ | 1,789,178 |  |  | $ | 193,683 |  |  |  | 10.8 | %

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  | Increase |  |  | % Increase |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | (Decrease) |  |  | (Decrease) |
Segment income*: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  | $ | 21,730 |  |  | $ | 27,294 |  |  | $ | (5,564 | ) |  |  | (20.4 | )%
Import |  |  | 22,633 |  |  |  | 17,063 |  |  |  | 5,570 |  |  |  | 32.6 |
Luxury |  |  | 4,235 |  |  |  | 6,645 |  |  |  | (2,410 | ) |  |  | (36.3 | )
|  |  | 48,598 |  |  |  | 51,002 |  |  |  | (2,404 | ) |  |  | (4.7 | )
Corporate and other |  |  | 30,071 |  |  |  | 21,976 |  |  |  | 8,095 |  |  |  | 36.8 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | (11,663 | ) |  |  | (9,726 | ) |  |  | 1,937 |  |  |  | 19.9 |
Other interest expense |  |  | (5,459 | ) |  |  | (4,828 | ) |  |  | 631 |  |  |  | 13.1 |
Other expense, net |  |  | (1,526 | ) |  |  | (368 | ) |  |  | 1,158 |  |  |  | NM |
Income before income taxes |  | $ | 60,021 |  |  | $ | 58,056 |  |  | $ | 1,965 |  |  |  | 3.4 | %

NM – Not meaningful.

*Segment income for each reportable segment is defined as Income before income taxes, depreciation and amortization, other interest expense and other expense, net.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  | Increase |  |  | % Increase |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | (Decrease) |  |  | (Decrease) |
Retail new vehicle unit sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  |  | 10,649 |  |  |  | 10,012 |  |  |  | 637 |  |  |  | 6.4 | %
Import |  |  | 18,114 |  |  |  | 16,805 |  |  |  | 1,309 |  |  |  | 7.8 |
Luxury |  |  | 4,063 |  |  |  | 3,865 |  |  |  | 198 |  |  |  | 5.1 |
|  |  | 32,826 |  |  |  | 30,682 |  |  |  | 2,144 |  |  |  | 7.0 |
Allocated to management |  |  | (77 | ) |  |  | (59 | ) |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | NM |
|  |  | 32,749 |  |  |  | 30,623 |  |  |  | 2,126 |  |  |  | 6.9 | %

NM – Not meaningful.

23

Domestic

A summary of financial information for our Domestic segment follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  | Increase |  |  | % Increase |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | (Decrease) |  |  | (Decrease) |
Revenue |  | $ | 768,902 |  |  | $ | 690,682 |  |  | $ | 78,220 |  |  |  | 11.3 | %
Segment income |  | $ | 21,730 |  |  | $ | 27,294 |  |  | $ | (5,564 | ) |  |  | (20.4 | )
Retail new vehicle unit sales |  |  | 10,649 |  |  |  | 10,012 |  |  |  | 637 |  |  |  | 6.4 |

The increase in our Domestic segment revenue in the first three months of 2016 compared to the same period of 2015 was primarily a result of increases in retail new and used unit sales, increases in new and used vehicle selling prices, an increase in finance and insurance as a function of greater retail vehicle unit volume and improved service, body and parts sales. This increase was driven by new product introductions from our manufacturer partners, enhanced availability of late model used vehicles and better operational execution within our stores. Chrysler, which represented 54% of our domestic segment revenue in the first three months of 2016, increased its U.S. market share 70 bps to 13.5% in the first three months of 2016 compared to the same period of 2015. Domestic segment retail new vehicle unit sales increased 6.4% in the first three months of 2016 compared to the same period of 2015, as same store unit sales increased 2.4%, with the remaining increase being a result of stores acquired in the latter part of 2015.

Our Domestic segment income decreased 20.4% in the first three months of 2016 compared to the same period of 2015. There were two primary factors causing the decline. In the first quarter of 2016, gross profit for the Domestic segment increased 7.0%, which lagged the 11.3% growth in revenue, primarily due to lower total gross profit in both new and used retail vehicle sales compared to the same period of 2015. Additional spending in personnel and advertising increased overall SG&A expense by 15.2%. This increase was a function of efforts to drive additional customer traffic to Domestic stores and incremental personnel costs associated with incentive pay plans and increased headcount.

Import

A summary of financial information for our Import segment follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | Increase |  |  | % Increase |
Revenue |  | $ | 865,743 |  |  | $ | 760,080 |  |  | $ | 105,663 |  |  |  | 13.9 | %
Segment income |  | $ | 22,633 |  |  | $ | 17,063 |  |  | $ | 5,570 |  |  |  | 32.6 |
Retail new vehicle unit sales |  |  | 18,114 |  |  |  | 16,805 |  |  |  | 1,309 |  |  |  | 7.8 |

The 13.9% increase in our Import segment revenue in the first three months of 2016 compared to the same period of 2015 was primarily a result of increases in all significant business lines.

