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Loans (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Year-end loans, including leases net of unearned discounts, consisted of the following:


	2024		2023
Commercial and industrial	$	6,109,532	$	5,967,182
Energy:
Production	903,654		681,568
Service	203,629		194,126
Other	21,612		61,043
Total energy	1,128,895		936,737
Commercial real estate:
Commercial mortgages	7,165,220		6,746,709
Construction	2,264,076		1,680,724
Land	539,227		555,211
Total commercial real estate	9,968,523		8,982,644
Consumer real estate:
Home equity lines of credit	911,239		792,876
Home equity loans	914,738		694,966
Home improvement loans	852,536		765,887
1-4 family mortgage loans	259,456		38,923
Other	165,420		168,074
Total consumer real estate	3,103,389		2,460,726
Total real estate	13,071,912		11,443,370
Consumer and other	444,474		476,962
Total loans	$	20,754,813	$	18,824,251

Activities in Related Party Loans

Activity in related party loans during 2024 is presented in the following table. Other changes were primarily related to changes in related-party status.


Beginning balance	$	416,107
Principal additions	306,414
Principal payments	(296,754)
Other changes	(129,931)
Ending balance	$	295,836

Non-Accrual Loans, Segregated by Class of Loans

Year-end non-accrual loans, segregated by class of loans, were as follows:


	December 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
	Total Non-Accrual		Non-Accrual with No Credit Loss Allowance		Total Non-Accrual		Non-Accrual with No Credit Loss Allowance
Commercial and industrial	$	46,004	$	8,800	$	19,545	$	5,391
Energy	4,079		1,377		11,500		7,398

Commercial real estate:
Buildings, land and other	21,920		18,660		22,420		4,983
Construction	—		—		—		—
Consumer real estate	6,511		4,048		7,442		5,160
Consumer and other	352		—		—		—
Total	$	78,866	$	32,885	$	60,907	$	22,932

Financing Receivable, Non-Accrual Loans, Segregated by Class of Loan and Year of Origination

The following tables present non-accrual loans as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 by class and year of origination.


	December 31, 2024
	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Revolving Loans		Revolving Loans Converted to Term		Total
Commercial and industrial	$	20,819	$	2,915	$	4,053	$	1,592	$	335	$	2,144	$	1,186	$	12,960	$	46,004
Energy	—		—		—		—		56		1,321		2,702		—		4,079
Commercial real estate:
Buildings, land and other	7,856		2,671		3,233		2,753		1,248		1,505		—		2,654		21,920
Construction	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Consumer real estate	—		47		—		—		92		2,202		587		3,583		6,511
Consumer and other	—		352		—		—		—		—		—		—		352
Total	$	28,675	$	5,985	$	7,286	$	4,345	$	1,731	$	7,172	$	4,475	$	19,197	$	78,866


	December 31, 2023
	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Revolving Loans		Revolving Loans Converted to Term		Total
Commercial and industrial	$	—	$	359	$	1,635	$	985	$	1,257	$	1,006	$	9	$	14,294	$	19,545
Energy	5,875		—		—		56		1,321		—		4,102		146		11,500
Commercial real estate:
Buildings, land and other	20,099		—		150		—		1,451		720		—		—		22,420
Construction	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Consumer real estate	—		—		—		38		2,281		483		1,600		3,040		7,442
Consumer and other	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	25,974	$	359	$	1,785	$	1,079	$	6,310	$	2,209	$	5,711	$	17,480	$	60,907

Age Analysis of Past Due Loans, Segregated by Class of Loans

An age analysis of past due loans (including both accruing and non-accruing loans), segregated by class of loans, as of December 31, 2024 is presented in the following table.


	Loans 30-89 Days Past Due		Loans 90 or More Days Past Due		Total Past Due Loans		Current Loans		Total Loans		Accruing Loans 90 or More Days Past Due
Commercial and industrial	$	37,130	$	28,120	$	65,250	$	6,044,282	$	6,109,532	$	7,685
Energy	4,263		4,079		8,342		1,120,553		1,128,895		—
Commercial real estate:
Buildings, land and other	37,525		13,040		50,565		7,653,882		7,704,447		1,523
Construction	870		—		870		2,263,206		2,264,076		—
Consumer real estate	17,015		12,028		29,043		3,074,346		3,103,389		5,681
Consumer and other	6,693		822		7,515		436,959		444,474		822
Total	$	103,496	$	58,089	$	161,585	$	20,593,228	$	20,754,813	$	15,711

Modification to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

The period-end balance of loan modifications, segregated by type of modification, to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during 2024 and 2023 are set forth in the table below, regardless of whether such modifications resulted in a new loan. There were $44.1 million in commitments to lend additional funds to these borrowers at December 31, 2024.


