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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(MARK ONE)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2022

or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 0-23621

MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Massachusetts | 04-2277512
(State or other jurisdiction | (I.R.S. Employer
of incorporation or organization) | Identification No.)
2 Tech Drive, Suite 201, Andover, Massachusetts | 01810
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code (978) 645-5500

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, no par value |  | MKSI |  | Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer |  | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer |  | ☐
Non-accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ☐
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company |  | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of April 21, 2022, the registrant had 55,659,383 shares of common stock outstanding.

MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.

FORM 10-Q

INDEX

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
| ITEM 1. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited). | 3
|  | Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets – March 31, 2022 and December 31, 202 1 | 3
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income – Three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 | 4
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity – Three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 | 5
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows – Three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 | 6
|  | Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 7
| ITEM 2. | MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS. | 28
| ITEM 3. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK. | 39
| ITEM 4. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES. | 39
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
| ITEM 1. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS. | 40
| ITEM 1A. | RISK FACTORS. | 40
| ITEM 6. | EXHIBITS. | 41
SIGNATURES | 42

2

PART I. FINANCI AL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCI AL STATEMENTS.

MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDA TED BALANCE SHEETS

(in millions, except per share data)

(Unaudited)

ASSETS |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 1,011 |  |  | $ | 966 |
Short-term investments |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | 76 |
Trade accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $3 and $4 at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively |  |  | 480 |  |  |  | 443 |
Inventories |  |  | 636 |  |  |  | 577 |
Other current assets |  |  | 89 |  |  |  | 85 |
Total current assets |  |  | 2,258 |  |  |  | 2,147 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 331 |  |  |  | 326 |
Right-of-use assets |  |  | 180 |  |  |  | 184 |
Goodwill |  |  | 1,227 |  |  |  | 1,228 |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | 561 |  |  |  | 576 |
Other assets |  |  | 92 |  |  |  | 79 |
Total assets |  | $ | 4,649 |  |  | $ | 4,540 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term debt |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 9 |
Accounts payable |  |  | 173 |  |  |  | 168 |
Accrued compensation |  |  | 72 |  |  |  | 132 |
Income taxes payable |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | 25 |
Lease liabilities |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 18 |
Deferred revenue and customer advances |  |  | 46 |  |  |  | 37 |
Other current liabilities |  |  | 82 |  |  |  | 71 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 436 |  |  |  | 460 |
Long-term debt, net |  |  | 806 |  |  |  | 808 |
Non-current deferred taxes |  |  | 103 |  |  |  | 99 |
Non-current accrued compensation |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | 49 |
Non-current lease liabilities |  |  | 189 |  |  |  | 193 |
Other non-current liabilities |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | 44 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 1,622 |  |  |  | 1,653 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 17) |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders' equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value per share, 2 shares authorized; none issued and outstanding |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Common Stock, no par value, 200 shares authorized; 55.6 and 55.5 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 909 |  |  |  | 907 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 2,122 |  |  |  | 1,991 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | (11 | )
Total stockholders' equity |  |  | 3,027 |  |  |  | 2,887 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity |  | $ | 4,649 |  |  | $ | 4,540 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED S TATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(in millions, except per share data)

(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Net revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |
Products |  | $ | 648 |  |  | $ | 605 |
Services |  |  | 94 |  |  |  | 89 |
Total net revenues |  |  | 742 |  |  |  | 694 |
Cost of revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |
Products |  |  | 360 |  |  |  | 323 |
Services |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | 49 |
Total cost of revenues (exclusive of amortization shown separately below) |  |  | 408 |  |  |  | 372 |
Gross profit |  |  | 334 |  |  |  | 322 |
Research and development |  |  | 52 |  |  |  | 47 |
Selling, general and administrative |  |  | 92 |  |  |  | 96 |
Acquisition and integration costs |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 6 |
Restructuring and other |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 5 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 12 |
Gain on sale of long-lived assets |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | — |
Income from operations |  |  | 172 |  |  |  | 156 |
Interest expense |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 6 |
Other (income) expense, net |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | 2 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 171 |  |  |  | 148 |
Provision for income taxes |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 26 |
Net income |  | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | 122 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |
Changes in value of financial instruments designated as cash flow hedges |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 11 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | (10 | ) |  |  | (19 | )
Total comprehensive income |  | $ | 150 |  |  | $ | 114 |
Net income per share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 2.58 |  |  | $ | 2.21 |
Diluted |  | $ | 2.57 |  |  | $ | 2.20 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 55.6 |  |  |  | 55.3 |
Diluted |  |  | 55.8 |  |  |  | 55.6 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEM ENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

(in millions, except per share data)

(Unaudited)

|  | Common Stock |  |  | Additional Paid-In |  |  | Retained |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive |  |  | Total Stockholders’ |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Capital |  |  | Earnings |  |  | Loss |  |  | Equity |
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 55.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 907 |  |  | $ | 1,991 |  |  | $ | (11 | ) |  | $ | 2,887 |
Net issuance under stock-based plans |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |
Cash dividend ($0.22 per common share) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (12 | )
Comprehensive income (net of tax): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 143 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 143 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 7 |
Balance at March 31, 2022 |  |  | 55.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 909 |  |  | $ | 2,122 |  |  | $ | (4 | ) |  | $ | 3,027 |

|  | Common Stock |  |  | Additional Paid-In |  |  | Retained |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive |  |  | Total Stockholders’ |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Capital |  |  | Earnings |  |  | Loss |  |  | Equity |
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  |  | 55.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 873 |  |  | $ | 1,488 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,361 |
Net issuance under stock-based plans |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |
Cash dividend ($0.20 per common share) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (11 | )
Comprehensive income (net of tax): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 122 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 122 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (8 | )
Balance at March 31, 2021 |  |  | 55.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 878 |  |  | $ | 1,599 |  |  | $ | (8 | ) |  | $ | 2,469 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED S TATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in millions)

(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | 122 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 24 |
Unrealized loss on derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | — |
Gain on sale of long-lived assets |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | — |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 10 |
Provision for excess and obsolete inventory |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 5 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | 10 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade accounts receivable |  |  | (40 | ) |  |  | (33 | )
Inventories |  |  | (66 | ) |  |  | (24 | )
Other current and non-current assets |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | 6 |
Accounts payable |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 37 |
Current and non-current accrued compensation |  |  | (60 | ) |  |  | (42 | )
Income taxes payable |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | — |
Other current and non-current liabilities |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 12 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 127 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of investments |  |  | — |  |  |  | (185 | )
Maturities of investments |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 95 |
Sales of investments |  |  | — |  |  |  | 108 |
Proceeds from sale of long-lived assets |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | — |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  | (27 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | (9 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from borrowings |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 1 |
Payments of borrowings |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (8 | )
Dividend payments |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | (11 | )
Net payments related to employee stock awards |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | (5 | )
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  | (17 | ) |  |  | (23 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (3 | )
Increase in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 92 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  |  | 966 |  |  |  | 608 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 1,011 |  |  | $ | 700 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

6

MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(in millions, except per share data)

1)
Basis of P resentation

The terms "MKS" and the "Company" refer to MKS Instruments, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The interim financial data as of March 31, 2022, and for the three months ended March 31, 2022, are unaudited; however, in the opinion of MKS, the interim data includes all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods. The condensed consolidated balance sheet presented as of December 31, 2021 has been derived from the consolidated audited financial statements as of that date. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements presented herein have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and do not include all of the information and note disclosures required by United States generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP"). The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the MKS Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2022.

The preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an on-going basis, management evaluates its estimates and judgments, including those related to revenue recognition, inventory valuation, warranty costs, stock-based compensation, intangible assets, goodwill, other long-lived assets and other acquisition expenses and income taxes. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

In the first quarter of 2022, MKS updated the names of its three divisions in order to simplify its naming convention. These three divisions, formerly known as the Vacuum & Analysis Division, the Light & Motion Division and the Equipment & Solutions Division, are now referred to as the Vacuum Solutions Division ("VSD"), the Photonics Solutions Division ("PSD") and the Equipment Solutions Division ("ESD"), respectively. MKS' reportable segments continue to be its three divisions.

2) Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Contract assets as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were immaterial. A roll-forward of the Company's deferred revenue and customer advances is as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | March 31, 2021 |
Beginning balance, January 1(1) |  | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | 37 |
Additions to deferred revenue and customer advances |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | 25 |
Amount of deferred revenue and customer advances recognized in income |  |  | (60 | ) |  |  | (22 | )
Ending balance, March 31(2) |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 40 |

(1)
Beginning deferred revenue and customer advances as of January 1, 2022 included $16 of current deferred revenue, $3 of long-term deferred revenue and $21 of current customer advances. Beginning deferred revenue and customer advances as of January 1, 2021 included $18 of current deferred revenue, $6 of long-term deferred revenue and $13 of current customer advances.
(2)
Ending deferred revenue and customer advances as of March 31, 2022 included $17 of current deferred revenue, $2 of long-term deferred revenue and $29 of current customer advances. Ending deferred revenue and customer advances as of March 31, 2021 included $17 of current deferred revenue, $5 of long-term deferred revenue and $18 of current customer advances.

7

MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(in millions, except per share data)

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table summarizes revenue from contracts with customers:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 |
|  | VSD |  |  | PSD |  |  | ESD |  |  | Total |
Net revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Products |  | $ | 416 |  |  | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 648 |
Services |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 94 |
Total net revenues |  | $ | 474 |  |  | $ | 228 |  |  | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | 742 |

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 |
|  | VSD |  |  | PSD |  |  | ESD |  |  | Total |
Net revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Products |  | $ | 379 |  |  | $ | 165 |  |  | $ | 61 |  |  | $ | 605 |
Services |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 89 |
Total net revenues |  | $ | 436 |  |  | $ | 182 |  |  | $ | 76 |  |  | $ | 694 |

Product revenue, excluding revenue from certain custom products, is recorded at a point in time, while the majority of service revenue and revenue from certain custom products is recorded over time.

3) Investments

The following tables show the gross unrealized gains and (losses) aggregated by investment category for available-for-sale investments:

As of March 31, 2022: |  | Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized (Losses) |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
Short-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Time deposits and certificates of deposit |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14 |
Commercial paper |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 15 |
Corporate obligations |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |
U.S. treasury obligations |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12 |
|  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 42 |

As of March 31, 2022: |  | Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized (Losses) |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
Long-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Group insurance contracts |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6 |

As of December 31, 2021: |  | Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized (Losses) |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
Short-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Time deposits and certificates of deposit |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 22 |
Commercial paper |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 42 |
U.S. treasury obligations |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11 |
U.S. agency obligations |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |
|  | $ | 76 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 76 |

As of December 31, 2021: |  | Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized (Losses) |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
Long-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Group insurance contracts |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6 |

8

MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(in millions, except per share data)

Management has the ability to liquidate the Company's investments in order to meet the Company's liquidity needs in the next 12 months. Accordingly, those investments with contractual maturities greater than one year from the date of purchase are classified as short-term on the accompanying balance sheets.

Interest income is accrued as earned. Dividend income is recognized as income on the date the security trades "ex-dividend." The cost of marketable securities sold is determined by the specific identification method. Realized gains or losses are reflected in income and were not material for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.

4) Fair Value Measurements

In accordance with the provisions of fair value accounting, a fair value measurement assumes that the transaction to sell an asset or transfer a liability occurs in the principal market for the asset or liability or, in the absence of a principal market, the most advantageous market for the asset or liability and defines fair value based upon an exit price model.

The fair value measurement guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The guidance describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1 Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the reporting date. Active markets are those in which transactions for the asset or liability occur in sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.

Level 2 Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 2 assets and liabilities include debt securities with quoted prices that are traded less frequently than exchange-traded instruments or securities or derivative contracts that are valued using a pricing model with inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3 Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the Company categorizes such assets and liabilities based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company's assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.

