| Intangible assets and goodwill |
Intangible assets and goodwill Intangible assets The gross carrying amount and associated accumulated amortization of intangible assets were as follows: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | October 31, 2023 | | (in thousands) | Gross carrying amount | | Accumulated amortization | | Net carrying amount | | Amortizable intangible assets: | | | | | | | Software and software development costs | $ | 257,863 | | | $ | (186,405) | | | $ | 71,458 | | | Acquired HSA portfolios | 264,445 | | | (76,654) | | | 187,791 | | | Acquired customer relationships | 759,782 | | | (192,203) | | | 567,579 | | | Acquired developed technology | 132,825 | | | (99,210) | | | 33,615 | | | Acquired trade names | 12,900 | | | (12,829) | | | 71 | | | Total amortizable intangible assets | $ | 1,427,815 | | | $ | (567,301) | | | $ | 860,514 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | January 31, 2023 | | (in thousands) | Gross carrying amount | | Accumulated amortization | | Net carrying amount | | Amortizable intangible assets: | | | | | | | Software and software development costs | $ | 233,194 | | | $ | (152,178) | | | $ | 81,016 | | | Acquired HSA portfolios | 261,188 | | | (63,547) | | | 197,641 | | | Acquired customer relationships | 759,782 | | | (153,434) | | | 606,348 | | | Acquired developed technology | 132,825 | | | (81,692) | | | 51,133 | | | Acquired trade names | 12,900 | | | (12,679) | | | 221 | | | Total amortizable intangible assets | $ | 1,399,889 | | | $ | (463,530) | | | $ | 936,359 | |
Amortization expense for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 was $36.0 million and $37.6 million, respectively, and $108.8 million and $111.4 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Goodwill There were no changes to the carrying value of goodwill during the nine months ended October 31, 2023.
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