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Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2017
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract] |
Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Nature of Operations Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc., through Simpson Strong-Tie Company Inc. and its other subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”), focuses on designing, manufacturing, and marketing systems and products to make buildings and structures safe and secure. The Company designs, engineers and is a leading manufacturer of wood construction products, including connectors, truss plates, fastening systems, fasteners and shearwalls, and concrete construction products, including adhesives, specialty chemicals, mechanical anchors, powder actuated tools and fiber reinforcing materials. The Company markets its products to the residential construction, industrial, commercial and infrastructure construction, remodeling and do-it-yourself markets. The Company operates exclusively in the building products industry. The Company’s products are sold primarily in the United States, Canada, Europe and Pacific Rim. The Company closed its sales office in Asia in 2015 and its revenues have some geographic market concentration in the United States. A portion of the Company’s business is therefore dependent on economic activity within the North America segment. The Company is dependent on the availability of steel, its primary raw material. Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. and its subsidiaries. Investments in 50% or less owned entities are accounted for using either cost or the equity method. The Company consolidates all variable interest entities ("VIEs") where it is the primary beneficiary. There were no VIEs as of December 31, 2017 or 2016. All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated. Use of Estimates The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, as amended from time to time ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The Company's actual results could differ from those estimates. Revenue Recognition The Company recognizes revenue when the earnings process is complete, net of applicable provision for discounts, returns and incentives, whether actual or estimated based on the Company’s experience. This generally occurs when products are shipped to the customer in accordance with the sales agreement or purchase order, ownership and risk of loss pass to the customer, collectability is reasonably assured and pricing is fixed or determinable. The Company’s general shipping terms are F.O.B. shipping point, where title is transferred and revenue is recognized when the products are shipped to customers. When the Company sells F.O.B. destination point, title is transferred and the Company recognizes revenue on delivery or customer acceptance, depending on terms of the sales agreement. Service sales, representing after-market repair and maintenance, engineering activities, software license sales and service and lease income, though significantly less than 1% of net sales and not material to the Consolidated Financial Statements, are recognized as the services are completed or the software products and services are delivered. If actual costs of sales returns, incentives and discounts were to significantly exceed the recorded estimated allowances, the Company’s sales would be adversely affected. Sales Incentive and Advertising Allowances The Company records estimated reductions to revenues for sales incentives, primarily rebates for volume discounts, and allowances for co-operative advertising. Allowances for Sales Discounts The Company records estimated reductions to revenues for discounts taken on early payment of invoices by its customers. Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original or remaining maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts The Company assesses the collectability of specific customer accounts that would be considered doubtful based on the customer’s financial condition, payment history, credit rating and other factors that the Company considers relevant, or accounts that the Company assigns for collection. The Company reserves for the portion of those outstanding balances that the Company believes it is not likely to collect based on historical collection experience. The Company also reserves 100% of the amounts that it deems uncollectable due to a customer’s deteriorating financial condition or bankruptcy. If the financial condition of the Company’s customers were to deteriorate, resulting in probable inability to make payments, additional allowances may be required. Inventory Valuation Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost includes all costs incurred in bringing each product to its present location and condition, as follows:
• | Raw materials and purchased finished goods for resale — principally valued at cost determined on a weighted average basis; and
• | In-process products and finished goods — cost of direct materials and labor plus attributable overhead based on a normal level of activity.