9

MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(in millions, except per share data)

Assets and liabilities of the Company are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2022 and are summarized as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using |
Description |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets or Liabilities (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds |  | $ | 265 |  |  | $ | 265 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Available-for-sale investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Time deposits and certificates of deposit |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | — |
Commercial paper |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | — |
Corporate obligations |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury obligations |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | — |
Group insurance contracts |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | — |
Derivatives – foreign exchange forward contracts |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | — |
Derivatives – interest rate hedge-non-current |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |  |
Funds in investments and other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Israeli pension assets |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | — |
Total assets |  | $ | 365 |  |  | $ | 265 |  |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives – interest rate hedge – current |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |
Reported as follows: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents |  | $ | 265 |  |  | $ | 265 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Short-term investments |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | — |
Other current assets |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | — |
Total current assets |  | $ | 314 |  |  | $ | 265 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | — |
Other assets |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |

10

MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(in millions, except per share data)

Assets and liabilities of the Company are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2021 and are summarized as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using |
Description |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets or Liabilities (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. treasury obligations |  |  | 175 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 175 |  |  |  | — |
Available-for-sale investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Time deposits and certificates of deposit |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | — |
Commercial paper |  |  | 42 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 42 |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury obligations |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | — |
U.S. agency obligations |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |
Group insurance contracts |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | — |
Derivatives-foreign exchange forward contracts |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | — |
Derivatives-foreign currency options |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | — |
Derivatives-interest rate hedge-non-current |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | — |
Funds in investments and other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Israeli pension assets |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | — |
Total assets |  | $ | 347 |  |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 292 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives-foreign exchange forward contracts |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |
Derivatives – interest rate hedge - non-current |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | — |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | — |
Reported as follows: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents |  | $ | 230 |  |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 175 |  |  | $ | — |
Short-term investments |  |  | 76 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 76 |  |  |  | — |
Other current assets |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  |
Total current assets |  | $ | 312 |  |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | — |
Other assets |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other current liabilities |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |
Other liabilities |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | — |

Money Market Funds

Money market funds are cash equivalents and are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.

Available-For-Sale Investments

The Company measures its debt and equity investments at fair value. The Company's available-for-sale investments are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

11

MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(in millions, except per share data)

Israeli Pension Assets

Israeli pension assets represent investments in mutual funds, government securities and other time deposits. These investments are set aside for the retirement benefit of the employees of the Company's Israeli subsidiaries. These funds are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Derivatives

As a result of the Company's global operating activities, the Company is exposed to market risks from changes in foreign currency exchange rates and variable interest rates, which may adversely affect its operating results and financial position. When deemed appropriate, the Company minimizes its risks from foreign currency exchange rate and interest rate fluctuations through the use of derivative financial instruments. The principal market in which the Company executes its foreign currency contracts and options and interest rate swaps is the institutional market in an over-the-counter environment with a relatively high level of price transparency. The market participants are typically large commercial banks. The foreign exchange forward contracts and options and interest rate swaps are valued using broker quotations or market transactions and are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

5) Derivatives

The Company enters into derivative instruments for risk management purposes only, including derivatives designated as hedging instruments and those utilized as economic hedges. The Company operates internationally and, in the normal course of business, is exposed to fluctuations in interest rates and foreign exchange rates. These fluctuations can increase the costs of financing, investing and operating the business. The Company has used derivative instruments, such as foreign exchange forward contracts and options, to manage certain foreign currency exposure, and interest rate swaps to manage interest rate exposure.

By nature, all financial instruments involve market and credit risks. The Company enters into derivative instruments with major investment grade financial institutions, for which no collateral is required. The Company has policies to monitor the credit risk of these counterparties. While there can be no assurance, the Company does not anticipate any material non-performance by any of these counterparties.

Foreign Exchange Forward Contracts

The Company hedges a portion of its forecasted foreign currency-denominated intercompany sales of inventory, over a maximum period of eighteen months, using foreign exchange forward contracts accounted for as cash-flow hedges related to British, Euro, Japanese, South Korean and Taiwanese currencies. To the extent these derivatives are effective in off-setting the variability of the hedged cash flows, and otherwise meet the hedge accounting criteria, changes in the derivatives' fair value are not included in current earnings but are included in other comprehensive income ("OCI") in stockholders' equity. These changes in fair value will subsequently be reclassified into earnings, as applicable, when the forecasted transaction occurs. To the extent that a previously designated hedging transaction is no longer an effective hedge, any ineffectiveness measured in the hedging relationship is recorded in earnings in the period it occurs. The cash flows resulting from foreign exchange forward contracts are classified in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows as part of cash flows from operating activities. The Company does not enter into derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had outstanding foreign exchange forward contracts with gross notional values of $155 and $241, respectively. The following tables provide a summary of the primary net hedging positions and corresponding fair values held as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

|  | March 31, 2022 |
Currency Hedged (Buy/Sell) |  | Gross Notional Value |  |  | Fair Value(1) |
U.S. dollar/Japanese yen |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 3 |
U.S. dollar/South Korean won |  |  | 72 |  |  |  | 2 |
U.S. dollar/Euro |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 1 |
U.S. dollar/U.K. pound sterling |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | — |
U.S. dollar/Taiwan dollar |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | 1 |
Total |  | $ | 155 |  |  | $ | 7 |

12

MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(in millions, except per share data)

|  | December 31, 2021 |
Currency Hedged (Buy/Sell) |  | Gross Notional Value |  |  | Fair Value(1) |
U.S. dollar/Japanese yen |  | $ | 60 |  |  | $ | 2 |
U.S. dollar/South Korean won |  |  | 108 |  |  |  | 1 |
U.S. dollar/Euro |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | — |
U.S. dollar/U.K. pound sterling |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | — |
U.S. dollar/Taiwan dollar |  |  | 47 |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 241 |  |  | $ | 3 |

(1)
Represents receivable amount included in other current assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

The foreign exchange forward contracts are subject to a master netting agreement with one financial institution. However, the Company has elected to record these contracts on a gross basis in the consolidated balance sheet.

Interest Rate Swap Agreements

The Company entered into interest rate swap agreements that exchange the variable LIBOR interest rate paid on the outstanding balance of its Term Loan Facility, as defined and further described in Note 9, to a fixed rate. The table below summarizes interest rate hedges outstanding at December 31, 2021 and March 31, 2022:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
Trade Date |  | Effective Date |  | Maturity |  | Fixed Rate |  |  | Notional Amount at Effective Date |  |  | Notional Amount |  |  | Fair Value Asset (Liability) |  |  | Fair Value Asset (Liability) |
April 3, 2019 |  | April 5, 2019 |  | March 31, 2023 |  |  | 2.309 | % |  | $ | 200 |  |  | $ | 200 |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | (5 | )
October 29, 2020 |  | October 26, 2021 |  | February 28, 2025 |  |  | 0.485 | % |  | $ | 200 |  |  | $ | 200 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 4 |
October 29, 2020 |  | March 31, 2022 |  | February 28, 2025 |  |  | 0.623 | % |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 100 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 5 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 4 |

The interest rate swaps are recorded at fair value on the balance sheet and changes in the fair value are recognized in OCI. To the extent these arrangements are no longer effective hedges, any ineffectiveness measured in the hedging relationships is recorded immediately in earnings in the period it occurs.

The net amount of existing gains as of March 31, 2022 expected to be reclassified from OCI into earnings within the next 12 months is immaterial.

Currency Option Agreements

In connection with financing the proposed acquisition of Atotech Limited ("Atotech"), the Company expected to issue EUR 500 in term loan debt. The Company purchased foreign currency option contracts to fix the conversion of EUR 300 into U.S. dollars and the options settled on January 31, 2022, as noted below:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
Trade Date |  | Effective Date |  | Maturity |  | Fixed Rate |  | Notional Amount in EUR |  |  | Notional Amount in U.S. dollars |  |  | Fair Value Asset (Liability) |  |  | Fair Value Asset (Liability) |
October 26, 2021 |  | October 26, 2021 |  | January 31, 2022 |  | 1.1615 |  | € | 300 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |

13

MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(in millions, except per share data)

The currency options were recorded at fair value on the balance sheet and changes in the fair value were recognized immediately in earnings. The fair value asset was classified in other current assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheet. The Company recorded a gain of $5 in 2022, net of premiums, which is included in other (income) expense, net.

The following table provides a summary of the gains (losses) on derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Foreign exchange forward contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net gains recognized in accumulated OCI |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 11 |
Net gains (losses) reclassified from accumulated OCI into income |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (2 | )

The following table provides a summary of the gains (losses) on derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Foreign exchange forward contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net gains (losses) recognized in income(1) |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | (1 | )

(1)
The Company enters into foreign exchange forward contracts to hedge against changes in the balance sheet for certain subsidiaries to mitigate the risk associated with certain foreign currency transactions in the ordinary course of business. These derivatives are not designated as cash flow hedging instruments and gains or losses from these derivatives are recorded immediately in other (income) expense, net.

6) Inventories

Inventories consist of the following:

|  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
Raw materials |  | $ | 446 |  |  | $ | 394 |
Work-in-process |  |  | 86 |  |  |  | 83 |
Finished goods |  |  | 104 |  |  |  | 100 |
|  | $ | 636 |  |  | $ | 577 |

7) Leases

The Company has various operating leases for real estate and non-real estate items. Non-real estate leases are mainly comprised of automobiles, but also include office equipment and other lower-valued items. The Company does not have any finance leases. As most of the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate, an incremental borrowing rate is used based on the estimated rate of interest for collateralized borrowing over a similar term of the lease payments at commencement date.

The elements of lease expense were as follows:

|  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Lease cost: |  |  |  |
Operating lease | $ | 7 |  | $ | 8 |
Short-term lease |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Total lease cost | $ | 8 |  | $ | 9 |

The weighted average discount rate and the weighted average remaining lease term were 3.0% and 13.9 years, respectively, as of March 31, 2022. The weighted average discount rate and weighted average remaining lease term were 2.9% and 14.8 years, respectively, as of March 31, 2021. Operating cash flows used for operating leases for the three months ended

14

MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(in millions, except per share data)

March 31, 2022 and 2021 were $5 and $4, respectively. Operating cash flows used for operating leases for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 were net of $1 and $4, respectively, in tenant improvement allowance receipts.

Future lease payments under non-cancelable leases as of March 31, 2022 are detailed as follows:

2022 (remaining) |  | $ | 19 |
2023 |  |  | 24 |
2024 |  |  | 22 |
2025 |  |  | 19 |
2026 |  |  | 17 |
Thereafter |  |  | 157 |
Total lease payments |  |  | 258 |
Less: imputed interest |  |  | 50 |
Total operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 208 |

The remaining 2022 lease payment amount includes an immaterial amount of tenant improvement allowances. Amounts presented above do not include payments relating to immaterial leases excluded from the balance sheet, as these operating leases had terms of less than twelve months.

8) Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill

The Company's methodology for allocating the purchase price relating to purchase acquisitions is determined through established and generally accepted valuation techniques. Goodwill is measured as the excess of the cost of the acquisition over the sum of the amounts assigned to tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired less liabilities assumed. The Company assigns assets acquired (including goodwill) and liabilities assumed to one or more reporting units as of the date of acquisition. Typically acquisitions relate to a single reporting unit and thus do not require the allocation of goodwill to multiple reporting units. If the products obtained in an acquisition are assigned to multiple reporting units, the goodwill is distributed to the respective reporting units as part of the purchase price allocation process.

Goodwill and purchased intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized but are reviewed for impairment annually during the fourth quarter of each fiscal year and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. The process of evaluating the potential impairment of goodwill and intangible assets requires significant judgment. The Company regularly monitors current business conditions and other factors including, but not limited to, adverse industry or economic trends, restructuring actions and lower projections of profitability that may impact future operating results.

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill and accumulated impairment loss during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and twelve months ended December 31, 2021 were as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 |  |  | Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2021 |
|  | Gross Carrying Amount |  |  | Accumulated Impairment Loss |  |  | Net |  |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  |  | Accumulated Impairment Loss |  |  | Net |
Beginning balance at January 1 |  | $ | 1,373 |  |  | $ | (145 | ) |  | $ | 1,228 |  |  | $ | 1,211 |  |  | $ | (145 | ) |  | $ | 1,066 |
Acquired goodwill(1) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 168 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 168 |
Foreign currency translation |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (6 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | 1,372 |  |  | $ | (145 | ) |  | $ | 1,227 |  |  | $ | 1,373 |  |  | $ | (145 | ) |  | $ | 1,228 |

(1)
During the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded goodwill related to the acquisition of Photon Control Inc. ("Photon Control").

