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Note 22 - Income Tax | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Notes to Financial Statements |
Income Tax Disclosure [Text Block] | 22. Income tax Income tax differs from the amounts that would be obtained by applying the combined statutory corporate income tax rate of Ontario, Canada to the respective year’s earnings before income tax. Differences result from the following items:
|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Income tax expense using a combined statutory rate of 26.5% (2022 - 26.5%) |  | $ | 56,386 |  |  | $ | 76,732 |
Loss on disposal of operations |  |  | 361 |  |  |  | 7,110 |
Permanent differences |  |  | 5,515 |  |  |  | 2,686 |
Tax effect of flow through entities |  |  | (12,264 | ) |  |  | (10,890 | )
Adjustments to tax liabilities for prior periods |  |  | (407 | ) |  |  | (1,597 | )
Changes in liability for unrecognized tax benefits |  |  | (1,980 | ) |  |  | 1,617 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 1,730 |  |  |  | 2,024 |
Foreign, state, and provincial tax rate differential |  |  | 1,266 |  |  |  | 1,875 |
Change in valuation allowance |  |  | 3,349 |  |  |  | 2,626 |
Acquisition-related items |  |  | 8,864 |  |  |  | 10,106 |
Withholding taxes and other |  |  | 5,266 |  |  |  | 2,721 |
Income tax expense |  | $ | 68,086 |  |  | $ | 95,010 |
Earnings (loss) before income tax by jurisdiction comprise the following:
|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Canada |  | $ | (33,907 | ) |  | $ | 10,112 |
United States |  |  | 200,035 |  |  |  | 211,382 |
Foreign |  |  | 46,649 |  |  |  | 68,060 |
Total |  | $ | 212,777 |  |  | $ | 289,554 |
Income tax expense (recovery) comprises the following:
|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Current |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Canada |  | $ | 3,125 |  |  | $ | 9,390 |
United States |  |  | 28,268 |  |  |  | 60,101 |
Foreign |  |  | 46,617 |  |  |  | 51,517 |
|  |  | 78,010 |  |  |  | 121,008 |
Deferred |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Canada |  |  | (10,360 | ) |  |  | (3,006 | )
United States |  |  | 16,753 |  |  |  | (11,837 | )
Foreign |  |  | (16,317 | ) |  |  | (11,155 | )
|  |  | (9,924 | ) |  |  | (25,998 | )
Total |  | $ | 68,086 |  |  | $ | 95,010 |
The significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:
|  | As at December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Loss carryforwards and other credits |  | $ | 29,876 |  |  | $ | 21,960 |
Expenses not currently deductible |  |  | 67,950 |  |  |  | 56,385 |
Revenue not currently taxable |  |  | (1,108 | ) |  |  | (3,079 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 9,490 |  |  |  | 3,573 |
Investments |  |  | (7,818 | ) |  |  | 16,269 |
Provision for doubtful accounts |  |  | 11,375 |  |  |  | 9,752 |
Financing fees |  |  | (71 | ) |  |  | (227 | )
Net unrealized foreign exchange losses |  |  | 443 |  |  |  | 764 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | (88,012 | ) |  |  | (96,044 | )
Operating leases |  |  | 14,698 |  |  |  | 13,496 |
Less: valuation allowance |  |  | (20,546 | ) |  |  | (17,145 | )
Net deferred tax (liabilities) assets |  | $ | 16,277 |  |  | $ | 5,704 |
As at December 31, 2023, the Company believes that it is more likely than not that its net deferred tax assets of $59,468 will be realized based upon future income, consideration of net operating loss (“NOL”) limitations, earnings trends, and tax planning strategies. The amount of deferred tax assets considered realizable, however, could be reduced in the near term if estimates of future income are reduced. The Company has pre-tax NOL carryforward balances as follows:
|  | Pre-tax losses |  |  | Pre-tax losses |  |  | Pre-tax losses |
|  | carryforward |  |  | not recognized |  |  | recognized |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Canada |  | $ | 19,400 |  |  | $ | 4,554 |  |  | $ | 169 |  |  | $ | 159 |  |  | $ | 19,231 |  |  | $ | 4,395 |
United States |  |  | 8,120 |  |  |  | 5,546 |  |  |  | 931 |  |  |  | 929 |  |  |  | 7,189 |  |  |  | 4,617 |