Our Import segment income increased 32.6% in the first three months of 2016 compared to the same period of 2015. This growth exceeded the growth in revenue as we continue to integrate our DCH stores and they begin to perform at a profitability level consistent with our other existing import stores. Import segment income, as a percentage of revenue, improved 40 basis points to 2.6% for the first three months of 2016 compared to the same period of 2015.

Luxury

A summary of financial information for our Luxury segment follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  | Increase |  |  | % Increase |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | (Decrease) |  |  | (Decrease) |
Revenue |  | $ | 346,813 |  |  | $ | 336,993 |  |  | $ | 9,820 |  |  |  | 2.9 | %
Segment income |  | $ | 4,235 |  |  | $ | 6,645 |  |  | $ | (2,410 | ) |  |  | (36.3 | )
Retail new vehicle unit sales |  |  | 4,063 |  |  |  | 3,865 |  |  |  | 198 |  |  |  | 5.1 |

24

Our luxury segment revenue increased 2.9% in the first three months of 2016 compared to the same period of 2015, primarily due to increases in retail new and used unit sales, increases in new and used vehicle selling prices, an increase in finance and insurance as a function of greater retail vehicle unit volume and improved service, body and parts sales. New vehicle unit sales growth of 5.1% was the primary driver of the revenue increase, partially offset by a decrease in wholesale vehicle revenues and fleet and other revenues.

Our luxury segment income decreased 36.3% in the first three months of 2016 compared to the same period of 2015, as increased expenses in all areas of SG&A and increased flooring interest associated with higher inventory levels exceeded the increase in total gross profit.

Corporate and Other

Revenues attributable to Corporate and other include the results of operations of our stand-alone body shop offset by certain unallocated reserve and elimination adjustments related to vehicle sales.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  | Increase |  |  | % Increase |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | (Decrease) |  |  | (Decrease) |
Revenue |  | $ | 1,403 |  |  | $ | 1,423 |  |  | $ | (20 | ) |  |  | (1.4 | )%
Segment income |  | $ | 30,071 |  |  | $ | 21,976 |  |  | $ | 8,095 |  |  |  | 36.8 |

The decrease in Corporate and other revenue in the first three months of 2016 compared to the same period of 2015, was primarily related to changes to certain reserves that we are specifically identified with our domestic, import or luxury segment revenue.

Segment income attributable to Corporate and other includes amounts associated with the operating income from our stand-alone body shop and certain internal corporate expense allocations that reduce reportable segment income but increase Corporate and other income. These internal corporate expense allocations are used to increase comparability of our dealerships and reflect the capital burden a stand-alone dealership would experience. Examples of these internal allocations include internal rent expense, internal floor plan financing charges, and internal fees charged to offset employees within our corporate headquarters who perform certain dealership functions.

The $8.1 million increase in Corporate and other segment income in the first three months of 2016 compared to the same period of 2015 was primarily related to insurance activity and changes to insurance reserves and an increase in internal corporate expense allocations for the capital burden of higher inventory levels.

Asset Impairments

Asset impairments recorded as a component of operations consist of the following:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Equity investment |  | $ | 3,498 |  |  | $ | 4,130 |

Asset impairments of our equity-method investment are associated with our investment in a limited liability company that participates in the NMTC Program. We evaluated this equity-method investment at the end of each reporting period and identified indications of loss resulting from other than temporary declines in value. See Note 9 of the Condensed Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Selling, General and Administrative Expense (“SG&A”)

SG&A includes salaries and related personnel expenses, advertising (net of manufacturer cooperative advertising credits), rent, facility costs, and other general corporate expenses.

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|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  | Increase |  |  | % Increase |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | (Decrease) |  |  | (Decrease) |
Personnel |  | $ | 148,724 |  |  | $ | 133,014 |  |  | $ | 15,710 |  |  |  | 11.8 | %
Advertising |  |  | 19,336 |  |  |  | 15,345 |  |  |  | 3,991 |  |  |  | 26.0 |
Rent |  |  | 6,402 |  |  |  | 5,920 |  |  |  | 482 |  |  |  | 8.1 |
Facility costs |  |  | 8,059 |  |  |  | 8,344 |  |  |  | (285 | ) |  |  | (3.4 | )
Other |  |  | 36,585 |  |  |  | 28,995 |  |  |  | 7,590 |  |  |  | 26.2 |
Total SG&A |  | $ | 219,106 |  |  | $ | 191,618 |  |  | $ | 27,488 |  |  |  | 14.3 | %

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  | Increase |
As a % of gross profit |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | (Decrease) |
Personnel |  |  | 48.4 | % |  |  | 48.7 | % |  |  | (30 | ) bp
Advertising |  |  | 6.3 | % |  |  | 5.6 | % |  |  | 70 |
Rent |  |  | 2.1 | % |  |  | 2.2 | % |  |  | (10 | )
Facility costs |  |  | 2.6 | % |  |  | 3.1 | % |  |  | (50 | )
Other |  |  | 11.9 | % |  |  | 10.6 | % |  |  | 130 |
Total SG&A |  |  | 71.3 | % |  |  | 70.1 | % |  |  | 120 |

The 14.3% increase in SG&A in the three-month period ended March 31, 2016 compared to the same period of 2015 was primarily driven by increased variable cost associated with increased sales volume and store count. Additionally, we recorded a gain of $1.0 million associated with the sale of one of our stores and a $1.9 million legal reserve charge in the first quarter of 2016 and a gain of $3.3 million associated with the sale of one store in the first quarter of 2015.