15

MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(in millions, except per share data)

Intangible Assets

Components of the Company's intangible assets are comprised of the following:

As of March 31, 2022: |  | Gross |  |  | Accumulated Impairment Charges |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Foreign Currency Translation |  |  | Net |
Completed technology |  | $ | 556 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (251 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 305 |
Customer relationships |  |  | 318 |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (128 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 187 |
Patents, trademarks, trade names and other |  |  | 123 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (54 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 69 |
|  | $ | 997 |  |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | (433 | ) |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 561 |

As of December 31, 2021: |  | Gross |  |  | Accumulated Impairment Charges |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Foreign Currency Translation |  |  | Net |
Completed technology(1) |  | $ | 556 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (242 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 314 |
Customer relationships(1) |  |  | 318 |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (124 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 192 |
Patents, trademarks, trade names and other(1) |  |  | 123 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (52 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 70 |
|  | $ | 997 |  |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | (418 | ) |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 576 |

(1)
During the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded $121 of separately identified intangible assets related to its acquisition of Photon Control, representing $110 in completed technology, $9 in customer relationships and $2 in patents, trademarks, trade names and other.

Aggregate amortization expense related to acquired intangible assets for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 was $15 and $12, respectively. Aggregate net amortization expense related to acquired intangible assets for future years is as follows:

Year |  | Amount |
2022 (remaining) |  | $ | 45 |
2023 |  |  | 58 |
2024 |  |  | 57 |
2025 |  |  | 56 |
2026 |  |  | 53 |
2027 |  |  | 52 |
Thereafter |  |  | 184 |

The table above excludes $56 of indefinite-lived trademarks and trade names that were not subject to amortization.

9) Debt

The Company's outstanding debt is as follows:

|  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
Short-term debt: |  |  |  |  |  |
Term Loan Facility |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 9 |
Japanese lines of credit |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | — |
Total short-term debt |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 9 |

|  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
Long-term debt: |  |  |  |  |  |
Term Loan Facility, net(1) |  | $ | 806 |  |  | $ | 808 |

16

MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(in millions, except per share data)

(1)
Net of deferred financing fees, original issuance discount and repricing fees in the aggregate amount of $7 and $8 as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

The Company recognized interest expense of $6 for each of the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Senior Secured Term Loan Credit Facility

In connection with the completion of the acquisition of Newport Corporation ("Newport") in 2016 (the "Newport Merger"), the Company entered into a term loan credit agreement (as amended, the "Term Loan Credit Agreement") with Barclays Bank PLC, as administrative agent and collateral agent, and the lenders from time to time party thereto, which provided a senior secured term loan credit facility (the "Term Loan Facility") in the original principal amount of $780. The Company has entered into seven amendments to the Term Loan Credit Agreement since 2016. The Term Loan Facility is subject to increase at the Company's option and subject to receipt of lender commitments in accordance with the Term Loan Credit Agreement. The maturity date of the Term Loan Facility is February 2, 2026. As of March 31, 2022, borrowings under the Term Loan Facility​​​​​​​ bear interest per annum at one of the following rates selected by the Company: (a) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (1) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.50%, (2) the "prime rate" quoted in The Wall Street Journal, (3) a LIBOR rate determined by reference to the costs of funds for U.S. dollar deposits for an interest period of one month adjusted for certain additional costs, plus 1.00%, and (4) a floor of 1.00%, plus, in each case, an applicable margin of 0.75%; or (b) a LIBOR rate determined by reference to the costs of funds for U.S. dollar deposits for the interest period relevant to such borrowing adjusted for certain additional costs, subject to a LIBOR rate floor of 0.0%, plus an applicable margin of 1.75%. The Company has elected the interest rate as described in clause (b) of the foregoing sentence. The Term Loan Credit Agreement provides that, unless an alternate rate of interest is agreed, all loans will be determined by reference to the base rate if the LIBOR rate cannot be ascertained, if regulators impose material restrictions on the authority of a lender to make LIBOR rate loans, or for other reasons.

Under the Term Loan Credit Agreement, the Company has the ability to incur additional incremental debt facilities in an amount up to (x) the greater of (1) $600 and (2) 100% of consolidated EBITDA, plus (y) an amount equal to the sum of all voluntary prepayments of term loans under the Term Loan Facility, plus (z) an additional unlimited amount subject to pro forma compliance with a secured leverage ratio test of 3.25:1.00.

The Company is required to make scheduled quarterly amortization payments each equal to 0.25% of the original principal amount of the Term Loan Facility.

As of March 31, 2022, after giving effect to all amendments and repayments prior to such date, the outstanding principal amount of the Term Loan Facility was $822, and the interest rate was 2.0%.

Under the Term Loan Credit Agreement, the Company is required to prepay outstanding term loans, subject to certain exceptions, with portions of its annual excess cash flow as well as with the net cash proceeds of certain of its asset sales, certain casualty and condemnation events and the incurrence or issuance of certain debt.

All obligations under the Term Loan Facility are guaranteed by certain of the Company's domestic subsidiaries and are secured by substantially all of the Company's assets and the assets of such subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions and exclusions.

The Term Loan Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants and provisions relating to events of default. If an event of default occurs, the lenders under the Term Loan Facility will be entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of amounts due under the Term Loan Facility and all actions generally permitted to be taken by a secured creditor. At March 31, 2022, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the Term Loan Credit Agreement.

Senior Secured Asset-Based Revolving Credit Facility

In February 2019, in connection with the completion of the acquisition of Electro Scientific Industries, Inc. (the "ESI Merger"), the Company entered into an asset-based revolving credit agreement with Barclays Bank PLC, as administrative agent and collateral agent, the other borrowers from time to time party thereto, and the lenders and letters of credit issuers from time to time party thereto (the "ABL Credit Agreement"), that provides a senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility of up to $100, subject to a borrowing base limitation (the "ABL Facility"). The Company has entered into two amendments to the ABL Credit Agreement since 2019. As of March 31, 2022, after giving effect to all amendments, the borrowing base for the ABL Facility at any time equals the sum of: (a) 85% of certain eligible accounts; plus (b) prior to certain notice and field examination and appraisal requirements, the lesser of (i) 20% of net book value of eligible inventory in the United States and (ii) 30% of the borrowing base, and after the satisfaction of such requirements, the lesser of (i) the

17

MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(in millions, except per share data)

lesser of (A) 65% of the lower of cost or market value of certain eligible inventory and (B) 85% of the net orderly liquidation value of certain eligible inventory and (ii) 30% of the borrowing base; minus (c) reserves established by the administrative agent, in each case, subject to additional limitations and examination requirements for eligible accounts and eligible inventory acquired in an acquisition after February 1, 2019. The ABL Facility includes borrowing capacity in the form of letters of credit up to $25. The Company has not borrowed against the ABL Facility to date.

As of March 31, 2022, borrowings under the ABL Facility bear interest at a rate per annum equal to, at the Company's option, any of the following, plus, in each case, an applicable margin: (a) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (1) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.50%, (2) the "prime rate" quoted in The Wall Street Journal, (3) a LIBOR rate determined by reference to the costs of funds for U.S. dollar deposits for an interest period of one month adjusted for certain additional costs, plus 1.00% and (4) a floor of 0.00%, plus, in each case, an applicable margin ranging from 0.25% to 0.50%; and (b) a LIBOR rate determined by reference to the costs of funds for U.S. dollar deposits for the interest period relevant to such borrowing adjusted for certain additional costs, with a floor of 0.00%, plus, in each case, an applicable margin ranging from 1.25% to 1.50%. The applicable margin for borrowings thereunder is subject to upward or downward adjustment each fiscal quarter, based on the average historical excess availability during the preceding quarter.

In addition to paying interest on any outstanding principal under the ABL Facility, the Company is required to pay a commitment fee in respect of the unutilized commitments thereunder equal to 0.25% per annum. The Company must also pay customary letter of credit fees and agency fees.

Under the ABL Facility, the Company is required to prepay amounts outstanding under the ABL Facility (1) if amounts outstanding under the ABL Facility exceed the lesser of (a) the commitment amount and (b) the borrowing base, in an amount required to reduce such shortfall, (2) if amounts outstanding under the ABL Facility in any currency other than U.S. dollars exceed the sublimit for such currency, in an amount required to reduce such shortfall, and (3) during any period in which the Company has excess availability less than the greater of (a) 10.0% of the lesser of (x) the commitment amount and (y) the borrowing base (the "Line Cap") and (b) $9 for 3 consecutive business days, until the time when the Company has excess availability equal to or greater than the greater of (A) 10.0% of the Line Cap and (B) $9 for 30 consecutive days, or during the continuance of an event of default, with immediately available funds in its blocked accounts.

There is no scheduled amortization under the ABL Facility. Any principal amount outstanding under the ABL Facility is due and payable in full on the fifth anniversary of the closing date, subject to a springing maturity in the event that term loans under the Term Loan Facility in an aggregate amount of at least $100 have an earlier maturity date than the ABL Facility.

All obligations under the ABL Facility are guaranteed by certain of the Company's domestic subsidiaries and are secured by substantially all of the Company's assets and the assets of such subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions and exclusions.

From the time when the Company has excess availability less than the greater of (a) 10.0% of the Line Cap and (b) $9 until the time when the Company has excess availability equal to or greater than the greater of (a) 10.0% of the Line Cap and (b) $9 for 30 consecutive days, or during the continuance of an event of default, the ABL Credit Agreement requires the Company to maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio, tested on the last day of each fiscal quarter, of at least 1.0 to 1.0.

The ABL Credit Agreement also contains customary representations and warranties, affirmative covenants and provisions relating to events of default. If an event of default occurs, the lenders under the ABL Facility will be entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of amounts due under the ABL Facility and all actions permitted to be taken by a secured creditor.

Lines of Credit and Borrowing Arrangements

The Company's Japanese subsidiaries have lines of credit and a financing facility with various financial institutions, many of which generally expire and are renewed at three-month intervals with the remaining having no expiration date. The lines of credit and financing facility provided for aggregate borrowings as of March 31, 2022 of up to an equivalent of $27. There was $3 outstanding under these arrangements at March 31, 2022.There were no borrowings outstanding under these arrangements at December 31, 2021.

Contractual maturities of the Company's debt obligations as of March 31, 2022 are as follows:

Year |  | Amount |
2022 (remaining) |  | $ | 10 |
2023 |  |  | 9 |
2024 |  |  | 9 |
2025 |  |  | 9 |
2026 |  |  | 788 |

18

MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(in millions, except per share data)

10) Product Warranties

The Company provides for the estimated costs to fulfill customer warranty obligations upon the recognition of the related revenue. While the Company engages in extensive product quality programs and processes, including actively monitoring and evaluating the quality of its component suppliers, the Company's warranty obligations are affected by shipment volume, product failure rates, utilization levels, material usage and supplier warranties on parts delivered to the Company. Should actual product failure rates, utilization levels, material usage, or supplier warranties on parts differ from the Company's estimates, revisions to the estimated warranty liability would be required.

Product warranty activities were as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Beginning of period |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 18 |
Provision for product warranties |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 11 |
Charges to warranty liability |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (7 | )
End of period(1) |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 22 |

(1)
As of March 31, 2022, short-term product warranties of $19 and long-term product warranties of $1 were included within other current liabilities and other non-current liabilities, respectively, within the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet. As of March 31, 2021, short-term product warranties of $19 and long-term product warranties of $3 were included within other current liabilities and other non-current liabilities, respectively, within the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet.

11) Income Taxes

The Company's effective tax rates for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 were 16.3% and 17.5%, respectively. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was lower than the U.S. statutory tax rate mainly due to the U.S. deduction for foreign derived intangible income ("FDII") and the geographic mix of income earned by the Company's international subsidiaries being taxed at rates lower than the U.S. statutory tax rate, offset by the U.S. global intangible low-taxed income ("GILTI") inclusion.

The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was lower than the U.S. statutory tax rate mainly due to the geographic mix of income earned by the Company's international subsidiaries being taxed at rates lower than the U.S. statutory tax rate, benefits of stock compensation, and the U.S. deduction for FDII offset by the U.S. tax effects of the U.S. GILTI inclusion and the write-off of deferred tax assets related to certain foreign net operating losses.

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits, which excludes interest and penalties, was $43 at each balance sheet date. The Company accrues interest expense, and if applicable, penalties, for any uncertain tax positions. Interest and penalties are classified as a component of income tax expense. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had accrued interest on unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $1 for each period.

