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Income Taxes
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes

12) Income Taxes

The Company's effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 were 85.5% and 24.1%, respectively. The Company's effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 were higher than the U.S. statutory tax rate mainly due to additional estimated accrued withholding taxes related to the Company’s change of indefinite reinvestment assertion, non-deductibility of certain costs associated with the Atotech Acquisition, and the U.S. global intangible low-taxed income ("GILTI") inclusion, offset by U.S. deduction for foreign derived intangible income ("FDII") and the geographic mix of income earned by the Company's international subsidiaries being taxed at rates lower than the U.S. statutory tax rate.

The Company's effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 were 20.4% and 17.6%, respectively. The Company's effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 were lower than the U.S. statutory tax rate mainly due to the U.S. deduction for FDII, windfall benefits from stock compensation, and the geographic mix of income earned by the Company's international subsidiaries being taxed at rates lower than the U.S. statutory tax rate, offset by the GILTI inclusion and additional withholding taxes on inter-company distributions due to the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union.

The Company changed its indefinite reinvestment assertion with respect to certain subsidiaries resulting from the expected increase in debt service costs after the Atotech Acquisition. This resulted in a one-time charge to tax expense of $30 in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 to accrue for expected taxes on accumulated earnings of the relevant subsidiaries.

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the total amounts of gross unrecognized tax benefits, which exclude interest and penalties, were $69 and $43, respectively. The Company accrues interest expense, and if applicable, penalties, for any uncertain tax positions. Interest and penalties are classified as a component of income tax expense. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had accrued interest on unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $1 in both periods.

Over the next 12 months it is reasonably possible that the Company may recognize approximately $1 of previously net unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, related to various U.S. federal and foreign tax positions, primarily as a result of the expiration of certain statutes of limitations.

The Company and its subsidiaries are subject to examination by U.S. federal, state and foreign tax authorities. The U.S. federal statute of limitations remains open for tax years 2018 through the present. The U.S. statute of limitations for the one-time tax reported in 2017 remains open until 2024. The statute of limitations for the Company's tax filings in other jurisdictions varies between fiscal years 2016 through the present. The Company has certain federal credit carryforwards and state tax loss and credit carryforwards that are open to examination for tax years 2002 through the present.