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Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2017
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Business AGCO Corporation and subsidiaries (“AGCO” or the “Company”) is a leading manufacturer and distributor of agricultural equipment and related replacement parts throughout the world. The Company sells a full range of agricultural equipment, including tractors, combines, hay tools, sprayers, forage equipment, seeding and tillage equipment, implements, and grain storage and protein production systems. The Company’s products are widely recognized in the agricultural equipment industry and are marketed under a number of well-known brand names including: Challenger®, Fendt®, GSI®, Massey Ferguson® and Valtra®. The Company distributes most of its products through a combination of approximately 4,200 independent dealers and distributors as well as the Company utilizes associates and licensees to provide a distribution channel for its products. In addition, the Company provides retail financing through its finance joint ventures with Coöperatieve Centrale Raiffeisen-Boerenleenbank B.A., or “Rabobank.” Basis of Presentation and Consolidation The Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements represent the consolidation of all wholly-owned companies, majority-owned companies and joint ventures in which the Company has been determined to be the primary beneficiary. The Company consolidates a variable interest entity (“VIE”) if the Company determines it is the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is the party that has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that potentially could be significant to the VIE. The Company also consolidates all entities that are not considered VIEs if it is determined that the Company has a controlling voting interest to direct the activities that most significantly impact the joint venture or entity. The Company records investments in all other affiliate companies using the equity method of accounting when it has significant influence. Other investments, including those representing an ownership interest of less than 20%, are recorded at cost. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The estimates made by management primarily relate to accounts and notes receivable, inventories, deferred income tax valuation allowances, uncertain tax positions, goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets, and certain accrued liabilities, principally relating to reserves for volume discounts and sales incentives, warranty obligations, product liability and workers’ compensation obligations, and pensions and postretirement benefits. Revenue Recognition Sales of equipment and replacement parts are recorded by the Company when title and risks of ownership have been transferred to an independent dealer, distributor or other customer. In certain countries, sales of certain grain storage and protein production systems in which the Company is responsible for construction or installation and which may be contingent upon customer acceptance, are recorded on an over-time basis, using a percentage of completion method. Payment terms vary by market and product, with fixed payment schedules on all sales. The terms of sale generally require that a purchase order or order confirmation accompany all shipments. Title generally passes to the dealer or distributor upon shipment or specified delivery, and the risk of loss upon damage, theft or destruction of the equipment is the responsibility of the dealer, distributor or third-party carrier at the point of the stated shipping or delivery term. In certain foreign countries, the Company retains a form of title to goods delivered to dealers until the dealer makes payment so that the Company can recover the goods in the event of customer default on payment. This occurs as the laws of some foreign countries do not provide for a seller’s retention of a security interest in goods in the same manner as established in the United States Uniform Commercial Code. The only right the Company retains with respect to the title is that enabling recovery of the goods in the event of customer default on payment. The dealer or distributor may not return equipment or replacement parts while its contract with the Company is in force. Replacement parts may be returned only under promotional and annual return programs. Provisions for returns under these programs are made at the time of sale based on the terms of the program and historical returns experience. The Company may provide certain sales incentives to dealers and distributors. Provisions for sales incentives are made at the time of sale for existing incentive programs. These provisions are revised in the event of subsequent modification to the incentive program. See “Accounts and Notes Receivable” for further discussion. In the United States and Canada, amounts due from sales to dealers are immediately due upon a retail sale of the underlying equipment by the dealer with the exception of sales of grain storage and protein production systems as discussed further below. If not previously paid by the dealer in the United States and Canada, installment payments are required generally beginning after the interest-free period with the remaining outstanding equipment balance generally due within 12 months after shipment or delivery. Some specified programs in the United States and Canada may allow for interest-free periods and due dates of up to 24 months for certain products. Interest generally is charged on the outstanding balance six to 12 months after shipment or delivery. Sales terms of some highly seasonal products provide for payment and due dates based on a specified date during the year regardless of the shipment date. Equipment sold to dealers in the United States and Canada is paid in full on average within 12 months of shipment. Sales of replacement parts generally are payable within 30 days of shipment, with terms for some larger, seasonal stock orders generally requiring payment within six months of shipment. In other international markets, equipment sales generally