The Company applies net realizable value and obsolescence to the gross value of the inventory. The Company estimates net realizable value based on estimated selling price less further costs to completion and disposal. The Company impairs slow-moving products by comparing inventories on hand to projected demand. If on-hand supply of a product exceeds projected demand or if the Company believes the product is no longer marketable, the product is considered obsolete inventory. The Company revalues obsolete inventory to its net realizable value. The Company has consistently applied this methodology. The Company believes that this approach is prudent and makes suitable impairments for slow-moving and obsolete inventory. When impairments are established, a new cost basis of the inventory is created. Unexpected change in market demand, building codes or buyer preferences could reduce the rate of inventory turnover and require the Company to recognize more obsolete inventory. Warranties and recalls The Company provides product warranties for specific product lines and records estimated recall expenses in the period in which the recall occurs, none of which has been material to the Consolidated Financial Statements. In a limited number of circumstances, the Company may also agree to indemnify customers against legal claims made against those customers by the end users of the Company’s products. Historically, payments made by the Company, if any, under such agreements have not had a material effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, cash flows or financial position Fair Value of Financial Instruments The “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures” topic of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification™ (“ASC”) establishes a valuation hierarchy for disclosure of the inputs used to measure fair value. This hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three broad levels as follows: Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; Level 2 inputs are quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument; Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs based on the Company’s assumptions used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value. A financial asset’s or liability’s classification within the hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company’s investments consisted of only money market funds, which are the Company’s primary financial instruments, maintained in cash equivalents and carried at cost, approximating fair value, based on Level 1 inputs. The balance of the Company’s primary financial instruments was as follows:
(in thousands) | At December 31,
| 2017 | 2016
Money market funds | $ | 5,293 |  | $ | 2,832 |
The carrying amounts of trade accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The fair value of the Company’s contingent consideration related to acquisitions is classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy as it is based on unobserved inputs such as management estimates and entity-specific assumptions and is evaluated on an ongoing basis. As of December 31, 2017, the estimated fair value of the Company's contingent consideration was approximately a total of $1.3 million, which was mostly based on the use of the Monte Carlo method of valuation. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost. Major renewals and betterments are capitalized. Maintenance and repairs are expensed on a current basis. When assets are sold or retired, their costs and accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts, and the resulting gains or losses are reflected in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. The “Intangibles—Goodwill and Other” topic of the FASB ASC provides guidance on capitalization of the costs incurred for computer software developed or obtained for internal use. The Company capitalizes qualified external costs and internal costs related to the purchase and implementation of software projects used for business operations and engineering design activities. Capitalized software costs primarily include purchased software, internal costs and external consulting fees. Capitalized software projects are amortized over the estimated useful lives of the software. Depreciation and Amortization Depreciation of software, machinery and equipment is provided using accelerated methods over the following estimated useful lives:
Software | 3 to 5 years
Machinery and equipment | 3 to 10 years
Buildings and site improvements are depreciated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, which range from 15 to 45 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of the expected life or the remaining term of the lease. Amortization of purchased intangible assets with finite useful lives is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Cost of Sales The types of costs included in cost of sales include material, labor, factory and tooling overhead, shipping, and freight costs. Major components of these expenses are material costs, such as steel, packaging and cartons, personnel costs, and facility costs, such as rent, depreciation and utilities, related to the production and distribution of the Company’s products. Inbound freight charges, purchasing and receiving costs, inspection costs, warehousing costs, internal transfer costs, and other costs of the Company’s distribution network are also included in cost of sales. Tool and Die Costs Tool and die costs are included in product costs in the year incurred. Shipping and Handling Fees and Costs The Company’s general shipping terms are F.O.B. shipping point. Shipping and handling fees and costs are included in revenues and product costs, as appropriate, in the year incurred. Product and Software Research and Development Costs Product research and development costs, which are included in operating expenses and are charged against income as incurred, were $10.6 million, $10.8 million and $12.0 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The types of costs included as product research and development expenses was revised in 2017 and prior years to include all related personnel costs including salary, benefits, retirement, stock-based compensation costs, as well as computer and software costs, professional fees, supplies, tools and maintenance costs. In 