10-Q 1 lad2018q3-10q.htm 10-Q
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

| FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)
[X] QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018
OR
[ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission file number: 001-14733

LITHIA MOTORS, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Oregon |  | 93-0572810
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
150 N. Bartlett Street, Medford, Oregon |  | 97501
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)
Registrant's telephone number, including area code: 541-776-6401

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [X] No [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes [X] No [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer [X] Accelerated filer [ ] Non-accelerated filer [ ] (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company [ ] Emerging growth company [ ]
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes [ ] No [X]
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

Class A common stock without par value |  | 22,488,323
Class B common stock without par value |  | 1,000,000
(Class) |  | Outstanding at October 26, 2018

LITHIA MOTORS, INC.
FORM 10-Q
INDEX

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION | Page
Item 1. | Financial Statements | 2
| Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) - September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 | 2
| Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited) – Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) – Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 | 4
| Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 5
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 16
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 39
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 39
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 40
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 40
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 40
Item 6. | Exhibits | 41
Signature |  | 42

1

LITHIA MOTORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

|  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Assets |  |  |  |
Current Assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 31,432 |  |  | $ | 57,253 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $6,426 and $7,386 |  | 470,689 |  |  | 521,938 |
Inventories, net |  | 2,275,965 |  |  | 2,132,744 |
Other current assets |  | 47,648 |  |  | 70,847 |
Total Current Assets |  | 2,825,734 |  |  | 2,782,782 |
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $228,992 and $197,802 |  | 1,248,692 |  |  | 1,185,169 |
Goodwill |  | 356,968 |  |  | 256,320 |
Franchise value |  | 256,004 |  |  | 186,977 |
Other non-current assets |  | 487,171 |  |  | 271,818 |
Total Assets |  | $ | 5,174,569 |  |  | $ | 4,683,066 |
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity |  |  |  |
Current Liabilities: |  |  |  |
Floor plan notes payable |  | $ | 135,626 |  |  | $ | 116,774 |
Floor plan notes payable: non-trade |  | 1,820,241 |  |  | 1,802,252 |
Current maturities of long-term debt |  | 33,856 |  |  | 18,876 |
Trade payables |  | 113,662 |  |  | 111,362 |
Accrued liabilities |  | 259,825 |  |  | 251,717 |
Total Current Liabilities |  | 2,363,210 |  |  | 2,300,981 |
Long-term debt, less current maturities |  | 1,287,052 |  |  | 1,028,476 |
Deferred revenue |  | 117,850 |  |  | 103,111 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 77,684 |  |  | 56,277 |
Other long-term liabilities |  | 123,631 |  |  | 111,003 |
Total Liabilities |  | 3,969,427 |  |  | 3,599,848 |
Stockholders' Equity: |  |  |  |
Preferred stock - no par value; authorized 15,000 shares; none outstanding |  | — |  |  | — |
Class A common stock - no par value; authorized 100,000 shares; issued and outstanding 22,912 and 23,968 |  | 50,104 |  |  | 149,123 |
Class B common stock - no par value; authorized 25,000 shares; issued and outstanding 1,000 and 1,000 |  | 124 |  |  | 124 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 45,897 |  |  | 11,309 |
Retained earnings |  | 1,109,017 |  |  | 922,662 |
Total Stockholders' Equity |  | 1,205,142 |  |  | 1,083,218 |
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity |  | $ | 5,174,569 |  |  | $ | 4,683,066 |

See accompanying condensed notes to consolidated financial statements.
2

LITHIA MOTORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New vehicle |  | $ | 1,732,950 |  |  | $ | 1,553,511 |  |  | $ | 4,914,478 |  |  | $ | 4,147,870 |
Used vehicle retail |  | 805,928 |  |  | 679,180 |  |  | 2,325,600 |  |  | 1,915,038 |
Used vehicle wholesale |  | 91,956 |  |  | 65,739 |  |  | 253,246 |  |  | 206,754 |
Finance and insurance |  | 121,062 |  |  | 101,044 |  |  | 342,059 |  |  | 282,672 |
Service, body and parts |  | 311,327 |  |  | 265,683 |  |  | 908,431 |  |  | 744,262 |
Fleet and other |  | 28,729 |  |  | 15,185 |  |  | 104,354 |  |  | 86,883 |
Total revenues |  | 3,091,952 |  |  | 2,680,342 |  |  | 8,848,168 |  |  | 7,383,479 |
Cost of sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New vehicle |  | 1,632,068 |  |  | 1,465,466 |  |  | 4,625,155 |  |  | 3,909,168 |
Used vehicle retail |  | 719,575 |  |  | 600,522 |  |  | 2,078,535 |  |  | 1,693,091 |
Used vehicle wholesale |  | 90,553 |  |  | 64,565 |  |  | 248,991 |  |  | 202,351 |
Service, body and parts |  | 156,871 |  |  | 133,191 |  |  | 461,860 |  |  | 376,096 |
Fleet and other |  | 26,646 |  |  | 13,577 |  |  | 98,550 |  |  | 82,829 |
Total cost of sales |  | 2,625,713 |  |  | 2,277,321 |  |  | 7,513,091 |  |  | 6,263,535 |
Gross profit |  | 466,239 |  |  | 403,021 |  |  | 1,335,077 |  |  | 1,119,944 |
Selling, general and administrative |  | 309,024 |  |  | 282,241 |  |  | 939,868 |  |  | 782,303 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 19,649 |  |  | 14,828 |  |  | 55,324 |  |  | 41,598 |
Operating income |  | 137,566 |  |  | 105,952 |  |  | 339,885 |  |  | 296,043 |
Floor plan interest expense |  | (15,958 | ) |  | (10,629 | ) |  | (45,126 | ) |  | (28,013 | )
Other interest expense, net |  | (15,010 | ) |  | (9,905 | ) |  | (40,645 | ) |  | (23,745 | )
Other income, net |  | 2,389 |  |  | 1,125 |  |  | 5,422 |  |  | 11,357 |
Income before income taxes |  | 108,987 |  |  | 86,543 |  |  | 259,536 |  |  | 255,642 |
Income tax provision |  | (15,880 | ) |  | (34,657 | ) |  | (53,708 | ) |  | (99,829 | )
Net income |  | $ | 93,107 |  |  | $ | 51,886 |  |  | $ | 205,828 |  |  | $ | 155,813 |
Basic net income per share |  | $ | 3.85 |  |  | $ | 2.07 |  |  | $ | 8.34 |  |  | $ | 6.21 |
Shares used in basic per share calculations |  | 24,164 |  |  | 25,008 |  |  | 24,670 |  |  | 25,090 |
Diluted net income per share |  | $ | 3.84 |  |  | $ | 2.07 |  |  | $ | 8.31 |  |  | $ | 6.19 |
Shares used in diluted per share calculations |  | 24,258 |  |  | 25,076 |  |  | 24,767 |  |  | 25,158 |
Cash dividends paid per Class A and Class B share |  | $ | 0.29 |  |  | $ | 0.27 |  |  | $ | 0.85 |  |  | $ | 0.79 |

See accompanying condensed notes to consolidated financial statements.
3

LITHIA MOTORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 205,828 |  |  | $ | 155,813 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 55,324 |  |  | 41,598 |
Stock-based compensation |  | 9,776 |  |  | 8,396 |
Gain on disposal of other assets |  | (91 | ) |  | (382 | )
Gain on disposal of franchise |  | (15,396 | ) |  | — |
Deferred income taxes |  | 19,446 |  |  | 7,398 |
(Increase) decrease (net of acquisitions and dispositions): |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net |  | 63,419 |  |  | (13,345 | )
Inventories |  | (14,466 | ) |  | (16,098 | )
Other assets |  | 12,007 |  |  | 15,207 |
Increase (net of acquisitions and dispositions): |  |  |  |
Floor plan notes payable |  | 8,073 |  |  | 12,126 |
Trade payables |  | 3,645 |  |  | 12,397 |
Accrued liabilities |  | 8,637 |  |  | 25,907 |
Other long-term liabilities and deferred revenue |  | 23,084 |  |  | 11,519 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 379,286 |  |  | 260,536 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures |  | (113,386 | ) |  | (72,174 | )
Proceeds from sales of assets |  | 2,044 |  |  | 12,327 |
Cash paid for other investments |  | (62,126 | ) |  | (7,929 | )
Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired |  | (374,026 | ) |  | (400,558 | )
Proceeds from sales of stores |  | 32,893 |  |  | 3,417 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (514,601 | ) |  | (464,917 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |
Borrowings on floor plan notes payable, net: non-trade |  | 61,705 |  |  | 34,056 |
Borrowings on lines of credit |  | 1,964,490 |  |  | 1,306,000 |
Repayments on lines of credit |  | (1,860,222 | ) |  | (1,432,853 | )
Principal payments on long-term debt and capital leases, scheduled |  | (16,944 | ) |  | (13,697 | )
Principal payments on long-term debt and capital leases, other |  | (5,305 | ) |  | (46,471 | )
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt |  | 62,140 |  |  | 395,905 |
Payments of debt issuance costs |  | (477 | ) |  | (4,517 | )
Proceeds from issuance of common stock |  | 7,416 |  |  | 5,577 |
Repurchase of common stock |  | (81,622 | ) |  | (31,521 | )
Dividends paid |  | (20,915 | ) |  | (19,803 | )
Payments of contingent consideration related to acquisitions |  | (772 | ) |  | — |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  | 109,494 |  |  | 192,676 |
Decrease in cash and cash equivalents |  | (25,821 | ) |  | (11,705 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  | 57,253 |  |  | 50,282 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 31,432 |  |  | $ | 38,577 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the period for interest |  | $ | 88,938 |  |  | $ | 51,160 |
Cash paid during the period for income taxes, net |  | 2,907 |  |  | 89,206 |
Floor plan debt paid in connection with store disposals |  | 33,139 |  |  | — |
Supplemental schedule of non-cash activities: |  |  |  |
Debt issued in connection with acquisitions |  | $ | 125,055 |  |  | $ | 1,748 |
Debt assumed in connection with acquisitions |  | 10,769 |  |  | 86,902 |
Issuance of Class A common stock in connection with acquisitions |  | — |  |  | 2,137 |

See accompanying condensed notes to consolidated financial statements.
4

LITHIA MOTORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Note 1. Interim Financial Statements
Basis of Presentation
These condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contain unaudited information as of September 30, 2018, and for the three and nine-months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. The unaudited interim financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations for reporting on Form 10-Q. Accordingly, certain disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America for annual financial statements are not included herein. In management’s opinion, these unaudited financial statements reflect all adjustments (which include only normal recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair presentation of the information when read in conjunction with our 2017 audited Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes thereto. The financial information as of December 31, 2017, is derived from our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 23, 2018. The interim condensed Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto included in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The results of operations for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued accounting standards update ("ASU") 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers," which amends the accounting guidance related to revenues. We adopted this standard utilizing a cumulative effect transition method effective January 2018. Except for the changes below, we have consistently applied the accounting policies to all periods presented in these consolidated financial statements. See Notes 2 and 14.
Reclassifications
Certain immaterial reclassifications of amounts previously reported have been made to the accompanying condensed Consolidated Financial Statements to maintain consistency and comparability between periods presented.
Note 2. Revenue Recognition
The following describes our major product lines, which represent the disaggregation of our revenues to transactions that are similar in nature, amount, timing, uncertainties and economic factors.
New Retail Vehicle and Used Retail Vehicle Sales
Revenue from the retail sale of a vehicle is recognized at a point in time, as all performance obligations are satisfied when a contract is signed by the customer, financing has been arranged or collectibility is probable and the control of the vehicle is transferred to the customer. The transaction price for a retail vehicle sale is specified in the contract with the customer and includes all cash and non-cash consideration. In a retail vehicle sale, customers often trade in their current vehicle. The trade-in is measured at its stand-alone selling price in the contract, utilizing various third-party pricing sources. There are no other non-cash forms of consideration related to retail sales. All vehicle rebates are applied to the vehicle purchase price at the time of the sale and are therefore incorporated into the price of the contract at the time of the exchange. We do not allow the return of new or used vehicles, except where mandated by state law.
Service, Body and Parts Sales
Revenue from service, body and parts sales is recognized upon the transfer of control of the parts or service to the customer. We allow for customer returns on sales of our parts inventory up to 30 days after the sale. Most parts returns generally occur within one to two weeks from the time of sale and are not significant.
We are the obligor on our lifetime oil contracts. Revenue is allocated to these performance obligations and is recognized over time as services are provided to the customer. The amount of revenue recognized is calculated, net of cancellations, using an input method, which most closely depicts performance of the contracts. Our contract liability balances were $144.9 million and $126.1 million as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively; and we recognized $5.2 million and $16.9 million of revenue in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, related to our opening contract liability balance.
Finance and Insurance Sales
Revenue from finance and insurance sales is recognized, net of estimated charge-backs, at the time of the sale of the related vehicle. As a part of the vehicle sale, we seek to arrange financing for customers and sell a variety of add-ons, such as extended warranty service contracts. These products are inherently attached to the governing vehicle and performance of the obligation cannot be performed without the underlying sale of the vehicle. We act as an agent in the sale of these contracts as the pricing is set by the
5

third-party provider, and our commission is preset. A portion of the transaction price related to sales of finance and insurance contracts is considered variable consideration and is estimated and recognized upon the sale of the contract under the new standard. We recognized a $9.2 million asset associated with future estimated variable consideration on January 1, 2018, related to contracts sold on or before December 31, 2017. Our contract asset balance was $9.2 million as of September 30, 2018, and is included in trade receivables and other non-current assets.
Note 3. Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets
Accounts receivable consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Contracts in transit |  | $ | 240,998 |  |  | $ | 286,578 |
Trade receivables |  | 52,336 |  |  | 45,895 |
Vehicle receivables |  | 56,473 |  |  | 60,022 |
Manufacturer receivables |  | 94,399 |  |  | 96,141 |
Auto loan receivables |  | 64,090 |  |  | 75,052 |
Other receivables |  | 5,386 |  |  | 14,634 |
|  | 513,682 |  |  | 578,322 |
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts |  | (6,426 | ) |  | (7,386 | )
Less: Long-term portion of accounts receivable, net |  | (36,567 | ) |  | (48,998 | )
Total accounts receivable, net |  | $ | 470,689 |  |  | $ | 521,938 |

Accounts receivable classifications include the following:

• | Contracts in transit are receivables from various lenders for the financing of vehicles that we have arranged on behalf of the customer and are typically received approximately ten days after selling a vehicle.

• | Trade receivables are comprised of amounts due from customers for open charge accounts, lenders for the commissions earned on financing and others for commissions earned on service contracts and insurance products.

• | Vehicle receivables represent receivables for the portion of the vehicle sales price paid directly by the customer.

• | Manufacturer receivables represent amounts due from manufacturers, including holdbacks, rebates, incentives and warranty claims.

• | Auto loan receivables include amounts due from customers related to retail sales of vehicles and certain finance and insurance products.