	Payment Delay		Percent of Total Class of Loans		Combination: Payment Delay and Term Extension		Percent of Total Class of Loans		Interest Rate Reduction		Percent of Total Class of Loans
December 31, 2024
Commercial and industrial	$	6,126	0.1	%	$	45,835	0.8	%	$	—	—	%

Commercial real estate:
Buildings, land, and other	2,012		—		—		—		31,302		0.4



	$	8,138	—		$	45,835	0.2		$	31,302	0.2

	Payment Delay		Percent of Total Class of Loans		Combination: Payment Delay and Term Extension		Percent of Total Class of Loans		Combination: Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension		Percent of Total Class of Loans
December 31, 2023
Commercial and industrial	$	—	—		$	13,813	0.2		$	—	—

Commercial real estate:
Buildings, land, and other	—		—		19,438		0.3		2,092		—



	$	—	—		$	33,251	0.2		$	2,092	—

Financing Receivables, Modified Loans by Type of Modification

Information as of or for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, or 2022 related to loans modified (by type of modification) in the preceding twelve months, respectively, whereby the borrower was experiencing financial difficulty at the time of modification is set forth in the following table.


	Payment Delay		Combination: Payment Delay and Term Extension
2024
Past due in excess of 90 days or on non-accrual status at period-end:
Commercial and industrial	$	1,693	$	—

Commercial real estate:
Buildings, land, and other	2,012		—



	$	3,705	$	—


















2023
Past due in excess of 90 days or on non-accrual status at period-end:
Commercial and industrial	$	—	$	13,813

Commercial real estate:
Buildings, land, and other	—		19,438



	$	—	$	33,251


















2022
Past due in excess of 90 days or on non-accrual status at period-end:


Commercial real estate:
Buildings, land, and other	$	1,051	$	—



	$	1,051	$	—
Charge-offs during the period:


Commercial real estate:
Buildings, land, and other	$	371	$	352



	$	371	$	352
Proceeds from sales:


Commercial real estate:
Buildings, land, and other	$	—	$	1,070



	$	—	$	1,070

Weighted Average Risk Grades for All Commercial Loans by Class and Year of Origination

The following tables present weighted-average risk grades for all commercial loans, by class and year of origination/renewal as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.


	December 31, 2024
	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Revolving Loans		Revolving Loans Converted to Term		Total
Commercial and industrial
Risk grades 1-8	$	1,553,200	$	513,073	$	385,824	$	257,280	$	298,912	$	253,018	$	2,242,193	$	50,257	$	5,553,757
Risk grade 9	15,552		24,059		58,521		25,818		3,796		9,959		109,594		15,147		262,446
Risk grade 10	4,992		9,269		42,146		2,112		918		12,290		15,332		1,876		88,935
Risk grade 11	35,583		18,057		17,673		2,987		4,675		2,092		44,926		32,397		158,390
Risk grade 12	13,107		2,443		2,574		1,564		324		2,144		1,179		9,404		32,739
Risk grade 13	7,712		472		1,479		28		11		—		7		3,556		13,265
	$	1,630,146	$	567,373	$	508,217	$	289,789	$	308,636	$	279,503	$	2,413,231	$	112,637	$	6,109,532
W/A risk grade	6.73		7.12		7.52		7.13		5.58		6.11		6.30		9.12		6.64
Energy
Risk grades 1-8	$	387,904	$	22,510	$	35,357	$	16,150	$	1,516	$	2,648	$	639,362	$	5,872	$	1,111,319
Risk grade 9	—		1,677		662		2,011		—		398		5,035		1,400		11,183
Risk grade 10	—		—		52		—		—		—		—		—		52
Risk grade 11	188		—		2,038		—		36		—		—		—		2,262
Risk grade 12	—		—		—		—		56		1,321		2		—		1,379
Risk grade 13	—		—		—		—		—		—		2,700		—		2,700
	$	388,092	$	24,187	$	38,109	$	18,161	$	1,608	$	4,367	$	647,099	$	7,272	$	1,128,895
W/A risk grade	6.16		7.14		7.53		4.75		6.47		8.97		5.05		7.31		5.58
Commercial real estate:
Buildings, land, other
Risk grades 1-8	$	1,427,212	$	1,288,934	$	1,450,649	$	1,006,922	$	668,316	$	965,448	$	204,577	$	91,444	$	7,103,502
Risk grade 9	9,347		18,408		56,419		72,096		11,197		35,661		4,968		3,718		211,814
Risk grade 10	570		31,596		64,063		55,512		10,546		10,746		—		—		173,033
Risk grade 11	5,764		5,739		63,772		23,594		13,027		82,282		—		—		194,178
Risk grade 12	7,856		2,671		3,233		2,531		1,126		1,505		—		2,373		21,295
Risk grade 13	—		—		—		222		122		—		—		281		625
	$	1,450,749	$	1,347,348	$	1,638,136	$	1,160,877	$	704,334	$	1,095,642	$	209,545	$	97,816	$	7,704,447
W/A risk grade	7.16		7.32		7.39		7.52		7.05		7.17		6.01		6.80		7.25
Construction
Risk grades 1-8	$	615,683	$	601,151	$	427,984	$	59,895	$	2,727	$	559	$	151,846	$	159	$	1,860,004
Risk grade 9	46,456		9,283		65,590		35,006		—		—		15,276		—		171,611
Risk grade 10	107,666		—		48,001		76,794		—		—		—		—		232,461
Risk grade 11	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk grade 12	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk grade 13	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
	$	769,805	$	610,434	$	541,575	$	171,695	$	2,727	$	559	$	167,122	$	159	$	2,264,076
W/A risk grade	7.82		7.35		7.99		8.85		7.39		7.65		6.46		6.98		7.71
Total commercial real estate	$	2,220,554	$	1,957,782	$	2,179,711	$	1,332,572	$	707,061	$	1,096,201	$	376,667	$	97,975	$	9,968,523
W/A risk grade	7.39		7.33		7.54		7.69		7.06		7.17		6.21		6.80		7.35