Foreign |  |  | 90,164 |  |  |  | 69,884 |  |  |  | 59,734 |  |  |  | 50,120 |  |  |  | 30,430 |  |  |  | 19,764 |
The Company has pre-tax capital loss carryforwards as follows:
|  | Pre-tax losses |  |  | Pre-tax losses |  |  | Pre-tax losses |
|  | carryforward |  |  | not recognized |  |  | recognized |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Canada |  | $ | 2,397 |  |  | $ | 1,482 |  |  | $ | 2,397 |  |  | $ | 1,482 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Foreign |  |  | 6,089 |  |  |  | 6,071 |  |  |  | 6,089 |  |  |  | 6,071 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
These amounts above are available to reduce future, federal, state, and provincial income taxes in their respective jurisdictions. NOL carryforward balances attributable to Canada begin to expire in 2035. NOL carryforward balances attributable to the United States begin to expire in 2028. Foreign NOL carryforward balances begin to expire in 2024. The utilization of NOLs may be subject to certain limitations under federal, provincial, state or foreign tax laws. Cumulative unremitted foreign earnings of US subsidiaries are nil (2022 - nil). Cumulative unremitted foreign earnings of international subsidiaries (other than the US) approximated $139,541 as at December 31, 2023 (2022 - $131,062). The Company has not provided a deferred tax liability on the unremitted foreign earnings as it is management’s intent to permanently reinvest such earnings outside of Canada. In addition, any repatriation of such earnings would not be subject to significant Canadian or foreign taxes. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of the liability for unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
|  | 2023 |  |  |  | 2022 |
Balance, January 1 |  | $ | 5,467 |  |  | $ | 4,048 |
Gross increases for tax positions of current period |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,178 |
Gross increases for tax positions of prior periods |  |  | 310 |  |  |  | 438 |
Reduction for settlements with taxing authorities |  |  | (2,281 | ) |  |  | - |
Reduction for lapses in applicable statutes of limitations |  |  | - |  |  |  | (44 | )
Foreign currency translation |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | (153 | )
Balance, December 31 |  | $ | 3,523 |  |  | $ | 5,467 |
Of the $3,523 (2022 - $5,467) in gross unrecognized tax benefits, $3,523 (2022 - $5,467) would affect the Company’s effective tax rate if recognized. For the year-ended December 31, 2023, additional interest and penalties of $310 related to uncertain tax positions was accrued (2022 - $132). The Company reversed $60 of accrued interest and penalties related to positions lapsed in applicable statute of limitations or positions settled with taxing authorities in 2023 (2022 - $22). As of December 31, 2023, the Company had accrued $854 (2022 - $604) for potential income tax related interest and penalties. Within the next twelve months, the Company expects $1,131 of unrecognized tax benefits associated with uncertain tax positions to be reduced due to lapses in statutes of limitations. The Company files tax returns in Canada and multiple foreign jurisdictions. The number of years with open tax audits varies depending on the tax jurisdiction. Generally, income tax returns filed with the Canada Revenue Agency and related provinces are open for four to seven years and income tax returns filed with the United States Internal Revenue Service and related states are open for three to five years. Tax returns for significant other jurisdictions in which the Company conducts business are generally open for four years. The Company does not currently expect any other material impact on earnings to result from the resolution of matters related to open taxation years, other than noted above. Actual settlements may differ from the amounts accrued. The Company has, as part of its analysis, made its current estimates based on facts and circumstances known to date and cannot predict changes in facts and circumstances that may affect its current estimates.

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