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Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
The fair value of a financial instrument represents the amount at which the instrument could be exchanged in a current transaction between willing parties, other than in a forced sale or liquidation. Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information about the financial instrument. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of judgment, and therefore cannot be determined with precision.
Accounting standards define fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Accounting standards establish a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value and also establishes the following three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:
Level 1Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that a reporting entity can access at the measurement date
Level 2Inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities that are observable either directly or indirectly
Level 3Unobservable inputs
The following methods and assumptions were used by us in estimating fair value disclosures for financial instruments:
 
•Cash and cash equivalents, receivables, other current assets, vehicle floorplan payable, accounts payable, other current liabilities, commercial paper, warehouse credit facilities, and variable rate debt: The amounts reported in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets approximate fair value due to their short-term nature or the existence of variable interest rates that approximate prevailing market rates.
•Auto loans receivable, net: Auto loans receivable are presented net of an allowance for expected credit losses, which we believe approximates fair value.
•Investments in Equity Securities: Our equity investments with readily determinable fair values are measured at fair value using Level 1 inputs. In the first quarter of 2021, we sold one of our minority equity investments with a readily determinable fair value for total proceeds of $109.4 million. The fair value of our equity investments with readily determinable fair values totaled $15.4 million at December 31, 2022, and $2.2 million at December 31, 2021.
Our equity investment that does not have a readily determinable fair value is measured using the measurement alternative as permitted by accounting standards and was recorded at cost, to be subsequently adjusted for observable price changes. The carrying amount of our equity investment without a readily determinable fair value was $56.7 million at December 31, 2022, and $56.7 million at December 31, 2021. This equity investment reflects a cumulative upward adjustment of $3.4 million based on an observable price change. We did not record any upward adjustments during the year ended December 31, 2022. Additionally, we have not recorded any impairments or downward adjustments to the carrying amounts of our equity investment as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Investments in equity securities are reported in Other Current Assets and Other Assets in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. Realized and unrealized gains and losses are reported in Other Income (Loss), Net (non-operating) in the Consolidated Statements of Income and in the “Corporate and other” category of our segment information.
The following is the portion of unrealized gains recognized during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, related to equity securities still held at December 31:
20222021
Net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities$2.9 $10.9 
Less: Net gains recognized during the period on equity securities sold during the period— 7.5 
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized during the reporting period on equity securities still held at the reporting date$2.9 $3.4 
•Fixed rate long-term debt: Our fixed rate long-term debt consists primarily of amounts outstanding under our senior unsecured notes. We estimate the fair value of our senior unsecured notes using quoted prices for the identical liability (Level 1). A summary of the aggregate carrying values and fair values of our senior unsecured notes at December 31 is as follows:
20222021
Carrying value$3,224.0 $2,527.8 
Fair value$2,803.6 $2,687.2 
Nonfinancial assets such as goodwill, other intangible assets, and long-lived assets held and used are measured at fair value when there is an indicator of impairment and recorded at fair value only when impairment is recognized or for a business combination. The fair values less costs to sell of long-lived assets or disposal groups held for sale are assessed each reporting period they remain classified as held for sale. Subsequent changes in the held for sale long-lived asset’s or disposal group’s fair value less cost to sell (increase or decrease) are reported as an adjustment to its carrying amount, except that the adjusted carrying amount cannot exceed the carrying amount of the long-lived asset or disposal group at the time it was initially classified as held for sale.
The following table presents assets measured and recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
20222021
DescriptionFair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)Gain/(Loss)Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)Gain/(Loss)
Equity investment
$— $— $53.4 $3.4 
Right-of-use assets$— $— $— $(0.1)
Long-lived assets held and used$— $(1.6)$10.4 $(3.1)
Goodwill
Goodwill for our reporting units and our franchise rights assets are tested for impairment annually as of April 30 or more frequently when events or changes in circumstances indicate that impairment may exist.
Under accounting standards, we chose to make a qualitative evaluation about the likelihood of goodwill impairment for our annual testing as of April 30, 2022 and 2021, and we determined that it was not more likely than not that the fair values of our reporting units were less than their carrying amounts.
During the first quarter of 2020, due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our results and the decrease in our market capitalization as of March 31, 2020, we determined that a triggering event had occurred and we performed a quantitative impairment test. As a result, we recorded goodwill impairment charges as of $318.3 million of which $257.4 million related to our Premium Luxury reporting unit, $41.6 million related to our Collision Centers reporting unit, and $19.3 million related to our Parts Centers reporting unit. The non-cash impairment charges are reflected as Goodwill Impairment in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations and in the “Corporate and other” category of our segment information.