are payable in full within 30 to 180 days of shipment or delivery. Payment terms for some highly seasonal products have a specified due date during the year regardless of the shipment or delivery date. Sales of replacement parts generally are payable within 30 to 90 days of shipment, with terms for some larger, seasonal stock orders generally payable within six months of shipment. In certain markets, there is a time lag, which varies based on the timing and level of retail demand, between the date the Company records a sale and when the dealer sells the equipment to a retail customer. Sales of grain storage and protein production systems generally are payable within 30 days of shipment. In certain countries, sales of such systems in which the Company is responsible for construction or installation and which may be contingent upon customer acceptance, payment terms vary by market and product, with fixed payment schedules on all sales. Foreign Currency Translation The financial statements of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are translated into United States currency in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 830, “Foreign Currency Matters.” Assets and liabilities are translated to United States dollars at period-end exchange rates. Income and expense items are translated at average rates of exchange prevailing during the period. Translation adjustments are included in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” in stockholders’ equity within the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Gains and losses, which result from foreign currency transactions, are included in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash at December 31, 2017 and 2016 of $317.0 million and $386.2 million, respectively, consisted primarily of cash on hand and bank deposits. The Company considers all investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents at December 31, 2017 and 2016 of $50.7 million and $43.5 million, respectively, consisted primarily of money market deposits, certificates of deposits and overnight investments. Accounts and Notes Receivable Accounts and notes receivable arise from the sale of equipment and replacement parts to independent dealers, distributors or other customers. Payments due under the Company’s terms of sale generally range from one to 12 months and are not contingent upon the sale of the equipment by the dealer or distributor to a retail customer. Under normal circumstances, payment terms are not extended and equipment may not be returned. In certain regions, with respect to most equipment sales, including the United States and Canada, the Company is obligated to repurchase equipment and replacement parts upon cancellation of a dealer or distributor contract. These obligations are required by national, state or provincial laws and require the Company to repurchase a dealer or distributor’s unsold inventory, including inventories for which the receivable already has been paid. The Company offers various sales terms with respect to its products. For sales in most markets outside of the United States and Canada, the Company generally does not charge interest on outstanding receivables with its dealers and distributors. For sales to certain dealers or distributors in the United States and Canada, interest is charged at or above prime lending rates on outstanding receivable balances after interest-free periods. These interest-free periods vary by product and generally range from one to 12 months as previously discussed. In limited circumstances, the Company provides sales terms, and in some cases, interest-free periods that are longer than 12 months for certain products. These are typically specified programs, predominantly in the United States and Canada, in which interest is charged after a period of up to 24 months depending on the year of the sale and the dealer or distributor’s ordering or sales volume during the preceding year. Actual interest-free periods are shorter than described above because the equipment receivable from dealers or distributors in some countries, such as in the United States and Canada, is generally due immediately upon sale of the equipment to a retail customer. Receivables can also be paid prior to terms specified in sales agreements. Under normal circumstances, interest is not forgiven and interest-free periods are not extended. The following summarizes by geographic region, as a percentage of our consolidated net sales, amounts with maximum interest-free periods as presented below (in millions):
Year Ended December 31, 2017 | North America |  | South America |  | Europe/ Middle East |  | Asia/Pacific/Africa |  | Consolidated
0 to 6 months | $ | 1,399.6 |  |  | $ | 1,063.5 |  |  | $ | 4,603.9 |  |  | $ | 752.0 |  |  | $ | 7,819.0 |  |  | 94.1 | %
7 to 12 months | 467.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 10.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 478.1 |  |  | 5.8 | %
13 to 24 months | 9.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9.4 |  |  | 0.1 | %
| $ | 1,876.7 |  |  | $ | 1,063.5 |  |  | $ | 4,614.3 |  |  | $ | 752.0 |  |  | $ | 8,306.5 |  |  | 100.0 | %
The Company has an agreement to permit transferring, on an ongoing basis, a majority of its wholesale interest-bearing and non-interest bearing accounts receivable in North America, Europe and Brazil to its U.S., Canadian, European and Brazilian finance joint ventures. Qualified dealers may obtain additional financing through the Company’s U.S., Canadian, European and Brazilian finance joint ventures at the joint ventures’ discretion. The Company provides various volume bonus and sales incentive programs with respect to its products. These sales incentive programs include reductions in invoice prices, reductions in retail financing rates, dealer commissions and dealer incentive allowances. In most cases, incentive programs are established and communicated to the Company’s dealers on a quarterly basis. The incentives are paid either at the time of the cash settlement of the receivable (which is generally at the time of retail sale), at the time of retail financing, at the