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company incurred software development expenses related to its expansion into the plated truss market and some of the software development costs were capitalized. See "Note 5 — Property, Plant and Equipment." The Company amortizes acquired patents over their remaining lives and performs periodic reviews for impairment. The cost of internally developed patents is expensed as incurred. Selling Costs Selling costs include expenses associated with selling, merchandising and marketing the Company’s products. Major components of these expenses are personnel, sales commissions, facility costs such as rent, depreciation and utilities, professional services, information technology costs, sales promotion, advertising, literature and trade shows. Advertising Costs Advertising costs are included in selling expenses, are expensed when the advertising occurs, and were $9.6 million, $7.1 million and $6.4 million in 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. General and Administrative Costs General and administrative costs include personnel, information technology related costs, facility costs such as rent, depreciation and utilities, professional services, amortization of intangibles and bad debt charges. Income Taxes Income taxes are calculated using an asset and liability approach. The provision for income taxes includes federal, state and foreign taxes currently payable and deferred taxes, due to temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities. In addition, future tax benefits are recognized to the extent that realization of such benefits is more likely than not. This method gives consideration to the future tax consequences of the deferred income tax items and immediately recognizes changes in income tax laws in the year of enactment. On December 22, 2017, the President of the United States signed into law the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Reform Act”). Further information on the tax impacts of the Tax Reform Act is included in Note 10 — Income Taxes of the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Sales Taxes The Company presents taxes collected and remitted to governmental authorities on a net basis in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. Foreign Currency Translation The local currency is the functional currency of most of the Company’s operations in Europe, Canada, Asia, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated using the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses are translated using average exchange rates prevailing during the year. The translation adjustment resulting from this process is shown separately as a component of stockholders’ equity. Foreign currency transaction gains or losses are included in general and administrative expenses. Common Stock Subject to the rights of holders of any preferred stock that may be issued in the future, holders of common stock are entitled to receive such dividends, if any, as may be declared from time to time by the Company’s Board of Directors (the "Board") out of legally available funds, and in the event of liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company, to share ratably in all assets available for distribution. The holders of common stock have no preemptive or conversion rights. Subject to the rights of any preferred stock that may be issued in the future, the holders of common stock are entitled to one vote per share on any matter submitted to a vote of the stockholders. A director in an uncontested election is elected if the votes cast “for” such director’s election exceed the votes cast “against” such director’s election, except that, if a stockholder properly nominates a candidate for election to the Board, the candidates with the highest number of affirmative votes (up to the number of directors to be elected) are elected. There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the common stock. Preferred Stock The Board has the authority to issue the authorized and unissued preferred stock in one or more series with such designations, rights and preferences as may be determined from time to time by the Board. Accordingly, the Board is empowered, without stockholder approval, to issue preferred stock with dividend, redemption, liquidation, conversion, voting or other rights that could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the holders of the Company’s common stock. Stock Repurchase Program At its meeting in August 2016, the Board authorized the Company to repurchase up to $125 million of its common stock. This authorization increased and extended the $50.0 million repurchase authorization from February 2016. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, the Company purchased a total of 1,244,003 shares of its common stock at an average price of $43.01, which included 1,137,656 shares purchased pursuant to the $50.0 million accelerated share repurchase program ("2016 ASR Program") that the Company entered into with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association ("Wells Fargo") in August 2016. As of December 31, 2016, the 2016 ASR Program was completed at an average share price of $43.95 per share. All shares repurchased during 2016 were retired. At its meeting in August 2017, the Board authorized the Company to repurchase up to $275.0 million of the its common stock. This authorization increased and extended the $125.0 million repurchase authorization from August 2016 and will remain in effect through December 31, 2018. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, the Company purchased a total of 1,138,387 shares of its common stock for a total of $60.0 million through accelerated share repurchase programs that the Company entered into with Wells Fargo, which included 460,887 shares purchased at an average share price of $43.39 per share pursuant to a $20.0 million accelerated share repurchase program initiated in June 2017 (the "2017 June ASR Program"), and 677,500 shares received at an average share price of $59.04 per share, or $40.0 million, pursuant to a $50.0 million accelerated share repurchase program initiated in December 2017 (the "2017 December ASR Program"). The final delivery under the 2017 December ASR Program was made in February 2018. See Note 15 - "Subsequent Events." As of December 31, 2017, 460,887 shares were retired, 677,500 shares were held as treasury shares and approximately $151.5 million remained available for share repurchases through December 31, 2018 under the Board current authorization. See the "Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015." Net Income per Share Basic net income per common share is computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Potentially dilutive shares, using the treasury stock method, are included in the diluted per-share calculations for all periods when the effect of their inclusion is dilutive. The following shows a reconciliation of basic earnings per share (“EPS”) to diluted EPS:
| Fiscal Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except per-share amounts) | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 92,617 |  |  | $ | 89,734 |  |  | $ | 67,888 |
Basic weighted average shares outstanding | 47,486 |  |  | 48,084 |  |  | 48,952 |
Dilutive effect of potential common stock equivalents | 288 |  |  | 211 |  |  | 229 |
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding | 47,774 |  |  | 48,295 |  |  | 49,181 |
Net earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 1.95 |  |  | $ | 1.87 |  |  | $ | 1.39 |
Diluted | $ | 1.94 |  |  | $ | 1.86 |  |  | $ | 1.38 |
For the year ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, no potential common shares with anti-dilutive effect were included in the calculation of diluted net income per share. Comprehensive Income or Loss Comprehensive income is defined as net income plus other comprehensive income or loss. Other comprehensive income or loss consists of changes in cumulative translation adjustments and changes in unamortized pension adjustments recorded directly in accumulated other comprehensive income within stockholders’ equity. The following shows the components of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively:
| Foreign Currency Translation |  | Pension Benefit |  | Total
(in thousands) |  |
Balance at January 1, 2015 | $ | (6,613 | ) |  | $ | (567 | ) |  | $ | (7,180 | )
Other comprehensive income before reclassification net of tax benefit (expense) of ($57) and $82, respectively | (20,708 | ) |  | (457 | ) |  | (21,165 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulative other comprehensive income, net of $0 tax | (231 | ) |  |  |  | (231 | )
Balance at December 31, 2015 | (27,552 | ) |  | (1,024 | ) |  | (28,576 | )
Other comprehensive loss net of tax benefit (expense) of ($222) and $87, respectively | (3,920 | ) |  | (474 | ) |  | (4,394 | )
Balance at December 31, 2016 | (31,472 | ) |  | (1,498 | ) |  | (32,970 | )
Other comprehensive loss net of tax benefit (expense) of $0 and $36, respectively | 21,273 |  |  | (944 | ) |  | 20,329 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulative other comprehensive income, net of $0 tax | 145 |  |  | — |  |  | 145 |
Balance at December 31, 2017 | $ | (10,054 | ) |  | $ | (2,442 | ) |  | $ | (12,496 | )
Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist of cash in banks, short-term investments in money market funds and trade accounts receivable. The Company maintains its cash in demand deposit and money market accounts held primarily at 17 banks. Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation The Company recognizes stock-based expenses related to stock options and restricted stock awards on a straight-line basis, net of forfeitures, over the requisite service period of the awards, which is generally the vesting term of four years. Stock-based expenses related to performance share grants are measured based on grant date fair value and expensed on a straight-line basis over the service period of the awards, which is generally the vesting term of three years. The assumptions used to calculate the fair value of options or restricted stock units are evaluated and revised, as necessary, to reflect market conditions and the Company’s experience. Goodwill Impairment Testing The Company tests goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis (in the fourth quarter for the Company). The Company also reviews goodwill for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. These events or circumstances could include a significant change in the business climate, legal factors, operating performance indicators, competition, or disposition or relocation of a significant portion of a reporting unit. The reporting unit level is generally one level below the operating segment and is at the country level except for the United States, Denmark, Australia, and S&P Clever reporting units. The Company has determined that the United States reporting unit includes four components: Northwest United States, Southwest United States, Northeast United States and Southeast United States (collectively, the “U.S. Components”). The Company aggregates the U.S. Components into a single reporting unit because management concluded that they are economically similar and that the goodwill is recoverable from the U.S. Components working in concert. The U.S. Components are economically similar because of a number of factors, including, selling similar products to shared customers and sharing assets and services such as intellectual property, manufacturing assets for certain products, research and development projects, manufacturing processes, management of inventory excesses and shortages and administrative services. These activities are managed centrally at the U.S. Components level and costs are allocated among the four U.S. Components. The Company determined that the Australia reporting unit includes four components: Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and United Arab Emirates (collectively, the “AU Components”). The Company aggregates the AU Components into a single reporting unit because management concluded that they are economically similar and that the goodwill is recoverable from the AU Components working in concert. The AU Components are economically similar because of a number of factors, including that New Zealand, South Africa and United Arab Emirates operate as extensions of their Australian parent company selling similar products and sharing assets and services such as intellectual property, manufacturing assets for certain products, management of inventory excesses and shortages and administrative