Interest income on auto loan receivables is recognized based on the contractual terms of each loan and is accrued until repayment, charge-off, or repossession. Direct costs associated with loan originations are capitalized and expensed as an offset to interest income when recognized on the loans. All other receivables are recorded at invoice and do not bear interest until they are 60 days past due.
The allowance for doubtful accounts is estimated based on our historical write-off experience and is reviewed monthly. Consideration is given to recent delinquency trends and recovery rates. Account balances are charged against the allowance after all appropriate means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. The annual activity for charges and subsequent recoveries is immaterial.
The long-term portion of accounts receivable was included as a component of other non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Note 4. Inventories
The components of inventories, net, consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
New vehicles |  | $ | 1,627,700 |  |  | $ | 1,553,751 |
Used vehicles |  | 562,497 |  |  | 500,011 |
Parts and accessories |  | 85,768 |  |  | 78,982 |
Total inventories |  | $ | 2,275,965 |  |  | $ | 2,132,744 |

6

Note 5. Goodwill and Franchise Value
The changes in the carrying amounts of goodwill are as follows (in thousands):

|  | Domestic |  | Import |  | Luxury |  | Consolidated
Balance as of December 31, 2016 ¹ |  | $ | 114,839 |  |  | $ | 106,179 |  |  | $ | 38,381 |  |  | $ | 259,399 |
Adjustments to purchase price allocations 2 |  | (817 | ) |  | (1,006 | ) |  | (391 | ) |  | (2,214 | )
Reductions through divestitures |  | — |  |  | (865 | ) |  | — |  |  | (865 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2017 ¹ |  | 114,022 |  |  | 104,308 |  |  | 37,990 |  |  | 256,320 |
Adjustments to purchase price allocations 3 |  | 29,933 |  |  | 51,790 |  |  | 21,074 |  |  | 102,797 |
Reductions through divestitures |  | (951 | ) |  | (1,198 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,149 | )
Balance as of September 30, 2018 1, 4 |  | $ | 143,004 |  |  | $ | 154,900 |  |  | $ | 59,064 |  |  | $ | 356,968 |

1 Net of accumulated impairment losses of $299.3 million recorded during the year ended December 31, 2008.
2 Our purchase price allocation for the acquisition of the Carbone Auto Group was finalized in the third quarter of 2017. As a result, we reclassified $2.2 million of value from goodwill to franchise value.
3 Our purchase price allocation for the acquisition of the Baierl Auto Group was finalized in the second quarter of 2018. Also, our purchase price allocation for the acquisitions of the Downtown LA Auto Group, Crater Lake Ford Lincoln, and Crater Lake Mazda were finalized in the third quarter of 2018. As a result, we added $102.8 million of goodwill in 2018.
4 Our purchase price allocation is preliminary for the acquisitions of Albany CJD Fiat, Ray Laks Honda, Ray Laks Acura, Day Auto Group, Prestige Auto Group, Broadway Ford, and Buhler Ford and the associated goodwill has not been allocated to each of our segments. See also Note 12.
The changes in the carrying amounts of franchise value are as follows (in thousands):

| Franchise Value
Balance as of December 31, 2016 | $ | 184,268 |
Additions through acquisitions | 495 |
Adjustments to purchase price allocations 1 | 2,214 |
Balance as of December 31, 2017 | 186,977 |
Adjustments to purchase price allocations 2 | 70,828 |
Reductions through divestitures | (1,801 | )
Balance as of September 30, 2018 3 | $ | 256,004 |

1 Our purchase price allocation for the acquisition of the Carbone Auto Group was finalized in the third quarter of 2017, resulting in a reclassification of $2.2 million from goodwill to franchise value.
2 Our purchase price allocation for the acquisition of the Baierl Auto Group was finalized in the second quarter of 2018. Also, our purchase price allocation for the acquisitions of the Downtown LA Auto Group, Crater Lake Ford Lincoln, and Crater Lake Mazda were finalized in the third quarter of 2018. As a result, we added $70.8 million of franchise value in 2018.
3 Our purchase price allocation is preliminary for the acquisitions of Albany CJD Fiat, Ray Laks Honda, Ray Laks Acura, Day Auto Group, Prestige Auto Group, Broadway Ford, and Buhler Ford and have not been included in the above franchise value additions. See also Note 12.
7

Note 6. Credit Facilities and Long-term Debt
Below is a summary of our outstanding balances on credit facilities and long-term debt (in thousands):

(Dollars in thousands) |  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Floor plan notes payable: non-trade |  | $ | 1,820,241 |  |  | $ | 1,802,252 |
Floor plan notes payable |  | 135,626 |  |  | 116,774 |
Total floor plan debt |  | $ | 1,955,867 |  |  | $ | 1,919,026 |
Used vehicle inventory financing facility |  | $ | 316,000 |  |  | $ | 177,222 |
Revolving lines of credit |  | 60,058 |  |  | 94,568 |
Real estate mortgages |  | 623,885 |  |  | 469,969 |
5.25% Senior Notes due 2025 |  | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |
Other debt |  | 27,403 |  |  | 12,512 |
Total long-term debt outstanding |  | 1,327,346 |  |  | 1,054,271 |
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs |  | (6,438 | ) |  | (6,919 | )
Less: current maturities (net of current debt issuance costs) |  | (33,856 | ) |  | (18,876 | )
Long-term debt |  | $ | 1,287,052 |  |  | $ | 1,028,476 |

Credit Facility
Effective June 25, 2018, we amended our syndicated credit facility, now comprised of 20 financial institutions, including seven manufacturer-affiliated finance companies. Prior to this amendment, the credit facility, with an aggregate total financing commitment of $2.4 billion, would have matured in August 2022. With this amendment, the aggregate total financing commitment has been increased to $2.6 billion and the term of the credit facility has been extended to July 2023, among other changes.
The total commitment is allocated as $318 million to used vehicle inventory floor plan financing, $266 million to revolving loans for acquisitions and other general corporate purposes, and the remaining $2.0 billion for new vehicle inventory floor plan financing. We have the option to reallocate the commitments, provided that the used vehicle inventory floor plan financing commitment does not exceed 16.5% of aggregate commitments, the revolving loan commitment does not exceed 18.75% of aggregate commitments, and the sum of these commitments plus the new vehicle inventory floor plan financing commitment does not exceed the aggregate total financing commitment of $2.6 billion. Additionally, we may request an increase in the aggregate new vehicle floor plan commitment of up to $400 million provided that the aggregate commitment does not exceed $3.0 billion. All borrowings from, and repayments to, our lending group are presented in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as financing activities.
Our obligations under our revolving syndicated credit facility are secured by a substantial amount of our assets, including our inventory (including new and used vehicles, parts and accessories), equipment, accounts receivable (and other rights to payment) and our equity interests in certain of our subsidiaries. Under our revolving syndicated credit facility, our obligations relating to new vehicle floor plan loans are secured only by collateral owned by borrowers of new vehicle floor plan loans under the credit facility.
The interest rate on the credit facility, as amended, varies based on the type of debt, with the rate of one-month LIBOR plus 1.25% for new vehicle floor plan financing, one-month LIBOR plus 1.50% for used vehicle floor plan financing and a variable interest rate on the revolving financing ranging from the one-month LIBOR plus 1.25% to 2.25% depending on our leverage ratio. The annual interest rate associated with our new vehicle floor plan commitment was 3.51% at September 30, 2018. The annual interest rate associated with our used vehicle inventory financing facility and our revolving line of credit was 3.76% at September 30, 2018.
5.25% Senior Notes Due 2025
On July 24, 2017, we issued $300 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.25% Senior Notes due 2025 ("the Notes") to eligible purchasers in a private placement under Rule 144A and Regulation S of the Securities Act of 1933. Interest accrues on the Notes from July 24, 2017, and is payable semiannually on February 1 and August 1. The first interest payment was paid on February 1, 2018. We may redeem the Notes in whole or in part at any time prior to August 1, 2020, at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount plus a make-whole premium set forth in the Indenture and accrued and unpaid interest. After August 1, 2020, we may redeem some or all of the Notes subject to the redemption prices set forth in the Indenture. If we experience specific kinds of changes of control, as described in the Indenture, we must offer to repurchase the Notes at 101% of their principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of purchase.
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Note 7. Stockholders’ Equity
Repurchases of Class A Common Stock
Repurchases of our Class A Common Stock occurred under a repurchase authorization granted by our Board of Directors and related to shares withheld as part of the vesting of restricted stock units ("RSUs"). In February 2016, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $250 million of our Class A common stock. Share repurchases under this authorization were as follows:

|  | Repurchases Occurring in the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Cumulative Repurchases as of September 30, 2018
|  | Shares |  | Average Price |  | Shares |  | Average Price
2016 Share Repurchase Authorization |  | 1,199,257 |  |  | $ | 93.11 |  |  | 2,241,982 |  |  | $ | 88.81 |

As of September 30, 2018, we had $50.9 million available for repurchases pursuant to our 2016 share repurchase authorization.
In addition, during the first nine months of 2018, we repurchased 29,875 shares at an average price of $112.19 per share, for a total of $3.4 million, related to tax withholdings associated with the vesting of RSUs. The repurchase of shares related to tax withholdings associated with stock awards does not reduce the number of shares available for repurchase as approved by our Board of Directors.
Note 8. Fair Value Measurements
Fair Value Disclosures for Financial Assets and Liabilities
We determined the carrying value of cash equivalents, accounts receivable, trade payables, accrued liabilities and short-term borrowings approximate their fair values because of the nature of their terms and current market rates of these instruments. We believe the carrying value of our variable rate debt approximates fair value.
We have fixed rate debt primarily consisting of amounts outstanding under our senior notes and real estate mortgages. We calculated the estimated fair value of the senior notes using quoted prices for the identical liability (Level 1) and calculated the estimated fair value of the fixed rate real estate mortgages using a discounted cash flow methodology with estimated current interest rates based on a similar risk profile and duration (Level 2). The fixed cash flows are discounted and summed to compute the fair value of the debt. As of September 30, 2018, our real estate mortgages and other debt, which includes capital leases, had maturity dates between January 12, 2019, and December 31, 2050.
There were no changes to our valuation techniques during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2018.
A summary of the aggregate carrying values, excluding unamortized debt issuance cost, and fair values of our long-term fixed interest rate debt is as follows (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Carrying value |  |  |  |
5.25% Senior Notes due 2025 |  | $ | 300,000 |  |  | $ | 300,000 |
Real Estate Mortgages and Other Debt |  | 462,334 |  |  | 376,880 |
|  | $ | 762,334 |  |  | $ | 676,880 |
Fair value |  |  |  |
5.25% Senior Notes due 2025 |  | $ | 288,000 |  |  | $ | 312,750 |
Real Estate Mortgages and Other Debt |  | 466,871 |  |  | 385,337 |
|  | $ | 754,871 |  |  | $ | 698,087 |

Note 9. Investments
On September 12, 2018, we invested $54 million in Shift Technologies, Inc., a San Francisco-based digital retailer, in exchange for Series D convertible preferred stock. We have determined that our investment in Shift does not meet the criteria for a variable interest entity, and we do not have control or significant influence over Shift. As a result, we currently recorded a cost method investment within Other Assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2018.
9

As of September 30, 2018, there were no identified events or changes in circumstances that would have a significant effect on the value of the investment and we believe the current value represents fair value. We did not record any impairment charges associated with this investment in the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018.
Note 10. Net Income Per Share of Class A and Class B Common Stock
We compute net income per share of Class A and Class B common stock using the two-class method. Under this method, basic net income per share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period excluding common shares underlying equity awards that are unvested or subject to forfeiture. Diluted net income per share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares and, if dilutive, potential common shares outstanding during the period. Potential common shares consist of the common shares issuable upon the net exercise of stock options and unvested RSUs and is reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the treasury stock method. The computation of the diluted net income per share of Class A common stock assumes the conversion of Class B common stock, while the diluted net income per share of Class B common stock does not assume the conversion of those shares.
Except with respect to voting and transfer rights, the rights of the holders of our Class A and Class B common stock are identical. Under our Articles of Incorporation, the Class A and Class B common stock share equally in any dividends, liquidation proceeds or other distribution with respect to our common stock and the Articles of Incorporation can only be amended by a vote of the shareholders. Additionally, Oregon law provides that amendments to our Articles of Incorporation that would adversely alter the rights, powers or preferences of a given class of stock, must be approved by the class of stock adversely affected by the proposed amendment. As a result, the undistributed earnings for each year are allocated based on the contractual participation rights of the Class A and Class B common shares as if the earnings for the year had been distributed. Because the liquidation and dividend rights are identical, the undistributed earnings are allocated on a proportionate basis.
Following is a reconciliation of net income and weighted average shares used for our basic earnings per share (“EPS”) and diluted EPS (in thousands, except per share amounts):

Three Months Ended September 30, |  | 2018 |  | 2017
(in thousands, except per share data) |  | Class A |  | Class B |  | Class A |  | Class B
Net income applicable to common stockholders - basic |  | $ | 89,254 |  |  | $ | 3,853 |  |  | $ | 49,687 |  |  | $ | 2,199 |
Reallocation of net income as a result of conversion of dilutive stock options |  | 1 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | (1 | )
Reallocation of net income due to conversion of Class B to Class A common shares outstanding |  | 288 |  |  | — |  |  | 285 |  |  | — |
Conversion of Class B common shares into Class A common shares |  | 3,551 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,908 |  |  | — |
Effect of dilutive stock options on net income |  | 13 |  |  | (13 | ) |  | 5 |  |  | (5 | )
Net income applicable to common stockholders - diluted |  | $ | 93,107 |  |  | $ | 3,839 |  |  | $ | 51,886 |  |  | $ | 2,193 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding – basic |  | 23,164 |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | 23,948 |  |  | 1,060 |
Conversion of Class B common shares into Class A common shares |  | 1,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,060 |  |  | — |
Effect of dilutive stock options on weighted average common shares |  | 94 |  |  | — |  |  | 68 |  |  | — |
Weighted average common shares outstanding – diluted |  | 24,258 |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | 25,076 |  |  | 1,060 |
Net income per common share - basic |  | $ | 3.85 |  |  | $ | 3.85 |  |  | $ | 2.07 |  |  | $ | 2.07 |
Net income per common share - diluted |  | $ | 3.84 |  |  | $ | 3.84 |  |  | $ | 2.07 |  |  | $ | 2.07 |

Three Months Ended September 30, |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Diluted EPS |  | Class A |  | Class B |  | Class A |  | Class B
Antidilutive Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares issuable pursuant to stock options not included since they were antidilutive |  | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |

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Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | 2018 |  | 2017
(in thousands, except per share data) |  | Class A |  | Class B |  | Class A |  | Class B
Net income applicable to common stockholders - basic |  | $ | 197,485 |  |  | $ | 8,343 |  |  | $ | 147,876 |  |  | $ | 7,937 |
Reallocation of distributed net income as a result of conversion of dilutive stock options |  | 4 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 3 |  |  | (3 | )
Reallocation of distributed net income due to conversion of Class B to Class A common shares outstanding |  | 844 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,006 |  |  | — |
Conversion of Class B common shares into Class A common shares |  | 7,466 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,909 |  |  | — |
Effect of dilutive stock options on net income |  | 29 |  |  | (29 | ) |  | 19 |  |  | (19 | )
Net income applicable to common stockholders - diluted |  | $ | 205,828 |  |  | $ | 8,310 |  |  | $ | 155,813 |  |  | $ | 7,915 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding – basic |  | 23,670 |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | 23,812 |  |  | 1,278 |
Conversion of Class B common shares into Class A common shares |  | 1,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,278 |  |  | — |
Effect of employee stock purchases and restricted stock units on weighted average common shares |  | 97 |  |  | — |  |  | 68 |  |  | — |
Weighted average common shares outstanding – diluted |  | 24,767 |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | 25,158 |  |  | 1,278 |
Net income per common share - basic |  | $ | 8.34 |  |  | $ | 8.34 |  |  | $ | 6.21 |  |  | $ | 6.21 |
Net income per common share - diluted |  | $ | 8.31 |  |  | $ | 8.31 |  |  | $ | 6.19 |  |  | $ | 6.19 |

Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Diluted EPS |  | Class A |  | Class B |  | Class A |  | Class B
Antidilutive Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares issuable pursuant to stock options not included since they were antidilutive |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |

Note 11. Segments
While we have determined that each individual store is a reporting unit, we have aggregated our reporting units into three reportable segments based on their economic similarities: Domestic, Import and Luxury.
Our Domestic segment is comprised of retail automotive franchises that sell new vehicles manufactured by Chrysler, General Motors and Ford. Our Import segment is comprised of retail automotive franchises that sell new vehicles manufactured primarily by Honda, Toyota, Subaru, Nissan and Volkswagen. Our Luxury segment is comprised of retail automotive franchises that sell new vehicles manufactured primarily by BMW, Mercedes and Lexus. The franchises in each segment also sell used vehicles, parts and automotive services, as well as automotive finance and insurance products.
Corporate and other revenue and income includes the results of operations of our stand-alone body shops offset by unallocated corporate overhead expenses, such as corporate personnel costs, and certain unallocated reserve and elimination adjustments. Additionally, certain internal corporate expense allocations increase segment income for Corporate and other while decreasing segment income for the other reportable segments. These internal corporate expense allocations are used to increase comparability of our dealerships and reflect the capital burden a stand-alone dealership would experience. Examples of these internal allocations include internal rent expense, internal floor plan financing charges, and internal fees charged to offset employees within our corporate headquarters who perform certain dealership functions.
We define our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) to be certain members of our executive management group. Historical and forecasted operational performance are evaluated on a store-by-store basis and on a consolidated basis by the CODM. We derive the operating results of the segments directly from our internal management reporting system. The accounting policies used to derive segment results are substantially the same as those used to determine our consolidated results, except for the internal allocation within Corporate and other discussed above. Our CODM measures the performance of each operating segment based on several metrics, including earnings from operations, and uses these results, in part, to evaluate the performance of, and to allocate resources to, each of the operating segments.
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Certain financial information on a segment basis is as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New vehicle |  | $ | 600,054 |  |  | $ | 567,423 |  |  | $ | 1,711,179 |  |  | $ | 1,581,329 |
Used vehicle retail |  | 288,238 |  |  | 260,622 |  |  | 836,473 |  |  | 756,834 |
Used vehicle wholesale |  | 36,983 |  |  | 27,986 |  |  | 104,502 |  |  | 90,972 |
Finance and insurance |  | 42,541 |  |  | 38,408 |  |  | 125,626 |  |  | 111,970 |
Service, body and parts |  | 114,756 |  |  | 103,070 |  |  | 335,370 |  |  | 292,987 |
Fleet and other |  | 15,282 |  |  | 10,801 |  |  | 50,389 |  |  | 28,926 |
|  | 1,097,854 |  |  | 1,008,310 |  |  | 3,163,539 |  |  | 2,863,018 |
Import |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New vehicle |  | 787,803 |  |  | 737,931 |  |  | 2,227,393 |  |  | 1,933,217 |
Used vehicle retail |  | 334,614 |  |  | 289,723 |  |  | 977,931 |  |  | 806,510 |
Used vehicle wholesale |  | 35,162 |  |  | 24,337 |  |  | 94,340 |  |  | 78,456 |
Finance and insurance |  | 60,494 |  |  | 51,564 |  |  | 167,057 |  |  | 137,419 |
Service, body and parts |  | 114,776 |  |  | 104,106 |  |  | 340,816 |  |  | 289,733 |
Fleet and other |  | 3,512 |  |  | 2,294 |  |  | 21,987 |  |  | 31,332 |
|  | 1,336,361 |  |  | 1,209,955 |  |  | 3,829,524 |  |  | 3,276,667 |
Luxury |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New vehicle |  | 347,568 |  |  | 252,861 |  |  | 988,002 |  |  | 649,566 |
Used vehicle retail |  | 182,479 |  |  | 128,355 |  |  | 510,323 |  |  | 350,992 |
Used vehicle wholesale |  | 19,896 |  |  | 13,418 |  |  | 54,359 |  |  | 37,114 |
Finance and insurance |  | 16,421 |  |  | 10,816 |  |  | 44,606 |  |  | 28,335 |
Service, body and parts |  | 76,906 |  |  | 56,240 |  |  | 218,582 |  |  | 154,598 |
Fleet and other |  | 9,617 |  |  | 1,828 |  |  | 31,039 |  |  | 25,879 |
|  | 652,887 |  |  | 463,518 |  |  | 1,846,911 |  |  | 1,246,484 |
|  | 3,087,102 |  |  | 2,681,783 |  |  | 8,839,974 |  |  | 7,386,169 |
Corporate and other |  | 4,850 |  |  | (1,441 | ) |  | 8,194 |  |  | (2,690 | )
|  | $ | 3,091,952 |  |  | $ | 2,680,342 |  |  | $ | 8,848,168 |  |  | $ | 7,383,479 |
Segment income 1: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  | $ | 25,304 |  |  | $ | 31,141 |  |  | $ | 79,466 |  |  | $ | 84,440 |
Import |  | 37,369 |  |  | 36,954 |  |  | 90,634 |  |  | 91,365 |
Luxury |  | 11,685 |  |  | 7,515 |  |  | 30,510 |  |  | 22,542 |
|  | 74,358 |  |  | 75,610 |  |  | 200,610 |  |  | 198,347 |
Corporate and other |  | 66,899 |  |  | 34,541 |  |  | 149,473 |  |  | 111,281 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | (19,649 | ) |  | (14,828 | ) |  | (55,324 | ) |  | (41,598 | )
Other interest expense |  | (15,010 | ) |  | (9,905 | ) |  | (40,645 | ) |  | (23,745 | )
Other income, net |  | 2,389 |  |  | 1,125 |  |  | 5,422 |  |  | 11,357 |
Income before income taxes |  | $ | 108,987 |  |  | $ | 86,543 |  |  | $ | 259,536 |  |  | $ | 255,642 |

1 Segment income for each of the segments is defined as income before income taxes, depreciation and amortization, other interest expense and other income, net.
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|  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Total assets: |  |  |  |
Domestic |  | $ | 1,451,031 |  |  | $ | 1,338,232 |
Import |  | 1,171,557 |  |  | 1,137,934 |
Luxury |  | 767,952 |  |  | 641,118 |
Corporate and other |  | 1,784,029 |  |  | 1,565,782 |
|  | $ | 5,174,569 |  |  | $ | 4,683,066 |

Note 12. Acquisitions
In the first nine months of 2018, we completed the following acquisitions:

• | On January 15, 2018, Ray Laks Honda in Orchard Park, New York and Ray Laks Acura in Buffalo, New York.

• | On February 26, 2018, Day Auto Group, a seven store platform based in Pennsylvania.

• | On March 1, 2018, Prestige Auto Group, a six store platform based in New Jersey and New York.

• | On April 2, 2018, Broadway Ford in Idaho Falls, Idaho.

• | On April 23, 2018, Buhler Ford in Eatontown, New Jersey.

Revenue and net loss contributed by the 2018 acquisitions subsequent to the date of acquisition were as follows (in thousands):

Revenue | $ | 634,482 |
Net loss | $ | (1,949 | )

In 2017, we completed the following acquisitions:

• | On May 1, 2017, we acquired Baierl Auto Group, an eight store platform based in Pennsylvania.

• | On August 7, 2017, we acquired Downtown LA Auto Group, a seven store platform based in California.

• | On November 11, 2017, we acquired Albany CJD Fiat in Albany, New York.

• | On November 15, 2017, we acquired Crater Lake Ford Lincoln and Crater Lake Mazda in Medford, Oregon.

All acquisitions were accounted for as business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting. The results of operations of the acquired stores are included in our Consolidated Financial Statements from the date of acquisition.
The following tables summarize the consideration paid for the 2018 acquisitions and the amount of identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date (in thousands):

|  | Consideration
Cash paid, net of cash acquired |  | $ | 374,026 |
Debt issued |  | 125,055 |
|  | $ | 499,081 |

The purchase price allocations for Albany CJD Fiat, Ray Laks Honda, Ray Laks Acura, Day Auto Group, Prestige Auto Group, Broadway Ford, and Buhler Ford acquisitions are preliminary, and we have not obtained and evaluated all of the detailed information necessary to finalize the opening balance sheet amounts in all respects. We recorded the purchase price allocations based upon information that is currently available. Unallocated items are recorded as a component of other non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

|  | Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed
Accounts receivable |  | $ | 732 |
Inventories, net |  | 179,973 |
Property and equipment, net |  | 9,868 |
Other non-current assets |  | 321,629 |
Floor plan notes payable |  | (10,779 | )
Other long-term liabilities |  | (2,342 | )
|  | $ | 499,081 |

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In the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, we recorded $0.2 million and $4.3 million, respectively, in acquisition-related expenses as a component of selling, general and administrative expense. Comparatively, we recorded $3.5 million and $5.7 million, respectively, of acquisition-related expenses in the same periods in 2017.
The following unaudited proforma summary presents consolidated information as if all acquisitions in the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, had occurred on January 1, 2017 (in thousands, except per share amounts):

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Revenue |  | $ | 3,091,952 |  |  | $ | 3,118,676 |  |  | $ | 9,048,379 |  |  | $ | 9,024,723 |
Net income |  | 93,107 |  |  | 52,452 |  |  | 204,526 |  |  | 161,614 |
Basic net income per share |  | 3.85 |  |  | 2.10 |  |  | 8.29 |  |  | 6.44 |
Diluted net income per share |  | 3.84 |  |  | 2.09 |  |  | 8.26 |  |  | 6.42 |

These amounts have been calculated by applying our accounting policies and estimates. The results of the acquired stores have been adjusted to reflect the following: depreciation on a straight-line basis over the expected lives for property and equipment, accounting for inventory on a specific identification method, and recognition of interest expense for real estate financing related to stores where we purchased the facility. No nonrecurring proforma adjustments directly attributable to the acquisitions are included in the reported proforma revenues and earnings.
Note 13. Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, "Leases." ASU 2016-02 increases transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing right of use assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and requires disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those annual periods. We will adopt this accounting standard update effective January 1, 2019. A modified retrospective transition approach is required for leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements, with certain practical expedients available. We expect to adopt this guidance using the effective date as our date of initial application. Consequently, financial information will not be updated and the disclosures required under the new standard will not be provided for dates prior to January 1, 2019. We expect to elect the 'package of practical expedients,' which permits us to not reassess under the new standard our prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs. We currently expect to elect the short-term lease recognition exemption for all leases that qualify. We have both real estate leases and equipment leases that will be impacted by the new guidance. We continue to evaluate the effect this pronouncement will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, "Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) - Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment." ASU 2017-04 simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Under the updated standard, an entity should perform its goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value, if applicable. The loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. The same impairment test also applies to any reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying amount. An entity still has the option to perform the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit to determine if the quantitative impairment test is necessary. ASU 2017-04 is effective for fiscal years, including interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019, on a prospective basis. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed after January 1, 2017. We do not expect the adoption of ASU 2017-04 to have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
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Note 14. Changes in Accounting Policies
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers," which amends the accounting guidance related to revenues. This amendment replaced most of the existing revenue recognition guidance. The new standard, as amended in July 2015, is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods therein. The standard permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. We adopted this standard utilizing a cumulative effect transition method effective January 2018. While the adoption of the new standard did not have a significant effect on earnings or on the timing of our most significant types of transactions, we made the following changes to our revenue policies:

• | A portion of the transaction price related to sales of finance and insurance contracts is considered variable consideration and subject to accelerated recognition under the new standard. Accordingly, we recognized a $9.2 million asset associated with future estimated variable consideration and a net of tax increase to retained earnings of $6.5 million. We do not believe there will be a significant impact to future revenue recognized.

• | The adoption of the new standard clarifies the determination and capitalization of direct costs incurred. As a result, we reassessed the method used to capitalize and amortize direct costs associated with the sale of lifetime lube, oil and filter contracts, which resulted in a $7.2 million reduction in prepaid commissions and a net of tax $5.1 million reduction to retained earnings.

These changes had an immaterial effect on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and the following impact on our Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands):

|  | As Reported |  |  |  | Balances without the adoption of Topic 606
Impact on Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | September 30, 2018 |  | Adjustments |
Accounts receivable, net |  | $ | 470,689 |  |  | $ | (3,631 | ) |  | $ | 467,058 |
Other current assets |  | 47,648 |  |  | (1,732 | ) |  | 45,916 |
Other non-current assets |  | 487,171 |  |  | 4,835 |  |  | 492,006 |
Total Assets |  | 5,174,569 |  |  | (528 | ) |  | 5,174,041 |
Accrued Liabilities |  | 259,825 |  |  | 313 |  |  | 260,138 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 77,684 |  |  | (599 | ) |  | 77,085 |
Total Liabilities |  | 3,969,427 |  |  | (286 | ) |  | 3,969,141 |
Retained earnings |  | 1,109,017 |  |  | (242 | ) |  | 1,108,775 |
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity |  | 5,174,569 |  |  | (528 | ) |  | 5,174,041 |

Note 15. Subsequent Events
Repurchase of Class A Common Stock
Since September 30, 2018, we repurchased 423,863 shares at a weighted average price of $76.85 per share and, as of October 26, 2018, under our existing share repurchase authorization, $18.3 million remained available for share repurchases. In addition, on October 22, 2018, the Board of Directors increased our repurchase authorization by an additional $250 million, bringing our total repurchase authorization to $268 million.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Forward-Looking Statements and Risk Factors
Certain statements under the sections entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Form 10-Q constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Generally, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “project”, “outlook,” “target”, “may,” “will,” “would,” “should,” “seek,” “expect,” “plan,” “intend,” “forecast,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “likely,” “goal,” “strategy,” “future,” “maintain,” and “continue” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terms. Examples of forward-looking statements in this Form 10-Q include, among others, statements we make regarding:

• | Future market conditions, including anticipated national new car sales levels;

• | Expected operating results, such as improved store performance; continued improvement of SG&A as a percentage of gross profit and all projections;

• | Anticipated continued success of acquisitions;

• | Anticipated ability to capture additional market share;

• | Anticipated ability to find accretive acquisitions;

• | Anticipated additions of dealership locations to our portfolio in the future;

• | Anticipated availability of liquidity from our unfinanced operating real estate; and

• | Anticipated levels of capital expenditures in the future.

The forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and situations that may cause our actual results to materially differ from the results expressed or implied by these statements. Certain important factors that could cause actual results to differ from our expectations are discussed in Part II - Other Information, Item 1A in this Form 10-Q and in the Risk Factors section of our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K, as supplemented and amended from time to time in Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Such factors include, but are not limited to:

• | Changing economic conditions, including changes in consumer demand, the availability of credit, fuel prices and interest rates;

• | Natural disasters, adverse weather conditions, acts of God or other incidents;

• | Increasing competition in our industry;

• | Adverse conditions affecting one or more key manufacturers whose brands we sell;

• | Availability of manufacturer incentives, warranty and other promotional programs;

• | Manufacturers relationships and our ability to renew or enter into new franchise agreements on acceptable terms;

• | Changes in laws and regulations;

• | Breaches in our data security systems or in systems used by our vendor partners; and

• | Our ability to acquire and successfully integrate additional stores

By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties because they relate to events that depend on circumstances that may or may not occur in the future. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made. We assume no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement.
Overview
Lithia Motors, Inc. is one of the largest providers of personal transportation solutions in the United States and is among the fastest growing companies in the Fortune 500 (#294-2018). We provide an omni-channel retail experience, allowing customers to shop wherever, whenever and however they desire. We offer convenient personalized service combined with the large company advantages of a nationwide network, one of the largest owned online inventories and competitive pricing on vehicles and service. Our "Growth Powered by People" strategy drives us to innovate and continuously improve the customer experience.
To create a seamless omni-channel retail experience and adapt to an evolving retail space we are focused on driving revenue growth, optimizing our network, unlocking earnings potential and generating cash flow for future investment in continued growth and innovation.
We believe that the fragmented nature of the automotive dealership sector provides us with the opportunity to scale our nationwide footprint through acquisitions, drive revenue growth and seek innovative ways to expand our digital offerings. We strive for diversification in our products, services, brands and geographic locations to manage risk and increase profitability. Our nationwide network of service and delivery points includes 182 locations, representing 28 brands across 18 states.
16

We target acquiring domestic, import and luxury franchises in cities ranging from mid-sized regional markets to metropolitan markets. We evaluate all brands for expansion opportunities provided the market is large enough to support adequate new vehicle sales to justify the required capital investment. Our acquisition strategy seeks underperforming dealerships and platforms at prices that meet our internal investment targets and, through the application of our performance management and centralized operating structure, leverage costs and improve store profitability. Platform acquisitions may include one or more locations which do not meet our criteria. We regularly optimize and balance our network through strategic divestitures to ensure continued high performance. During the first nine months of 2018, we acquired 17 stores, opened one store and divested nine stores. Approximately half of the divested stores were from platform acquisitions. The divestiture of these underperforming stores increases availability of capital and personnel resources and reduces future capital expenditures for facility improvements. These divestitures generated approximately $33 million in proceeds and reduced forecasted capital expenditures by approximately $15 million to be redeployed for investment in innovation. We believe our disciplined approach and the current economic environment provides us with attractive acquisition opportunities and expanded coast to coast coverage.
We also remain focused on unlocking the estimated $250 million in additional earnings potential at existing locations. Operations are structured to promote an entrepreneurial environment at the local and regional levels. Each store's general manager and department managers, with assistance from regional and corporate management, are responsible for executing successful retail strategies in their markets. We strive for continuous improvement and for each store to achieve its potential profitability through increased sales and market share. Strong performance also creates synergistic benefits such as increased trade-ins resulting in additional used vehicle sales, additional finance and insurance sales and increased units in operation and customer retention which generate additional service revenues.
Driving revenue growth and achieving earnings potential generates the free cash flow that allows us to invest in innovation, diversification and digital initiatives, thereby providing more ways to meet our consumers' personal transportation needs. Through innovation and technology, we strive to provide a personalized customer experience wherever, whenever and however consumers desire. During the third quarter of 2018, we entered into a strategic partnership with Shift Technologies, Inc. ("Shift"), a San Francisco-based digital retailer. Shift provides an innovative platform to consumers for a digital vehicle purchase and selling experience, providing vehicle pickup and delivery at a customer’s location. We invested $54 million, leading the series D fundraising round and becoming the largest shareholder. In addition, in early October we collaborated with Shift and assisted in Shift securing a credit line for acquiring used vehicle inventory. This collaboration resulted in Lithia receiving additional equity ownership in Shift. The strategic partnership with Shift will allow both companies to share and scale technology, data, inventory and business relationships to capture more of the over 40 million used vehicles sold in the United States annually.
17

Key Revenue and Gross Profit Metrics
Key performance metrics for revenue and gross profit were as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Change |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Change
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New vehicle |  | $ | 1,732,950 |  |  | $ | 1,553,511 |  |  | 11.6 | % |  | $ | 4,914,478 |  |  | $ | 4,147,870 |  |  | 18.5 | %
Used vehicle retail |  | 805,928 |  |  | 679,180 |  |  | 18.7 |  |  | 2,325,600 |  |  | 1,915,038 |  |  | 21.4 |
Finance and insurance |  | 121,062 |  |  | 101,044 |  |  | 19.8 |  |  | 342,059 |  |  | 282,672 |  |  | 21.0 |
Service, body and parts |  | 311,327 |  |  | 265,683 |  |  | 17.2 |  |  | 908,431 |  |  | 744,262 |  |  | 22.1 |
Total Revenues |  | 3,091,952 |  |  | 2,680,342 |  |  | 15.4 |  |  | 8,848,168 |  |  | 7,383,479 |  |  | 19.8 |
Gross profit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New vehicle |  | $ | 100,882 |  |  | $ | 88,045 |  |  | 14.6 | % |  | $ | 289,323 |  |  | $ | 238,702 |  |  | 21.2 | %
Used vehicle retail |  | 86,353 |  |  | 78,658 |  |  | 9.8 |  |  | 247,065 |  |  | 221,947 |  |  | 11.3 |
Finance and insurance |  | 121,062 |  |  | 101,044 |  |  | 19.8 |  |  | 342,059 |  |  | 282,672 |  |  | 21.0 |
Service, body and parts |  | 154,456 |  |  | 132,492 |  |  | 16.6 |  |  | 446,571 |  |  | 368,166 |  |  | 21.3 |
Total Gross Profit |  | 466,239 |  |  | 403,021 |  |  | 15.7 |  |  | 1,335,077 |  |  | 1,119,944 |  |  | 19.2 |
Gross profit margins |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New vehicle |  | 5.8 | % |  | 5.7 | % |  | 10 bp |  | 5.9 | % |  | 5.8 | % |  | 10 bp
Used vehicle retail |  | 10.7 |  |  | 11.6 |  |  | -90 bp |  | 10.6 |  |  | 11.6 |  |  | -100 bp
Finance and insurance |  | 100.0 |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | 0 bp |  | 100.0 |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | 0 bp
Service, body and parts |  | 49.6 |  |  | 49.9 |  |  | -30 bp |  | 49.2 |  |  | 49.5 |  |  | -30 bp
Total Gross Profit Margin |  | 15.1 |  |  | 15.0 |  |  | 10 bp |  | 15.1 |  |  | 15.2 |  |  | -10 bp
Retail units sold |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New vehicles |  | 48,790 |  |  | 45,452 |  |  | 7.3 | % |  | 139,314 |  |  | 121,944 |  |  | 14.2 | %
Used vehicles |  | 39,751 |  |  | 34,717 |  |  | 14.5 |  |  | 114,961 |  |  | 97,671 |  |  | 17.7 |
Average selling price per retail unit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New vehicles |  | $ | 35,519 |  |  | $ | 34,179 |  |  | 3.9 | % |  | $ | 35,276 |  |  | $ | 34,015 |  |  | 3.7 | %
Used vehicles |  | 20,274 |  |  | 19,563 |  |  | 3.6 |  |  | 20,229 |  |  | 19,607 |  |  | 3.2 |
Average gross profit per retail unit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New vehicles |  | $ | 2,068 |  |  | $ | 1,937 |  |  | 6.8 | % |  | $ | 2,077 |  |  | $ | 1,957 |  |  | 6.1 | %
Used vehicles |  | 2,172 |  |  | 2,266 |  |  | (4.1 | ) |  | 2,149 |  |  | 2,272 |  |  | (5.4 | )
Finance and insurance |  | 1,367 |  |  | 1,260 |  |  | 8.5 |  |  | 1,345 |  |  | 1,287 |  |  | 4.5 |

18

Same Store Operating Data
We believe that same store comparisons are an important indicator of our financial performance. Same store measures demonstrate our ability to grow revenues in our existing locations. As a result, same store measures have been integrated into the discussion below.
Same store measures reflect results for stores that were operating in each comparison period and only include the months when operations occurred in both periods. For example, a store acquired in August 2017 would be included in same store operating data beginning in September 2018, after its first full complete comparable month of operation. The third quarter operating results for the same store comparisons would include results for that store in only the period of September for both comparable periods.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Change |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Change
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New vehicle |  | $ | 1,443,965 |  |  | $ | 1,480,737 |  |  | (2.5 | )% |  | $ | 3,954,946 |  |  | $ | 3,998,702 |  |  | (1.1 | )%
Used vehicle retail |  | 688,965 |  |  | 655,814 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  | 1,960,126 |  |  | 1,855,211 |  |  | 5.7 |
Finance and insurance |  | 105,462 |  |  | 97,033 |  |  | 8.7 |  |  | 287,202 |  |  | 273,143 |  |  | 5.1 |
Service, body and parts |  | 260,683 |  |  | 254,084 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 740,725 |  |  | 719,898 |  |  | 2.9 |
Total Revenues |  | 2,594,562 |  |  | 2,566,159 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | 7,230,131 |  |  | 7,134,877 |  |  | 1.3 |
Gross profit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New vehicle |  | $ | 82,596 |  |  | $ | 83,478 |  |  | (1.1 | )% |  | $ | 226,531 |  |  | $ | 228,625 |  |  | (0.9 | )%
Used vehicle retail |  | 77,667 |  |  | 76,836 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | 218,013 |  |  | 217,190 |  |  | 0.4 |
Finance and insurance |  | 105,462 |  |  | 97,033 |  |  | 8.7 |  |  | 287,202 |  |  | 273,143 |  |  | 5.1 |
Service, body and parts |  | 129,720 |  |  | 126,623 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | 366,878 |  |  | 355,917 |  |  | 3.1 |
Total Gross Profit |  | 398,673 |  |  | 386,805 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 1,107,344 |  |  | 1,083,312 |  |  | 2.2 |
Gross profit margins |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New vehicle |  | 5.7 | % |  | 5.6 | % |  | 10 bp |  | 5.7 | % |  | 5.7 | % |  | 0 bp
Used vehicle retail |  | 11.3 |  |  | 11.7 |  |  | -40 bp |  | 11.1 |  |  | 11.7 |  |  | -60 bp
Finance and insurance |  | 100.0 |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | 0 bp |  | 100.0 |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | 0 bp
Service, body and parts |  | 49.8 |  |  | 49.8 |  |  | 0 bp |  | 49.5 |  |  | 49.4 |  |  | 10 bp
Total Gross Profit Margin |  | 15.4 |  |  | 15.1 |  |  | 30 bp |  | 15.3 |  |  | 15.2 |  |  | 10 bp
Retail units sold |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New vehicles |  | 40,974 |  |  | 43,171 |  |  | (5.1 | )% |  | 112,660 |  |  | 117,086 |  |  | (3.8 | )%
Used vehicles |  | 34,434 |  |  | 33,498 |  |  | 2.8 |  |  | 97,962 |  |  | 94,338 |  |  | 3.8 |
Average selling price per retail unit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New vehicles |  | $ | 35,241 |  |  | $ | 34,299 |  |  | 2.7 | % |  | $ | 35,105 |  |  | $ | 34,152 |  |  | 2.8 | %
Used vehicles |  | 20,008 |  |  | 19,578 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 20,009 |  |  | 19,666 |  |  | 1.7 |
Average gross profit per retail unit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New vehicles |  | $ | 2,016 |  |  | $ | 1,934 |  |  | 4.2 | % |  | $ | 2,011 |  |  | $ | 1,953 |  |  | 3.0 | %
Used vehicles |  | 2,256 |  |  | 2,294 |  |  | (1.7 | ) |  | 2,225 |  |  | 2,302 |  |  | (3.3 | )
Finance and insurance |  | 1,399 |  |  | 1,266 |  |  | 10.5 |  |  | 1,364 |  |  | 1,292 |  |  | 5.6 |

19

During the three months ended September 30, 2018, we had net income from continuing operations of $93.1 million, or $3.84 per share on a diluted basis, compared to net income from continuing operations of $51.9 million, or $2.07 per share on a diluted basis, during the same period of 2017. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we had net income from continuing operations of $205.8 million, or $8.31 per share on a diluted basis, as compared to net income from continuing operations of $155.8 million, or $6.19 per share on a diluted basis, during the same period of 2017.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we experienced growth in revenue and gross profit in all major business lines as compared to the same periods of 2017, primarily driven by increases in volume due to acquisitions. On a same store basis, new vehicle revenues and gross profit experienced headwinds with plateauing national new vehicle sales; however, these headwinds were offset by growth in our other business lines. Same store gross profits grew 3.1% and 2.2%, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.
New Vehicles
The decreases in same store new vehicle revenues for the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, were driven by decreases in unit volume of 5.1% and 3.8%, respectively, partially offset by increases in average selling prices of 2.7% and 2.8%, respectively, compared to the same periods of 2017. Our stores continue to focus on increasing gross profit per new vehicle sold during 2018, generating increases of 4.2% and 3.0%, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods of 2017. Our recently acquired stores are also focused on maximizing gross profit per new vehicle as total company gross per unit increased 6.8% and 6.1%, respectively, for the three and nine month-periods ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods of 2017.
Under our business strategy, we believe that our new vehicle sales create incremental profit opportunities through certain manufacturer incentive programs, arranging of third party financing, vehicle service and insurance contracts, future resale of used vehicles acquired through trade-in and parts and service work.
Used Vehicles
Used vehicle retail sales are a strategic focus for organic growth. We offer three categories of used vehicles: manufacturer certified pre-owned ("CPO") vehicles; core vehicles, or late-model vehicles with lower mileage; and value autos, or vehicles with over 80,000 miles. We have established a company-wide target of achieving a per store average of 85 used retail units per month. Strategies to achieve this target include reducing wholesale sales and selling the full spectrum of used units, from late model CPO models to vehicles over ten years old.
Used vehicle revenues increased 18.7% and 21.4%, respectively, for the three and nine month-periods ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods of 2017. The increases were driven by a combination of increased volume due to acquisitions and strong performance in our core and value auto categories at our seasoned stores. On a same store basis, used vehicle sales increased 5.1% during the third quarter of 2018 as compared to the third quarter of 2017. This increase was primarily driven by increases in our core and vale auto vehicle categories of 9.6% and 4.8%, respectively. The increase in our core vehicle category is due to an increase in unit sales of 7.1% and an increase in average selling price per vehicle of 2.4%. Gross profit per vehicle in our core vehicle category remained flat for the quarter at approximately $2,400 per unit. The increase in our value auto category included a 1.9% increase in unit sales and a 2.9% increase in average selling price per vehicle. Gross profit per vehicle in our value auto category declined 4.3% for the quarter, from $2,131 to $2,038 per unit. The strong performances in our core and value auto categories were offset by decreases in CPO vehicle revenues and gross profit. CPO vehicle revenues decreased 2.9%, and gross profit decreased 8.1% for the quarter. The decrease in CPO vehicle revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same period of 2017 was driven by a decrease in unit sales of 4.9%, offset by an increase in average selling price of 2.2%.
For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2018, on a same store basis, used vehicle revenues increased 5.7% and gross profit was flat. This increase in revenue was primarily due to strong performance in our core vehicle category, which comprised 56.6% of our total used vehicle revenues. Our core vehicle category performance resulted in an 11.9% increase in revenues and an 8.7% increase in gross profit compared to the same period of 2017. Revenue growth in our value auto vehicle category in the nine-month period ended September 30, 2018, of 2.7% was offset by a decrease in our CPO vehicle category of 3.5%, compared to the nine-month period ended September 30, 2017. Overall, on a same store basis, we increased market share in used vehicles by 1.7% for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2018, as compared to the same period of 2017.
Our used vehicle operations provide an opportunity to generate sales to customers unable or unwilling to purchase a new vehicle, sell brands other than the store's new vehicle franchise(s) and increase sales from finance and insurance and parts and service.
20