The quantitative goodwill impairment test requires a determination of whether the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. We estimate the fair value of our reporting units using an “income” valuation approach, which discounts projected free cash flows of the reporting unit at a computed weighted average cost of capital as the discount rate. The income valuation approach requires the use of significant estimates and assumptions, which include revenue growth rates and future operating margins used to calculate projected future cash flows, weighted average cost of capital, and future economic and market conditions. In connection with this process, we also reconcile the estimated aggregate fair values of our reporting units to our market capitalization, including consideration of a control premium that represents the estimated amount an investor would pay for our equity securities to obtain a controlling interest. We believe that this reconciliation process is consistent with a market participant perspective. We base our cash flow forecasts on our knowledge of the automotive industry, our recent performance, our expectations of our future performance, and other assumptions we believe to be reasonable but that are unpredictable and inherently uncertain. Actual future results may differ from those estimates. We also make certain judgments and assumptions in allocating shared assets and liabilities to determine the carrying values for each of our reporting units.
For our April 30, 2020 annual impairment test, we chose to make a qualitative evaluation about the likelihood of goodwill impairment and we determined that it was not more likely than not that the fair values of our reporting units were less than their carrying amounts.
Other Intangible Assets
Our principal identifiable intangible assets are individual store rights under franchise agreements with vehicle manufacturers, which have indefinite lives and are tested for impairment annually as of April 30 or more frequently when events or changes in circumstances indicate that impairment may have occurred.
We elected to perform quantitative franchise rights impairment tests as of April 30, 2022 and 2021, and no impairment charges resulted from these quantitative tests.
The quantitative impairment test for franchise rights requires the comparison of the franchise rights’ estimated fair value to carrying value by store. Fair values of rights under franchise agreements are estimated using Level 3 inputs by discounting expected future cash flows of the store. The forecasted cash flows contain inherent uncertainties, including significant estimates and assumptions related to growth rates, margins, working capital requirements, capital expenditures, and cost of capital, for which we utilize certain market participant-based assumptions, using third-party industry projections, economic projections, and other marketplace data we believe to be reasonable.
During the first quarter of 2020, as a result of the impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic, we determined that a triggering event had occurred and we performed quantitative impairment tests as of March 31, 2020. As a result, we identified eight stores with franchise rights carrying values that exceeded their estimated fair values, and we recorded non-cash franchise rights impairment charges of $57.5 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020. The non-cash impairment charges are reflected as Franchise Rights Impairment in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income and in the “Corporate and other” category of our segment information.
For our April 30, 2020 annual impairment test, we elected to perform quantitative franchise rights impairment tests, and no additional impairment charges resulted from these quantitative tests.
In 2020, we also recorded non-cash impairment charges of $2.4 million to reduce the carrying value of certain finite-lived intangible assets to estimated fair value, which are included in Other (Income) Expense, Net in our Consolidated Statements of Income and in the “Corporate and other” category of our segment information.
Long-Lived Assets and Right-of-Use Assets
Fair value measurements for our long-lived assets and right-of-use assets are based on Level 3 inputs. Changes in fair value measurements are reviewed and assessed each quarter for properties classified as held for sale, or when an indicator of impairment exists for properties classified as held and used or for right-of-use assets. The valuation process is generally based on a combination of the market and replacement cost approaches. In certain cases, fair value measurements are based on pending agreements to sell the related assets.
In a market approach, we use transaction prices for comparable properties that have recently been sold. These transaction prices are adjusted for factors related to a specific property. We evaluate changes in local real estate markets, and/or recent market interest or negotiations related to a specific property. In a replacement cost approach, the cost to replace a specific long-lived asset is considered, which is adjusted for depreciation from physical deterioration, as well as functional and economic obsolescence, if present and measurable.
To validate the fair values determined under the valuation process noted above, we also obtain independent third-party appraisals for our properties and/or third-party brokers’ opinions of value, which are generally developed using the same valuation approaches described above, and we evaluate any recent negotiations or discussions with third-party real estate brokers related to a specific long-lived asset or
We recorded non-cash impairment charges related to long-lived assets held and used of $1.6 million in 2022, $3.1 million in 2021, and $9.2 million in 2020. We recorded non-cash impairment charges related to right-of-use assets of $0.1 million in 2021 and $3.1 million in 2020. The non-cash impairment charges recorded in are included in Other (Income) Expense, Net in our Consolidated Statements of Income and are reported in the “Corporate and other” category of our segment information.
We had assets held for sale in continuing operations of $5.7 million as of December 31, 2022, related to property held for sale, and $53.3 million as of December 31, 2021, related to property held for sale, as well as inventory, goodwill, and property of disposal groups held for sale. We had assets held for sale in discontinued operations of $1.1 million as of December 31, 2022, and $1.1 million as of December 31, 2021, related to property held for sale. Assets held for sale are included in Other Current Assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Repossessed assets
Repossessed assets consists of vehicles repossessed in the event of non-payment of the related auto loans receivable. Repossessed assets are recorded at their estimated fair values, based on Level 3 inputs, less estimated costs to sell. The fair value is determined based on comparable recent sales and adjusted for various factors, including the age of the vehicle and known changes in the market and in the collateral. We had repossessed assets of $2.7 million as of December 31, 2022. Repossessed assets are included in Other Assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.