Over the next 12 months it is reasonably possible that the Company may recognize approximately $4 of previously net unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, related to various U.S. federal and foreign tax positions, primarily as a result of the expiration of certain statutes of limitations.

The Company and its subsidiaries are subject to examination by U.S. federal, state and foreign tax authorities. The U.S. federal statute of limitations remains open for tax years 2017 through the present. The statute of limitations for the Company's tax filings in other jurisdictions varies between fiscal years 2016 through the present. The Company has certain federal credit carryforwards and state tax loss and credit carryforwards that are open to examination for tax years 2002 through the present.

19

MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(in millions, except per share data)

12) Net Income Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income per share:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | 122 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares used in net income per common share – basic |  |  | 55.6 |  |  |  | 55.3 |
Effect of dilutive securities |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | 0.3 |
Shares used in net income per common share – diluted |  |  | 55.8 |  |  |  | 55.6 |
Net income per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 2.58 |  |  | $ | 2.21 |
Diluted |  | $ | 2.57 |  |  | $ | 2.20 |

Basic earnings per share ("EPS") is computed by dividing income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. The computation of diluted EPS is similar to the computation of basic EPS except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding (using the treasury stock method) if securities containing potentially dilutive common shares (restricted stock units ("RSUs")) had been converted to such common shares, and if such assumed conversion is dilutive.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, there were no weighted-average RSUs that would have had an anti-dilutive effect on EPS and were excluded from the computation of diluted weighted-average shares.

13) Stock-Based Compensation

The Company grants RSUs to employees and directors under the 2014 Stock Incentive Plan (the "2014 Plan"). The 2014 Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Company's Board of Directors. The 2014 Plan is intended to attract and retain employees and directors, and to provide an incentive for these individuals to assist the Company to achieve long-range performance goals and to enable these individuals to participate in the long-term growth of the Company.

The total stock-based compensation expense included in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Cost of revenues |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1 |
Research and development |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |
Selling, general and administrative |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 8 |
Total pre-tax stock-based compensation expense |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 10 |

20

MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(in millions, except per share data)

At March 31, 2022, the total compensation expense related to unvested stock-based awards granted to employees and directors under the 2014 Plan that had not been recognized was $28. The Company determines the fair value of RSUs based on the closing market price of the Company's common stock on the date of the award and estimates the fair value of employee stock purchase plan rights using the Black-Scholes valuation model. Such values are recognized as expense on a straight-line basis for time-based awards and using the accelerated graded vesting method for performance-based awards, both over the requisite service periods.

The following table presents the activity for RSUs under the 2014 Plan:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 |
|  | Outstanding RSUs |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |
RSUs – beginning of period |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 127.93 |
Granted |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Vested |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | $ | 126.89 |
RSUs – end of period |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 128.37 |

The Company had an immaterial amount of stock appreciation rights outstanding as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

14) Stockholders' Equity

Share Repurchase Program

On July 25, 2011, the Company's Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program for the repurchase of up to an aggregate of $200 of its outstanding common stock from time to time in open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or through other appropriate means. The timing and quantity of any shares repurchased depends upon a variety of factors, including business conditions, stock market conditions and business development activities, including, but not limited to, merger and acquisition opportunities. These repurchases may be commenced, suspended or discontinued at any time without prior notice. The Company has repurchased approximately 2.6 shares of common stock for approximately $127 pursuant to the program since its adoption. During the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, there were no repurchases of common stock.

Cash Dividends

Holders of the Company's common stock are entitled to receive dividends when they are declared by the Company's Board of Directors. During the first quarter of 2022, the Company's Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.22 per share, which totaled $12. During the first quarter of 2021, the Company's Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.20 per share, which totaled $11.

Future dividend declarations, if any, as well as the record and payment dates for such dividends, are subject to the final determination of the Company's Board of Directors. In addition, under the Term Loan Facility and ABL Facility, the Company may be restricted from paying dividends under certain circumstances.

15) Acquisition

Photon Control

On July 15, 2021, the Company completed its acquisition of Photon Control (the "Photon Control Acquisition"), pursuant to a definitive agreement (the "Arrangement Agreement"). Photon Control designs, manufactures and distributes a wide range of optical sensors and systems to measure temperature and position used in semiconductor wafer fabrication. At the effective time of the Photon Control Acquisition and pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Arrangement Agreement, each share of Photon Control's common stock issued and outstanding as of immediately prior to the effective time of the Photon Control Acquisition, was converted into the right to receive CAD 3.60 per share in cash, without interest and subject to deduction for any required withholding tax. The Company funded the payment of the aggregate consideration with available cash on hand. Photon Control is included in the Company's PSD segment.

The purchase price of Photon Control consisted of the following:

21

MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(in millions, except per share data)

Cash paid for outstanding shares (1) |  | $ | 302 |
Less: Cash and cash equivalents acquired |  |  | (34 | )
Total purchase price, net of cash and cash equivalents acquired |  | $ | 268 |

(1)
Represents cash paid of CAD 3.60 per share for approximately 105.2 shares of Photon Control common stock, without interest and subject to deduction for any required withholding tax.

Under the acquisition method of accounting, the total estimated acquisition consideration is allocated to the acquired tangible and intangible assets and assumed liabilities of Photon Control based on their fair values as of the acquisition date. Any excess of the acquisition consideration over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is allocated to goodwill and none of this goodwill or intangible assets will be deductible for tax purposes. The Company believes the amount of goodwill relative to identifiable intangible assets relates to enhancing the Company's Surround the Chamber® offering by adding optical sensors for temperature control for critical etch and deposition applications in semiconductor wafer fabrication.

The following table summarizes the allocation of the purchase price to the fair values assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of the Photon Control Acquisition:

Current assets |  | $ | 51 |
Intangible assets |  |  | 121 |
Goodwill |  |  | 168 |
Other non-current assets |  |  | 9 |
Total assets acquired |  |  | 349 |
Current liabilities |  |  | 14 |
Non-current deferred taxes |  |  | 32 |
Other long-term liabilities |  |  | 1 |
Total liabilities assumed |  |  | 47 |
Fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed |  |  | 302 |
Less: Cash and cash equivalents acquired |  |  | (34 | )
Total purchase price, net of cash and cash equivalents acquired |  | $ | 268 |

The acquired intangible assets are being amortized on a straight-line basis, which approximates the economic use of the assets over their estimated useful lives.

The following table reflects the allocation of the acquired intangible assets and related estimate of useful lives:

Completed technology |  | $ | 110 |  |  | 9 years
Customer relationships |  |  | 9 |  |  | 10 years
Backlog |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1.5 years
|  | $ | 121 |  |  |

The fair value of the acquired intangible assets was determined using the income approach. In performing these valuations, the key underlying assumptions used included the appropriate discount rates as well as forecasted revenue growth rates, gross profit and operating margins. Fair value estimates are based on complex series of judgments about future events and uncertainties and rely heavily on estimates and assumptions. The valuations were based on the information that was available as of the acquisition date and the expectations and assumptions that have been deemed reasonable by the Company's management. There are inherent uncertainties and management judgment required in these determinations. This acquisition resulted in a purchase price that exceeded the estimated fair value of tangible and intangible assets, the excess amount of which was allocated to goodwill.

22

MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(in millions, except per share data)

16) Business Segment, Geographic Area, and Significant Customer Information

The Company is a global provider of instruments, systems, subsystems and process control solutions that measure, monitor, deliver, analyze, power and control critical parameters of advanced manufacturing processes to improve process performance and productivity for its customers. The Company's products are derived from its core competencies in pressure measurement and control, flow measurement and control, gas and vapor delivery, gas composition analysis, electronic control technology, reactive gas generation and delivery, power generation and delivery, vacuum technology, temperature sensing, lasers, photonics, optics, precision motion control, vibration control and laser-based manufacturing systems solutions. The Company also provides services relating to the maintenance and repair of its products, installation services and training. The Company primarily serves the semiconductor, advanced electronics and specialty industrial markets.

The Company's Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM"), which is the Company's Chief Executive Officer, utilizes financial information to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance for the entire Company, which is used in the decision-making process to assess performance.

Reportable Segments

VSD provides a broad range of instruments, components and subsystems which are derived from the Company's core competencies in pressure measurement and control, flow measurement and control, gas and vapor delivery, gas composition analysis, electronic control technology, reactive gas generation and delivery, power generation and delivery and vacuum technology.

PSD provides a broad range of instruments, components and subsystems which are derived from the Company's core competencies in lasers, photonics, optics, temperature sensing, precision motion control and vibration control.

ESD provides a range of laser-based systems and test products, including laser-based systems for printed circuit board ("PCB") manufacturing, which includes flexible interconnect PCB processing systems and high density interconnect solutions for rigid PCB manufacturing and substrate processing, and multi-layer ceramic capacitor test systems.

The Company derives its segment results directly from the manner in which results are reported in its management reporting system. The accounting policies that the Company uses to derive reportable segment results are substantially the same as those used for external reporting purposes. The Company groups its similar products within its three reportable segments.

The following table sets forth net revenues by reportable segment:

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | March 31, 2021 |
Vacuum Solutions Division |  | $ | 474 |  |  | $ | 436 |
Photonics Solutions Division |  |  | 228 |  |  |  | 182 |
Equipment Solutions Division |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | 76 |
|  | $ | 742 |  |  | $ | 694 |

23

MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(in millions, except per share data)

The following table sets forth a reconciliation of gross profit by reportable segment to net income:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Gross profit by reportable segment: |  |  |  |  |  |
Vacuum Solutions Division |  | $ | 206 |  |  | $ | 205 |
Photonics Solutions Division |  |  | 113 |  |  |  | 82 |
Equipment Solutions Division |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 35 |
Total gross profit by reportable segment |  |  | 334 |  |  |  | 322 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  |  | 52 |  |  |  | 47 |
Selling, general and administrative |  |  | 92 |  |  |  | 96 |
Acquisition and integration costs |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 6 |
Restructuring and other |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 5 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 12 |
Gain on sale of long-lived assets |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | — |
Income from operations |  |  | 172 |  |  |  | 156 |
Interest expense |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 6 |
Other (income) expense, net |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | 2 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 171 |  |  |  | 148 |
Provision for income taxes |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 26 |
Net income |  | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | 122 |

The following table sets forth capital expenditures by reportable segment for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Vacuum Solutions Division |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 9 |
Photonics Solutions Division |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 12 |
Equipment Solutions Division |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 6 |
Total capital expenditures |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 27 |

The following table sets forth depreciation and amortization by reportable segment for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Vacuum Solutions Division |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 6 |
Photonics Solutions Division |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 9 |
Equipment Solutions Division |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 9 |
Total depreciation and amortization |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 24 |

Total income tax expense is not presented by reportable segment because the necessary information is not available nor used by the CODM.

The following table sets forth segment assets by reportable segment:

March 31, 2022 |  | Accounts receivable |  |  | Inventory |  |  | Total |
Vacuum Solutions Division |  | $ | 335 |  |  | $ | 386 |  |  | $ | 721 |
Photonics Solutions Division |  |  | 182 |  |  |  | 188 |  |  |  | 370 |
Equipment Solutions Division |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | 100 |
Corporate, Eliminations & Other |  |  | (74 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (75 | )
Total segment assets |  | $ | 480 |  |  | $ | 636 |  |  | $ | 1,116 |

24

MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(in millions, except per share data)

December 31, 2021 |  | Accounts receivable |  |  | Inventory |  |  | Total |
Vacuum Solutions Division |  | $ | 285 |  |  | $ | 339 |  |  | $ | 624 |
Photonics Solutions Division |  |  | 146 |  |  |  | 177 |  |  |  | 323 |
Equipment Solutions Division |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | 98 |
Corporate, Eliminations & Other |  |  | (24 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (25 | )
Total segment assets |  | $ | 443 |  |  | $ | 577 |  |  | $ | 1,020 |

The following is a reconciliation of segment assets to total assets:

|  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
Total segment assets |  | $ | 1,116 |  |  | $ | 1,020 |
Cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments |  |  | 1,053 |  |  |  | 1,042 |
Other current assets |  |  | 89 |  |  |  | 85 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 331 |  |  |  | 326 |
Right-of-use assets |  |  | 180 |  |  |  | 184 |
Goodwill and intangible assets, net |  |  | 1,788 |  |  |  | 1,804 |
Other assets and long-term investments |  |  | 92 |  |  |  | 79 |
Total assets |  | $ | 4,649 |  |  | $ | 4,540 |

Geographic Area

Information about the Company's operations by geographic area is presented in the tables below. Net revenues from unaffiliated customers are based on the location in which the sale originated. Intercompany sales between geographic areas are at tax transfer prices and have been eliminated from consolidated net revenues.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
Net revenues: |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
North America (1) |  | $ | 351 |  |  | $ | 283 |
South Korea |  |  | 83 |  |  |  | 98 |
China |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | 81 |
Taiwan |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 59 |
Japan |  |  | 51 |  |  |  | 48 |
Other Asia |  |  | 94 |  |  |  | 70 |
Europe |  |  | 61 |  |  |  | 55 |
|  | $ | 742 |  |  | $ | 694 |

(1)
North America includes revenue from the United States and an immaterial amount of revenue from Canada.