Finance and Insurance
We believe that arranging timely vehicle financing is an important part of our ability to sell vehicles, and we attempt to arrange financing for every vehicle we sell. We also offer related products such as extended warranties, insurance contracts and vehicle and theft protection.
The increases in finance and insurance revenue in the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods of 2017 were primarily due to increased volume related to acquisitions, combined with expanded product offerings and steady penetration rates. Third-party extended warranty and insurance contracts yield higher profit margins than vehicle sales and contribute significantly to our profitability. Same store finance and insurance revenues increased 8.7% and 5.1%, respectively, for the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods of 2017. These increases were driven by increases in finance and insurance revenues per retail unit, combined with increases in used vehicle unit volume, offset by decreases in new vehicle unit volume. On a same store basis, our finance and insurance revenues per retail unit increased $133 to $1,399 per unit and $72 to 1,364 per unit, respectively, in the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods of 2017, primarily due to increases in service contract penetration rates of 130 basis points and 170 basis points, respectively.
We seek to increase our penetration of vehicle financing on the number of vehicles that we sell and to offer a comprehensive suite of products. We target an average F&I per retail unit of $1,450. We believe improved performance from sales training, continued optimization of product offerings and pricing, and revised compensation plans will be critical factors in achieving this target.
Service, body and parts
We provide service, body and parts for the new vehicle brands sold by our stores, as well as service and repairs for most other makes and models. Our parts and service operations are an integral part of our customer retention and the largest contributor to our overall profitability. Earnings from service, body and parts have historically been more resilient during economic downturns, when owners have tended to repair their existing vehicles rather than buy new vehicles.
Our service, body, and parts revenue grew in all areas in the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods of 2017. The growth experienced in the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, was primarily due to acquisitions, combined with more late-model units in operation from 2010 to 2016 and a plateauing new vehicle market. We believe the increased number of units in operation will continue to benefit our service, body and parts revenue in the coming years as more late-model vehicles age, necessitating repairs and maintenance.
We focus on retaining customers by offering competitively-priced routine maintenance and through our marketing efforts. The largest contribution to our service, body and parts revenue growth was due to increased same store customer pay revenue of 5.4% and 4.6%, respectively, in the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods of 2017. Performance in warranty, parts wholesale and body shop grew slightly or performed similarly compared to the same periods of 2017.
Same store service, body and parts gross profit increased 2.4% and 3.1%, respectively, in the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods of 2017. Our gross margins have increased as our mix has shifted towards customer pay, which has higher margins than other service work.
Segments
Certain financial information by segment is as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase |  | % Increase
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  | $ | 1,097,854 |  |  | $ | 1,008,310 |  |  | $ | 89,544 |  |  | 8.9 | %
Import |  | 1,336,361 |  |  | 1,209,955 |  |  | 126,406 |  |  | 10.4 |
Luxury |  | 652,887 |  |  | 463,518 |  |  | 189,369 |  |  | 40.9 |
|  | 3,087,102 |  |  | 2,681,783 |  |  | 405,319 |  |  | 15.1 |
Corporate and other |  | 4,850 |  |  | (1,441 | ) |  | 6,291 |  |  | NM |
|  | $ | 3,091,952 |  |  | $ | 2,680,342 |  |  | $ | 411,610 |  |  | 15.4 | %

NM - not meaningful
21

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase |  | % Increase
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  | $ | 3,163,539 |  |  | $ | 2,863,018 |  |  | $ | 300,521 |  |  | 10.5 | %
Import |  | 3,829,524 |  |  | 3,276,667 |  |  | 552,857 |  |  | 16.9 |
Luxury |  | 1,846,911 |  |  | 1,246,484 |  |  | 600,427 |  |  | 48.2 |
|  | 8,839,974 |  |  | 7,386,169 |  |  | 1,453,805 |  |  | 19.7 |
Corporate and other |  | 8,194 |  |  | (2,690 | ) |  | 10,884 |  |  | NM |
|  | $ | 8,848,168 |  |  | $ | 7,383,479 |  |  | $ | 1,464,689 |  |  | 19.8 | %

NM - not meaningful

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | % Increase (Decrease)
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  |
Segment income 1: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  | $ | 25,304 |  |  | $ | 31,141 |  |  | $ | (5,837 | ) |  | (18.7 | )%
Import |  | 37,369 |  |  | 36,954 |  |  | 415 |  |  | 1.1 |
Luxury |  | 11,685 |  |  | 7,515 |  |  | 4,170 |  |  | 55.5 |
|  | 74,358 |  |  | 75,610 |  |  | (1,252 | ) |  | (1.7 | )
Corporate and other |  | 66,899 |  |  | 34,541 |  |  | 32,358 |  |  | 93.7 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | (19,649 | ) |  | (14,828 | ) |  | 4,821 |  |  | 32.5 |
Other interest expense |  | (15,010 | ) |  | (9,905 | ) |  | 5,105 |  |  | 51.5 |
Other income, net |  | 2,389 |  |  | 1,125 |  |  | 1,264 |  |  | NM |
Income before income taxes |  | $ | 108,987 |  |  | $ | 86,543 |  |  | $ | 22,444 |  |  | 25.9 | %

NM – not meaningful

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | % Increase (Decrease)
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  |
Segment income 1: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  | $ | 79,466 |  |  | $ | 84,440 |  |  | $ | (4,974 | ) |  | (5.9 | )%
Import |  | 90,634 |  |  | 91,365 |  |  | (731 | ) |  | (0.8 | )
Luxury |  | 30,510 |  |  | 22,542 |  |  | 7,968 |  |  | 35.3 |
|  | 200,610 |  |  | 198,347 |  |  | 2,263 |  |  | 1.1 |
Corporate and other |  | 149,473 |  |  | 111,281 |  |  | 38,192 |  |  | 34.3 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | (55,324 | ) |  | (41,598 | ) |  | 13,726 |  |  | 33.0 |
Other interest expense |  | (40,645 | ) |  | (23,745 | ) |  | 16,900 |  |  | 71.2 |
Other income, net |  | 5,422 |  |  | 11,357 |  |  | (5,935 | ) |  | NM |
Income before income taxes |  | $ | 259,536 |  |  | $ | 255,642 |  |  | $ | 3,894 |  |  | 1.5 | %

1 Segment income for each reportable segment is defined as income before income taxes, depreciation and amortization, other interest expense and other expense, net.
NM – Not meaningful
22

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | % Increase
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  |
Retail new vehicle unit sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  | 14,695 |  |  | 13,911 |  |  | 784 |  |  | 5.6 | %
Import |  | 27,295 |  |  | 26,621 |  |  | 674 |  |  | 2.5 |
Luxury |  | 6,860 |  |  | 5,029 |  |  | 1,831 |  |  | 36.4 |
|  | 48,850 |  |  | 45,561 |  |  | 3,289 |  |  | 7.2 |
Allocated to management |  | (60 | ) |  | (109 | ) |  | (49 | ) |  | NM |
|  | 48,790 |  |  | 45,452 |  |  | 3,338 |  |  | 7.3 | %

NM – Not meaningful

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase |  | % Increase
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  |
Retail new vehicle unit sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  | 42,048 |  |  | 39,407 |  |  | 2,641 |  |  | 6.7 | %
Import |  | 78,311 |  |  | 69,643 |  |  | 8,668 |  |  | 12.4 |
Luxury |  | 19,248 |  |  | 13,168 |  |  | 6,080 |  |  | 46.2 |
|  | 139,607 |  |  | 122,218 |  |  | 17,389 |  |  | 14.2 |
Allocated to management |  | (293 | ) |  | (274 | ) |  | 19 |  |  | NM |
|  | 139,314 |  |  | 121,944 |  |  | 17,370 |  |  | 14.2 | %

NM – Not meaningful
Domestic
A summary of financial information for our Domestic segment follows:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | % Increase (Decrease)
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New vehicle |  | $ | 600,054 |  |  | $ | 567,423 |  |  | $ | 32,631 |  |  | 5.8 | %
Used vehicle retail |  | 288,238 |  |  | 260,622 |  |  | 27,616 |  |  | 10.6 |
Used vehicle wholesale |  | 36,983 |  |  | 27,986 |  |  | 8,997 |  |  | 32.1 |
Finance and insurance |  | 42,541 |  |  | 38,408 |  |  | 4,133 |  |  | 10.8 |
Service, body and parts |  | 114,756 |  |  | 103,070 |  |  | 11,686 |  |  | 11.3 |
Fleet and other |  | 15,282 |  |  | 10,801 |  |  | 4,481 |  |  | 41.5 |
|  | $ | 1,097,854 |  |  | $ | 1,008,310 |  |  | $ | 89,544 |  |  | 8.9 |
Segment income |  | $ | 25,304 |  |  | $ | 31,141 |  |  | $ | (5,837 | ) |  | (18.7 | )
Retail new vehicle unit sales |  | 14,695 |  |  | 13,911 |  |  | 784 |  |  | 5.6 |

23

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | % Increase (Decrease)
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New vehicle |  | $ | 1,711,179 |  |  | $ | 1,581,329 |  |  | $ | 129,850 |  |  | 8.2 | %
Used vehicle retail |  | 836,473 |  |  | 756,834 |  |  | 79,639 |  |  | 10.5 |
Used vehicle wholesale |  | 104,502 |  |  | 90,972 |  |  | 13,530 |  |  | 14.9 |
Finance and insurance |  | 125,626 |  |  | 111,970 |  |  | 13,656 |  |  | 12.2 |
Service, body and parts |  | 335,370 |  |  | 292,987 |  |  | 42,383 |  |  | 14.5 |
Fleet and other |  | 50,389 |  |  | 28,926 |  |  | 21,463 |  |  | 74.2 |
|  | $ | 3,163,539 |  |  | $ | 2,863,018 |  |  | $ | 300,521 |  |  | 10.5 | %
Segment income |  | $ | 79,466 |  |  | $ | 84,440 |  |  | $ | (4,974 | ) |  | (5.9 | )%
Retail new vehicle unit sales |  | 42,048 |  |  | 39,407 |  |  | 2,641 |  |  | 6.7 | %

Our Domestic segment revenue increased 8.9% and 10.5%, respectively, in the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods of 2017. Since September 2017, we acquired eight additional domestic brand stores, which contributed to increases in all major business lines.
Our Domestic segment income decreased 18.7% and 5.9%, respectively, in the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods of 2017, primarily due to growth in SG&A of 13.0% and 11.5%, respectively, which was in line with revenue growth, offset by gross profits growth of 7.7% and 10.0%, respectively, and increases in floor plan interest expense of 34.1% and 42.1%, respectively, due to acquisitions and rising interest rates compared to the same periods of 2017.
Import
A summary of financial information for our Import segment follows:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase |  | % Increase
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New vehicle |  | $ | 787,803 |  |  | $ | 737,931 |  |  | $ | 49,872 |  |  | 6.8 | %
Used vehicle retail |  | 334,614 |  |  | 289,723 |  |  | 44,891 |  |  | 15.5 |
Used vehicle wholesale |  | 35,162 |  |  | 24,337 |  |  | 10,825 |  |  | 44.5 |
Finance and insurance |  | 60,494 |  |  | 51,564 |  |  | 8,930 |  |  | 17.3 |
Service, body and parts |  | 114,776 |  |  | 104,106 |  |  | 10,670 |  |  | 10.2 |
Fleet and other |  | 3,512 |  |  | 2,294 |  |  | 1,218 |  |  | 53.1 |
|  | $ | 1,336,361 |  |  | $ | 1,209,955 |  |  | $ | 126,406 |  |  | 10.4 |
Segment income |  | $ | 37,369 |  |  | $ | 36,954 |  |  | $ | 415 |  |  | 1.1 |
Retail new vehicle unit sales |  | 27,295 |  |  | 26,621 |  |  | 674 |  |  | 2.5 |

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | % Increase (Decrease)
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New vehicle |  | $ | 2,227,393 |  |  | $ | 1,933,217 |  |  | $ | 294,176 |  |  | 15.2 | %
Used vehicle retail |  | 977,931 |  |  | 806,510 |  |  | 171,421 |  |  | 21.3 |
Used vehicle wholesale |  | 94,340 |  |  | 78,456 |  |  | 15,884 |  |  | 20.2 |
Finance and insurance |  | 167,057 |  |  | 137,419 |  |  | 29,638 |  |  | 21.6 |
Service, body and parts |  | 340,816 |  |  | 289,733 |  |  | 51,083 |  |  | 17.6 |
Fleet and other |  | 21,987 |  |  | 31,332 |  |  | (9,345 | ) |  | (29.8 | )
|  | $ | 3,829,524 |  |  | $ | 3,276,667 |  |  | $ | 552,857 |  |  | 16.9 | %
Segment income |  | $ | 90,634 |  |  | $ | 91,365 |  |  | $ | (731 | ) |  | (0.8 | )%
Retail new vehicle unit sales |  | 78,311 |  |  | 69,643 |  |  | 8,668 |  |  | 12.4 | %

24

Our Import segment revenue increased 10.4% and 16.9%, respectively, in the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods of 2017 due to increases in all major business lines, primarily as a result of the acquisition of seven import brand stores since September 2017, as well as same store increases in used vehicle performance.
Import segment income increased 1.1% and was flat, respectively, in the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods of 2017 primarily due to gross profit growth of 10.1% and 16.5%, respectively, partially offset by SG&A expense growth of 11.3% and 18.8%, respectively. Total import SG&A as a percent of gross profit increased from 75.6% to 76.4% and from 77.5% to 79.0%, respectively, for the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods of 2017. Recently acquired stores were the main contributor to the increases as newly acquired stores generally have a lower operating efficiency than our other stores. Floor plan interest expense for import stores increased 30.9% and 50.7%, respectively, for the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods of 2017 and was a significant contributor to the slower growth in segment income.
Luxury
A summary of financial information for our Luxury segment follows:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase |  | % Increase
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New vehicle |  | $ | 347,568 |  |  | $ | 252,861 |  |  | $ | 94,707 |  |  | 37.5 | %
Used vehicle retail |  | 182,479 |  |  | 128,355 |  |  | 54,124 |  |  | 42.2 |
Used vehicle wholesale |  | 19,896 |  |  | 13,418 |  |  | 6,478 |  |  | 48.3 |
Finance and insurance |  | 16,421 |  |  | 10,816 |  |  | 5,605 |  |  | 51.8 |
Service, body and parts |  | 76,906 |  |  | 56,240 |  |  | 20,666 |  |  | 36.7 |
Fleet and other |  | 9,617 |  |  | 1,828 |  |  | 7,789 |  |  | 426.1 |
|  | $ | 652,887 |  |  | $ | 463,518 |  |  | $ | 189,369 |  |  | 40.9 |
Segment income |  | $ | 11,685 |  |  | $ | 7,515 |  |  | $ | 4,170 |  |  | 55.5 |
Retail new vehicle unit sales |  | 6,860 |  |  | 5,029 |  |  | 1,831 |  |  | 36.4 |