SG&A adjusted for non-core charges was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  | Increase |  |  | % Increase |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | (Decrease) |  |  | (Decrease) |
Personnel |  | $ | 148,789 |  |  | $ | 133,014 |  |  | $ | 15,775 |  |  |  | 11.9 | %
Advertising |  |  | 19,336 |  |  |  | 15,345 |  |  |  | 3,991 |  |  |  | 26.0 | %
Rent |  |  | 6,402 |  |  |  | 5,920 |  |  |  | 482 |  |  |  | 8.1 | %
Adjusted facility costs |  |  | 9,146 |  |  |  | 11,693 |  |  |  | (2,547 | ) |  |  | (21.8 | )%
Other |  |  | 34,614 |  |  |  | 28,995 |  |  |  | 5,619 |  |  |  | 19.4 | %
Adjusted total SG&A |  | $ | 218,287 |  |  | $ | 194,967 |  |  | $ | 23,320 |  |  |  | 12.0 | %

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  | Increase |
As a % of gross profit |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | (Decrease) |
Personnel |  |  | 48.4 | % |  |  | 48.7 | % |  |  | (30 | ) bp
Advertising |  |  | 6.3 | % |  |  | 5.6 | % |  |  | 70 |
Rent |  |  | 2.1 | % |  |  | 2.2 | % |  |  | (10 | )
Adjusted facility costs |  |  | 3.0 | % |  |  | 4.3 | % |  |  | (130 | )
Other |  |  | 11.3 | % |  |  | 10.6 | % |  |  | 70 |
Adjusted total SG&A |  |  | 71.1 | % |  |  | 71.3 | % |  |  | (20 | )

See “Non-GAAP Reconciliations” for more details.

Adjusted SG&A as a percentage of gross profit in the three-month period ended March 31, 2016 decreased 20 basis points compared to the same period of 2015. The decrease in facility costs is due to a gain from an insurance claim in the three months ended March 31, 2016, and the increase in other is due to reserve adjustments associated with legal claims and our allowance for doubtful accounts.

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We also measure the leverage of our cost structure by evaluating throughput, which is the incremental percentage of gross profit retained after deducting SG&A expense.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  | % of Change in |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | Change |  |  | Gross Profit |
Gross profit |  | $ | 307,182 |  |  | $ | 273,375 |  |  | $ | 33,807 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %
SG&A expense |  |  | (219,106 | ) |  |  | (191,618 | ) |  |  | (27,488 | ) |  |  | (81.3 | )%
Throughput contribution |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,319 |  |  |  | 18.7 | %

Throughput contributions for newly opened or acquired stores reduce overall throughput because, in the first year of operation, a store’s throughput is equal to the inverse of its SG&A as a percentage of gross profit. For example, a store which achieves SG&A as a percentage of gross profit of 70% will have throughput of 30% in the first year of operation.

We acquired two stores in the first three months of 2016 and we acquired six stores and one franchise and opened one new store during 2015. Adjusting for these locations and the non-core adjustments discussed above, we estimate our throughput contribution on a same store basis was 37% in the first quarter of 2016. We continue to target a same store throughput contribution in a range of 45% to 50%.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization is comprised of depreciation expense related to buildings, significant remodels or improvements, furniture, tools, equipment and signage and amortization of certain intangible assets, including customer lists and non-compete agreements.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  | % |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | Increase |  |  | Increase |
Depreciation and amortization |  | $ | 11,663 |  |  | $ | 9,726 |  |  | $ | 1,937 |  |  |  | 19.9 | %

The increase in depreciation and amortization in the three-month period ended March 31, 2016 compared to the same period of 2015 was primarily due to capital expenditures that occurred since March 31, 2015. We purchased previously leased facilities, built new facilities for open points, expanded and improved facilities subsequent to the acquisition of the stores, invested in improvements at our facilities and replaced equipment. These investments increase the amount of depreciable assets and amortizable expenses. In the full year of 2015 and the first three months of 2016, we had capital expenditures of $83.2 million and $15.9 million, respectively.

Operating Income

Operating income as a percentage of revenue, or operating margin, was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Operating margin |  |  | 3.7 | % |  |  | 3.8 | %
Operating margin adjusted for non-core charges(1) |  |  | 3.9 | % |  |  | 3.8 | %

(1) See “Non-GAAP Reconciliations” for more details.