Long-lived assets: (1) |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
North America (2) |  | $ | 443 |  |  | $ | 425 |
Asia |  |  | 103 |  |  |  | 106 |
Europe |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 36 |
|  | $ | 582 |  |  | $ | 567 |

(1)
Long-lived assets include property, plant and equipment, net, right-of-use assets, and certain other assets, and exclude goodwill, intangible assets and long-term tax-related accounts.
(2)
North America includes long-lived assets of $271, $164, and $8 in the United States, Mexico, and Canada, respectively, for the period ended March 31, 2022. North America includes long-lived assets of $284, $133, and $8 in the United States, Mexico, and Canada, respectively, for the period ended December 31, 2021.

25

MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(in millions, except per share data)

Goodwill associated with each of the Company's reportable segments is as follows:

|  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
Reportable segment: |  |  |  |  |  |
Vacuum Solutions Division |  | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | 195 |
Photonics Solutions Division |  |  | 557 |  |  |  | 558 |
Equipment Solutions Division |  |  | 475 |  |  |  | 475 |
Total goodwill |  | $ | 1,227 |  |  | $ | 1,228 |

Major Customers

The following customers represented greater than 10% of the Company's net revenues as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Lam Research Corporation |  |  | 17 | % |  |  | 14 | %
Applied Materials, Inc. |  |  | 12 | % |  |  | 11 | %

17) Commitments and Contingencies

On March 25, 2016, two putative class action lawsuits captioned Dixon Chung v. Newport Corp., et al., and Hubert C. Pincon v. Newport Corp., et al., were filed in the District Court, Clark County, Nevada on behalf of a putative class of stockholders of Newport for claims related to the merger agreement between the Company, Newport, and a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company ("Merger Sub"). The lawsuits named as defendants the Company, Newport, Merger Sub, and certain then current and former members of Newport’s board of directors. The lawsuits alleged that Newport’s directors breached their fiduciary duties to Newport’s stockholders in connection with the sale of Newport, which led to inadequate and unfair consideration, by agreeing to unfair deal protection devices and by omitting material information from the proxy statement. The complainants also alleged that the Company, Newport and Merger Sub aided and abetted the directors’ alleged breaches of their fiduciary duties and sought monetary damages, including pre- and post-judgment interest. The District Court consolidated the actions, and plaintiffs filed first amended complaint on October 24, 2016 and a second amended complaint on July 12, 2017, each of which were captioned In re Newport Corporation Shareholder Litigation, and made substantially similar allegations and sought monetary damages, including pre- and post-judgment interest. The District Court denied plaintiffs’ motion for leave to file a third amended complaint on October 10, 2019 and thereafter entered summary judgment for the defendants on January 23, 2020. On March 30, 2022, the Nevada Supreme Court entered an order affirming in their entirety the District Court's orders granting defendants' motion for summary judgment and denying plaintiffs' motion for leave to file an amended complaint.

The Company is also subject to various legal proceedings and claims that have arisen in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of management, the ultimate disposition of these matters, and the matters noted above, will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

18) Subsequent Events

Atotech

On July 1, 2021, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with Atotech (as amended from time to time, the "Implementation Agreement") to acquire Atotech, a leading process chemicals technology company and a market leader in advanced electroplating solutions. Pursuant to the Implementation Agreement, the Company agreed to pay $16.20 per share in cash and 0.0552 of a share of MKS common stock for each outstanding common share of Atotech (the "Atotech Acquisition"). At the time of the announcement of the Atotech Acquisition, the total value of the aggregate cash and stock consideration was approximately $5,100. The final value of the consideration will be determined at the time of the closing of the Atotech Acquisition, which is subject to the satisfaction of certain closing conditions, including receipt of regulatory approval from China and approval by the Royal Court of Jersey. The Company's obligation to complete the Atotech Acquisition is not subject to any financing condition. The Company intends to fund the cash portion of the transaction with a combination of available cash on hand and committed term loan debt financing.

26

MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(in millions, except per share data)

In connection with entering into the Implementation Agreement, the Company entered into (a) a debt commitment letter, dated as of July 1, 2021, with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and Barclays Bank PLC (the "Commitment Parties") and (b) joinders to such commitment letter to add certain additional lender parties (together with the Commitment Parties, the "2021 Commitment Parties") dated as of July 23, 2021 ((a) and (b) together, the "2021 Commitment Letter"), pursuant to which, subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, the 2021 Commitment Parties committed to provide (i) a senior secured term loan credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $5,300, which would refinance the Term Loan Facility and be used to finance a portion of the Atotech Acquisition and refinance certain existing indebtedness of Atotech and (ii) a senior secured revolving credit facility with aggregate total commitments of $500, which would refinance the ABL Facility.

On April 1, 2022, the Company entered into an amendment to the Implementation Agreement (the "Amendment"), providing for additional time for the satisfaction of certain closing conditions set forth in the Implementation Agreement, including approval of the Atotech Acquisition by the Royal Court of Jersey and receipt of regulatory approvals ("Clearances"), such that the Long Stop Date (as defined in the Implementation Agreement) was extended from March 31, 2022 to September 30, 2022.

In addition, the Amendment amends certain provisions related to obtaining the Clearances, the timing of the closing date and the obligations of the parties with respect to the debt financing contemplated in connection with the Atotech Acquisition and provides for the automatic termination of the Implementation Agreement if the closing has not occurred by the Long Stop Date.

In connection with the Amendment, the Company terminated the 2021 Commitment Letter and entered into (a) a new debt commitment letter, dated as of April 1, 2022, with the Commitment Parties and (b) joinders to such commitment letter to add certain additional lender parties (together with the Commitment Parties, the "2022 Commitment Parties") dated as of April 4, 2022 ((a) and (b) together, the "2022 Commitment Letter"), pursuant to which, among other things, the 2022 Commitment Parties committed to provide the Company with (i) a senior secured term loan B credit facility consisting of a $4,250 term loan B and (ii) a senior secured term loan A credit facility consisting of a $1,000 term loan A ((i) and (ii) together, the "2022 New Term Loan Facilities") and (iii) a senior secured revolving credit facility with aggregate total commitments of $500 (the "2022 New Revolving Credit Facility"). The 2022 New Term Loan Facilities and the 2022 New Revolving Credit Facility would refinance the Term Loan Facility and the ABL Facility, respectively, be used to finance a portion of the Atotech Acquisition, to refinance certain existing indebtedness of Atotech, to pay fees and expenses in connection with the Atotech Acquisition, and, in the case of the 2022 New Revolving Credit Facility, be used for working capital and for general corporate purposes.

On April 11, 2022, in connection with the 2022 Commitment Letter, the Company completed the syndication of the 2022 New Term Loan Facilities, comprised of (i) two tranches of term loan B: a tranche of $3,600 at the secured overnight financing rate ("SOFR") plus 2.75%, a floor of 0.50% and 2.0% of original issue discount ("OID"), and a Euro tranche of EUR 600 at EURIBOR plus 3.00%, a floor of 0.00% and 2.00% of OID; and (ii) a $1,000 term loan A at SOFR plus 2.50%, a floor of 0.00% and 0.25% of OID.

The 2022 Commitment Parties' obligations under the 2022 Commitment Letter and the closing and initial funding under the 2022 New Term Loan Facilities and the 2022 New Revolving Credit Facility are subject to certain customary conditions including, without limitation, the consummation of the Atotech Acquisition in accordance with the Implementation Agreement, the accuracy of specified representations and warranties of the Company and other customary closing conditions.

Real Property Purchase Agreement

The Company entered into a real property purchase agreement for building and land in South Korea and completed the purchase on May 2, 2022 for 51 billion Korean won or approximately $40 million. The Company previously leased a portion of the property, which the Company uses for sales, customer support, service and research and development.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT's DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 regarding the future financial performance, business prospects and growth of MKS. These statements are only predictions based on current assumptions and expectations. Any statements that are not statements of historical fact (including statements containing the words "will," "projects," "intends," "believes," "plans," "anticipates," "expects," "estimates," "forecasts," "continues" and similar expressions) should be considered to be forward-looking statements. Actual events or results may differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements set forth herein.

Among the important factors that could cause actual events to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements are manufacturing and sourcing risks, including the impact and duration of supply chain disruptions, component shortages and price increases, and changes in global demand and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic with respect to such disruptions, shortages and price increases, our ability to complete the acquisition of Atotech Limited ("Atotech"), the terms of our existing term loan, the terms and availability of financing for the Atotech Acquisition (as defined below), the substantial indebtedness we expect to incur in connection with the Atotech Acquisition and the need to generate sufficient cash flows to service and repay such debt, our entry into Atotech's chemicals technology business, in which we do not have experience and which may expose us to significant additional liabilities, the risk of litigation relating to the Atotech Acquisition, the risk that disruption from the Atotech Acquisition materially and adversely affects our businesses and operations and those of Atotech, the ability to realize the anticipated synergies, cost savings and other benefits of the Atotech Acquisition, competition from larger or more established companies in our and Atotech's respective markets, the ability to successfully grow our business and the businesses of Atotech, Photon Control Inc. ("Photon Control"), which we acquired in July 2021, and Electro Scientific Industries, Inc. ("ESI"), which we acquired in February 2019, potential adverse reactions or changes to business relationships resulting from pendency or completion of the Atotech Acquisition, conditions affecting the markets in which we and Atotech operate, including the fluctuations in capital spending in the semiconductor industry and other advanced manufacturing markets, and fluctuations in sales to our and Atotech's major customers, the ability to anticipate and meet customer demand, the challenges, risks and costs involved with integrating the operations of the companies we have acquired, potential fluctuations in quarterly results, dependence on new product development, rapid technological and market change, acquisition strategy, volatility of stock price, international operations, financial risk management, and the other factors described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 and any subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, as filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). Additional risk factors may be identified from time to time in MKS' future filings with the SEC. We are under no obligation to, and expressly disclaims any obligation to, update or alter these forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise after the date of this report.

The Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, or MD&A, describes principal factors affecting the results of our operations, financial condition and liquidity, as well as our critical accounting policies and estimates that require significant judgment and thus have the most significant potential impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements. Historically, we have compared our current quarter results to the same period in the prior year. Given the nature of our business, in particular cyclical variations in the semiconductor market, we have changed our basis of comparison to the prior quarter. The SEC rules require we also present the comparison of the current quarter results to the same period in the prior year, our historic practice in the period of change. As this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q is the first filing in which we have changed our basis of comparison, this section provides an analysis of our financial results for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended December 31, 2021 and the three months ended March 31, 2021, in accordance with SEC rules.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make judgments, assumptions and estimates that affect the amounts reported. There have been no material changes in our critical accounting policies since December 31, 2021.

For further information about our critical accounting policies, please see the discussion of critical accounting policies in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 in the section captioned "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates."

Overview

We are a global provider of instruments, systems, subsystems and process control solutions that measure, monitor, deliver, analyze, power and control critical parameters of advanced manufacturing processes to improve process performance and productivity for our customers. Our products are derived from our core competencies in pressure measurement and control, flow measurement and control, gas and vapor delivery, gas composition analysis, electronic control technology, reactive gas generation and delivery, power generation and delivery, vacuum technology, temperature sensing, lasers, photonics, optics, precision motion control, vibration control and laser-based manufacturing systems solutions. We also provide services relating to the maintenance and repair of our products, installation services and training. We primarily serve the semiconductor, advanced electronics and specialty industrial markets.