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase |  | % Increase
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New vehicle |  | $ | 988,002 |  |  | $ | 649,566 |  |  | $ | 338,436 |  |  | 52.1 | %
Used vehicle retail |  | 510,323 |  |  | 350,992 |  |  | 159,331 |  |  | 45.4 |
Used vehicle wholesale |  | 54,359 |  |  | 37,114 |  |  | 17,245 |  |  | 46.5 |
Finance and insurance |  | 44,606 |  |  | 28,335 |  |  | 16,271 |  |  | 57.4 |
Service, body and parts |  | 218,582 |  |  | 154,598 |  |  | 63,984 |  |  | 41.4 |
Fleet and other |  | 31,039 |  |  | 25,879 |  |  | 5,160 |  |  | 19.9 |
|  | $ | 1,846,911 |  |  | $ | 1,246,484 |  |  | $ | 600,427 |  |  | 48.2 | %
Segment income |  | $ | 30,510 |  |  | $ | 22,542 |  |  | $ | 7,968 |  |  | 35.3 | %
Retail new vehicle unit sales |  | 19,248 |  |  | 13,168 |  |  | 6,080 |  |  | 46.2 | %

Our Luxury segment revenue increased 40.9% and 48.2%, respectively, in the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods of 2017 due to increases in all major business lines. Since September 2017, we added six luxury brand stores.
Our Luxury segment income increased 55.5% and 35.3%, respectively, for the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods of 2017, primarily due to gross profit growth of 44.5% and 47.0%, respectively, offset by SG&A expense increases of 42.8% and 47.5%, respectively. Total Luxury segment SG&A as a percent of gross profit decreased from 81.9% to 81.0% and increased from 81.7% to 81.9%, respectively, for the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods of 2017, primarily related to decreases in advertising as a percentage of gross profit, offset by increases in personnel and rent related to recently acquired stores. Growth in our Luxury segment revenues and gross profit
25

for the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods of 2017 were driven by volume related to acquisitions, strong performance in used vehicles and increases in finance and insurance per unit. Floor plan interest expense increased 45.8% and 64.5%, respectively, related to a combination of increased volume from acquisitions and rising interest rates.
Corporate and Other
Revenues attributable to Corporate and other include the results of operations of our stand-alone body shops, offset by certain unallocated reserve and elimination adjustments related to vehicle sales.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase |  | % Increase
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  |
Revenue, net |  | $ | 4,850 |  |  | $ | (1,441 | ) |  | $ | 6,291 |  |  | NM
Segment income |  | $ | 66,899 |  |  | $ | 34,541 |  |  | $ | 32,358 |  |  | 93.7

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase |  | % Increase
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  |
Revenue, net |  | $ | 8,194 |  |  | $ | (2,690 | ) |  | $ | 10,884 |  |  | NM
Segment income |  | $ | 149,473 |  |  | $ | 111,281 |  |  | $ | 38,192 |  |  | 34.3

NM - not meaningful
The increases in Corporate and other revenue in the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods of 2017 were primarily related to the addition of two stand-alone body shops, changes to certain reserves that are not specifically identified with our domestic, import or luxury segment revenue, such as our reserve for revenue reversals associated with unwound vehicle sales, and elimination of revenues associated with internal corporate vehicle purchases and leases with our stores.
Segment income attributable to Corporate and other includes amounts associated with the operating income from our stand-alone body shops and certain internal corporate expense allocations that reduce reportable segment income but increase Corporate and other income. These internal corporate expense allocations are used to increase comparability of our dealerships and reflect the capital burden a stand-alone dealership would experience. Examples of these internal allocations include internal rent expense, internal floor plan financing charges, and internal fees charged to offset employees within our corporate headquarters who perform certain dealership functions. Segment income attributable to Corporate and other also includes gains on the divestiture of stores.
Corporate and other segment income increased $32.4 million and $38.2 million, respectively, for the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods of 2017, primarily due to gains on the divestiture of stores of $15.8 million and $15.4 million, respectively, the addition of 21 stores and two stand-alone body shops since September 30, 2017, and changes to certain insurance and auto loan related reserves. In addition, the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, included acquisition expense of $0.2 million and $4.3 million, respectively, compared to $3.5 million and $5.7 million, respectively, for the same periods of 2017.
26

Selling, General and Administrative Expense (“SG&A”)
SG&A includes salaries and related personnel expenses, advertising (net of manufacturer cooperative advertising credits), rent, facility costs, and other general corporate expenses.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | % Increase
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  |
Personnel |  | $ | 213,188 |  |  | $ | 182,443 |  |  | $ | 30,745 |  |  | 16.9 | %
Advertising |  | 28,624 |  |  | 24,572 |  |  | 4,052 |  |  | 16.5 |
Rent |  | 10,490 |  |  | 8,768 |  |  | 1,722 |  |  | 19.6 |
Facility costs |  | 18,214 |  |  | 15,609 |  |  | 2,605 |  |  | 16.7 |
Gain on sale of assets |  | (15,760 | ) |  | (617 | ) |  | (15,143 | ) |  | NM |
Other |  | 54,268 |  |  | 51,466 |  |  | 2,802 |  |  | 5.4 |
Total SG&A |  | $ | 309,024 |  |  | $ | 282,241 |  |  | $ | 26,783 |  |  | 9.5 | %

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
As a % of gross profit |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Personnel |  | 45.7 | % |  | 45.3 | % |  | 40 | bp
Advertising |  | 6.1 |  |  | 6.1 |  |  | — |
Rent |  | 2.2 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | — |
Facility costs |  | 3.9 |  |  | 3.9 |  |  | — |
Gain on sale of assets |  | (3.4 | ) |  | (0.2 | ) |  | (320 | )
Other |  | 11.8 |  |  | 12.7 |  |  | (90 | )
Total SG&A |  | 66.3 | % |  | 70.0 | % |  | (370 | )bp

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | % Increase
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  |
Personnel |  | $ | 618,948 |  |  | $ | 513,439 |  |  | $ | 105,509 |  |  | 20.5 | %
Advertising |  | 81,714 |  |  | 67,516 |  |  | 14,198 |  |  | 21.0 |
Rent |  | 33,553 |  |  | 23,216 |  |  | 10,337 |  |  | 44.5 |
Facility costs |  | 54,061 |  |  | 44,703 |  |  | 9,358 |  |  | 20.9 |
Gain on sale of assets |  | (15,387 | ) |  | (332 | ) |  | (15,055 | ) |  | NM |
Other |  | 166,979 |  |  | 133,761 |  |  | 33,218 |  |  | 24.8 |
Total SG&A |  | $ | 939,868 |  |  | $ | 782,303 |  |  | $ | 157,565 |  |  | 20.1 | %

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
As a % of gross profit |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Personnel |  | 46.4 | % |  | 45.8 | % |  | 60 | bp
Advertising |  | 6.1 | % |  | 6.0 | % |  | 10 |
Rent |  | 2.5 | % |  | 2.1 | % |  | 40 |
Facility costs |  | 4.0 | % |  | 4.0 | % |  | — |
Gain on sale of assets |  | (1.2 | )% |  | — | % |  | (120 | )
Other |  | 12.6 | % |  | 12.0 | % |  | 60 |
Total SG&A |  | 70.4 | % |  | 69.9 | % |  | 50 | bp

NM - Not meaningful
SG&A expense increased 9.5% and 20.1%, respectively, in the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods of 2017. Overall, increases in SG&A expense were due primarily to growth through acquisitions, acquisition expenses, losses related to storm insurance reserve charges and increased allowance losses associated with auto loan receivables. These increases were offset by gains on the disposal of stores. Other expenses in the three and nine-month periods ended
27

September 30, 2018, include acquisition expenses of $0.2 million and $4.3 million, respectively, and storm insurance reserve charges of $3.2 million for the nine-months ended September 30, 2018. Auto loan receivable allowance losses decreased $1.6 million and increased $4.2 million, respectively, for the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods of 2017.
On a same store basis and excluding non-core charges, SG&A as a percentage of gross profit was 69.0% and 70.4%, respectively, for the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, compared to 68.1% and 68.4%, respectively, for the same periods of 2017. These increases were primarily due to auto loan receivable allowance losses, data processing and miscellaneous expenses.
SG&A expense adjusted for non-core charges was as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase |  | % Increase
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  |
Personnel |  | $ | 213,188 |  |  | $ | 182,443 |  |  | $ | 30,745 |  |  | 16.9 | %
Advertising |  | 28,624 |  |  | 24,572 |  |  | 4,052 |  |  | 16.5 |
Rent |  | 10,490 |  |  | 8,768 |  |  | 1,722 |  |  | 19.6 |
Facility costs |  | 18,214 |  |  | 15,609 |  |  | 2,605 |  |  | 16.7 |
Adjusted gain on sale of assets |  | (78 | ) |  | (617 | ) |  | 539 |  |  | NM |
Adjusted other |  | 54,267 |  |  | 46,246 |  |  | 8,021 |  |  | 17.3 |
Adjusted total SG&A |  | $ | 324,705 |  |  | $ | 277,021 |  |  | $ | 47,684 |  |  | 17.2 | %

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase
As a % of gross profit |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Personnel |  | 45.7 | % |  | 45.3 | % |  | 40 | bp
Advertising |  | 6.1 | % |  | 6.1 | % |  | — |
Rent |  | 2.2 | % |  | 2.2 | % |  | — |
Facility costs |  | 3.9 | % |  | 3.9 | % |  | — |
Adjusted gain on sale of assets |  | — | % |  | (0.2 | )% |  | 20 |
Adjusted other |  | 11.7 | % |  | 11.4 | % |  | 30 |
Adjusted total SG&A |  | 69.6 | % |  | 68.7 | % |  | 90 | bp

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase |  | % Increase
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  |
Personnel |  | $ | 618,948 |  |  | $ | 513,439 |  |  | $ | 105,509 |  |  | 20.5 | %
Advertising |  | 81,714 |  |  | 67,516 |  |  | 14,198 |  |  | 21.0 | %
Rent |  | 33,553 |  |  | 23,216 |  |  | 10,337 |  |  | 44.5 | %
Facility costs |  | 54,061 |  |  | 44,703 |  |  | 9,358 |  |  | 20.9 | %
Adjusted loss (gain) on sale of assets |  | 295 |  |  | (332 | ) |  | 627 |  |  | NM |
Adjusted other |  | 162,237 |  |  | 122,526 |  |  | 39,711 |  |  | 32.4 | %
Adjusted total SG&A |  | $ | 950,808 |  |  | $ | 771,068 |  |  | $ | 179,740 |  |  | 23.3 | %

28

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase
As a % of gross profit |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Personnel |  | 46.4 | % |  | 45.8 | % |  | 60 | bp
Advertising |  | 6.1 | % |  | 6.0 | % |  | 10 |
Rent |  | 2.5 | % |  | 2.1 | % |  | 40 |
Facility costs |  | 4.0 | % |  | 4.0 | % |  | — |
Adjusted loss (gain) on sale of assets |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — |
Adjusted other |  | 12.2 | % |  | 10.9 | % |  | 130 |
Adjusted total SG&A |  | 71.2 | % |  | 68.8 | % |  | 240 | bp

NM - Not meaningful
Adjusted SG&A excludes $15.7 million from gains on store disposals in both the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, as well as $3.3 million in acquisition-related expenses and $1.5 million in storm insurance reserve charges for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2018. Adjusted SG&A excludes storm insurance reserve charges of $1.7 million and $5.6 million, respectively, and acquisition-related expenses of $3.5 million and $5.7 million, respectively, in the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2017. See “Non-GAAP Reconciliations” for more details.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization is comprised of depreciation expense related to buildings, significant remodels or improvements, furniture, tools, equipment, signage, and amortization of certain intangible assets, including customer lists and non-compete agreements.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase |  | % Increase
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | $ | 19,649 |  |  | $ | 14,828 |  |  | $ | 4,821 |  |  | 32.5 | %

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase |  | % Increase
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | $ | 55,324 |  |  | $ | 41,598 |  |  | $ | 13,726 |  |  | 33.0 | %

Increases of 32.5% and 33.0% in depreciation and amortization for the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods of 2017 were primarily due to capital expenditures and acquisitions that occurred since September 30, 2017. Since September 30, 2017, we purchased approximately $189 million in depreciable buildings and improvements as a part of our acquisitions of the Day Automotive Group and Prestige Auto Group. Capital expenditures for the first nine months of 2018 totaled $113.4 million, which also increased the amount of depreciable assets. See the discussion under Liquidity and Capital Resources for additional information.
Operating Margin
Operating income as a percentage of revenue, or operating margin, was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Operating margin |  | 4.4 | % |  | 4.0 | % |  | 3.8 | % |  | 4.0 | %
Operating margin adjusted for non-core charges 1 |  | 3.9 | % |  | 4.1 | % |  | 3.7 | % |  | 4.2 | %

1 See “Non-GAAP Reconciliations” for more details.
Operating margin increased 40 basis points and declined 20 basis points, respectively, in the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods in 2017. The increase in operating margin for the three-month period ended September 30, 2018, was primarily due to divestiture activity resulting in a gain of $15.8 million. In the nine-month period ended September 30, 2018, the decrease in our operating margin was driven by gains from divestitures of stores, offset by acquisition
29

activity over the past twelve months. Recently acquired stores generally have a lower operating efficiency than our other stores and negatively impact our operating margin until we fully integrate them into our cost structure.
Floor Plan Interest Expense and Floor Plan Assistance

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | % Change |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | % Change
Floor plan interest expense (new vehicles) |  | $ | 15,958 |  |  | $ | 10,629 |  |  | 50.1 | % |  | $ | 45,126 |  |  | $ | 28,013 |  |  | 61.1 | %

