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Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Schedule of changes in the carrying amount of goodwill, by segment
The annual changes in the carrying amount of goodwill, by segment, as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, were as follows, respectively:

(in thousands)
North
America
 
Europe
 
Asia
Pacific
 
Total
Balance as of January 1, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Goodwill
$
106,421

 
$
53,311

 
$
1,489

 
$
161,221

Accumulated impairment losses
(10,666
)
 
(13,415
)
 
—

 
(24,081
)
 
95,755

 
39,896

 
1,489

 
137,140

Goodwill acquired
913

 
—

 
—

 
913

Foreign exchange
(233
)
 
(739
)
 
(145
)
 
(1,117
)
Impairment
—

 
(6,686
)
 
—

 
(6,686
)
Balance as of December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
0

Goodwill
107,101

 
52,573

 
1,344

 
161,018

Accumulated impairment losses
(10,666
)
 
(20,102
)
 
—

 
(30,768
)
 
96,435

 
32,471

 
1,344

 
130,250

Goodwill acquired
—

 
1,815

 
—

 
1,815

Foreign exchange
129

 
14

 
(9
)
 
134

Reclassifications(1)
(320
)
 
—

 
—

 
(320
)
Balance as of December 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
0

Goodwill
106,910

 
54,402

 
1,335

 
162,647

Accumulated impairment losses
(10,666
)
 
(20,102
)
 
—

 
(30,768
)
 
$
96,244

 
$
34,300

 
$
1,335

 
$
131,879

 (1) Reclassifications in 2019 of $481 thousand in non-compete agreements, trademarks and other, with a corresponding reductions of $320 thousand in
goodwill and $161 thousand in other assets related to Radius Track acquisition.

The Company tests goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis (in the fourth quarter). Our goodwill balance is not amortized to expense, and we may assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to complete quantitative impairment assessments. The reporting unit level is generally one level below the operating segment, which is at the country level, except for the United States, Australia and S&P Clever reporting units.
The Company determined that the United States reporting unit includes four components: Northwest United States, Southwest United States, Northeast United States and Southeast United States. The Australia reporting unit includes two components: Australia and New Zealand. The S&P Clever reporting unit includes ten components: S&P Switzerland, S&P Poland, S&P Austria, S&P The Netherlands, S&P Portugal, S&P Germany, S&P France, Socom, S&P Nordic and S&P Spain. For each of these reporting units, the Company aggregated the components because management concluded that they are economically similar and that the goodwill is recoverable from these components working in concert.
We evaluate the recoverability of goodwill in accordance with Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) Topic 350, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other. In addition, the Company prospectively adopted as part of its review in 2018 the Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB) issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment.
We first assess qualitative factors related to the goodwill of the reporting units to determine whether it is necessary to perform an impairment test. If the Company judges that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than the carrying amount, including goodwill, no further testing is required. This assessment method was utilized in our 2019 annual goodwill impairment test.
In 2018 and 2017, the Company performed a quantitative approach for the reporting units. For all reporting units, the Company compares the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value. The fair value calculation uses both the income approach (discounted cash flow method) and the market approach, equally weighted. If the Company judges that the carrying value of the net assets assigned to the reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, the Company would record an impairment charge equal to the difference between the implied of the goodwill and the carrying value, not to exceed the goodwill asset's carrying amount.
The 2018 annual testing of goodwill for impairment resulted in an impairment charge. The carrying value of the Denmark reporting unit exceeded its fair value in an amount that approximated the carrying value of its goodwill, primarily due to the reporting unit not meeting management's pre-tax operating profit objectives. As a result, the Company impaired all of the Denmark reporting unit’s goodwill, which was $6.7 million at December 31, 2018.