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Recent Events

On July 1, 2021, we entered into a definitive agreement with Atotech (as amended from time to time, the "Implementation Agreement") to acquire Atotech, a leading process chemicals technology company and a market leader in advanced electroplating solutions. Pursuant to the Implementation Agreement, we agreed to pay $16.20 per share in cash and 0.0552 of a share of our common stock for each outstanding common share of Atotech (the "Atotech Acquisition"). At the time of the announcement of the Atotech Acquisition, the total value of the aggregate cash and stock consideration was approximately $5.1 billion. The final value of the consideration will be determined at the time of the closing of the Atotech Acquisition, which is subject to the satisfaction of certain closing conditions, including receipt of regulatory approval from China and approval by the Royal Court of Jersey. Our obligation to complete the Atotech Acquisition is not subject to any financing condition. We intend to fund the cash portion of the transaction with a combination of available cash on hand and committed term loan debt financing.

On April 1, 2022, we entered into an amendment to the Implementation Agreement (the "Amendment"), providing for additional time for the satisfaction of certain closing conditions set forth in the Implementation Agreement, including approval of the Atotech Acquisition by the Royal Court of Jersey and receipt of regulatory approvals ("Clearances"), such that the Long Stop Date (as defined in the Implementation Agreement) was extended from March 31, 2022 to September 30, 2022.

In addition, the Amendment amends certain provisions related to obtaining the Clearances, the timing of the closing date and the obligations of the parties with respect to the debt financing contemplated in connection with the Atotech Acquisition and provides for the automatic termination of the Implementation Agreement if the closing has not occurred by the Long Stop Date.

In connection with the Amendment, we terminated our debt commitment letter, dated as of July 1, 2021, and entered into (a) a new debt commitment letter, dated as of April 1, 2022, with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and Barclays Bank PLC (the "Commitment Parties") and (b) joinders to such commitment letter to add certain additional lender parties (together with the Commitment Parties, the "2022 Commitment Parties") dated as of April 4, 2022 ((a) and (b) together, the "2022 Commitment Letter"), pursuant to which, among other things, the 2022 Commitment Parties committed to provide us with (i) a senior secured term loan B credit facility consisting of a $4.25 billion term loan B and (ii) a senior secured term loan A credit facility consisting of a $1.0 billion term loan A ((i) and (ii) together, the "2022 New Term Loan Facilities") and (iii) a senior secured revolving credit facility with aggregate total commitments of $500 million (the "2022 New Revolving Credit Facility"). The 2022 New Term Loan Facilities and the 2022 New Revolving Credit Facility would refinance the Term Loan Facility and the ABL Facility (each as defined below), respectively, be used to finance a portion of the Atotech Acquisition, to refinance certain existing indebtedness of Atotech, to pay fees and expenses in connection with the Atotech Acquisition, and, in the case of the 2022 New Revolving Credit Facility, be used for working capital and for general corporate purposes.

On April 11, 2022, in connection with the 2022 Commitment Letter, we completed the syndication of the 2022 New Term Loan Facilities, comprised of (i) two tranches of term loan B: a tranche of $3.6 billion at the secured overnight financing rate ("SOFR") plus 2.75%, a floor of 0.50% and 2.0% of original issue discount ("OID"), and a Euro tranche of EUR 600 million at EURIBOR plus 3.00%, a floor of 0.00% and 2.00% of OID; and (ii) a $1.0 billion term loan A at SOFR plus 2.50%, a floor of 0.00% and 0.25% of OID.

The 2022 Commitment Parties' obligations under the 2022 Commitment Letter and the closing and initial funding under the 2022 New Term Loan Facilities and the 2022 New Revolving Credit Facility are subject to certain customary conditions including, without limitation, the consummation of the Atotech Acquisition in accordance with the Implementation Agreement, the accuracy of specified representations and warranties made by us and other customary closing conditions.

For additional information about the commitment letter we entered into on July 1, 2021, which we terminated in connection with the 2022 Commitment Letter, see Note 18 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Segments

In the first quarter of 2022, we updated the names of our three divisions in order to simplify our naming conventions. Our reportable segments continue to be our three divisions.

The Vacuum Solutions Division ("VSD"), formerly the Vacuum & Analysis Division, provides a broad range of instruments, components and subsystems, which are derived from our core competencies in pressure measurement and control, flow measurement and control, gas and vapor delivery, gas composition analysis, electronic control technology, reactive gas generation and delivery, power generation and delivery, and vacuum technology.

The Photonics Solutions Division ("PSD"), formerly the Light & Motion Division, provides a broad range of instruments, components and subsystems, which are derived from our core competencies in lasers, photonics, optics, temperature sensing, precision motion control and vibration control.

The Equipment Solutions Division ("ESD"), formerly the Equipment & Solutions Division, provides a range of laser-based systems and test products, including laser-based systems for printed circuit board ("PCB") manufacturing, which include flexible

29

interconnect PCB processing systems and high-density interconnect solutions for rigid PCB manufacturing and substrate processing, and multi-layer ceramic capacitor test systems.

Markets

Beginning with the first quarter of 2022, we changed how we present revenue to better represent the end markets we serve and to enable investors to better understand the key drivers of our business. We separated what we previously categorized as Advanced Markets into our Advanced Electronics and Specialty Industrial end markets. Our Semiconductor end market remains unchanged.

Net Revenues by Market

|  | Three Months Ended |
(dollars in millions) |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | % Total |  |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  | % Total |  |  | March 31, 2021 |  |  | % Total |
Semiconductor |  | $ | 488 |  |  |  | 66 | % |  | $ | 495 |  |  |  | 65 | % |  | $ | 412 |  |  |  | 59 | %
Advanced Electronics |  |  | 82 |  |  |  | 11 | % |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | 13 | % |  |  | 115 |  |  |  | 17 | %
Specialty Industrial |  |  | 172 |  |  |  | 23 | % |  |  | 173 |  |  |  | 22 | % |  |  | 167 |  |  |  | 24 | %
Total net revenues |  | $ | 742 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 764 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 694 |  |  |  | 100 | %

Semiconductor Market

This market primarily relates to products used in major semiconductor processing steps, such as depositing thin films of material onto silicon wafer substrates, etching, cleaning, lithography, metrology and inspection. A significant portion of our sales is anticipated to continue to be derived from products sold to semiconductor capital equipment manufacturers and semiconductor device manufacturers.

While the semiconductor device manufacturing market is global, major semiconductor capital equipment manufacturers are concentrated in China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and the United States. The semiconductor capital equipment industry is subject to rapid demand shifts, which are difficult to predict, and we cannot be certain as to the timing or extent of future demand or any future weakness in the semiconductor capital equipment industry.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, net revenues in our semiconductor market decreased by $7 million or 1%, compared to the prior quarter, and increased $76 million or 19%, compared to the same period in the prior year. The sequential decrease was reflective of continued supply chain disruptions and component shortages due to global capacity constraints compounded by increasing global demand, as well as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. We expect these disruptions and shortages to continue in the near-term while our suppliers adjust to significant increases in demand and respond to the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. The year-over-year increase was reflective of increased broad-based demand for our VSD and PSD products, which includes Photon Control, partially offset by the effects of supply chain disruptions and component shortages.

Advanced Electronics Market

This market primarily relates to sales of products for PCB manufacturing, solar, display and electronic component applications. These applications include flexible and rigid PCB processing/fabrication, glass coating and electronic thin films. Electronic thin films are a primary component of numerous electronic products, including flat panel displays, light emitting diodes, solar cells and data storage media. Advanced electronics manufacturers are located globally.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, net revenues in our advanced electronic market decreased by $14 million or 15%, compared to the prior quarter and decreased $33 million or 29%, compared to the same period in the prior year. These decreases were primarily due to softer industry demand for flexible PCB drilling equipment which is primarily related to our ESD.

Specialty Industrial Market

This market primarily relates to sales of products for industrial, life and health sciences, research and defense applications.

Industrial

Industrial technologies encompasses a wide range of diverse applications, such as laser marking, measurement and scribing, natural gas and oil production and environmental monitoring. Our industrial customers are located globally.

Life and Health Sciences

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Our products for life and health sciences are used in a diverse array of applications, including bioimaging, medical instrument sterilization, medical device manufacturing, analytical, diagnostic and surgical instrumentation, consumable medical supply manufacturing and pharmaceutical production. Our life and health sciences customers are located globally.

Research and Defense

Our products for research and defense are sold to government, university and industrial laboratories for applications involving research and development in materials science, physical chemistry, photonics, optics and electronics materials. Our products are also sold for monitoring and defense applications, including surveillance, imaging and infrastructure protection. Major equipment providers and research laboratories are concentrated in China, Europe, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and the United States.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, net revenues from customers in our specialty industrial market decreased by $1 million or 1%, compared to the prior quarter, and increased by $4 million or 2%, compared to the same period in the prior year. Net sales in life and health sciences applications increased both sequentially and year-over-year. Net sales of products supporting defense applications increased sequentially but were offset by seasonally lower demand in the research market.

International Markets

A significant portion of our net revenues is from sales to customers in international markets. For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 and for the three months ended December 31, 2021, international revenues accounted for approximately 54%, 59% and 55%, respectively, of our total net revenues. A significant portion of our international net revenues was from China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. We expect international net revenues will continue to represent a significant percentage of our total net revenues for the foreseeable future.

Long-lived assets located outside of the United States accounted for approximately 53% and 50% of our total long-lived assets as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Long-lived assets include property, plant and equipment, net, right-of-use assets, and certain other assets and exclude goodwill, intangible assets and long-term tax-related accounts.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth for the periods indicated the percentage of total net revenues of certain line items included in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income data.

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  | March 31, 2021 |
Net revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Products |  |  | 87.4 | % |  |  | 87.4 | % |  |  | 87.2 | %
Services |  |  | 12.6 |  |  |  | 12.6 |  |  |  | 12.8 |
Total net revenues |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 100.0 |
Cost of revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of product revenues |  |  | 48.5 |  |  |  | 47.0 |  |  |  | 46.5 |
Cost of service revenues |  |  | 6.5 |  |  |  | 6.6 |  |  |  | 7.1 |
Total cost of revenues (exclusive of amortization shown separately below) |  |  | 55.0 |  |  |  | 53.6 |  |  |  | 53.6 |
Gross profit |  |  | 45.0 |  |  |  | 46.4 |  |  |  | 46.4 |
Research and development |  |  | 7.0 |  |  |  | 6.7 |  |  |  | 6.8 |
Selling, general and administrative |  |  | 12.5 |  |  |  | 12.6 |  |  |  | 13.8 |
Acquisition and integration costs |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |  | 0.9 |
Restructuring and other |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | 0.7 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  |  | 2.0 |  |  |  | 2.0 |  |  |  | 1.8 |
Gain on sale of long-lived assets |  |  | (1.0 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Income from operations |  |  | 23.1 |  |  |  | 23.7 |  |  |  | 22.4 |
Interest expense |  |  | 0.8 |  |  |  | 0.8 |  |  |  | 0.9 |
Other (income) expense, net |  |  | (0.8 | ) |  |  | (0.4 | ) |  |  | 0.2 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 23.1 |  |  |  | 23.3 |  |  |  | 21.3 |
Provision for income taxes |  |  | 3.8 |  |  |  | 3.7 |  |  |  | 3.7 |
Net income |  |  | 19.3 | % |  |  | 19.6 | % |  |  | 17.6 | %

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Net Revenues

|  | Three Months Ended |
(dollars in millions) |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  | March 31, 2021 |
Products |  | $ | 648 |  |  | $ | 668 |  |  | $ | 605 |
Services |  |  | 94 |  |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | 89 |
Total net revenues |  | $ | 742 |  |  | $ | 764 |  |  | $ | 694 |

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, net product revenues decreased $20 million compared to the prior quarter and increased $43 million compared to the same period in the prior year. The sequential decrease was reflective of continued supply chain disruptions and component shortages in the semiconductor market, as well as, softer industry demand for flexible PCB drilling equipment. The year-over-year increase was primarily due to a volume increase from our semiconductor customers of $73 million, partially offset by the effects of supply chain disruptions and component shortages, as well as a decrease of $36 million from our customers in the advanced electronics market, primarily for flexible PCB drilling equipment.