time of warranty registration, or at a subsequent time based on dealer purchase volumes. The incentive programs are product-line specific and generally do not vary by dealer. The cost of sales incentives associated with dealer commissions and dealer incentive allowances is estimated based upon the terms of the programs and historical experience, is often based on a percentage of the sales price and is recorded at the later of (a) the date at which the related revenue is recognized, or (b) the date at which the sales incentive is offered. The related provisions and accruals are made on a product or product-line basis and are monitored for adequacy and revised at least quarterly in the event of subsequent modifications to the programs. Volume discounts are estimated and recognized based on historical experience, and related reserves are monitored and adjusted based on actual dealer purchase volumes and the dealer’s progress towards achieving specified cumulative target levels. The Company records the cost of interest subsidy payments, which is a reduction in the retail financing rates, at the later of (a) the date at which the related revenue is recognized, or (b) the date at which the sales incentive is offered. Estimates of these incentives are based on the terms of the programs and historical experience. All incentive programs are recorded and presented as a reduction of revenue, due to the fact that the Company does not receive an identifiable benefit in exchange for the consideration provided. In the United States and Canada, reserves for incentive programs related to accounts receivable not sold to Company’s U.S. and Canadian finance joint ventures are recorded as “accounts receivable allowances” within the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets due to the fact that the incentives are paid through a reduction of future cash settlement of the receivable. Globally, reserves for incentive programs that will be paid in cash or credit memos, as is the case with most of the Company’s volume discount programs, as well as sales with incentives associated with accounts receivable sold to its finance joint ventures, are recorded within “Accrued expenses” within the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Accounts and notes receivable are shown net of allowances for sales incentive discounts available to dealers and for doubtful accounts. Cash flows related to the collection of receivables are reported within “Cash flows from operating activities” within the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Accounts and notes receivable allowances at December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows (in millions):
| 2017 |  | 2016
Sales incentive discounts | $ | 33.1 |  |  | $ | 34.5 |
Doubtful accounts | 37.5 |  |  | 33.7 |
| $ | 70.6 |  |  | $ | 68.2 |
In the United States and Canada, sales incentives can be paid through future cash settlements of receivables and through credit memos to Company’s dealers or through reductions in retail financing rates paid to the Company’s finance joint ventures. Outside of the United States and Canada, sales incentives can be paid through cash or credit memos to the Company’s dealers or through reductions in retail financing rates paid to the Company’s finance joint ventures. The Company transfers certain accounts receivable under its accounts receivable sales agreements with its finance joint ventures (Note 4). The Company records such transfers as sales of accounts receivable when it is considered to have surrendered control of such receivables under the provisions of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2009-16, “Transfers and Servicing (Topic 860): Accounting for Transfers of Financial Assets.” Cash payments made to the Company’s finance joint ventures for sales incentive discounts provided to dealers related to outstanding accounts receivables sold are recorded within “Accrued expenses”. Inventories Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market using the first-in, first-out method. Market is current replacement cost (by purchase or by reproduction, dependent on the type of inventory). In cases where market exceeds net realizable value (i.e., estimated selling price less reasonably predictable costs of completion and disposal), inventories are stated at net realizable value. Market is not considered to be less than net realizable value reduced by an allowance for an approximately normal profit margin. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company had recorded $165.7 million and $137.2 million, respectively, as an adjustment for surplus and obsolete inventories. These adjustments are reflected within “Inventories, net” within the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Inventories, net at December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows (in millions):
| 2017 |  | 2016
Finished goods | $ | 684.1 |  |  | $ | 589.3 |
Repair and replacement parts | 605.9 |  |  | 532.5 |
Work in process | 178.7 |  |  | 113.8 |
Raw materials | 404.2 |  |  | 279.2 |
Inventories, net | $ | 1,872.9 |  |  | $ | 1,514.8 |
Cash flows related to the sale of inventories are reported within “Cash flows from operating activities” within the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is provided on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of ten to 40 years for buildings and improvements, three to 15 years for machinery and equipment and three to ten years for furniture and fixtures. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. Property, plant and equipment, net at December 31, 2017 and 2016 consisted of the following (in millions):
| 2017 |  | 2016
Land | $ | 130.6 |  |  | $ | 112.1 |
Buildings and improvements | 792.0 |  |  | 681.8 |
Machinery and equipment | 2,391.6 |  |  | 2,116.1 |
Furniture and fixtures | 147.6 |  |  | 126.4 |
Gross property, plant and equipment | 3,461.8 |  |  | 3,036.4 |
Accumulated depreciation and amortization | (1,976.5 | ) |  | (1,675.1 | )
Property, plant and equipment, net | $ | 1,485.3 |  |  | $ | 1,361.3 |