In the first quarter of 2016, our operating margin was consistent with prior years. Adjusting for non-core charges, operating margin increased 10 basis points as we continue to focus on cost control, which allows us to leverage our cost structure in an environment of improving sales.

Floor Plan Interest Expense and Floor Plan Assistance

Floor plan interest expense increased $1.3 million in the three-month period ended March 31, 2016 compared to the same period of 2015 primarily as a result of increased average outstanding balances on our floor plan facilities.

Floor plan assistance is provided by manufacturers to support store financing of new vehicle inventory. Under accounting standards, floor plan assistance is recorded as a component of new vehicle gross profit when the specific vehicle is sold. However, because manufacturers provide this assistance to offset inventory carrying costs, we believe a comparison of floor plan interest expense to floor plan assistance is a useful measure of the efficiency of our new vehicle sales relative to stocking levels.

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The following table details the carrying costs for new vehicles and include new vehicle floor plan interest net of floor plan assistance earned.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  | % |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | Change |  |  | Change |
Floor plan interest expense (new vehicles) |  | $ | 5,909 |  |  | $ | 4,649 |  |  | $ | 1,260 |  |  |  | 27.1 | %
Floor plan assistance (included as an offset to cost of sales) |  |  | (10,300 | ) |  |  | (9,127 | ) |  |  | (1,173 | ) |  |  | (12.9 | )
Net new vehicle carrying costs |  | $ | (4,391 | ) |  | $ | (4,478 | ) |  | $ | 87 |  |  |  | 1.9 |

Other Interest Expense

Other interest expense includes interest on debt incurred related to acquisitions, real estate mortgages, our used vehicle inventory financing facility and our revolving line of credit.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  | Increase |  |  | % Increase |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | (Decrease) |  |  | (Decrease) |
Mortgage interest |  | $ | 3,547 |  |  | $ | 3,016 |  |  | $ | 531 |  |  |  | 17.6 | %
Other interest |  |  | 2,020 |  |  |  | 1,889 |  |  |  | 131 |  |  |  | 6.9 |
Capitalized interest |  |  | (108 | ) |  |  | (77 | ) |  |  | (31 | ) |  |  | 40.3 |
Total other interest expense |  | $ | 5,459 |  |  | $ | 4,828 |  |  | $ | 631 |  |  |  | 13.1 | %

The increase in other interest expense in the first three months of 2016 compared to the same period of 2015 was primarily due to higher volumes of borrowing on our credit facility and higher mortgage interest due to additional mortgage financings, partially offset by increased capitalized interest.

Other Expense, Net

Other expense, net primarily includes the gains and losses related to equity-method investments.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | Increase |  |  | % Increase |
Other expense, net |  | $ | 1,526 |  |  | $ | 368 |  |  | $ | 1,158 |  |  |  | 314.7 | %

Income Tax Provision

Our effective income tax rate was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Effective income tax rate |  |  | 32.9 | % |  |  | 30.0 | %
Effective income tax rate excluding tax credits generated through our equity-method investment and other non-core items(1) |  |  | 39.2 | % |  |  | 39.0 | %

(1) See “Non-GAAP Reconciliations” for more details.

Our effective income tax rate was 32.9% and 30.0%, respectively, for the first three months of 2016 and 2015. These rates were positively affected by new markets tax credits that are generated through our equity-method investment with U.S. Bancorp Community Development Corporation.

Excluding the tax credits generated by our equity-method investment and adjusting for other non-core items, our effective tax rate would have been 39.2% and 39.0%, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015.

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Non-GAAP Reconciliations

We believe each of the non-GAAP financial measures below improves the transparency of our disclosures, provides a meaningful presentation of our results from the core business operations because they exclude adjustments for items not related to our ongoing core business operations and other non-cash adjustments, and improves the period-to-period comparability of our results from the core business operations. We use these measures in conjunction with GAAP financial measures to assess our business, including our compliance with covenants in our credit facility and in communications with our Board of Directors concerning financial performance. These measures should not be considered an alternative to GAAP measures.