	December 31, 2023
	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Revolving Loans		Revolving Loans Converted to Term		Total
Commercial and industrial
Risk grades 1-8	$	1,489,026	$	706,210	$	458,855	$	349,744	$	172,656	$	206,643	$	2,083,490	$	41,254	$	5,507,878
Risk grade 9	57,625		42,618		12,258		4,952		1,641		10,383		70,142		5,625		205,244
Risk grade 10	63,205		2,222		1,307		911		4,005		581		35,977		1,046		109,254
Risk grade 11	9,450		16,837		25,932		7,854		2,530		1,153		58,134		3,371		125,261
Risk grade 12	—		359		1,635		950		1,257		1,006		1		11,894		17,102
Risk grade 13	—		—		—		35		—		—		8		2,400		2,443
	$	1,619,306	$	768,246	$	499,987	$	364,446	$	182,089	$	219,766	$	2,247,752	$	65,590	$	5,967,182
W/A risk grade	6.53		7.05		7.26		5.87		6.01		6.04		6.50		8.48		6.60
Energy
Risk grades 1-8	$	270,710	$	54,185	$	75,004	$	3,673	$	1,819	$	4,047	$	451,897	$	9,886	$	871,221
Risk grade 9	1,137		7,315		1,041		—		456		—		17,680		14		27,643
Risk grade 10	—		—		33		—		291		494		—		—		818
Risk grade 11	—		—		25		106		2,989		—		21,650		785		25,555
Risk grade 12	5,875		—		—		56		1,321		—		1,402		146		8,800
Risk grade 13	—		—		—		—		—		—		2,700		—		2,700
	$	277,722	$	61,500	$	76,103	$	3,835	$	6,876	$	4,541	$	495,329	$	10,831	$	936,737
W/A risk grade	6.19		7.07		6.00		6.99		10.02		7.07		5.75		7.33		6.05
Commercial real estate:
Buildings, land, other
Risk grades 1-8	$	1,601,175	$	1,667,750	$	1,186,559	$	747,289	$	503,303	$	874,942	$	214,874	$	99,466	$	6,895,358
Risk grade 9	12,173		68,007		28,870		13,250		16,272		23,214		11,143		541		173,470
Risk grade 10	7,671		29,278		17,364		34,672		747		3,153		3,716		—		96,601
Risk grade 11	4,105		20,589		20,119		16,363		793		51,739		—		363		114,071
Risk grade 12	17,449		—		150		—		1,451		720		—		—		19,770
Risk grade 13	2,650		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		2,650
	$	1,645,223	$	1,785,624	$	1,253,062	$	811,574	$	522,566	$	953,768	$	229,733	$	100,370	$	7,301,920
W/A risk grade	7.23		7.18		7.29		7.22		6.90		7.16		7.49		6.77		7.20
Construction
Risk grades 1-8	$	538,072	$	537,705	$	264,770	$	28,063	$	296	$	1,613	$	155,567	$	—	$	1,526,086
Risk grade 9	3,414		35,565		79,871		—		—		—		8,252		—		127,102
Risk grade 10	13,322		—		—		—		—		—		3,713		—		17,035
Risk grade 11	5,912		3,104		—		—		—		—		1,485		—		10,501
Risk grade 12	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk grade 13	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
	$	560,720	$	576,374	$	344,641	$	28,063	$	296	$	1,613	$	169,017	$	—	$	1,680,724
W/A risk grade	7.44		7.44		7.93		2.55		7.22		6.78		7.34		—		7.45
Total commercial real estate	$	2,205,943	$	2,361,998	$	1,597,703	$	839,637	$	522,862	$	955,381	$	398,750	$	100,370	$	8,982,644
W/A risk grade	7.28		7.24		7.43		7.07		6.90		7.15		7.43		6.77		7.24