Floor plan interest expense increased $5.3 million and $17.1 million, respectively, in the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods of 2017. The 50.1% increase in floor plan interest expense for the three-month period ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same period in 2017 includes a 5.3% increase related to the increase in same store inventory levels; a 19.2% increase due to acquisition volume, net of divestitures, and a 25.6% increase related to increasing LIBOR rates as compared to the same period of 2017. The 61.1% increase in floor plan interest expense for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same period in 2017 includes a 5.3% increase related to the increase in same store inventory levels; a 25.8% increase due to acquisition volume, net of divestitures, and a 30.0% increase related to increasing LIBOR rates compared to the same period of 2017.
Floor plan assistance is provided by manufacturers to support store financing of new vehicle inventory. Under accounting standards, floor plan assistance is recorded as a component of new vehicle gross profit when the specific vehicle is sold. However, because manufacturers provide this assistance to offset inventory carrying costs, we believe a comparison of floor plan interest expense to floor plan assistance is a useful measure of the efficiency of our new vehicle sales relative to stocking levels.
The following tables detail the carrying costs for new vehicles and include new vehicle floor plan interest net of floor plan assistance earned.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  | %
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Change |  | Change
Floor plan interest expense (new vehicles) |  | $ | 15,958 |  |  | $ | 10,629 |  |  | $ | 5,329 |  |  | 50.1 | %
Floor plan assistance (included as an offset to cost of sales) |  | (17,939 | ) |  | (15,130 | ) |  | (2,809 | ) |  | 18.6 |
Net new vehicle carrying costs |  | $ | (1,981 | ) |  | $ | (4,501 | ) |  | $ | 2,520 |  |  | (56.0 | )%

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  | %
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Change |  | Change
Floor plan interest expense (new vehicles) |  | $ | 45,126 |  |  | $ | 28,013 |  |  | $ | 17,113 |  |  | 61.1 | %
Floor plan assistance (included as an offset to cost of sales) |  | (49,589 | ) |  | (40,186 | ) |  | (9,403 | ) |  | 23.4 |
Net new vehicle carrying costs |  | $ | (4,463 | ) |  | $ | (12,173 | ) |  | $ | 7,710 |  |  | (63.3 | )%

Other Interest Expense
Other interest expense includes interest on debt incurred related to acquisitions, real estate mortgages, our used vehicle inventory financing facility and our revolving line of credit.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase |  | % Increase
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  |
Mortgage interest |  | $ | 7,278 |  |  | $ | 4,964 |  |  | $ | 2,314 |  |  | 46.6 |
Other interest |  | 8,107 |  |  | 5,092 |  |  | 3,015 |  |  | 59.2 |
Capitalized interest |  | (375 | ) |  | (151 | ) |  | 224 |  |  | 148.3 |
Total other interest expense |  | $ | 15,010 |  |  | $ | 9,905 |  |  | 5,105 |  |  | 51.5 | %

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|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase |  | % Increase
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  |
Mortgage interest |  | $ | 17,939 |  |  | $ | 14,049 |  |  | $ | 3,890 |  |  | 27.7 | %
Other interest |  | 23,566 |  |  | 10,040 |  |  | 13,526 |  |  | 134.7 |
Capitalized interest |  | (860 | ) |  | (344 | ) |  | 516 |  |  | 150.0 |
Total other interest expense |  | $ | 40,645 |  |  | $ | 23,745 |  |  | 16,900 |  |  | 71.2 | %

The increases of $5.1 million and $16.9 million, respectively, in other interest expense in the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods of 2017 were primarily due to $300 million in 5.25% Senior Notes issued in July 2017, which contributed $1.1 million and $9.2 million, respectively, of additional interest expense compared to the same periods of 2017. Additionally, higher volumes of borrowing on our credit facility and higher mortgage interest due to additional mortgage financings and increased interest rates contributed to the overall increases in other interest expense in the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods of 2017.
Other Income, Net

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase |  | % Increase
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  |
Other Income, net |  | $ | 2,389 |  |  | $ | 1,125 |  |  | $ | 1,264 |  |  | 112.4 | %

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Decrease |  | % Decrease
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  |
Other Income, net |  | $ | 5,422 |  |  | $ | 11,357 |  |  | $ | (5,935 | ) |  | (52.3 | )%

Other income, net in the nine-month period ended September 30, 2017, was primarily related to a $9.1 million legal settlement with two OEMs associated with diesel emissions litigation.
Income Tax Provision
Our effective income tax rate was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Effective income tax rate |  | 14.6 | % |  | 40.0 | % |  | 20.7 | % |  | 39.1 | %

Our effective income tax rate for the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, was positively affected by the enactment of tax legislation commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Act"), signed into law on December 22, 2017, which reduced the Federal corporate income tax rate to 21.0%. Our effective income tax rate in the third quarter of 2018 benefited from return to provision adjustments to our income tax receivable and deferred taxes as a result of finalizing calculations supporting our 2017 federal income tax return. These adjustments are the result of tax planning undertaken in 2018 and completed in the third quarter, resulting in changes to certain established tax accounting methods. Additionally, our effective income tax rate in the nine-month period ended September 30, 2018, was favorably affected by excess tax benefits related to stock-based compensation and the revaluation of certain acquired deferred tax liabilities, resulting in a lower effective rate than expected for the full year. Partially offsetting these benefits was the negative impact from an increasing presence in states with higher income tax rates, including the impact of New Jersey Assembly Bill 4202. We estimate our annual effective tax rate, excluding non-core charges, to be 26.5%.
We are still analyzing certain aspects of the Act. As noted at December 31, 2017, we were able to reasonably estimate effects and, therefore, recorded provisional adjustments associated with certain items. In the third quarter of 2018, we determined that a portion of our deferred tax assets related to executive compensation was not deductible under Internal Revenue Code Section 162(m) and we recorded a provisional adjustment to adjust these deferred tax assets. We continue to refine our calculations as additional analysis is completed, further guidance is issued, or new information is made available and adjustments may be made in future periods. We will complete our accounting for the Act in 2018.
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Non-GAAP Reconciliations
We believe each of the non-GAAP financial measures below improves the transparency of our disclosures, provides a meaningful presentation of our results from the core business operations because they exclude adjustments for items not related to our ongoing core business operations and other non-cash adjustments, and improves the period-to-period comparability of our results from the core business operations. We use these measures in conjunction with GAAP financial measures to assess our business, including our compliance with covenants in our credit facility and in communications with our Board of Directors concerning financial performance. These measures should not be considered an alternative to GAAP measures.
The following tables reconcile certain reported non-GAAP measures to the most comparable GAAP measure from our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | As reported |  | Disposal gain on sale of stores |  | Tax attribute |  | Adjusted
Selling, general and administrative |  | $ | 309,024 |  |  | $ | 15,681 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 324,705 |
Operating income (loss) |  | 137,566 |  |  | (15,681 | ) |  | — |  |  | 121,885 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | 108,987 |  |  | $ | (15,681 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 93,306 |
Income tax (provision) benefit |  | (15,880 | ) |  | 4,089 |  |  | (12,848 | ) |  | (24,639 | )
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 93,107 |  |  | $ | (11,592 | ) |  | $ | (12,848 | ) |  | $ | 68,667 |
Diluted net income (loss) per share |  | $ | 3.84 |  |  | $ | (0.48 | ) |  | $ | (0.53 | ) |  | $ | 2.83 |
Diluted share count |  | 24,258 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | As reported |  | Insurance reserves |  | Acquisition expense |  | Adjusted
Selling, general and administrative |  | $ | 282,241 |  |  | $ | (1,704 | ) |  | $ | (3,516 | ) |  | $ | 277,021 |
Operating income |  | 105,952 |  |  | 1,704 |  |  | 3,516 |  |  | 111,172 |
Income before income taxes |  | $ | 86,543 |  |  | $ | 1,704 |  |  | $ | 3,516 |  |  | $ | 91,763 |
Income tax provision |  | (34,657 | ) |  | (943 | ) |  | (1,380 | ) |  | (36,980 | )
Net income |  | $ | 51,886 |  |  | $ | 761 |  |  | $ | 2,136 |  |  | $ | 54,783 |
Diluted net income per share |  | $ | 2.07 |  |  | $ | 0.03 |  |  | 0.08 |  |  | $ | 2.18 |
Diluted share count |  | 25,076 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | As reported |  | Disposal gain on sale of stores |  | Insurance reserves |  | Acquisition expenses |  | Tax attribute |  | Adjusted
Selling, general and administrative |  | $ | 939,868 |  |  | 15,681 |  |  | $ | (1,490 | ) |  | $ | (3,251 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 950,808 |
Operating income (loss) |  | 339,885 |  |  | (15,681 | ) |  | 1,490 |  |  | 3,251 |  |  | — |  |  | 328,945 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | 259,536 |  |  | $ | (15,681 | ) |  | $ | 1,490 |  |  | $ | 3,251 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 248,596 |
Income tax (provision) benefit |  | (53,708 | ) |  | 4,089 |  |  | (389 | ) |  | (853 | ) |  | (14,257 | ) |  | (65,118 | )
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 205,828 |  |  | $ | (11,592 | ) |  | $ | 1,101 |  |  | $ | 2,398 |  |  | $ | (14,257 | ) |  | $ | 183,478 |
Diluted net income (loss) per share |  | $ | 8.31 |  |  | $ | (0.47 | ) |  | $ | 0.04 |  |  | $ | 0.10 |  |  | $ | (0.57 | ) |  | $ | 7.41 |
Diluted share count |  | 24,767 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | As reported |  | Insurance reserves |  | Acquisition expense |  | OEM settlement |  | Adjusted
Selling, general and administrative |  | $ | 782,303 |  |  | $ | (5,582 | ) |  | $ | (5,653 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 771,068 |
Operating income |  | 296,043 |  |  | 5,582 |  |  | 5,653 |  |  | — |  |  | 307,278 |
Other (expense) income, net |  | 11,357 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,111 | ) |  | 2,246 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | 255,642 |  |  | $ | 5,582 |  |  | $ | 5,653 |  |  | $ | (9,111 | ) |  | $ | 257,766 |
Income tax (provision) benefit |  | (99,829 | ) |  | (2,174 | ) |  | (2,201 | ) |  | 3,423 |  |  | (100,781 | )
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 155,813 |  |  | $ | 3,408 |  |  | $ | 3,452 |  |  | $ | (5,688 | ) |  | $ | 156,985 |
Diluted net income (loss) per share |  | $ | 6.19 |  |  | $ | 0.14 |  |  | $ | 0.14 |  |  | $ | (0.23 | ) |  | $ | 6.24 |
Diluted share count |  | 25,158 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Liquidity and Capital Resources
We manage our liquidity and capital resources to fund our operating, investing and financing activities. We rely primarily on cash flows from operations and borrowings under our credit facilities or in capital markets as the main sources for liquidity. We use those funds to invest in capital expenditures, increase working capital and fulfill contractual obligations. Remaining funds are used for acquisitions, investment in innovation, debt retirement, cash dividends, share repurchases and general business purposes.
Available Sources
Below is a summary of our immediately available funds:

|  | As of September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | % Increase (Decrease)
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 31,432 |  |  | $ | 38,577 |  |  | $ | (7,145 | ) |  | (18.5 | )%
Available credit on the credit facilities |  | 197,096 |  |  | 268,831 |  |  | (71,735 | ) |  | (26.7 | )
Total current available funds |  | 228,528 |  |  | 307,408 |  |  | (78,880 | ) |  | (25.7 | )
Estimated funds from unfinanced real estate |  | 226,783 |  |  | 211,379 |  |  | 15,404 |  |  | 7.3 |
Total estimated available funds |  | $ | 455,311 |  |  | $ | 518,787 |  |  | $ | (63,476 | ) |  | (12.2 | )%

Cash flows generated by operating activities and borrowings under our credit facility and other types of debt are our most significant sources of liquidity. We also have the ability to raise funds through mortgaging real estate. As of September 30, 2018, our unencumbered owned operating real estate had a book value of $302 million. Assuming we can obtain financing on 75% of this value, we estimate we could have obtained additional funds of approximately $227 million at September 30, 2018; however, no assurances can be provided that the appraised value of these properties will match or exceed their book values or that this capital source will be available on terms acceptable to us.
In addition to the above sources of liquidity, potential sources include the placement of subordinated debt or loans, the sale of equity securities and the sale of stores or other assets. We evaluate all of these options and may select one or more of them depending on overall capital needs and the availability and cost of capital, although no assurances can be provided that these capital sources will be available in sufficient amounts or with terms acceptable to us.
Information about our cash flows, by category, is presented in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The following table summarizes our cash flows:

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | in Cash Flow
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 379,286 |  |  | $ | 260,536 |  |  | $ | 118,750 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (514,601 | ) |  | (464,917 | ) |  | (49,684 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  | 109,494 |  |  | 192,676 |  |  | (83,182 | )

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Operating Activities
Cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, increased $118.8 million compared to the same period of 2017, primarily related to increases in net income and long-term liabilities that were positively impacted by the recently enacted tax legislation and an increase in the change of trade receivables compared to the same period of 2017.
Borrowings from and repayments to our syndicated lending group related to our new vehicle inventory floor plan financing are presented as financing activities. To better understand the impact of changes in inventory and the associated financing, we also consider our adjusted net cash provided by operating activities to include borrowings or repayments associated with our new vehicle floor plan credit facility.
Adjusted net cash provided by operating activities is presented below (in thousands):

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | in Cash Flow
Net cash provided by operating activities – as reported |  | $ | 379,286 |  |  | $ | 260,536 |  |  | $ | 118,750 |
Add: Net borrowings on floor plan notes payable, non-trade |  | 61,705 |  |  | 34,056 |  |  | 27,649 |
Less: Borrowings on floor plan notes payable, non-trade associated with acquired new vehicle inventory |  | (120,899 | ) |  | (85,527 | ) |  | (35,372 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities – adjusted |  | $ | 320,092 |  |  | $ | 209,065 |  |  | $ | 111,027 |

Inventories are the most significant component of our cash flow from operations. As of September 30, 2018, our new vehicle days supply was 77, or eight days higher than our days supply as of December 31, 2017. Our days supply of used vehicles was 64 days as of September 30, 2018, or two days lower than our days supply as of December 31, 2017. We calculate days supply of inventory based on current inventory levels, excluding in-transit vehicles, and a 30-day historical cost of sales level. We have continued to focus on managing our unit mix and maintaining an appropriate level of new and used vehicle inventory.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities totaled $514.6 million and $464.9 million, respectively, for the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.
Below are highlights of significant activity related to our cash flows from investing activities:

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | in Cash Flow
Capital expenditures |  | $ | (113,386 | ) |  | $ | (72,174 | ) |  | $ | (41,212 | )
Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired |  | (374,026 | ) |  | (400,558 | ) |  | 26,532 |
Cash paid for other investments |  | (62,126 | ) |  | (7,929 | ) |  | (54,197 | )
Proceeds from sales of stores |  | 32,893 |  |  | 3,417 |  |  | 29,476 |

Capital Expenditures
Below is a summary of our capital expenditure activities:

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Post-acquisition capital improvements |  | $ | 43,079 |  |  | $ | 19,893 |
Facilities for open points |  | 8,479 |  |  | 714 |
Existing facility improvements |  | 35,170 |  |  | 26,400 |
Maintenance |  | 26,658 |  |  | 25,167 |
Total capital expenditures |  | $ | 113,386 |  |  | $ | 72,174 |