Net service revenues consisted mainly of fees for services related to the maintenance and repair of our products, sales of spare parts, and installation and training. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, net service revenue decreased $2 million compared to the prior quarter and increased $5 million compared to the same period in the prior year. The sequential decrease was primarily due to decreased service revenue from our semiconductor market and the year-over-year increase was primarily due to increased service revenue from our advanced electronics customers.

The following table sets forth our net revenues by reportable segment:

|  | Three Months Ended |
(dollars in millions) |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  | March 31, 2021 |
Net revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vacuum Solutions Division |  | $ | 474 |  |  | $ | 485 |  |  | $ | 436 |
Photonics Solutions Division |  |  | 228 |  |  |  | 230 |  |  |  | 182 |
Equipment Solutions Division |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | 76 |
Total net revenues |  | $ | 742 |  |  | $ | 764 |  |  | $ | 694 |

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, net revenues from VSD decreased $11 million compared to the prior quarter and increased $38 million compared to the same period in the prior year. The decrease was reflective of continued supply chain disruptions and component shortages in the semiconductor market and the year-over-year increase was primarily due to volume increases in the semiconductor market, partially offset by decreased revenue due to the effects of supply chain disruptions and component shortages.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, net revenue from PSD decreased $2 million compared to the prior quarter and increased $46 million compared to the same period in the prior year. The year-over-year increase was reflective of volume increases in the semiconductor market and contributions from Photon Control.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, net revenue from ESD decreased $9 million compared to the prior quarter and decreased $36 million compared to the same period in the prior year. The decrease in each period was primarily due to softer industry demand for flexible PCB drilling equipment.

Gross Margin

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  | % Points Change |  |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | March 31, 2021 |  |  | % Points Change |
Gross margin as a percentage of net revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Products |  |  | 44.4 | % |  |  | 46.2 | % |  |  | (1.8 | )% |  |  | 44.4 | % |  |  | 46.7 | % |  |  | (2.3 | )%
Services |  |  | 49.2 |  |  |  | 47.6 |  |  |  | 1.6 |  |  |  | 49.2 |  |  |  | 44.7 |  |  |  | 4.5 |
Total gross margin |  |  | 45.0 | % |  |  | 46.4 | % |  |  | (1.4 | )% |  |  | 45.0 | % |  |  | 46.4 | % |  |  | (1.4 | )%

Gross margin for our products declined sequentially and year-over-year, primarily due to higher materials costs from the global component shortage. Gross margin year-over-year was also negatively affected by unfavorable overhead absorption arising from the effect of component shortages on manufacturing efficiencies, partially offset by higher revenue volumes.

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Gross margin for our services increased sequentially and year-over-year, primarily as a result of our efforts to transition customers to higher-value offerings such as service contracts and equivalent-to-new product refurbishments. These service offerings also benefitted from labor efficiency from more predictable work loading from additional service contracts.

The following table sets forth gross margin as a percentage of net revenues by reportable segment:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  | % Points Change |  |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | March 31, 2021 |  |  | % Points Change |
Gross margin as a percentage of net revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vacuum Solutions Division |  |  | 43.5 | % |  |  | 46.2 | % |  |  | (2.7 | )% |  |  | 43.5 | % |  |  | 47.0 | % |  |  | (3.5 | )%
Photonics Solutions Division |  |  | 49.6 |  |  |  | 48.9 |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  | 49.6 |  |  |  | 45.1 |  |  |  | 4.5 |
Equipment Solutions Division |  |  | 36.9 |  |  |  | 36.9 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 36.9 |  |  |  | 46.1 |  |  |  | (9.2 | )
Total gross margin |  |  | 45.0 | % |  |  | 46.4 | % |  |  | (1.4 | )% |  |  | 45.0 | % |  |  | 46.4 | % |  |  | (1.4 | )%

Gross margin for VSD decreased sequentially and year-over-year, primarily due to higher material costs from the global component shortage and unfavorable overhead absorption in both periods. The decrease in gross margin was partially offset by favorable product mix on a sequential basis and higher volumes year-over-year.

Gross margin for PSD increased sequentially and year-over-year, primarily due to higher revenue volumes and favorable product mix, partially offset by unfavorable absorption and higher logistics costs.

Gross margin for ESD was flat sequentially and decreased year-over-year, primarily due to lower revenue volumes.

Research and Development

|  | Three Months Ended |
(dollars in millions) |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  | March 31, 2021 |
Research and development |  | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 47 |

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, research and development expenses increased $5 million compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to an increase of $2 million in compensation-related costs and an increase of $1 million in occupancy costs, reflective of increased research and development headcount. Research and development expenses were essentially flat compared to the three months ended December 31, 2021.

Our research and development efforts are primarily focused on developing and improving our instruments, components, subsystems and process control solutions to improve process performance and productivity.

We have thousands of products and our research and development efforts primarily consist of a large number of projects related to these products, none of which is individually material to us. Current projects typically have durations of 3 to 30 months, depending upon whether the product is an enhancement of existing technology or a new product. Our products have continuously advanced as we strive to meet our customers' evolving needs. We have developed, and continue to develop, new products to address industry trends, such as the shrinking of integrated circuit critical dimensions and technology inflections, and, in the flat panel display and solar markets, the transition to larger substrate sizes, which require more advanced processing and process control technology, the continuing drive toward more complex and accurate components and devices within the handset and tablet market, the transition to 5G for both devices and infrastructure, supporting the growth in units and via counts of the high density interconnect PCB drilling market, and the industry transition to electric cars in the automotive market. In addition, we have developed, and continue to develop, products that support the migration to new classes of materials, ultra-thin layers, and 3D structures that are used in small geometry manufacturing. Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries and related expenses for personnel engaged in research and development, fees paid to consultants, material costs for prototypes and other expenses related to the design, development, testing and enhancement of our products.

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We believe that the continued investment in research and development and ongoing development of new products are essential to the expansion of our markets. We expect to continue to make significant investment in research and development activities. We are subject to risks from products not being developed in a timely manner, as well as from rapidly changing customer requirements and competitive threats from other companies and technologies. Our success primarily depends on our products being designed into new generations of equipment for the semiconductor industry and other advanced manufacturing markets. We develop products that are technologically advanced so that they are positioned to be chosen for use in each successive generation of semiconductor capital equipment and advanced market applications. If our products are not chosen to be designed into our customers' products, our net revenues may be reduced during the lifespan of those products.

Selling, General and Administrative

|  | Three Months Ended |
(dollars in millions) |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  | March 31, 2021 |
Selling, general and administrative |  | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | 97 |  |  | $ | 96 |

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, selling, general and administrative expenses decreased $5 million compared to the prior quarter and $4 million compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to lower variable compensation, including stock-based compensation.

Acquisition and Integration Costs

|  | Three Months Ended |
(dollars in millions) |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  | March 31, 2021 |
Acquisition and integration costs |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 6 |

Acquisition and integration costs during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, primarily related to consulting and professional fees related to our pending acquisition of Atotech. Acquisition and integration costs during the three months ended March 31, 2021 primarily related to consulting and professional fees related to a proposed acquisition that was not consummated.

Amortization of Intangible Assets

|  | Three Months Ended |
(dollars in millions) |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  | March 31, 2021 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 12 |

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, amortization of intangible assets increased by $3 million compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to amortization expense from our acquisition of Photon Control.

Gain on sale of long-lived assets

|  | Three Months Ended |
(dollars in millions) |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  | March 31, 2021 |
Gain on sale of long-lived assets |  | $ | (7 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

In the three months ended March 31, 2022, we recorded a gain from the sale of a minority interest investment in a private company.

Other (Income) Expense, Net

|  | Three Months Ended |
(dollars in millions) |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  | March 31, 2021 |
Other (income) expense, net |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | 2 |

Other (income), net, for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 consisted primarily of net foreign exchange and fair value gains.

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Other expense, net, for the three months ended March 31, 2021, consisted primarily of net foreign exchange and fair value losses.

Provision for Income Taxes

|  | Three Months Ended |
(dollars in millions) |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  | March 31, 2021 |
Provision for income taxes |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 26 |

Our effective tax rates for the three months ended March 31, 2022, December 31, 2021 and March 31, 2021 were 16.3%, 15.9% and 17.5%, respectively. The effective tax rates for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were lower than the U.S. statutory tax rate mainly due to the U.S. deduction for foreign derived intangible income ("FDII") and the geographic mix of income earned by the Company's international subsidiaries being taxed at rates lower than the U.S. statutory tax rate, offset by the U.S. global intangible low-taxed income inclusion ("GILTI").

The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was lower than the U.S. statutory tax rate mainly due to the geographic mix of income earned by the Company's international subsidiaries being taxed at rates lower than the U.S. statutory tax rate, benefits of stock compensation, and the U.S. deduction for FDII offset by the U.S. tax effects of the U.S. GILTI inclusion and the write-off of deferred tax assets related to certain foreign net operating losses.

Over the next 12 months, it is reasonably possible that we may recognize approximately $4 million of previously net unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, related to U.S. federal, state and foreign tax positions as a result of the expiration of statutes of limitation. The U.S. federal statute of limitations remains open for tax years 2017 through the present. The statute of limitations for our tax filings in other jurisdictions varies between fiscal years 2016 through the present. We also have certain federal credit carryforwards and state tax loss and credit carryforwards that are open to examination for tax years 2002 through the present.

On a quarterly basis, we evaluate both positive and negative evidence that affects the realizability of net deferred tax assets and assess the need for a valuation allowance. The future benefit to be derived from our deferred tax assets is dependent upon our ability to generate sufficient future taxable income in each jurisdiction of the right type to realize the assets.

Our future effective tax rate depends on various factors, including the impact of tax legislation, further interpretations and guidance from U.S. federal and state governments on the impact of proposed regulations issued by the Internal Revenue Service, further interpretations and guidance from foreign governments, the geographic composition of our pre-tax income, and changes in income tax reserves for unrecognized tax benefits. We monitor these factors and timely adjust our estimates of the effective tax rate accordingly. We expect that the geographic mix of pre-tax income will continue to have a favorable impact on our effective tax rate. However, the geographic mix of pre-tax income can change based on multiple factors, resulting in changes to the effective tax rate in future periods. While we believe we have adequately provided for all tax positions, amounts asserted by taxing authorities could materially differ from our accrued positions as a result of uncertain and complex application of tax law and regulations. Additionally, the recognition and measurement of certain tax benefits include estimates and judgment by management. Accordingly, we could record additional provisions or benefits for U.S. federal, state, and foreign tax matters in future periods as new information becomes available.

On March 28, 2022, the Biden Administration released its fiscal year 2023 budget blueprint, which includes an increase to the corporate tax rate from 21% to 28%, an increase to GILTI taxes, reductions of the FDII benefit, a new minimum tax based on an Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development agreement and other provisions. If these tax proposals are enacted in their current form, we expect our income tax expense would materially increase.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash and cash equivalents and short-term marketable investments at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 totaled $1.1 billion and $1.0 billion, respectively. The primary driver in our current and anticipated future cash flows is and will continue to be cash generated from operations, consisting primarily of our net income, excluding non-cash charges and changes in operating assets and liabilities. In periods when our sales are growing, higher sales to customers will result in increased trade receivables, and inventories will generally increase as we build products for future sales. This may result in lower cash generated from operations. Conversely, in periods when our sales are declining, our trade accounts receivable and inventory balances will generally decrease, resulting in increased cash from operations.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $41 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, resulting from net income of $143 million, which included non-cash charges of $34 million, offset by a net increase in working capital of $136 million. The net increase in working capital was primarily due to increases in inventory of $66 million and trade accounts receivable of $40 million, as a result of increased business levels and timing of sales, and a decrease of $60 million in accrued compensation resulting from the payment of variable compensation. These increases in working capital were partially offset by an increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $20 million and an increase in income taxes payable of $15 million.

Net cash provided by investing activities was $23 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, primarily due to $35 million in maturities of investments and $7 million of proceeds from the sale of a long-lived asset, partially offset by purchases of production-related equipment of $19 million.