Age analysis of Past Due Consumer Loans by Class and Year of Origination

Information about the payment status of consumer loans, segregated by portfolio segment and year of origination, as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was as follows:


	December 31, 2024
	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Revolving Loans		Revolving Loans Converted to Term		Total
Consumer real estate:
Past due 30-89 days	$	632	$	1,030	$	1,897	$	965	$	645	$	1,944	$	9,790	$	112	$	17,015
Past due 90 or more days	—		292		972		1,165		213		3,255		2,452		3,679		12,028
Total past due	632		1,322		2,869		2,130		858		5,199		12,242		3,791		29,043
Current loans	699,196		544,811		387,344		248,225		146,972		152,517		886,848		8,433		3,074,346
Total	$	699,828	$	546,133	$	390,213	$	250,355	$	147,830	$	157,716	$	899,090	$	12,224	$	3,103,389
Consumer and other:
Past due 30-89 days	$	3,378	$	772	$	249	$	22	$	66	$	23	$	1,734	$	449	$	6,693
Past due 90 or more days	243		—		—		—		—		3		395		181		822
Total past due	3,621		772		249		22		66		26		2,129		630		7,515
Current loans	54,440		27,705		9,276		3,006		1,906		1,124		315,038		24,464		436,959
Total	$	58,061	$	28,477	$	9,525	$	3,028	$	1,972	$	1,150	$	317,167	$	25,094	$	444,474


	December 31, 2023
	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Revolving Loans		Revolving Loans Converted to Term		Total
Consumer real estate:
Past due 30-89 days	$	874	$	2,066	$	1,318	$	959	$	537	$	2,641	$	3,570	$	539	$	12,504
Past due 90 or more days	—		512		626		38		—		887		2,566		3,087		7,716
Total past due	874		2,578		1,944		997		537		3,528		6,136		3,626		20,220
Current loans	579,505		432,719		281,820		170,225		58,744		134,319		775,465		7,709		2,440,506
Total	$	580,379	$	435,297	$	283,764	$	171,222	$	59,281	$	137,847	$	781,601	$	11,335	$	2,460,726
Consumer and other:
Past due 30-89 days	$	3,014	$	488	$	148	$	66	$	28	$	40	$	2,553	$	158	$	6,495
Past due 90 or more days	153		—		27		—		20		—		51		—		251
Total past due	3,167		488		175		66		48		40		2,604		158		6,746
Current loans	67,272		28,885		6,290		3,581		1,199		1,230		339,789		21,970		470,216
Total	$	70,439	$	29,373	$	6,465	$	3,647	$	1,247	$	1,270	$	342,393	$	22,128	$	476,962

Financing Receivable Revolving Loans Converted to Term

Revolving loans that converted to term during 2024 and 2023 were as follows:


	2024		2023
Commercial and industrial	$	71,275	$	28,713
Energy	2,393		6,409
Commercial real estate:
Buildings, land and other	9,776		4,780
Construction	159		—
Consumer real estate	3,425		2,467
Consumer and other	11,158		7,482
Total	$	98,186	$	49,851

Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss By Loan Class Calculated in Accordance With CECL Methodology

The following table presents details of the allowance for credit losses on loans segregated by loan portfolio segment as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, calculated in accordance with the CECL methodology described above.