Goodwill, Other Intangible Assets and Long-Lived Assets The Company tests goodwill for impairment, at the reporting unit level, annually and when events or circumstances indicate that fair value of a reporting unit may be below its carrying value. A reporting unit is an operating segment or one level below an operating segment, for example, a component. The Company combines and aggregates two or more components of an operating segment as a single reporting unit if the components have similar economic characteristics. The Company’s reportable segments are not its reporting units. Goodwill is evaluated annually as of October 1 for impairment using a qualitative assessment or a quantitative two-step assessment. If the Company elects to perform a qualitative assessment and determines the fair value of its reporting units more likely than not exceed their carrying value, no further evaluation is necessary. For reporting units where the Company performs a two-step quantitative assessment, the first step requires the Company to compare the fair value of each reporting unit, which is determined based on a combination of a discounted cash flow valuation approach and a market multiple valuation approach, to its respective carrying value, including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, the goodwill is not considered impaired. If the carrying value is higher than the fair value of the reporting unit, the second step of the quantitative process is required to measure the amount of impairment, if any. The second step of the quantitative assessment results in a calculation of the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill, which is determined as the excess of the fair value of a reporting unit over the fair values assigned to its assets and liabilities. If the implied fair value of goodwill is less than the carrying value of the reporting unit’s goodwill, the difference is recognized as an impairment loss. The Company reviews its long-lived assets, which include intangible assets subject to amortization, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The evaluation for recoverability is performed at a level where independent cash flows may be attributed to either an asset or asset group. If the Company determines that the carrying amount of an asset or asset group is not recoverable based on the expected undiscounted future cash flows of the asset or asset group, an impairment loss is recorded equal to the excess of the carrying amounts over the estimated fair value of the long-lived assets. Estimates of future cash flows are based on many factors, including current operating results, expected market trends and competitive influences. The Company also evaluates the amortization periods assigned to its intangible assets to determine whether events or changes in circumstances warrant revised estimates of useful lives. Assets to be disposed of by sale are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value, less estimated costs to sell. The results of the Company’s goodwill and long-lived assets impairment analyses conducted as of October 1, 2017, 2016 and 2015 indicated that no reduction in the carrying amount of the Company’s goodwill and long-lived assets was required. The Company’s accumulated goodwill impairment is approximately $180.5 million related to impairment charges the Company recorded during 2012 and 2006 pertaining to its Chinese harvesting reporting unit and former sprayer reporting unit, respectively. The Chinese harvesting business operates within the Asia/Pacific/Africa geographical reportable segment and the former sprayer reporting unit operates within the North American geographical reportable segment. Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are summarized as follows (in millions):
| North America |  | South America |  | Europe/ Middle East |  | Asia/Pacific/Africa |  | Consolidated
Balance as of December 31, 2014 | $ | 513.6 |  |  | $ | 169.7 |  |  | $ | 445.4 |  |  | $ | 64.1 |  |  | $ | 1,192.8 |
Acquisition | 5.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 12.7 |  |  | 22.2 |
Foreign currency translation | — |  |  | (55.3 | ) |  | (38.6 | ) |  | (6.6 | ) |  | (100.5 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2015 | 518.7 |  |  | 114.4 |  |  | 411.2 |  |  | 70.2 |  |  | 1,114.5 |
Acquisitions | 25.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 196.4 |  |  | 47.6 |  |  | 269.2 |
Foreign currency translation | — |  |  | 24.4 |  |  | (25.7 | ) |  | (6.0 | ) |  | (7.3 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2016 | 543.9 |  |  | 138.8 |  |  | 581.9 |  |  | 111.8 |  |  | 1,376.4 |
Acquisitions | 67.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 17.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 84.6 |
Foreign currency translation | — |  |  | (2.4 | ) |  | 71.7 |  |  | 11.1 |  |  | 80.4 |
Balance as of December 31, 2017 | $ | 611.1 |  |  | $ | 136.4 |  |  | $ | 671.0 |  |  | $ | 122.9 |  |  | $ | 1,541.4 |
The Company amortizes certain acquired identifiable intangible assets primarily on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, which range from three to 50 years. The acquired intangible assets have a weighted average useful life as follows:
Intangible Asset |  | Weighted-Average Useful Life
Patents and technology |  | 12 | years
Customer relationships |  | 13 | years
Trademarks and trade names |  | 19 | years
Land use rights |  | 45 | years