The 2019 and 2017 annual testing of goodwill for impairment did not result in impairment charges.
Schedule of changes in the carrying amounts of finite-lived intangible assets subject to amortization
The annual changes in the carrying amounts of patents, unpatented technologies, customer relationships and non-compete agreements and other intangible assets subject to amortization for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:
(in thousands)
Gross
Carrying
Amount
 
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Net
Carrying
Amount
Patents
 
 
Balance at January 1, 2018
$
2,350

 
$
(545
)
 
$
1,805

Amortization
—

 
(107
)
 
(107
)
Removal of fully amortized assets
(241
)
 
241

 
—

Balance at December 31, 2018
2,109

 
(411
)
 
1,698

Purchases of intangible assets
2,550

 
—

 
2,550

Amortization
—

 
(150
)
 
(150
)
Balance at December 31, 2019
$
4,659

 
$
(561
)
 
$
4,098

 
(in thousands)
Gross
Carrying
Amount
 
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Net
Carrying
Amount
Unpatented Technology
 
 
Balance at January 1, 2018
$
21,667

 
$
(10,979
)
 
$
10,688

Amortization
—

 
(2,557
)
 
(2,557
)
Reclassifications (1)
277

 
—

 
277

Foreign exchange
(90
)
 
—

 
(90
)
Removal of fully amortized assets
(1,192
)
 
1,192

 
—

Balance at December 31, 2018
20,662

 
(12,344
)
 
8,318

Amortization
—

 
(2,017
)
 
(2,017
)
Foreign exchange
166

 
$
—

 
166

Balance at December 31, 2019
$
21,616

 
$
(14,361
)
 
$
7,255

 (1) Reclassifications in 2018 of $0.3 million in unpatented technology, with a corresponding reduction in other assets related to Technogrout asset acquisition.
(in thousands)
Gross
Carrying
Amount
 
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Net
Carrying
Amount
Non-Compete Agreements,
Trademarks and Other
 
 
 
 
Balance at January 1, 2018
$
12,225

 
(2,817
)
 
9,408

Assets acquisitions, net of cash acquired
879

 
—

 
879

Amortization
—

 
(1,757
)
 
(1,757
)
Reclassifications(1)
(24
)
 
—

 
(24
)
Removal of fully amortized assets
(855
)
 
855

 
—

Balance at December 31, 2018
12,225

 
(3,719
)
 
8,506

Purchases of intangible assets
2,081

 
—

 
2,081

Assets acquisitions, net of cash acquired
6

 
—

 
—

Amortization
—

 
(1,910
)
 
(1,910
)
Reclassifications(2)
481

 
—

 
481

Foreign exchange
10

 
—

 
10

Removal of fully amortized asset
(100
)
 
100

 
—

Balance at December 31, 2019
$
14,703

 
$
(5,529
)
 
$
9,174

 (1)Reclassifications in 2018 of $24 thousand in non-compete agreements, trademarks and other, with a corresponding decrease in other assets related to Technogrout
acquisition.
(2)Reclassifications in 2019 of $481 thousand in non-compete agreements, trademarks and other, with a corresponding reductions of $320 thousand in goodwill
and $161 thousand in other assets related to Radius Track acquisition.
(in thousands)
Gross
Carrying
Amount
 
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Net
Carrying
Amount
Customer Relationships
 
 
Balance at January 1, 2018
$
17,678

 
(10,869
)
 
6,809

Amortization
—

 
(1,430
)
 
(1,430
)
Foreign exchange
(115
)
 
—

 
(115
)
Balance at December 31, 2018
17,563

 
(12,299
)
 
5,264

Amortization
—

 
(1,433
)
 
(1,433
)
Foreign exchange
(27
)
 
—

 
(27
)
Balance at December 31, 2019
$
17,660

 
$
(13,732
)
 
$
3,928
Schedule of estimated future amortization of intangible assets
At December 31, 2019, estimated future amortization of intangible assets was as follows:
 
(in thousands) 
2020
$
5,933

2021
5,341

2022
3,436

2023
2,616

2024
1,665

Thereafter
5,464

 
$
24,455
Schedule of finite-lived intangible assets
Definite-lived and indefinite-lived assets, net, by segment as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows: 
 
December 31, 2018
 
Gross
Carrying
Amount
 
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Net
Carrying
Amount
(in thousands)
 
 
Total Intangible Assets
 
 
North America
$
30,825

 
$
(16,002
)
 
$
14,823

Europe
22,353

 
(12,774
)
 
9,579

Total
$
53,178

 
$
(28,776
)
 
$
24,402


 
At December 31, 2019
 
Gross
Carrying
Amount
 
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Net
Carrying
Amount
(in thousands)
 
 
Total Intangible Assets
 
 
North America
$
33,756

 
$
(19,173
)
 
$
14,583

Europe
25,500

 
(15,012
)
 
10,488

Total
$
59,256

 
$
(34,185
)
 
$
25,071