services. These activities are managed centrally at the AU Components level and costs are allocated among the AU Components. The Company has determined that the S&P Clever reporting unit includes nine components: S&P Switzerland, S&P Poland, S&P Austria, S&P The Netherlands, S&P Portugal, S&P Germany, S&P France, S&P Nordic, and S&P Spain (collectively, the "S&P Components”). The Company aggregates the S&P Components into a single reporting unit because management concluded that they are economically similar and that the goodwill is recoverable from the S&P Components working in concert. The S&P Components are economically similar because of a number of factors, including sharing assets and services such as intellectual property, manufacturing assets for certain products, research and development projects, manufacturing processes, management of inventory excesses and shortages and administrative services. These activities are managed centrally at the S&P Components level and costs are allocated among the S&P Components. For certain reporting units, the Company may first assess qualitative factors related to the goodwill of the reporting unit to determine whether it is necessary to perform a two-step impairment test. If the Company judges that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than the carrying amount of the reporting unit, including goodwill, no further testing is required. If the Company judges that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying amount of the reporting unit, including goodwill, management will perform a two-step impairment test on goodwill. In the first step ("Step 1"), the Company compares the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value. The fair value calculation uses the income approach (discounted cash flow method) and the market approach, equally weighted. If the Company judges that the carrying value of the net assets assigned to the reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, a second step of the impairment test must be performed to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill. If the Company judges that the carrying value of a reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, the Company would record an impairment charge equal to the difference between the implied fair value of the goodwill and the carrying value. Determining the fair value of a reporting unit or an indefinite-lived purchased intangible asset is a judgment involving significant estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions include revenue growth rates, operating margins and working capital requirements used to calculate projected future cash flows, risk-adjusted discount rates, selected multiples, control premiums and future economic and market conditions (Level 3 fair value inputs). The Company bases its fair value estimates on assumptions that it believes to be reasonable, but that are unpredictable and inherently uncertain. Actual future results may differ from those estimates. Assumptions about a reporting unit’s operating performance in the first year of the discounted cash flow model used to determine whether or not the goodwill related to that reporting unit is impaired are derived from the Company’s budget. The fair value model considers such factors as macro-economic conditions, revenue and expense forecasts, product line changes, material, labor and overhead costs, tax rates, working capital levels and competitive environment. Future estimates, however derived, are inherently uncertain but the Company believes that this is the most appropriate source on which to base its fair value calculation. The Company uses these parameters only to provide a basis for the determination of whether or not the goodwill related to a reporting unit is impaired. No inference whatsoever should be drawn from these parameters about the Company’s future financial performance and they should not be taken as projections or guidance of any kind. The 2017, 2016 and 2015 annual testing of goodwill for impairment did not result in impairment charges. The Denmark reporting unit passed Step 1 of the annual 2017 impairment test by a 8.3% margin indicating an estimated fair value greater than its net book value and was the only reporting unit with a fair value greater than net book value margin of less than 10%. The Denmark reporting unit is sensitive to management’s plans for increasing sales and operating margins. The Denmark reporting unit’s failure to meet management’s objectives could result in future impairment of some or all of the Denmark reporting unit’s goodwill, which was $7.1 million at December 31, 2017. Key assumptions used in Step 1 of the Company's annual goodwill impairment test included compound annual growth rates (“CAGR”) and average annual pre-tax operating margins during the forecast period, multiple and discount rates. A sensitivity assessment for the key assumptions included in the 2017 goodwill impairment test on the Denmark reporting unit is as follows:
• | A 500 basis point hypothetical increase in the discount rate, holding all other assumptions constant, would not have decreased the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying value, and thus it would not result in the reporting unit failing Step 1 of the goodwill impairment test;
• | A 210 basis point hypothetical decrease in the multiple rate, holding all other assumptions constant, would not have decreased the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying value, and thus it would not result in the reporting unit failing Step 1 of the goodwill impairment test;
• | A 139 basis point hypothetical percentage decrease in the CAGR, holding all other assumptions constant, would not have decreased the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying value and
• | A 37% hypothetical decrease in average annual pre-tax operating profit, holding all other assumptions constant, would not have decreased the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying value.
The assets and liabilities of acquired businesses are recorded under the acquisition method of accounting at their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. Goodwill represents costs in excess of fair values assigned to the underlying identifiable net assets of acquired businesses. The annual changes in the carrying amount of goodwill, by segment, as of December 31, 2016 and 2017, were as follows, respectively:
(in thousands) | North America |  | Europe |  | Asia Pacific |  | Total
Balance as of January 1, 2016: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill | $ | 96,500 |  |  | $ | 50,135 |  |  | $ | 1,396 |  |  | $ | 148,031 |
Accumulated impairment losses | (10,666 | ) |  | (13,415 | ) |  | — |  |  | (24,081 | )
| 85,834 |  |  | 36,720 |  |  | 1,396 |  |  | 123,950 |
Goodwill acquired | — |  |  | 1,848 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,848 |
Foreign exchange | 93 |  |  | (952 | ) |  | (21 | ) |  | (880 | )
Reclassifications (1) | (439 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (439 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2016: |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
Goodwill | 96,154 |  |  | 51,031 |  |  | 1,375 |  |  | 148,560 |
Accumulated impairment losses | (10,666 | ) |  | (13,415 | ) |  | — |  |  | (24,081 | )
| 85,488 |  |  | 37,616 |  |  | 1,375 |  |  | 124,479 |
Goodwill acquired | 10,066 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,066 |
Foreign exchange | 198 |  |  | 2,472 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 2,784 |
Reclassifications(2) | 3 |  |  | (192 | ) |  | — |  |  | (189 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2017: |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
Goodwill | 106,421 |  |  | 53,311 |  |  | 1,489 |  |  | 161,221 |
Accumulated impairment losses | (10,666 | ) |  | (13,415 | ) |  | — |  |  | (24,081 | )
| $ | 95,755 |  |  | $ | 39,896 |  |  | $ | 1,489 |  |  | $ | 137,140 |
(1) Reclassifications in 2016 of $0.2 million in patents, $0.1 million in non-compete agreements, $46 thousand in customer relationships and other assets, with a corresponding $0.4 million decrease in goodwill related to the EBTY acquisition. (2) Reclassifications in 2017 were $3 thousand and $192 thousand in other assets, with a corresponding $189 thousand decrease in goodwill related to CG Visions and MS Decoupe acquisitions. Amortizable Intangible Assets Intangible assets from acquired businesses are recognized at their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition and consist of patents, unpatented technology, non-compete agreements, trademarks, customer relationships and other intangible assets. Finite-lived intangibles are amortized to expense over the applicable useful lives, ranging from three to 21 years, based on the nature of the asset and the underlying pattern of economic benefit as reflected by future net cash inflows. The Company performs an impairment test of finite-lived intangibles whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate their carrying value may be impaired. The total gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of intangible assets subject to amortization at December 31, 2017, were $54.5 and $25.2 million, respectively. The aggregate amount of amortization expense of intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $6.2 million, $6.0 million and $6.1 million, respectively. The annual changes in the carrying amounts of patents, unpatented technologies, customer relationships and non-compete agreements and other intangible assets subject to amortization as of December 31, 2016, and 2017 were as follows, respectively:
(in thousands) | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
Patents |  |
Balance at January 1, 2016 | $ | 1,513 |  |  | $ | (379 | ) |  | $ | 1,134 |
Amortization | — |  |  | (149 | ) |  | (149 | )
Reclassification(1) | 212 |  |  | — |  |  | 212 |
Foreign exchange | (7 | ) |  | — |  |  | (7 | )
Balance at December 31, 2016 | 1,718 |  |  | (528 | ) |  | 1,190 |
Acquisition | 800 |  |  | — |  |  | 800 |
Amortization | — |  |  | (187 | ) |  | (187 | )
Foreign exchange | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Removal of fully amortized assets | (170 | ) |  | 170 |  |  | — |
Balance at December 31, 2017 | $ | 2,350 |  |  | $ | (545 | ) |  | $ | 1,805 |
(1) Reclassifications in 2016 of $0.2 million in patents, $0.1 million in non-compete agreements, $46 thousand in customer relationships and other assets, with a corresponding $0.4 million decrease in goodwill related to the EBTY acquisition
(in thousands) | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
Unpatented Technology |  |
Balance at January 1, 2016 | $ | 21,604 |  |  | $ | (8,656 | ) |  | $ | 12,948 |
Amortization | — |  |  | (2,058 | ) |  | (2,058 | )
Reclassifications (1) | 1,512 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,512 |
Foreign exchange | (243 | ) |  | — |  |  | (243 | )
Removal of fully amortized assets | (1,711 | ) |  | 1,711 |  |  | — |
Balance at December 31, 2016 | 21,162 |  |  | (9,003 | ) |  | 12,159 |
Amortization | — |  |  | (1,976 | ) |  | (1,976 | )
Foreign exchange | 505 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 505 |
Balance at December 31, 2017 | $ | 21,667 |  |  | $ | (10,979 | ) |  | $ | 10,688 |
(1) Reclassifications in 2016 of $1.5 million in unpatented technology for completed indefinite-lived in-process research and development ("IPR&D"), with a corresponding reduction in IPR&D intangibles.
(in thousands) | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
Non-Compete Agreements, Trademarks and Other |  |
Balance at January 1, 2016 | $ | 10,578 |  |  | (7,203 | ) |  | 3,375 |
Acquisition | 1,212 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,212 |
Amortization | — |  |  | (2,040 | ) |  | (2,040 | )
Foreign exchange | (39 | ) |  | — |  |  | (39 | )
Reclassifications(1) | 119 |  |  | — |  |  | 119 |
Removal of fully amortized assets | (5,143 | ) |  | 5,143 |  |  | — |
Balance at December 31, 2016 | 6,727 |  |  | (4,100 | ) |  | 2,627 |
Acquisition | 9,260 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,260 |
Amortization | — |  |  | (2,495 | ) |  | (2,495 | )
Foreign exchange | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |
Removal of fully amortized asset | (3,778 | ) |  | 3,778 |  |  | — |
Balance at December 31, 2017 | $ | 12,225 |  |  | $ | (2,817 | ) |  | $ | 9,408 |
(1) Reclassifications in 2016 of $0.2 million in patents, $0.1 million in non-compete agreements, $46 thousand in customer relationships and other assets, with a corresponding $0.4 million decrease in goodwill related to the EBTY acquisition.