The following tables reconcile certain reported non-GAAP measures to the most comparable GAAP measure from our Consolidated Statements of Operations:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 |
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | As reported |  |  | Disposal gain on sale of store |  |  | Equity- method investment |  |  | Legal reserve adjustment |  |  | Adjusted |
Asset impairment |  | $ | 3,498 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3,498 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Selling, general and administrative |  |  | 219,106 |  |  |  | 1,087 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,906 | ) |  |  | 218,287 |
Operating income |  |  | 72,915 |  |  |  | (1,087 | ) |  |  | 3,498 |  |  |  | 1,906 |  |  |  | 77,232 |
Other expense, net |  |  | (1,526 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,066 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 540 |
Income before income taxes |  | $ | 60,021 |  |  | $ | (1,087 | ) |  | $ | 5,564 |  |  | $ | 1,906 |  |  | $ | 66,404 |
Income tax provision |  |  | (19,751 | ) |  |  | 426 |  |  |  | (5,945 | ) |  |  | (747 | ) |  |  | (26,017 | )
Net income |  | $ | 40,270 |  |  | $ | (661 | ) |  | $ | (381 | ) |  | $ | 1,159 |  |  | $ | 40,387 |
Diluted net income per share |  | $ | 1.55 |  |  | $ | (0.03 | ) |  | $ | (0.01 | ) |  | $ | 0.04 |  |  | $ | 1.55 |
Diluted share count |  |  | 25,973 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2015 |
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | As reported |  |  | Disposal gain on sale of stores |  |  | Equity- method investment |  |  | Adjusted |
Asset impairment |  | $ | 4,130 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (4,130 | ) |  | $ | — |
Selling, general and administrative |  |  | 191,618 |  |  |  | 3,349 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 194,967 |
Income from operations |  |  | 67,901 |  |  |  | (3,349 | ) |  |  | 4,130 |  |  |  | 68,682 |
Other expense, net |  |  | (368 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,732 |  |  |  | 1,364 |
Income before income taxes |  | $ | 58,056 |  |  | $ | (3,349 | ) |  | $ | 5,862 |  |  | $ | 60,569 |
Income tax provision |  |  | (17,403 | ) |  |  | 1,004 |  |  |  | (7,250 | ) |  |  | (23,649 | )
Net income |  | $ | 40,653 |  |  | $ | (2,345 | ) |  | $ | (1,388 | ) |  | $ | 36,920 |
Diluted net income per share |  | $ | 1.53 |  |  | $ | (0.09 | ) |  | $ | (0.05 | ) |  | $ | 1.39 |
Diluted share count |  |  | 26,519 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We manage our liquidity and capital resources to fund our operating, investing and financing activities. We rely primarily on cash flows from operations and borrowings under our credit facilities as the main sources for liquidity. We use those funds to invest in capital expenditures, increase working capital and fulfill contractual obligations. Remaining funds are used for acquisitions, debt retirement, cash dividends, share repurchases and general business purposes.

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Available Sources

Below is a summary of our immediately available funds:

|  | As of March 31, |  |  | Increase |  |  | % Increase |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | (Decrease) |  |  | (Decrease) |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 21,559 |  |  | $ | 45,008 |  |  | $ | (23,449 | ) |  |  | (52.1 | )%
Available credit on the credit facilities |  |  | 148,959 |  |  |  | 134,120 |  |  |  | 14,839 |  |  |  | 11.1 |
Total current available funds |  |  | 170,518 |  |  |  | 179,128 |  |  |  | (8,610 | ) |  |  | (4.8 | )
Estimated funds from unfinanced real estate |  |  | 150,129 |  |  |  | 158,605 |  |  |  | (8,476 | ) |  |  | (5.3 | )
Total estimated available funds |  | $ | 320,647 |  |  | $ | 337,733 |  |  | $ | (17,086 | ) |  |  | (5.1 | )%

Cash flows generated by operating activities and from our credit facility are our most significant sources of liquidity. We also have the ability to raise funds through mortgaging real estate. As of March 31, 2016, our unencumbered owned operating real estate had a book value of $200 million. Assuming we can obtain financing on 75% of this value, we estimate we could have obtained additional funds of approximately $150 million at March 31, 2016; however, no assurances can be provided that the appraised value of these properties will match or exceed their book values or that this capital source will be available on terms acceptable to us.

In addition to the above sources of liquidity, potential sources include the placement of subordinated debentures or loans, the sale of equity securities and the sale of stores or other assets. We evaluate all of these options and may select one or more of them depending on overall capital needs and the availability and cost of capital, although no assurances can be provided that these capital sources will be available in sufficient amounts or with terms acceptable to us.

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Information about our cash flows, by category, is presented in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The following table summarizes our cash flows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  | Increase (Decrease) |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | in Cash Flow |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 34,593 |  |  | $ | 38,229 |  |  | $ | (3,636 | )
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (29,234 | ) |  |  | (30,938 | ) |  |  | 1,704 |
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  | (28,808 | ) |  |  | (16,166 | ) |  |  | (12,642 | )

Operating Activities

Cash provided by operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2016 decreased $3.6 million compared to the same period of 2015, primarily as a result of increases in inventory, partially offset by cash generated through the collection of receivables.

Borrowings from and repayments to our syndicated lending group related to our new vehicle inventory floor plan financing are presented as financing activities. To better understand the impact of changes in inventory and the associated financing, we also consider our net cash provided by operating activities adjusted to include cash activity associated with our new vehicle credit facility.