Many manufacturers provide assistance in the form of additional incentives or assistance if facilities meet specified standards and requirements. We expect that certain facility upgrades and remodels will generate additional manufacturer incentive payments. Also, tax laws allowing accelerated deductions for capital expenditures reduce the overall investment needed and encourage accelerated project timeliness.
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We expect to use a portion of our future capital expenditures to upgrade facilities that we recently acquired. This additional capital investment is contemplated in our initial evaluation of the investment return metrics applied to each acquisition and is usually associated with manufacturer standards and requirements. The increases in capital expenditures for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same period of 2017 relate primarily to upgrades of recently acquired facilities.
If we undertake a significant capital commitment in the future, we expect to pay for the commitment out of existing cash balances, construction financing and borrowings on our credit facility. Upon completion of the projects, we believe we would have the ability to secure long-term financing and general borrowings from third party lenders for 70% to 90% of the amounts expended, although no assurances can be provided that these financings will be available to us in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us.
We expect to make expenditures of approximately $150 million in 2018 for capital improvements at recently acquired stores, purchases of land for expansion of existing stores, facility image improvements, purchases of store facilities, purchases of previously leased facilities and replacement of equipment.
Acquisitions
We focus on acquiring stores at attractive purchase prices that meet our return thresholds and strategic objectives. We look for acquisitions that diversify our brand and geographic mix as we continue to evaluate our portfolio to minimize exposure to any one manufacturer and achieve financial returns.
We are able to subsequently floor new vehicle inventory acquired as part of an acquisition; however, the cash generated by this transaction is recorded as borrowings on floor plan notes payable, non-trade.
Adjusted net cash paid for acquisitions, as well as certain other acquisition-related information is presented below:

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
Number of stores acquired |  | 17 |  |  | 15 |
Number of stores opened |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired |  | $ | 374,026 |  |  | $ | 400,558 |
Less: Borrowings on floor plan notes payable: non-trade associated with acquired new vehicle inventory |  | (120,899 | ) |  | (85,527 | )
Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired – adjusted |  | $ | 253,127 |  |  | $ | 315,031 |

We evaluate potential capital investments primarily based on targeted rates of return on assets and return on our net equity investment.
Other Investments
During the third quarter of 2018 we entered into a strategic partnership with Shift Technologies, Inc., a San Francisco-based digital retailer. Shift provides an innovative platform to consumers for a digital vehicle purchase and selling experience, providing vehicle pickup and delivery at a customer’s location. We invested $54 million, leading the series D fundraising round and becoming the largest shareholder.
Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities, adjusted for borrowing on floor plan facilities: non-trade was as follows:

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Decrease
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | in Cash Flow
Cash provided by financing activities, as reported |  | $ | 109,494 |  |  | $ | 192,676 |  |  | $ | (83,182 | )
Adjust: Repayments (borrowings) on floor plan notes payable: non-trade |  | (61,705 | ) |  | (34,056 | ) |  | (27,649 | )
Cash provided by (used in) financing activities – adjusted |  | $ | 47,789 |  |  | $ | 158,620 |  |  | $ | (110,831 | )

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Below are highlights of significant activity related to our cash flows from financing activities, excluding net borrowings on floor plan notes payable: non-trade, which are discussed above:

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | in Cash Flow
Net borrowings (repayments) on lines of credit |  | $ | 104,268 |  |  | $ | (126,853 | ) |  | $ | 231,121 |
Principal payments on long-term debt and capital leases, unscheduled |  | (5,305 | ) |  | (46,471 | ) |  | 41,166 |
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt |  | 62,140 |  |  | 395,905 |  |  | (333,765 | )
Repurchases of common stock |  | (81,622 | ) |  | (31,521 | ) |  | (50,101 | )
Dividends paid |  | (20,915 | ) |  | (19,803 | ) |  | (1,112 | )

Equity Transactions
On February 25, 2016, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $250 million of our Class A common stock. We repurchased a total of 1,229,132 shares of our Class A common stock at an average price of $93.58 per share in the first nine months of 2018. This included 1,199,257 shares as part of the repurchase plan at an average price per share of $93.11 and 29,875 shares related to tax withholding on vesting RSUs at an average price of $112.19 per share. As of September 30, 2018, we had $50.9 million remaining available for repurchases and the authorization does not have an expiration date.
In October 2018, we repurchased 423,863 shares at a weighted average price of $76.85 per share and, as of October 26, 2018, under our existing share repurchase authorization, $18.3 million remained available for share repurchases.
In December 2017, we entered into a structured repurchase agreement involving the use of capped call options for the purchase of our Class A common stock. As of September 30, 2018, the capped call options had expired, and all outstanding options were settled.
In the first nine months of 2018, we declared and paid dividends on our Class A and Class B common stock as follows:

Dividend paid: |  | Dividend amount per share |  | Total amount of dividend (in thousands)
March 2018 |  | $ | 0.27 |  |  | $ | 6,759 |
May 2018 |  | $ | 0.29 |  |  | $ | 7,179 |
August 2018 |  | $ | 0.29 |  |  | $ | 6,977 |

We evaluate performance and make a recommendation to the Board of Directors on dividend payments on a quarterly basis.
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Summary of Outstanding Balances on Credit Facilities and Long-Term Debt
Below is a summary of our outstanding balances on credit facilities and long-term debt:

|  | As of September 30, 2018 |  |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Outstanding |  | Remaining Available |  |
Floor plan note payable: non-trade |  | $ | 1,820,241 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 1
Floor plan notes payable |  | 135,626 |  |  | — |  |  |
Used vehicle inventory financing facility |  | 316,000 |  |  | 2,000 |  |  | 2
Revolving lines of credit |  | 60,058 |  |  | 195,096 |  |  | 2, 3
Real estate mortgages |  | 623,885 |  |  | — |  |  |
5.25% Senior Subordinated Notes due 2025 |  | 300,000 |  |  | — |  |  |
Other debt |  | 27,403 |  |  | — |  |  |
Total debt outstanding |  | 3,283,213 |  |  | 197,096 |  |  |
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs |  | (6,438 | ) |  | — |  |  |
Total debt |  | $ | 3,276,775 |  |  | $ | 197,096 |  |  |

1 As of September 30, 2018, we had a $2.0 billion new vehicle floor plan commitment as part of our credit facility.
2 The amount available on the credit facility is limited based on a borrowing base calculation and fluctuates monthly.
3 Available credit is based on the borrowing base amount effective as of August 31, 2018. This amount is reduced by $11.3 million for outstanding letters of credit.
Credit Facility
Effective June 25, 2018, we amended our syndicated credit facility increasing the aggregate total financing commitment to $2.6 billion, an extending the term to July 2023. Our syndicated credit facility is comprised of 20 financial institutions, including seven manufacturer-affiliated finance companies.
We have the option to reallocate the commitments, provided that the used vehicle inventory floor plan financing commitment does not exceed 16.5% of aggregate commitments, the revolving loan commitment does not exceed 18.75% of aggregate commitments, and the sum of these commitments plus the new vehicle inventory floor plan financing commitment does not exceed the aggregate total financing commitment of $2.6 billion. Additionally, we may request an increase in the aggregate new vehicle floor plan commitment of up to $400 million provided that the aggregate commitment does not exceed $3.0 billion. All borrowings from, and repayments to, our lending group are presented in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as financing activities.
Our obligations under our revolving syndicated credit facility are secured by a substantial amount of our assets, including our inventory (including new and used vehicles, parts and accessories), equipment, accounts receivable (and other rights to payment) and our equity interests in certain of our subsidiaries. Under our revolving syndicated credit facility, our obligations relating to new vehicle floor plan loans are secured only by collateral owned by borrowers of new vehicle floor plan loans under the credit facility.
The interest rate on the credit facility, as amended, varies based on the type of debt, with the rate of one-month LIBOR plus 1.25% for new vehicle floor plan financing, one-month LIBOR plus 1.50% for used vehicle floor plan financing and a variable interest rate on the revolving financing ranging from the one-month LIBOR plus 1.25% to 2.25% depending on our leverage ratio. The annual interest rate associated with our new vehicle floor plan commitment was 3.51% at September 30, 2018. The annual interest rate associated with our used vehicle inventory financing facility and our revolving line of credit was 3.76% at September 30, 2018.
Under the terms of our credit facility we are subject to financial covenants and restrictive covenants that limit or restrict our incurring additional indebtedness, making investments, selling or acquiring assets and granting security interests in our assets.
Under our credit facility, we are required to maintain the ratios detailed in the following table:

Debt Covenant Ratio |  | Requirement |  | As of September 30, 2018
Current ratio |  | Not less than 1.10 to 1 |  | 1.28 to 1
Fixed charge coverage ratio |  | Not less than 1.20 to 1 |  | 2.35 to 1
Leverage ratio |  | Not more than 5.00 to 1 |  | 2.86 to 1

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As of September 30, 2018, we were in compliance with all covenants. We expect to remain in compliance with the financial and restrictive covenants in our credit facility and other debt agreements. However, no assurances can be provided that we will continue to remain in compliance with the financial and restrictive covenants.
If we do not meet the financial and restrictive covenants and are unable to remediate or cure the condition or obtain a waiver from our lenders, a breach would give rise to remedies under the agreement, the most severe of which are the termination of the agreement, acceleration of the amounts owed and the seizure and sale of our assets comprising the collateral for the loans. A breach would also trigger cross-defaults under other debt agreements.
Floor Plan Notes Payable
We have floor plan agreements with manufacturer-affiliated finance companies for new vehicles at certain stores and vehicles designated for use as service loaners. The variable interest rates on these floor plan notes payable commitments vary by manufacturer. At September 30, 2018, $135.6 million was outstanding on these arrangements. Borrowings from, and repayments to, manufacturer-affiliated finance companies are classified as operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
5.25% Senior Notes Due 2025
On July 24, 2017, we issued $300 million in aggregate principle amount of 5.25% Senior Notes due 2025 ("the Notes") to eligible purchasers in a private placement under Rule 144A and Regulation S of the Securities Act of 1933. Interest accrues on the Notes from July 24, 2017 and is payable semiannually on February 1 and August 1. The first interest payment was paid on February 1, 2018. We may redeem the Notes, in whole or in part, at any time prior to August 1, 2020 at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount plus a make-whole premium set forth in the Indenture and accrued and unpaid interest. After August 1, 2020, we may redeem some or all of the Notes subject to the redemption prices set forth in the Indenture. If we experience specific kinds of changes of control, as described in the Indenture, we must offer to repurchase the Notes at 101% of their principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of purchase.
We paid $5.0 million of underwriting and other fees in connection with this issuance, which is being amortized as interest expense over the term of the Notes. The Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, on a senior unsecured basis by each of our existing and future restricted subsidiaries that is a borrower under, or that guarantees obligations under, our credit facility or other indebtedness. The terms of the Notes, in certain circumstances, may restrict our ability to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness, pay dividends, repurchase our common stock, or merge, consolidate or sell all or substantially all our assets.
We used the net proceeds for general corporate purposes, which included funding acquisitions, capital expenditures, and debt repayment.
Real Estate Mortgages and Other Debt
We have mortgages associated with our owned real estate. Interest rates related to this debt ranged from 3.0% to 5.3% at September 30, 2018. The mortgages are payable in various installments through August 1, 2018. As of September 30, 2018, we had fixed interest rates on 70% of our outstanding mortgage debt.
Our other debt includes capital leases and sellers’ notes. The interest rates associated with our other debt ranged from 3.1% to 8.0% at September 30, 2018. This debt, which totaled $27.4 million at September 30, 2018, is due in various installments through December 2050.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 12 of the Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates
There have been no material changes in the critical accounting policies and use of estimates described in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 23, 2018.
See also Notes 2 and 13 of the Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional information including the impact of our January 1, 2018 adoption of accounting standards update ("ASU") 2014-09 "Revenue from Contracts with Customers."
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Seasonality and Quarterly Fluctuations
Historically, our sales have been lower in the first quarter of each year due to consumer purchasing patterns and inclement weather in certain of our markets. As a result, financial performance is expected to be lower during the first quarter than during the second, third and fourth quarters of each fiscal year. We believe that interest rates, levels of consumer debt, consumer confidence and manufacturer sales incentives, as well as general economic conditions, also contribute to fluctuations in sales and operating results.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a material current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
There have been no material changes in our reported market risks or risk management policies since the filing of our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 23, 2018.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We evaluated, with the participation and under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and that such information is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that has materially affected or is reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
We are party to numerous legal proceedings arising in the normal course of our business. Although we do not anticipate that the resolution of legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business will have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows, we cannot predict this with certainty.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Except for the risk factor set forth below, there have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The information in this Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the risk factors and information disclosed in that report, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 23, 2018.
Investments in start-up companies may be risky and may negatively affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
We recently entered into a strategic partnership with Shift, a San Francisco-based start-up company, by investing $54 million, leading their Series D fundraising round. Additionally, we have the ability to increase our ownership through successful execution of operational, collaborative milestones. These milestones may involve activities such as jointly participating in agreements or sharing data and technology with Shift. As a start-up company, Shift has a lack of operating history, is not subject to Sarbanes-Oxley regulations and may lack financial controls and procedures often found at public companies. There can be no guarantees that Shift will achieve profitability, raise sufficient funds for operations or continue to successfully develop their technology platform. Additionally, start-up companies often face risk from lawsuits and regulations. Our investment is subject to potential impairment if there are indications of an other-than-temporary decline in value and our strategic partnership may expose us to additional risk. There is no guarantee we will receive a return on our investment. These conditions may adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
We repurchased the following shares of our Class A common stock during the third quarter of 2018:

|  | Total number of shares purchased 2 |  | Average price paid per share |  | Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans 1 |  | Maximum dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under publicly announced plan (in thousands) 1
July |  | 317,071 |  |  | $ | 86.35 |  |  | 317,071 |  |  | $ | 71,193 |
August |  | 122,926 |  |  | 85.26 |  |  | 122,761 |  |  | 60,728 |
September |  | 118,839 |  |  | 82.76 |  |  | 118,839 |  |  | 50,892 |
|  | 558,836 |  |  | $ | 85.35 |  |  | 558,671 |  |  | $ | 50,892 |

1 Effective February 29, 2016, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $250 million of our Class A common stock. This authorization does not have an expiration date and it replaced the previous authorizations, which limited the number of shares we were authorized to repurchase.
2 Of the shares repurchased in the third quarter of 2018, 165 shares were related to tax withholdings on vesting RSUs.
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Item 6. Exhibits
The following exhibits are filed herewith and this list is intended to constitute the exhibit index.

3.1 | Restated Articles of Incorporation of Lithia Motors, Inc., as amended May 13, 1999 (incorporated by reference to exhibit 3.1 to our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1999).
3.2 | 2017 Amended and Restated Bylaws of Lithia Motors, Inc. (incorporated by reference to exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K dated April 28, 2017 and filed with Securities and Exchange Commission on May 3, 2017).
4.1 | Indenture, dated as of July 24, 2017, among Lithia Motors, Inc., the Guarantors and the Trustee (incorporated by reference to exhibit 4.1 to Form 8-K dated July 24, 2017 and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 24, 2017).
4.2 | Form of 5.250% Senior Notes due 2025 (included as part of Exhibit 4.1)(incorporated by reference to exhibit 4.1 to Form 8-K dated July 24, 2017 and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 24, 2017).
10.1 | First Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Loan Agreement dated August 31, 2018.
31.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
31.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
32.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350.
32.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350.
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Date: October 26, 2018 | LITHIA MOTORS, INC.
| By: /s/ John F. North III
| John F. North III
| Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
| (Duly Authorized Officer and Principal Financial and
| Accounting Officer)

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