	Commercial and Industrial		Energy		Commercial Real Estate		Consumer Real Estate		Consumer and Other		Total
December 31, 2024
Modeled expected credit losses	$	51,669	$	3,969	$	17,549	$	17,720	$	7,019	$	97,926
Q-Factor and other qualitative adjustments	22,635		3,323		125,031		620		3,095		154,704
Specific allocations	13,265		2,700		625		766		165		17,521
Total	$	87,569	$	9,992	$	143,205	$	19,106	$	10,279	$	270,151
December 31, 2023
Modeled expected credit losses	$	50,959	$	7,838	$	15,443	$	12,364	$	5,969	$	92,573
Q-Factor and other qualitative adjustments	20,612		7,276		112,505		433		4,071		144,897
Specific allocations	2,435		2,700		2,650		741		—		8,526
Total	$	74,006	$	17,814	$	130,598	$	13,538	$	10,040	$	245,996

Activity in Allowance for Loan Losses by Portfolio Segment

The following table details activity in the allowance for credit losses on loans by portfolio segment for 2024, 2023 and 2022. Allocation of a portion of the allowance to one category of loans does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other categories.


	Commercial and Industrial		Energy		Commercial Real Estate		Consumer Real Estate		Consumer and Other		Total
2024
Beginning balance	$	74,006	$	17,814	$	130,598	$	13,538	$	10,040	$	245,996
Credit loss expense (benefit)	24,494		(8,977)		16,479		9,753		23,083		64,832
Charge-offs	(14,828)		(79)		(3,919)		(4,940)		(33,344)		(57,110)
Recoveries	3,897		1,234		47		755		10,500		16,433
Net (charge-offs) recoveries	(10,931)		1,155		(3,872)		(4,185)		(22,844)		(40,677)
Ending balance	$	87,569	$	9,992	$	143,205	$	19,106	$	10,279	$	270,151
2023
Beginning balance	$	104,237	$	18,062	$	90,301	$	8,004	$	7,017	$	227,621
Credit loss expense (benefit)	(16,709)		(1,067)		40,889		6,736		23,012		52,861
Charge-offs	(18,315)		(518)		(955)		(2,883)		(31,260)		(53,931)
Recoveries	4,793		1,337		363		1,681		11,271		19,445
Net (charge-offs) recoveries	(13,522)		819		(592)		(1,202)		(19,989)		(34,486)
Ending balance	$	74,006	$	17,814	$	130,598	$	13,538	$	10,040	$	245,996
2022
Beginning balance	$	72,091	$	17,217	$	144,936	$	6,585	$	7,837	$	248,666
Credit loss expense (benefit)	34,479		(313)		(54,775)		1,813		13,517		(5,279)
Charge-offs	(6,575)		(371)		(702)		(912)		(24,388)		(32,948)
Recoveries	4,242		1,529		842		518		10,051		17,182
Net (charge-offs) recoveries	(2,333)		1,158		140		(394)		(14,337)		(15,766)
Ending balance	$	104,237	$	18,062	$	90,301	$	8,004	$	7,017	$	227,621

Gross Charge-Offs By Year of Origination [Table]

The following table presents year-to-date gross charge-offs by year of origination as of December 31, 2024.


	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Revolving Loans		Revolving Loans Converted to Term		Total
Commercial and industrial	$	1,423	$	1,820	$	804	$	487	$	403	$	625	$	6,273	$	2,993	$	14,828
Energy	—		79		—		—		—		—		—		—		79
Commercial real estate:
Buildings, land and other	—		3,797		122		—		—		—		—		—		3,919
Construction	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Consumer real estate	—		537		315		253		—		704		3,064		67		4,940
Consumer and other	24,485		5,793		218		56		30		71		2,459		232		33,344
Total	$	25,908	$	12,026	$	1,459	$	796	$	433	$	1,400	$	11,796	$	3,292	$	57,110

In the table above, $24.2 million of the consumer and other loan charge-offs reported as 2024 originations and $5.5 million of the total reported as 2023 originations were related to deposit overdrafts.

Investment in Loans Related to the Allowance for Loan Losses by Portfolio Segment Disaggregated Based on Impairment Methodology

The following table presents loans that were evaluated for expected credit losses on an individual basis and the related specific allocations, by loan portfolio segment as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.


	December 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
	Loan Balance		Specific Allocations		Loan Balance		Specific Allocations
Commercial and industrial	$	45,009	$	13,265	$	18,670	$	2,435
Energy	4,078		2,700		11,353		2,700
Commercial real estate:
Buildings, land and other	18,797		122		21,373		2,650
Construction	2,012		503		—		—
Consumer real estate	6,039		766		7,235		741
Consumer and other	352		165		—		—
Total	$	76,287	$	17,521	$	58,631	$	8,526