Adjusted net cash provided by operating activities is presented below (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  | Increase (Decrease) |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | in Cash Flow |
Net cash provided by operating activities – as reported |  | $ | 34,593 |  |  | $ | 38,229 |  |  | $ | (3,636 | )
Add: Net borrowings (repayments) on floor plan notes payable, non-trade |  |  | 38,626 |  |  |  | (21,984 | ) |  |  | 60,610 |
Net cash provided by operating activities – adjusted |  | $ | 73,219 |  |  | $ | 16,245 |  |  | $ | 56,974 |

Inventories are the most significant component of our cash flow from operations. As of March 31, 2016, our new vehicle days supply was 78, or eleven days higher than our days supply as of December 31, 2015. Our days supply of used vehicles was 53 days as of March 31, 2016, or two days lower than our days supply as of December 31, 2015. We calculate days supply of inventory based on current inventory levels, excluding in-transit vehicles, and a 30-day historical cost of sales level. We have continued to focus on managing our unit mix and maintaining an appropriate level of new and used vehicle inventory.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities totaled $29.2 million and $30.9 million, respectively, for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2016 and 2015. Cash flows from investing activities relate primarily to capital expenditures, acquisition and divestiture activity and sales of property and equipment.

Below are highlights of significant activity related to our cash flows from investing activities:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  | Increase (Decrease) |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | in Cash Flow |
Capital expenditures |  | $ | (15,900 | ) |  | $ | (24,917 | ) |  | $ | 9,017 |
Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired |  |  | (13,799 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (13,799 | )
Cash paid for other investments |  |  | (11,449 | ) |  |  | (9,804 | ) |  |  | (1,645 | )
Proceeds from sales of stores |  |  | 11,822 |  |  |  | 3,680 |  |  |  | 8,142 |

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Capital Expenditures

Below is a summary of our capital expenditure activities:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Post-acquisition capital improvements |  | $ | 6,801 |  |  | $ | 4,683 |
Facilities for open points |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,498 |
Purchases of previously leased facilities |  |  | 137 |  |  |  | 5,301 |
Existing facility improvements |  |  | 2,468 |  |  |  | 7,001 |
Maintenance |  |  | 6,494 |  |  |  | 5,434 |
Total capital expenditures |  | $ | 15,900 |  |  | $ | 24,917 |

Many manufacturers provide assistance in the form of additional incentives or assistance if facilities meet specified standards and requirements. We expect that certain facility upgrades and remodels will generate additional manufacturer incentive payments. Also, tax laws allowing accelerated deductions for capital expenditures reduce the overall investment needed and encourage accelerated project timelines.

We expect to use a portion of our future capital expenditures to upgrade facilities that we recently acquired. This additional capital investment is contemplated in our initial evaluation of the investment return metrics applied to each acquisition and is usually associated with manufacturer standards and requirements.

If we undertake a significant capital commitment in the future, we expect to pay for the commitment out of existing cash balances, construction financing and borrowings on our credit facility. Upon completion of the projects, we believe we would have the ability to secure long-term financing and general borrowings from third party lenders for 70% to 90% of the amounts expended, although no assurances can be provided that these financings will be available to us in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us.

We expect to make expenditures of approximately $100 million in 2016 for capital improvements at recently acquired stores, purchases of land for expansion of existing stores, facility image improvements, purchases of store facilities, purchases of previously leased facilities and replacement of equipment.

Acquisitions

We focus on acquiring stores at opportunistic purchase prices that meet our return thresholds and strategic objectives. We look for acquisitions that diversify our brand and geographic mix as we continue to evaluate our portfolio to minimize exposure to any one manufacturer and achieve financial returns.

We are able to subsequently floor new vehicle inventory acquired as part of an acquisition; however, the cash generated by this transaction is recorded as borrowings on floor plan notes payable, non-trade. Adjusted net cash paid for acquisitions, as well as certain other acquisition-related information is presented below:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Number of stores acquired |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired |  | $ | 13,799 |  |  | $ | — |
Less: Borrowings on floor plan notes payable: non-trade associated with acquired new vehicle inventory |  |  | (4,854 | ) |  |  | — |
Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired – adjusted |  | $ | 8,945 |  |  | $ | — |

We evaluate potential capital investments primarily based on targeted rates of return on assets and return on our net equity investment.

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Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities, adjusted for borrowing on floor plan facilities: non-trade was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Cash used in financing activities, as reported |  | $ | (28,808 | ) |  | $ | (16,166 | )
Adjust: cash (provided by borrowings) used for payments on floor plan notes payable: non-trade |  |  | (38,626 | ) |  |  | 21,984 |
Cash used in financing activities – adjusted |  | $ | (67,434 | ) |  | $ | 5,818 |

Below are highlights of significant activity related to our cash flows from financing activities, excluding net borrowings on floor plan notes payable: non-trade, which are discussed above:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  | Increase (Decrease) |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | in Cash Flow |
Net repayments on lines of credit |  | $ | (16,188 | ) |  | $ | (22,937 | ) |  | $ | 6,749 |
Principal payments on long-term debt, unscheduled |  |  | (2,303 | ) |  |  | (9,189 | ) |  |  | 6,886 |
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt |  |  | 12,080 |  |  |  | 50,350 |  |  |  | (38,270 | )
Repurchases of common stock |  |  | (57,736 | ) |  |  | (10,343 | ) |  |  | (47,393 | )
Dividends paid |  |  | (5,151 | ) |  |  | (4,216 | ) |  |  | (935 | )

Borrowing and Repayment Activity

During the first three months of 2016, we raised net mortgage proceeds of $9.8 million, which was mainly used to pay down our line of credit. Our debt to total capital ratio, excluding floor plan notes payable, was 43.6% at March 31, 2016 compared to 43.7% at March 31, 2015.