(in thousands) | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
Customer Relationships |  |
Balance at January 1, 2016 | $ | 21,242 |  |  | (13,152 | ) |  | 8,090 |
Acquisition | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization | — |  |  | (1,793 | ) |  | (1,793 | )
Reclassifications(1) | 46 |  |  | — |  |  | 46 |
Foreign exchange | (71 | ) |  | — |  |  | (71 | )
Balance at December 31, 2016 | 21,217 |  |  | (14,945 | ) |  | 6,272 |
Acquisition | 1,091 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,091 |
Amortization | — |  |  | (1,574 | ) |  | (1,574 | )
Reclassifications (2) | 626 |  |  | — |  |  | 626 |
Foreign exchange | 394 |  |  | — |  |  | 394 |
Removal of fully amortized assets | (5,650 | ) |  | 5,650 |  |  | — |
Balance at December 31, 2017 | $ | 17,678 |  |  | $ | (10,869 | ) |  | $ | 6,809 |
(1) Reclassifications in 2016 of $0.2 million to patents, $0.1 million in non-compete agreements, $46 thousand in customer relationships and other assets, with a corresponding $0.4 million decrease in goodwill related to the EBTY acquisition. (2) Reclassifications in 2017 of $0.6 million in customer relationships with a corresponding $0.6 million decrease in other assets related to the MS Decoupe acquisition. At December 31, 2017, estimated future amortization of intangible assets was as follows: (in thousands)
2018 | $ | 5,352 |
2019 | 5,260 |
2020 | 5,230 |
2021 | 4,751 |
2022 | 2,859 |
Thereafter | 5,258 |
| $ | 28,710 |
Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets As of December 31, 2017, the only indefinite-lived intangible asset, consisting of a trade name, totaled $0.6 million. Amortizable and indefinite-lived assets, net, by segment, as of December 31, 2016 and 2017, respectively, were as follows:
| December 31, 2016
| Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
(in thousands) |  |
Total Intangible Assets |  |
North America | $ | 23,562 |  |  | $ | (13,811 | ) |  | $ | 9,751 |
Europe | 27,880 |  |  | (14,767 | ) |  | 13,113 |
Total | $ | 51,442 |  |  | $ | (28,578 | ) |  | $ | 22,864 |
| At December 31, 2017
| Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
(in thousands) |  |
Total Intangible Assets |  |
North America | $ | 30,775 |  |  | $ | (13,732 | ) |  | $ | 17,043 |
Europe | 23,762 |  |  | (11,479 | ) |  | 12,283 |
Total | $ | 54,537 |  |  | $ | (25,211 | ) |  | $ | 29,326 |
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards In March 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718), Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting ("ASU 2016-09"), which amends existing guidance related to accounting for employee share-based payments affecting the income tax consequences of awards, classification of awards as equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-09 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2016, with early adoption permitted. On January 1, 2017, the Company adopted ASU 2016-09. This new guidance requires all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies be recognized as income tax expense or benefit in the income statement and classified as an operating activity in the statement of cash flows. The Company prospectively adopted this guidance with the tax impact of a $1.1 million tax benefit recognized in the consolidated income statements and classified it as an operating activity in the consolidated statement of cash flows. The guidance also requires a policy election either to estimate the number of awards that are expected to vest or to account for forfeitures whenever they occur. The Company did not change its policy for calculating accrual compensation costs by estimating the number of awards that are expected to vest. Therefore, when the Company adopted this guidance, there was no recognized cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings. In addition, this guidance requires cash paid by an employer, when directly withholding shares for tax withholding purposes, to be classified in the statement of cash flows as a financing activity, which differs from the Company's previous method of classification of such cash payments as an operating activity. Accordingly, the Company applied this provision retrospectively for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, and reclassified $1.3 million and $4.3 million, respectively, from operating activities to financing activities in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. In March 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-07, Simplifying the Transition to the Equity Method of Accountin g ("ASU 2016-07"), which eliminates the requirement to apply the equity method of accounting retrospectively when a reporting entity obtains significant influence over a previously held investment. The amendments in ASU 2016-07 are effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods therein, with early adoption permitted. The new standard should be applied prospectively for investments that qualify for the equity method of accounting after the effective date. On January 1, 2017, the Company prospectively adopted ASU 2016-07. Adoption of ASU 2016-07 has had no material effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements and footnote disclosures. In January 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Updated No. 