The Company has a 401(k) profit-sharing plan for U.S. employees meeting certain requirements, in which eligible employees may contribute between 1% and 50% of their annual compensation to this plan, and, with respect to employees who are age 50 and older, certain specified additional amounts, limited by an annual maximum amount determined by the Internal Revenue Service. The Company, at its discretion, makes certain matching contributions to this plan based on participating employees’ annual contribution to this plan and their total compensation. The Company’s contributions were $9, $9 and $10 for 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Company also has a number of defined contribution plans at some of its foreign locations. The Company’s contributions were immaterial for 2024, 2023 and 2022.

The Company maintains a management incentive bonus plan (“MIP”) which provides cash awards to certain employees, at the discretion of the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors, based upon certain metrics tied to the Company’s consolidated financial results. In addition, certain of the Company’s foreign locations also have various bonus plans, which in 2024 were generally based upon the same consolidated financial results as the MIP. In 2023 and 2022, these foreign bonus plans were based upon local operating results and employee performance. The Company may also grant certain sign-on and spot bonuses when applicable. The total bonus expense was $38, $63 and $48 for 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Company has a number of defined benefit pension plans at many of its foreign locations covering some employees at these respective locations. The majority of these defined benefit plans are frozen and do not allow new employees to join the plans. One of the Company’s German pension plans is unfunded, as permitted under the plan and applicable laws.

For financial reporting purposes, the Company obtained actuarial reports supporting the calculations of net periodic pension costs that used a number of actuarial assumptions, including a discount rate for plan obligations, an assumed rate of return on pension plan assets and an assumed rate of compensation increase for employees covered by the various plans. The Company reviewed these actuarial assumptions and concluded they were reasonable based upon management’s judgment, considering known trends and uncertainties. Actual results that differ from these assumptions would impact future expense recognition and the cash funding requirements of the Company’s pension plans.

The net periodic benefit costs for the defined benefit plans included the following components:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024			2023
Service cost	$	2		$	2
Interest cost on projected benefit obligations		5			5
Expected return on plan assets		(1	)		(1	)
	$	6		$	6

The changes in projected benefit obligations and plan assets, as well as the ending balance sheet amounts for the Company’s defined benefit plans, were as follows:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024			2023
Change in projected benefit obligations:
Projected benefit obligations, beginning of year	$	154		$	144
Service cost		2			2
Interest cost		5			5
Actuarial (gain) loss		(5	)		9
Benefits paid		(7	)		(7	)
Currency translation adjustments		(9	)		1
Projected benefit obligations, end of year	$	140		$	154

Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year		34			31
Company contributions		1			3
Gain (loss) on plan assets		2			2
Benefits paid		(3	)		(3	)
Currency translation adjustments		(2	)		1
Fair value of plan assets, end of year		32			34
Net underfunded status	$	(108	)	$	(120	)

As of December 31, 2024, the estimated benefit payments for the Company’s defined benefit plans for the next 10 years were as follows:


	Estimated benefit payments
2025	$	7
2026		8
2027		8
2028		8
2029		8
2030-2034		41
	$	80

The weighted-average rates used to determine the net periodic benefit costs were as follows:


	December 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
Discount rate		3.3	%		3.3	%
Rate of increase in salary levels		3.7	%		3.1	%
Expected long-term rate of return on assets		3.0	%		2.7	%

In determining the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets, the Company considers the relative weighting of plan assets, the historical performance of total plan assets and individual asset classes, and economic and other indicators of future performance.

Plan assets were held in the following categories as a percentage of total plan assets:


	December 31, 2024					December 31, 2023
	Amount		Percentage			Amount		Percentage
Debt securities	$	17		54	%	$	18		54	%
Equity securities		8		25			9		24
Cash		3		10			3		10
Other		4		11			4		12
	$	32		100	%	$	34		100	%

In general, the Company’s asset management objectives include maintaining an adequate level of diversification to reduce interest rate and market risk, while providing adequate liquidity to meet immediate and future benefit payment requirements.

The Company’s Israeli plans account for the deferred vested benefits using the shut-down method of accounting, which resulted in assets of $22 and vested benefit obligations of $24 as of December 31, 2024 and assets of $19 and vested benefit obligations of $22 as of December 31, 2023. Under the shut-down method, the liability is calculated as if it were payable as of the balance sheet date, on an undiscounted basis.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had assets with an aggregate market value of $6 for each period, for one of its German pension plans. These assets are invested in group insurance contracts through the insurance companies administering these plans, in accordance with applicable pension laws. These group insurance contracts have a guaranteed minimum rate of return ranging from 2.25% to 4.00% in 2024 and 2.00% to 4.25% in 2023, depending on the contract. Because these assets were not separate legal assets of the pension plan, they were not included in the Company’s plan assets shown above. However, the Company has designated such assets to pay pension benefits. Such assets are included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.