Equity Transactions

On February 25, 2016, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $250 million of our Class A common stock. This new authorization replaced the previous authorizations granted in August 2011 and July 2012, which limited the number of shares we were authorized to repurchase. We repurchased 712,486 shares of our Class A common stock at an average price of $81.05 per share in the first three months of 2016. As of March 31, 2016, we had $248.2 million remaining available for repurchases under the new authorization. The new authority to repurchase does not have an expiration date.

In the first three months of 2016, we declared and paid dividends on our Class A and Class B common stock as follows:

Dividend paid: |  | Dividend amount per share |  |  | Total amount of dividend (in thousands) |
March 2016 |  | $ | 0.20 |  |  | $ | 5,151 |

We evaluate performance and make a recommendation to the Board of Directors on dividend payments on a quarterly basis.

Summary of Outstanding Balances on Credit Facilities and Long-Term Debt

Below is a summary of our outstanding balances on credit facilities and long-term debt:

|  | As of March 31, 2016 |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Outstanding |  |  | Remaining Available |
Floor plan note payable: non-trade |  | $ | 1,296,751 |  |  | $ | — | (1)
Floor plan notes payable |  |  | 55,836 |  |  |  | — |
Used vehicle inventory financing facility |  |  | 172,000 |  |  |  | 361 | (2)
Revolving lines of credit |  |  | 44,058 |  |  |  | 148,598 | (2),(3)
Real estate mortgages |  |  | 393,718 |  |  |  | — |
Other debt |  |  | 19,608 |  |  |  | — |
Total debt |  | $ | 1,981,971 |  |  | $ | 148,959 |

| (1) | As of March 31, 2016, we had a $1.45 billion new vehicle floor plan commitment as part of our credit facility.

| (2) | The amount available on the credit facility is limited based on a borrowing base calculation and fluctuates monthly.

| (3) | Available credit is based on the borrowing base amount effective as of March 31, 2016. This amount is reduced by $8.3 million for outstanding letters of credit.

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Credit Facility

We have a $1.85 billion revolving syndicated credit facility that matures in January 2021. This syndicated credit facility is comprised of 18 financial institutions, including eight manufacturer-affiliated finance companies. We may request a reallocation of any unused portion of our credit facility provided that the used vehicle inventory floor plan commitment does not exceed $250 million, the revolving financing commitment does not exceed $300 million, and the sum of those commitments plus the new vehicle inventory floor plan financing commitment does not exceed the total aggregate financing commitment. This credit facility may be expanded to $2.1 billion total availability, subject to lender approval. All borrowings from, and repayments to, our lending group are presented in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as financing activities.

The new vehicle floor plan commitment is collateralized by our new vehicle inventory. Our used vehicle inventory financing facility is collateralized by our used vehicle inventory that has been in stock for less than 180 days. Our revolving line of credit is secured by our outstanding receivables related to vehicle sales, unencumbered vehicle inventory, other eligible receivables, parts and accessories and equipment.

We have the ability to deposit up to $50 million in cash in Principal Reduction (PR) accounts associated with our new vehicle inventory floor plan commitment. The PR accounts are recognized as offsetting credits against outstanding amounts on our new vehicle floor plan commitment and would reduce interest expense associated with the outstanding principal balance. As of March 31, 2016, we had no balances in our PR accounts.

If the outstanding principal balance on our new vehicle inventory floor plan commitment, plus requests on any day, exceeds 95% of the loan commitment, a portion of the revolving line of credit must be reserved. The reserve amount is equal to the lesser of $15.0 million or the maximum revolving line of credit commitment less the outstanding balance on the line less outstanding letters of credit. The reserve amount will decrease the revolving line of credit availability and may be used to repay the new vehicle floor plan commitment balance.

The interest rate on the credit facility varies based on the type of debt, with the rate of one-month LIBOR plus 1.25% for new vehicle floor plan financing, one-month LIBOR plus 1.50% for used vehicle floor plan financing; and a variable interest rate on the revolving financing ranging from the one-month LIBOR plus 1.25% to 2.50%, depending on our leverage ratio. The annual interest rate associated with our new vehicle floor plan commitment was 1.65% at March 31, 2016. The annual interest rate associated with our used vehicle inventory financing facility and our revolving line of credit was 1.90% and 2.15%, respectively, at March 31, 2016.

Under the terms of our credit facility we are subject to financial covenants and restrictive covenants that limit or restrict our incurring additional indebtedness, making investments, selling or acquiring assets and granting security interests in our assets.