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, acquired intangible asset amortization was $57.0 million, $51.2 million and $42.7 million, respectively. The Company estimates amortization of existing intangible assets will be $62.8 million in 2018 and 2019, $62.4 million in 2020, $59.8 million in 2021, and $59.1 million in 2022. The Company has previously determined that two of its trademarks have an indefinite useful life. The Massey Ferguson trademark has been in existence since 1952 and was formed from the merger of Massey-Harris (established in the 1890’s) and Ferguson (established in the 1930’s). The Massey Ferguson brand is currently sold in approximately 120 countries worldwide, making it one of the most widely sold tractor brands in the world. The Company also has identified the Valtra trademark as an indefinite-lived asset. The Valtra trademark has been in existence since the late 1990’s, but is a derivative of the Valmet trademark which has been in existence since 1951. The Valmet name transitioned to the Valtra name over a period of time in the marketplace. The Valtra brand is currently sold in over 80 countries around the world. Both the Massey Ferguson brand and the Valtra brand are primary product lines of the Company’s business, and the Company plans to use these trademarks for an indefinite period of time. The Company plans to continue to make investments in product development to enhance the value of these brands into the future. There are no legal, regulatory, contractual, competitive, economic or other factors that the Company is aware of or that the Company believes would limit the useful lives of the trademarks. The Massey Ferguson and Valtra trademark registrations can be renewed at a nominal cost in the countries in which the Company operates. Changes in the carrying amount of acquired intangible assets during 2017 and 2016 are summarized as follows (in millions):
| Trademarks and Trade Names |  | Customer Relationships |  | Patents and Technology |  | Land Use Rights |  | Total
Gross carrying amounts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2015 | $ | 122.2 |  |  | $ | 492.3 |  |  | $ | 92.5 |  |  | $ | 9.1 |  |  | $ | 716.1 |
Acquisitions | 61.2 |  |  | 69.0 |  |  | 32.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 162.5 |
Foreign currency translation | (4.2 | ) |  | (3.3 | ) |  | (2.7 | ) |  | (0.6 | ) |  | (10.8 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2016 | 179.2 |  |  | 558.0 |  |  | 122.1 |  |  | 8.5 |  |  | 867.8 |
Acquisitions | 19.5 |  |  | 24.4 |  |  | 28.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 72.0 |
Foreign currency translation | 9.7 |  |  | 18.0 |  |  | 9.8 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 38.1 |
Balance as of December 31, 2017 | $ | 208.4 |  |  | $ | 600.4 |  |  | $ | 160.0 |  |  | $ | 9.1 |  |  | $ | 977.9 |
| Trademarks and Trade Names |  | Customer Relationships |  | Patents and Technology |  | Land Use Rights |  | Total
Accumulated amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2015 | $ | 41.9 |  |  | $ | 193.8 |  |  | $ | 55.1 |  |  | $ | 2.9 |  |  | $ | 293.7 |
Amortization expense | 8.0 |  |  | 37.4 |  |  | 5.6 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 51.2 |
Foreign currency translation | (0.2 | ) |  | 1.8 |  |  | (1.2 | ) |  | (0.4 | ) |  | — |
Balance as of December 31, 2016 | 49.7 |  |  | 233.0 |  |  | 59.5 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 344.9 |
Amortization expense | 10.3 |  |  | 38.5 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 57.0 |
Foreign currency translation | 1.4 |  |  | 8.2 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 15.6 |
Balance as of December 31, 2017 | $ | 61.4 |  |  | $ | 279.7 |  |  | $ | 73.4 |  |  | $ | 3.0 |  |  | $ | 417.5 |
| Trademarks and Trade Names
Indefinite-lived intangible assets: |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2015 | $ | 85.3 |
Foreign currency translation | (0.9 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2016 | 84.4 |
Foreign currency translation | 4.2 |
Balance as of December 31, 2017 | $ | 88.6 |
Accrued Expenses Accrued expenses at December 31, 2017 and 2016 consisted of the following (in millions):
| 2017 |  | 2016
Reserve for volume discounts and sales incentives | $ | 489.1 |  |  | $ | 407.3 |
Warranty reserves | 273.6 |  |  | 223.1 |
Accrued employee compensation and benefits | 283.3 |  |  | 234.0 |
Accrued taxes | 135.4 |  |  | 113.5 |
Other | 226.5 |  |  | 182.9 |
| $ | 1,407.9 |  |  | $ | 1,160.8 |
Warranty Reserves The warranty reserve activity for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 consisted of the following (in millions):
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Balance at beginning of the year | $ | 255.6 |  |  | $ | 230.3 |  |  | $ | 284.6 |
Acquisitions | 5.1 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | 0.2 |
Accruals for warranties issued during the year | 215.9 |  |  | 214.6 |  |  | 152.6 |
Settlements made (in cash or in kind) during the year | (183.1 | ) |  | (188.7 | ) |  | (186.2 | )
Foreign currency translation | 22.5 |  |  | (4.3 | ) |  | (20.9 | )
Balance at the end of the year | $ | 316.0 |  |  | $ | 255.6 |  |  | $ | 230.3 |
The Company’s agricultural equipment products generally are under warranty against defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one to four years. The Company accrues for future warranty costs at the time of sale based on historical warranty experience. Approximately $42.4 million and $32.5 million of warranty reserves are included in “Other noncurrent liabilities” in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Insurance Reserves Under the Company’s insurance programs, coverage is obtained for significant liability limits as well as those risks required to be insured by law or contract. It is the policy of the Company to self-insure a portion of certain expected losses primarily related to workers’ compensation and comprehensive general liability, product and vehicle liability. Provisions for losses expected under these programs are recorded based on the Company’s estimates of the aggregate liabilities for the claims incurred. Stock Incentive Plans Stock compensation expense was recorded as follows (in millions). Refer to Note 10 for additional information regarding the Company’s stock incentive plans during 2017, 2016 and 2015:
| Years Ended December 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Cost of goods sold | $ | 2.8 |  |  | $ | 1.5 |  |  | $ | 0.9 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 35.6 |  |  | 16.9 |  |  | 11.6 |
Total stock compensation expense | $ | 38.4 |  |  | $ | 18.4 |  |  | $ | 12.5 |
Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses are expensed as incurred and are included in engineering expenses in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Advertising Costs The Company expenses all advertising costs as incurred. Cooperative advertising costs normally are expensed at the time the revenue is earned. Advertising expenses for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 totaled approximately $42.6 million, $46.8 million and $50.0 million, respectively. Shipping and Handling Expenses All shipping and handling fees charged to customers are included as a component of net sales. Shipping and handling costs are included as a part of cost of goods sold, with the exception of certain handling costs included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the amount of $29.5 million, $24.3 million and $24.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Interest Expense, Net Interest expense, net for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 consisted of the following (in millions):
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Interest expense | $ | 54.5 |  |  | $ | 65.4 |  |  | $ | 64.1 |
Interest income | (9.4 | ) |  | (13.3 | ) |  | (18.7 | )
| $ | 45.1 |  |  | $ | 52.1 |  |  | $ | 45.4 |
Income Taxes Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Refer to Note 6 for additional information regarding the Company’s income taxes. Net Income Per Common Share Basic net income per common share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each period. Diluted net income per common share assumes the exercise of outstanding stock-settled stock appreciation rights (“SSARs”) and the vesting of performance share awards and restricted stock units using the treasury stock method when the effects of such assumptions are dilutive. A reconciliation of net income attributable to AGCO Corporation and its subsidiaries and weighted average common shares outstanding for purposes of calculating basic and diluted net income per share during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is as follows (in millions, except per share data):
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Basic net income per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to AGCO Corporation and subsidiaries | $ | 186.4 |  |  | $ | 160.1 |  |  | $ | 266.4 |
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding | 79.5 |  |  | 81.4 |  |  | 87.0 |
Basic net income per share attributable to AGCO Corporation and subsidiaries | $ | 2.34 |  |  | $ | 1.97 |  |  | $ | 3.06 |
Diluted net income per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to AGCO Corporation and subsidiaries | $ | 186.4 |  |  | $ | 160.1 |  |  | $ | 266.4 |
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding | 79.5 |  |  | 81.4 |  |  | 87.0 |
Dilutive SSARs, performance share awards and restricted stock units | 0.7 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.1 |
Weighted average number of common shares and common share equivalents outstanding for purposes of computing diluted net income per share | 80.2 |  |  | 81.7 |  |  | 87.1 |
Diluted net income per share attributable to AGCO Corporation and subsidiaries | $ | 2.32 |  |  | $ | 1.96 |  |  | $ | 3.06 |
SSARs to purchase 0.3 million shares, 1.1 million shares and 1.2 million shares of the Company’s common stock were outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, but were not included in the calculation of weighted average common and common equivalent shares outstanding because they had an antidilutive impact. Comprehensive Income (Loss) The Company reports comprehensive income (loss), defined as the total of net income (loss) and all other non-owner changes in equity, and the components thereof in its Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity and Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The components of other comprehensive income (loss) and the related tax effects for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are as follows (in millions):
| AGCO Corporation and Subsidiaries |  | Noncontrolling Interests
| 2017 |  | 2017
| Before-tax Amount |  | Income Taxes |  | After-tax Amount |  | After-tax Amount
Defined benefit pension plans | $ | 24.2 |  |  | $ | (4.8 | ) |  | $ | 19.4 |  |  | $ | — |
Net gain on derivatives | 4.1 |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | 4.0 |  |  | — |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | 56.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 56.6 |  |  | 1.2 |
Total components of other comprehensive income | $ | 84.9 |  |  | $ | (4.9 | ) |  | $ | 80.0 |  |  | $ | 1.2 |
| AGCO Corporation and Subsidiaries |  | Noncontrolling Interests
| 2016 |  | 2016
| Before-tax Amount |  | Income Taxes |  | After-tax Amount |  | After-tax Amount
Defined benefit pension plans | $ | (68.2 | ) |  | $ | 12.7 |  |  | $ | (55.5 | ) |  | $ | — |
Net loss on derivatives | (6.8 | ) |  | 0.1 |  |  | (6.7 | ) |  | — |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | 80.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 80.8 |  |  | 1.6 |
Total components of other comprehensive income | $ | 5.8 |  |  | $ | 12.8 |  |  | $ | 18.6 |  |  | $ | 1.6 |
| AGCO Corporation and Subsidiaries |  | Noncontrolling Interests
| 2015 |  | 2015
| Before-tax Amount |  | Income Taxes |  | After-tax Amount |  | After-tax Amount
Defined benefit pension plans | $ | 4.9 |  |  | $ | (0.6 | ) |  | $ | 4.3 |  |  | $ | — |
Net loss on derivatives | (3.1 | ) |  | 1.2 |  |  | (1.9 | ) |  | — |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | (556.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (556.1 | ) |  | (2.1 | )
Total components of other comprehensive loss | $ | (554.3 | ) |  | $ | 0.6 |  |  | $ | (553.7 | ) |  | $ | (2.1 | )