Net cash used in financing activities was $17 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, primarily due to dividend payments of $12 million and net payments related to tax payments on the vesting of employee stock awards of $6 million.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, we paid cash dividends of $0.22 per share or a total of $12 million. Future dividend declarations, if any, as well as the record and payment dates for such dividends, are subject to the final determination of our Board of Directors. Holders of our common stock are entitled to receive dividends if and when they are declared by our Board of Directors. In addition, under the terms of our Term Loan Facility and ABL Facility, each as defined and described further below, we may be restricted from paying dividends under certain circumstances.

Atotech Acquisition

On July 1, 2021, we entered into an Implementation Agreement to acquire Atotech, a leading process chemicals technology company and a market leader in advanced electroplating solutions. Pursuant to the Implementation Agreement, we agreed to pay $16.20 per share in cash and 0.0552 of a share of our common stock for each outstanding common share of Atotech. At the time of the announcement of the Atotech Acquisition, the total value of the aggregate cash and stock consideration was approximately $5.1 billion. The final value of the consideration will be determined at the time of the closing of the Atotech Acquisition, which is subject to the satisfaction of certain closing conditions, including receipt of regulatory approval from China and approval by the Royal Court of Jersey. Our obligation to complete the Atotech Acquisition is not subject to any financing condition. Additional information regarding the funding of the acquisition and the 2022 New Term Loan Facilities, the 2022 New Revolving Credit Facility and the refinancing of the Term Loan Facility and the ABL Facility, is discussed under "Recent Events" above and in Note 18 to the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Senior Secured Term Loan Credit Facility

In connection with the completion of the acquisition of Newport Corporation ("Newport") in 2016 (the "Newport Merger"), we entered into a term loan credit agreement (as amended, the "Term Loan Credit Agreement") with Barclays Bank PLC, as administrative agent and collateral agent, and the lenders from time to time party thereto, which provided a senior secured term loan credit facility (the "Term Loan Facility") in the original principal amount of $780 million. We have entered into seven amendments to the Term Loan Credit Agreement since 2016. The Term Loan Facility is subject to increase at our option and subject to receipt of lender commitments in accordance with the Term Loan Credit Agreement. The maturity date of the Term Loan Facility is February 2, 2026. As of March 31, 2022, borrowings under the Term Loan Facility​​​​​​​ bear interest per annum at one of the following rates selected by us: (a) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (1) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.50%, (2) the "prime rate" quoted in The Wall Street Journal, (3) a London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") rate determined by reference to the costs of funds for U.S. dollar deposits for an interest period of one month adjusted for certain additional costs, plus 1.00%, and (4) a floor of 1.00%, plus, in each case, an applicable margin of 0.75%; or (b) a LIBOR rate determined by reference to the costs of funds for U.S. dollar deposits for the interest period relevant to such borrowing adjusted for certain additional costs, subject to a LIBOR rate floor of 0.0%, plus an applicable margin of 1.75%. We have elected the interest rate as described in clause (b) of the foregoing sentence. The Term Loan Credit Agreement provides that, unless an alternate rate of interest is agreed, all loans will be determined by reference to the base rate if the LIBOR rate cannot be ascertained, if regulators impose material restrictions on the authority of a lender to make LIBOR rate loans, or for other reasons.

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Under the Term Loan Credit Agreement, we have the ability to incur additional incremental debt facilities in an amount up to (x) the greater of (1) $600 million and (2) 100% of consolidated EBITDA, plus (y) an amount equal to the sum of all voluntary prepayments of term loans under the Term Loan Facility, plus (z) an additional unlimited amount subject to pro forma compliance with a secured leverage ratio test of 3.25:1.00.

We are required to make scheduled quarterly amortization payments each equal to 0.25% of the original principal amount of the Term Loan Facility. As of March 31, 2022, the remaining balance of deferred finance fees, original issue discount and repricing fees related to the term loans under the Term Loan Facility was $7 million.

As of March 31, 2022, after giving effect to all amendments and repayments prior to such date, the outstanding principal amount of the Term Loan Facility was $822 million, and the interest rate was 2.0%.

Under the Term Loan Credit Agreement, we are required to prepay outstanding term loans, subject to certain exceptions, with portions of our annual excess cash flow as well as with the net cash proceeds of certain of our asset sales, certain casualty and condemnation events and the incurrence or issuance of certain debt.

All obligations under the Term Loan Facility are guaranteed by certain of our domestic subsidiaries and are secured by substantially all of our assets and the assets of such subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions and exclusions.

The Term Loan Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants and provisions relating to events of default. If an event of default occurs, the lenders under the Term Loan Facility will be entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of amounts due under the Term Loan Facility and all actions generally permitted to be taken by a secured creditor. At March 31, 2022, we were in compliance with all covenants under the Term Loan Credit Agreement.

Senior Secured Asset-Based Revolving Credit Facility

In February 2019, in connection with the completion of the ESI Merger, we entered into an asset-based revolving credit agreement with Barclays Bank PLC, as administrative agent and collateral agent, the other borrowers from time to time party thereto, and the lenders and letters of credit issuers from time to time party thereto (the "ABL Credit Agreement"), that provides the ABL Facility of up to $100 million, subject to a borrowing base limitation. We have entered into two amendments to the ABL Credit Agreement since 2019. As of March 31, 2022, after giving effect to all amendments, the borrowing base for the ABL Facility at any time equals the sum of: (a) 85% of certain eligible accounts; plus (b) prior to certain notice and field examination and appraisal requirements, the lesser of (i) 20% of net book value of eligible inventory in the United States and (ii) 30% of the borrowing base, and after the satisfaction of such requirements, the lesser of (i) the lesser of (A) 65% of the lower of cost or market value of certain eligible inventory and (B) 85% of the net orderly liquidation value of certain eligible inventory and (ii) 30% of the borrowing base; minus (c) reserves established by the administrative agent, in each case, subject to additional limitations and examination requirements for eligible accounts and eligible inventory acquired in an acquisition after February 1, 2019. The ABL Facility includes borrowing capacity in the form of letters of credit up to $25 million. We have not borrowed against the ABL Facility to date.

As of March 31, 2022, any borrowings under the ABL Facility bear interest at a rate per annum equal to, at our option, any of the following, plus, in each case, an applicable margin: (a) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (1) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.50%, (2) the "prime rate" quoted in The Wall Street Journal, (3) a LIBOR rate determined by reference to the costs of funds for U.S. dollar deposits for an interest period of one month adjusted for certain additional costs, plus 1.00% and (4) a floor of 0.00%, plus, in each case, an applicable margin ranging from 0.25% to 0.50%; and (b) a LIBOR rate determined by reference to the costs of funds for U.S. dollar deposits for the interest period relevant to such borrowing adjusted for certain additional costs, with a floor of 0.00%, plus, in each case, an applicable margin ranging from 1.25% to 1.50%. The applicable margin for borrowings thereunder is subject to upward or downward adjustment each fiscal quarter, based on the average historical excess availability during the preceding quarter.

In addition to paying interest on any outstanding principal under the ABL Facility, we are required to pay a commitment fee in respect of the unutilized commitments thereunder equal to 0.25% per annum. We must also pay customary letter of credit fees and agency fees.

Under the ABL Facility, we are required to prepay amounts outstanding under the ABL Facility (1) if amounts outstanding under the ABL Facility exceed the lesser of (a) the commitment amount and (b) the borrowing base, in an amount required to reduce such shortfall, (2) if amounts outstanding under the ABL Facility in any currency other than U.S. dollars exceed the sublimit for such currency, in an amount required to reduce such shortfall, and (3) during any period in which we have excess availability less than the greater of (a) 10.0% of the lesser of (x) the commitment amount and (y) the borrowing base (the "Line Cap") and (b) $9 million for 3 consecutive business days, until the time when we have excess availability equal to or greater than the greater of (A) 10.0% of the Line Cap and (B) $9 million for 30 consecutive days, or during the continuance of an event of default, with immediately available funds in our blocked accounts.

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There is no scheduled amortization under the ABL Facility. Any principal amount outstanding under the ABL Facility is due and payable in full on the fifth anniversary of the closing date, subject to a springing maturity in the event that term loans under the Term Loan Facility in an aggregate amount of at least $100 million have an earlier maturity date than the ABL Facility.

All obligations under the ABL Facility are guaranteed by certain of our domestic subsidiaries and are secured by substantially all of our assets and the assets of such subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions and exclusions.

From the time when we have excess availability less than the greater of (a) 10.0% of the Line Cap and (b) $9 million until the time when we have excess availability equal to or greater than the greater of (a) 10.0% of the Line Cap and (b) $9 million for 30 consecutive days, or during the continuance of an event of default, the ABL Credit Agreement requires that we maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio, tested on the last day of each fiscal quarter, of at least 1.0 to 1.0.

The ABL Credit Agreement also contains customary representations and warranties, affirmative covenants and provisions relating to events of default. If an event of default occurs, the lenders under the ABL Facility will be entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of amounts due under the ABL Facility and all actions permitted to be taken by a secured creditor.

Lines of Credit and Borrowing Arrangements

Our Japanese subsidiaries have lines of credit and a financing facility with various financial institutions, many of which generally expire and are renewed at three-month intervals with the remaining having no expiration date. The lines of credit and financing facility provided for aggregate borrowings as of March 31, 2022 of up to an equivalent of $27 million. Total borrowings outstanding under these arrangements were $3 million at March 31, 2022. There were no borrowings outstanding under these arrangements at December 31, 2021.

Interest Rate Swap Agreements

We entered into various interest rate swap agreements as described further in Note 5 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements that exchange the variable LIBOR interest rate to a fixed rate in order to manage the exposure to interest rate fluctuations associated with the variable LIBOR interest rate paid on the outstanding balance of the Term Loan Facility. We expect to enter into interest rate swap agreements in order to manage the exposure to interest rate fluctuations associated with the variable SOFR of the 2022 New Term Loan Facilities.

Contractual Obligations

We entered into a real property purchase agreement for building and land in South Korea and completed the purchase on May 2, 2022 for 51 billion Korean won or approximately $40 million. We previously leased a portion of the property, which we use for sales, customer support, service and research and development. Other than for this real property purchase agreement and the 2022 Commitment Letter, there have been no changes outside the ordinary course of business to our contractual obligations as disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATI VE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

Information concerning market risk is contained in the section entitled "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2022. As of March 31, 2022, there were no material changes in our exposure to market risk from December 31, 2021.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2022. The term "disclosure controls and procedures," as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), means controls and other procedures of an issuer that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by an issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the issuer's management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2022, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms, and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended March 31, 2022 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

For a description of our material pending legal proceedings, see Note 17 to the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Part 1, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

ITEM 1A. RI SK FACTORS.

Information regarding risk factors affecting the Company's business is discussed in the section entitled "Risk Factors" in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2022.

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ITEM 6. E XHIBITS.

Exhibit No. |  | Exhibit Description
+2.1 (1) |  | Amendment to Implementation Agreement, dated April 1, 2022, by and among Atotech Limited, MKS Instruments, Inc. and Atotech Manufacturing, Inc.
+3.1 (2) |  | Restated Articles of Organization of the Registrant
+3.2 (3) |  | Articles of Amendment to Restated Articles of Organization of the Registrant, as filed with the Secretary of State of Massachusetts on May 18, 2001
+3.3 (4) |  | Articles of Amendment to Restated Articles of Organization of the Registrant, as filed with the Secretary of State of Massachusetts on May 16, 2002
+3.4 (5) |  | Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Registrant
+10.1 (6)* |  | Management Incentive Plan
+10.2 (1) |  | Commitment Letter, by and among MKS Instruments, Inc., JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and Barclays Bank PLC, dated as of April 1, 2022
31.1 |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
31.2 |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
32.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL with applicable taxonomy extension information contained in Exhibits 101)

+ Previously filed

* Management contract or compensatory plan arrangement

(1)
Incorporated by reference to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-23621), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 1, 2022.
(2)
Incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-49738), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 2000.
(3)
Incorporated by reference to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2001 (File No. 000-23621), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 14, 2001.
(4)
Incorporated by reference to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2002 (File No. 000-23621), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 13, 2002.
(5)
Incorporated by reference to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-23621), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 6, 2014.
(6)
Incorporated by reference to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-23621), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 11, 2022.

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SIGNAT URES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| MKS INSTRUMENTS, INC.
Date: May 2, 2022 | By: | /s/ Seth H. Bagshaw
| Seth H. Bagshaw
| Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
| (Principal Financial Officer)

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