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Under our credit facility, we are required to maintain the ratios detailed in the following table:

Debt Covenant Ratio |  | Requirement |  | As of March 31, 2016
Current ratio |  | Not less than 1.10 to 1 |  | 1.25 to 1
Fixed charge coverage ratio |  | Not less than 1.20 to 1 |  | 2.87 to 1
Leverage ratio |  | Not more than 5.00 to 1 |  | 1.75 to 1
Funded debt restriction |  | Not to exceed $600 million |  | $414.4 million

As of March 31, 2016, we were in compliance with all covenants. We expect to remain in compliance with the financial and restrictive covenants in our credit facility and other debt agreements. However, no assurances can be provided that we will continue to remain in compliance with the financial and restrictive covenants.

If we do not meet the financial and restrictive covenants and are unable to remediate or cure the condition or obtain a waiver from our lenders, a breach would give rise to remedies under the agreement, the most severe of which are the termination of the agreement, acceleration of the amounts owed and the seizure and sale of our assets comprising the collateral for the loans. A breach would also trigger cross-defaults under other debt agreements.

Floor Plan Notes Payable

We have floor plan agreements with manufacturer-affiliated finance companies for vehicles that are designated for use as service loaners. The variable interest rates on these floor plan notes payable commitments vary by manufacturer. At March 31, 2016, $55.8 million was outstanding on these arrangements. Borrowings from, and repayments to, manufacturer-affiliated finance companies are classified as operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Real Estate Mortgages and Other Debt

We have mortgages associated with our owned real estate. Interest rates related to this debt ranged from 1.8% to 5.0% at March 31, 2016. The mortgages are payable in various installments through October 2034. As of March 31, 2016, we had fixed interest rates on 69% of our outstanding mortgage debt.

Our other debt includes capital leases, sellers’ notes and our equity contribution obligations associated with the new markets tax credit equity investment. The interest rates associated with our other debt ranged from 2.2% to 6.5% at March 31, 2016. This debt, which totaled $19.6 million at March 31, 2016, is due in various installments through January 2024.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 12 of the Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates

There have been no material changes in the critical accounting policies and use of estimates described in our 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 26, 2016.

Seasonality and Quarterly Fluctuations

Historically, our sales have been lower in the first quarter of each year due to consumer purchasing patterns and inclement weather in certain of our markets. As a result, financial performance is expected to be lower during the first quarter than during the second, third and fourth quarters of each fiscal year. We believe that interest rates, levels of consumer debt, consumer confidence and manufacturer sales incentives, as well as general economic conditions, also contribute to fluctuations in sales and operating results.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a material current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

There have been no material changes in our reported market risks or risk management policies since the filing of our 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 26, 2016.

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We evaluated, with the participation and under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and that such information is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that has materially affected or is reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in our 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The information in this Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the risk factors and information disclosed in that report, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 26, 2016.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

We repurchased the following shares of our Class A common stock during the first quarter of 2016:

|  | Total number of shares purchased(2) |  |  | Average price paid per share |  |  | Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans(1) |  |  | Maximum dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under publicly announced plan (in thousands)(1) |
January |  |  | 547,485 |  |  | $ | 80.10 |  |  |  | 535,200 |  |  | $ | 250,000 |
February |  |  | 109,311 |  |  |  | 79.43 |  |  |  | 64,923 |  |  |  | 249,906 |
March |  |  | 55,690 |  |  |  | 93.35 |  |  |  | 18,000 |  |  |  | 248,248 |
|  |  | 712,486 |  |  | $ | 81.03 |  |  |  | 618,123 |  |  | $ | 248,248 |

| (1) | Effective February 29, 2016, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $250 million of our Class A common stock. This authorization replaced the previous authorization, which limited the number of shares we were authorized to repurchase.

| (2) | Of the shares repurchased in the first quarter of 2016, 94,363 were related to tax withholdings on the vesting of RSUs.

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Item 6. Exhibits

The following exhibits are filed herewith and this list is intended to constitute the exhibit index. An asterisk (*) beside the exhibit number indicates the exhibits containing a management contract, compensatory plan or arrangement, which are required to be identified in this report.

3.1 | Restated Articles of Incorporation of Lithia Motors, Inc., as amended May 13, 1999 (incorporated by reference to exhibit 3.1 to our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1999).
3.2 | 2013 Amended and Restated Bylaws of Lithia Motors, Inc. (incorporated by reference to exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K dated August 20, 2013 and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 26, 2013).
10.1* | Executive Management Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation and Long-Term Incentive Plan
31.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
31.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
32.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350.
32.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350.
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Date: April 29, 2016 | LITHIA MOTORS, INC.
| By: /s/ Christopher S. Holzshu
| Christopher S. Holzshu
| Senior Vice President,
| Chief Financial Officer and Secretary
| (Principal Financial Officer)
| By: /s/ John F. North III
| John F. North III
| Vice President
| (Principal Accounting Officer)

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