Derivatives The Company uses foreign currency contracts to hedge the foreign currency exposure of certain receivables and payables. The contracts are for periods consistent with the exposure being hedged and generally have maturities of one year or less. These contracts are classified as non-designated derivative instruments. The Company also enters into foreign currency contracts designated as cash flow hedges of expected sales. The Company’s foreign currency contracts mitigate risk due to exchange rate fluctuations because gains and losses on these contracts generally offset losses and gains on the exposure being hedged. The notional amounts of the foreign currency contracts do not represent amounts exchanged by the parties and, therefore, are not a measure of the Company’s risk. The amounts exchanged are calculated on the basis of the notional amounts and other terms of the contracts. The credit and market risks under these contracts are not considered to be significant. The Company’s interest expense is, in part, sensitive to the general level of interest rates, and the Company manages its exposure to interest rate risk through the mix of floating rate and fixed rate debt. From time to time, the Company enters into interest rate swap agreements in order to manage the Company’s exposure to interest rate fluctuations. The Company uses non-derivative and, periodically, derivative instruments to hedge a portion of the Company’s net investment in foreign operations against adverse movements in exchange rates. The Company’s hedging policy prohibits it from entering into any foreign currency contracts for speculative trading purposes. Refer to Note 11 for additional information regarding the Company’s derivative instruments and hedging activities. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In August 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2017-12, “Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities” (“ASU 2017-12”), which aligns an entity’s risk management activities and financial reporting for hedge relationships through changes to both the designation and measurement guidance for qualifying hedging relationships and the presentation of hedge results. The amendments include 1) the ability to apply hedge accounting for risk components in hedging relationships involving nonfinancial risk and interest rate risk, 2) new alternatives for measuring the hedged item for fair value hedges of interest rate risk, 3) elimination of the requirement to separately measure and report hedge ineffectiveness, 4) requirement to present the earnings effect of the hedging instrument in the same income statement line in which the earnings effect of the hedged item is reported and 5) less stringent requirements for effectiveness testing, hedge documentation and applying the critical terms match method. ASU 2017-07 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those annual periods using a prospective approach. Early adoption is permitted for any interim or annual period. The amendments should be applied to existing hedging relationships on the date of adoption. The Company adopted the standard effective January 1, 2018. The standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-07, “Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost” (“ASU 2017-07”), which requires the service cost component of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost be included in the same line item as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by employees. The other components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost are required to be classified outside the subtotal of income from operations. Of the components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost, only the service cost component will be eligible for asset capitalization. ASU 2017-07 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those annual periods, using a retrospective approach for the presentation of the service cost component and other components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost in the statement of operations; and a prospective approach for the capitalization of the service cost component of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost in assets. Early adoption is permitted for any interim or annual period. ASU 2017-07 allows a practical expedient for applying the retrospective presentation requirements. The Company expects to adopt ASU 2017-07 on January 1, 2018 and that the adoption will not have a material impact on its results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, “Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment” (“ASU 2017-04”), which eliminates Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Under the standard, an entity should perform its goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, resulting in an impairment charge that is the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. The impairment charge, however, should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to a reporting unit. The impairment assessment under ASU 2017-04 applies to all reporting units, including those with a zero or negative carrying amount. ASU 2017-04 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those annual periods using a prospective approach. Early adoption is permitted for any interim or annual goodwill impairment test performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. The Company expects to adopt ASU 2017-04 effective January 1, 2020 and will apply the standard to all impairment tests performed thereafter. In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, “Restricted Cash” (“ASU 2016-18”). which requires that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. As a result, amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-18 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim period within those annual periods using a retrospective approach. Early adoption is permitted in any interim or annual period. The Company expects to adopt ASU 2016-18 on January 1, 2018 and that the adoption will not have a material impact on its cash flows. In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, “Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory” (“ASU 2016-16”), which requires recognition of the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. Consequently, the standard eliminates the exception to the recognition of current and deferred income taxes for an intra-entity asset transfer other than for inventory until the asset has been sold to an outside party. ASU 2016-16 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those annual periods using a modified retrospective approach. Early adoption is permitted in any interim or annual period. The Company expects to adopt ASU 2016-16 on January 1, 2018 and that the adoption will not have a material impact on its results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, “Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments” (“ASU 2016-15”), which addresses eight specific cash flow issues with the objective of reducing the existing diversity in practice. The standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. ASU 2016-15 may be applied using a retrospective approach or a prospective approach, if impracticable to apply the amendments retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted in any interim or annual period. The Company adopted ASU 2016-15 on January 1, 2017 and the adoption did not have a material impact on its cash flows. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” (“ASU 2016-13”), which requires measurement and recognition of expected versus incurred credit losses for financial assets held. ASU 2016-13 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those annual periods. This standard will likely impact the results of operations and financial condition of the Company’s finance joint ventures and as a result, will likely impact the Company’s “Investment in affiliates” and “Equity in net earnings of affiliates” upon adoption. The Company’s finance joint ventures are currently evaluating the standard’s impact to their results of operations and financial condition. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, “Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting” (“ASU 2016-09”). ASU 2016-09 simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the accounting for forfeitures, employer tax withholding on share-based compensation and the financial statement presentation of excess tax benefits or deficiencies. In addition, the standard clarifies the statement of cash flow presentation for certain components of share-based awards. The Company adopted ASU 2016-09 on January 1, 2017 by prospectively recognizing excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations as the awards vest or were settled, when applicable, and by prospectively presenting excess tax benefits as an operating activity, rather than a financing activity, in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, when applicable. In addition, the Company elected to change its accounting policy to recognize actual forfeitures, rather than estimate the number of awards that are expected to vest, by adjusting stock compensation expense in the same period as the forfeitures occur. The change in accounting policy was adopted using a modified retrospective approach, with a cumulative effect adjustment to “Retained Earnings” of approximately $1.7 million as of January 1, 2017 for the difference between stock compensation expense previously recorded and the amount that would have been recorded without assuming forfeitures. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases” (“ASU 2016-02”), which supersedes the existing lease guidance under current U.S. GAAP. ASU 2016-02 is based on the principle that entities should recognize assets and liabilities arising from leases. The standard does not significantly change the lessees’ recognition, measurement and presentation of expenses and cash flows from the previous accounting standard. Leases are classified as finance or operating. ASU 2016-02’s primary change is the requirement for entities to recognize a lease liability for payments and a right-of-use asset representing the right to use the leased asset during the term of an operating lease arrangement. Lessees are permitted to make an accounting policy election to not recognize the asset and liability for leases with a term of 12 months or less. Lessors’ accounting under the standard is largely unchanged from the previous accounting standard. In addition, ASU 2016-02 expands the disclosure requirements of lease arrangements. The standard is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted. Upon adoption, lessees and lessors are required to recognize and measure leases at the beginning of the earliest period presented using a modified retrospective approach. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this standard on the Company’s results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, but the Company has elected not to early adopt the standard for the year ended December 31, 2017. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (“ASU 2014-09”), which provides a single, comprehensive revenue recognition model for all contracts with customers with a five-step analysis in determining when and how revenue is recognized. The new model will require revenue recognition to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers at an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for those goods or services. Additional disclosures also will be required to enable users to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers, including significant judgments and changes in those judgments. The standard is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted for reporting periods beginning after December 31, 2016. Entities have the option to apply the new standard under a full retrospective approach to each prior reporting period presented, or a modified retrospective approach with the cumulative effect of initial adoption and application within the Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity. The Company has completed its evaluation process, including the identification of new controls and processes designed to meet the requirements of the standard, as well as assessed the impact of adoption on the Consolidated Financial Statements and disclosures. Under the new model, the Company will recognize a contract asset for the value of expected replacement parts returns. Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted the new standard under the modified retrospective approach resulting in an insignificant cumulative adjustment to “Retained Earnings”. The disclosures included in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements related to revenue recognition will be significantly expanded under the new standard during 2018.

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