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business ("ASU 2017-01"), which changes the definition of a business to assist entities with evaluating when a set of transferred assets and activities is a business. The new guidance clarifies that a business must also include at least one substantive process and narrows the definition of outputs by more closely aligning it with how outputs are described in ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. ASU 2017-01 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. On January 1, 2017, the Company prospectively adopted ASU 2017-01. Adoption of ASU 2017-01 has had no material effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements and footnote disclosures. In November 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740), Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes ("ASU 2015-17"). The objective is to simplify the presentation of deferred income taxes; the amendments require that deferred tax assets and liabilities be classified as noncurrent in a classified consolidated balance sheets. ASU 2015-17 will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted prospectively ASU 2015-17 in the first quarter of 2016, resulted in the Company offsetting all of its deferred income tax assets and liabilities, as of January 1, 2016, by taxing jurisdictions and classifying those balances as noncurrent. The result was a $4.1 million increase in "Other noncurrent assets," from $6.7 million to $10.8 million, and a $12.1 million decrease in "Deferred income tax and other long-term liabilities," from $16.5 million to $4.4 million. All other issued and effective accounting standards during 2017 were determined to be not relevant or material to the Company. Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09 (later codified as ASC 606), Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), which supersedes nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under GAAP. ASC 606 provides a five-step model for revenue recognition to be applied to all revenue contracts with customers. The five-step model includes: (1) determination of whether a contract, an agreement between two or more parties that creates legally enforceable rights and obligations, exists; (2) identification of the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determination of the transaction price; (4) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognition of revenue when (or as) the performance obligations are satisfied. The core principle of ASC 606 is that an entity should recognize revenue for the transfer of goods or services equal to the amount that it expects to be entitled to receive for those goods or services. ASC 606 also requires additional disclosures about the nature, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments. The standard is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and permits two methods of adoption: retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented (full retrospective method), or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying the guidance recognized at the date of initial application (modified retrospective method). The Company will adopt the new standard effective January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach. We completed our review of customer contracts and do not expect the adoption of this standard will materially impact the amount or timing of revenue recognized. The guidance requires the Company to estimate and record variable consideration resulting from rebates and other pricing allowances at contract inception. Net sales will not be materially impacted as a result of adoption as the Company currently records estimated rebates and allowances as reductions to revenue. Under current revenue recognition guidance, revenue from the sale of our finished goods is recognized at the point in time when all revenue recognition criteria are met, which typically occurs when products are shipped from our facilities with the Company’s general shipping terms. Based on the nature of our contracts, we expect to continue to recognize revenue from the sale of our finished goods upon shipment, which is the point in time when control is transferred to the customer. Accordingly, the adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company is identifying and preparing to implement changes to our accounting policies and practices, business processes, systems and controls to support the enhanced disclosure requirements of ASC 606. In October 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740), Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory ("ASU 2016-16"), which requires companies to account for the income tax effects of intercompany sales and transfers of assets other than inventory when the transfer occurs. Current guidance requires companies to defer the income tax effects of intercompany transfers of assets until the asset has been sold to an outside party or otherwise recognized. The amendment is to be applied using a modified retrospective approach. ASU 2016-16 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. Based on current information and subject to future events and circumstances, the Company does not know whether ASU 2016-16 will have a material impact on its financial statements upon adoption. In January 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment ("ASU 2017-04"), which eliminates the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill to measure a goodwill impairment charge or Step 2 of the goodwill impairment analysis. Instead, an impairment charge will be recorded based on the excess of a reporting unit's carrying amount over its fair value using Step 1 of the goodwill impairment analysis. The standard is required to be adopted for annual and interim impairment tests performed after December 15, 2019. The amendment is to be applied prospectively. Early adoption is permitted for annual and interim goodwill impairment testing dates after January 1, 2017. Based on current information and subject to future events and circumstances, the Company does not know whether ASU 2017-04 will have a material impact on its financial statements upon adoption. In February 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2018-02, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (ASU 2018-02). ASU 2018-02 allows a reclassification from Accumulated other Comprehensive Income to Retained Earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and for interim periods therein. Early adoption of ASU 2018-02 is permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact of adopting this new accounting guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

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