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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended: March 31, 2020
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission file number: 1-13429
Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 94-3196943
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation |  | (I.R.S. Employer
or organization) |  | Identification No.)

5956 W. Las Positas Blvd., Pleasanton, CA 94588
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(925) 560-9000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class | Trading Symbol | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share | SSD | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ý |  |  | Accelerated filer | ☐ |
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐ |
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐ |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ý
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding as of May 1, 2020: 43,463,983.

Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part I - Financial Information

Item 1 - Financial Statements |
|  | Page No.
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited) as of March 31,2020, March 31, 2019, and December 31, 2019 | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings and Comprehensive Income (unaudited) for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (unaudited) at March 31, 2020, 2019 and December 31, 2019 | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 | 7
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 8
Item 2 - Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 20
Item 3 - Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 28
Item 4 - Controls and Procedures | 28
Part II - Other Information
Item 1 - Legal Proceedings | 29
Item 1A - Risk Factors | 29
Item 2 - Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 30
Item 6 - Exhibits | 31

PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements.
Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In thousands, unaudited)

| March 31, |  | December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2019
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 301,741 |  |  | $ | 113,407 |  |  | $ | 230,210 |
Trade accounts receivable, net | 168,736 |  |  | 173,140 |  |  | 139,364 |
Inventories | 255,720 |  |  | 272,459 |  |  | 251,907 |
Assets held-for-sale | — |  |  | 2,546 |  |  | — |
Other current assets | 25,786 |  |  | 14,186 |  |  | 19,426 |
Total current assets | 751,983 |  |  | 575,738 |  |  | 640,907 |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 246,941 |  |  | 251,398 |  |  | 249,012 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 33,725 |  |  | 34,324 |  |  | 35,436 |
Goodwill | 131,599 |  |  | 131,712 |  |  | 131,879 |
Equity investment | 2,474 |  |  | 2,511 |  |  | 2,480 |
Intangible assets, net | 23,454 |  |  | 24,148 |  |  | 25,071 |
Other noncurrent assets | 8,072 |  |  | 10,521 |  |  | 10,581 |
Total assets | $ | 1,198,248 |  |  | $ | 1,030,352 |  |  | $ | 1,095,366 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade accounts payable | $ | 44,505 |  |  | $ | 35,549 |  |  | $ | 33,351 |
Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities | 118,346 |  |  | 115,029 |  |  | 125,556 |
Total current liabilities | 162,851 |  |  | 150,578 |  |  | 158,907 |
Operating lease liabilities | 26,084 |  |  | 28,878 |  |  | 27,930 |
Long term debt, net of current portion | 150,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Deferred income tax and other long-term liabilities | 17,719 |  |  | 15,422 |  |  | 16,572 |
Total liabilities | 356,654 |  |  | 194,878 |  |  | 203,409 |
Commitments and contingencies (see Note 12) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock, at par value | 444 |  |  | 455 |  |  | 442 |
Additional paid-in capital | 272,872 |  |  | 274,836 |  |  | 280,216 |
Retained earnings | 672,485 |  |  | 641,168 |  |  | 645,507 |
Treasury stock | (72,058 | ) |  | (55,000 | ) |  | (9,379 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (32,149 | ) |  | (25,985 | ) |  | (24,829 | )
Total stockholders’ equity | 841,594 |  |  | 835,474 |  |  | 891,957 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 1,198,248 |  |  | $ | 1,030,352 |  |  | $ | 1,095,366 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements
4

Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings and Comprehensive Income
(In thousands except per-share amounts, unaudited)

| Three Months Ended
| March 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Net sales | $ | 283,668 |  |  | $ | 259,244 |
Cost of sales | 154,002 |  |  | 148,990 |
Gross profit | 129,666 |  |  | 110,254 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |
Research and development and other engineering | 13,382 |  |  | 12,260 |
Selling | 28,527 |  |  | 28,112 |
General and administrative | 38,471 |  |  | 39,549 |
Total operating expenses | 80,380 |  |  | 79,921 |
Net loss (gain) on disposal of assets | (64 | ) |  | 310 |
Income from operations | 49,350 |  |  | 30,023 |
Interest expense, net and other | (2,533 | ) |  | (763 | )
Income before taxes | 46,817 |  |  | 29,260 |
Provision for income taxes | 9,991 |  |  | 6,598 |
Net income | $ | 36,826 |  |  | $ | 22,662 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |
Translation adjustment | (7,593 | ) |  | (1,335 | )
Unamortized pension adjustments | 273 |  |  | — |
Comprehensive net income | $ | 29,506 |  |  | $ | 21,327 |
Net income per common share: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.84 |  |  | $ | 0.51 |
Diluted | $ | 0.83 |  |  | $ | 0.50 |
Number of shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 44,099 |  |  | 44,874 |
Diluted | 44,286 |  |  | 45,213 |
Cash dividends declared per common share | $ | 0.23 |  |  | $ | 0.22 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements
5

Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
At March 31, 2019 and 2020, and December 31, 2019
(In thousands except per-share amounts, unaudited)

|  |  | Additional |  | Accumulated Other |  |
| Common Stock | Paid-in | Retained | Comprehensive | Treasury |
| Shares | Par Value | Capital | Earnings | Income (Loss) | Stock | Total
Balance at January 1, 2019 | 44,998 |  | $ | 453 |  | $ | 276,504 |  | $ | 628,207 |  | $ | (24,650 | ) | $ | (25,000 | ) | $ | 855,514 |
Net income | — |  | — |  | — |  | 22,662 |  | — |  | — |  | 22,662 |
Translation adjustment, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (1,335 | ) | — |  | (1,335 | )
Stock-based compensation | — |  | — |  | 3,903 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 3,903 |
Shares issued from release of Restricted Stock Units | 164 |  | 2 |  | (5,863 | ) | — |  | — |  | — |  | (5,861 | )
Repurchase of common stock | (505 | ) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (30,000 | ) | (30,000 | )
Cash dividends declared on common stock, $0.22 per share | — |  | — |  |  |  | (9,701 | ) | — |  | — |  | (9,701 | )
Common stock issued at $54.31 per share for stock bonus | 5 |  | — |  | 292 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 292 |
Balance, at March 31, 2019 | 44,662 |  | 455 |  | 274,836 |  | 641,168 |  | (25,985 | ) | (55,000 | ) | 835,474 |
Net income | — |  | — |  | — |  | 111,320 |  | — |  |  |  | 111,320 |
Translation adjustment, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2,220 |  | — |  | 2,220 |
Pension adjustment, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (1,064 | ) | — |  | (1,064 | )
Stock-based compensation | — |  | — |  | 5,422 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 5,422 |
Shares issued from release of Restricted Stock Units | 14 |  | — |  | (42 | ) | — |  | — |  | — |  | (42 | )
Repurchase of common stock | (467 | ) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (30,816 | ) | (30,816 | )
Retirement of common stock | — |  | (13 | ) | — |  | (76,424 | ) | — |  | 76,437 |  | — |
Cash dividends declared on common stock, $0.69 per share | — |  | — |  | — |  | (30,557 | ) | — |  | — |  | (30,557 | )
Balance, at December 31, 2019 | 44,209 |  | 442 |  | 280,216 |  | 645,507 |  | (24,829 | ) | (9,379 | ) | 891,957 |
Net income | — |  | — |  | — |  | 36,826 |  | — |  | — |  | 36,826 |
Translation adjustment, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (7,593 | ) | — |  | (7,593 | )
Pension adjustment, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 273 |  | — |  | 273 |
Stock-based compensation | — |  | — |  | 33 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 33 |
Shares issued from release of Restricted Stock Units | 153 |  | 2 |  | (7,699 | ) | — |  | — |  | — |  | (7,697 | )
Repurchase of common stock | (902 | ) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (62,679 | ) | (62,679 | )
Cash dividends declared on common stock, $0.23 per share | — |  | — |  | — |  | (9,848 | ) | — |  | — |  | (9,848 | )
Common stock issued at $80.38 per share for stock bonus | 4 |  | — |  | 322 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 322 |
Balance at March 31, 2020 | 43,464 |  | $ | 444 |  | $ | 272,872 |  | $ | 672,485 |  | $ | (32,149 | ) | $ | (72,058 | ) | $ | 841,594 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements
6

Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands, unaudited)

| Three Months Ended
| March 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 36,826 |  |  | $ | 22,662 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
(Gain)/loss on sale of assets and other | (58 | ) |  | 286 |
Depreciation and amortization | 9,734 |  |  | 9,758 |
Noncash lease expense | 1,997 |  |  | 1,675 |
Deferred income taxes | 1,430 |  |  | 1,371 |
Noncash compensation related to stock plans | 277 |  |  | 4,105 |
Provision (benefit) of doubtful accounts | 721 |  |  | (3 | )
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Trade accounts receivable | (32,161 | ) |  | (26,968 | )
Inventories | (5,962 | ) |  | 3,080 |
Trade accounts payable | 11,018 |  |  | 1,915 |
Other current assets | (6,821 | ) |  | 323 |
Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities | (4,927 | ) |  | (6,718 | )
Other noncurrent assets and liabilities | 651 |  |  | (1,838 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities | 12,725 |  |  | 9,648 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (6,795 | ) |  | (7,352 | )
Asset acquisitions, net of cash acquired | — |  |  | (3,492 | )
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment | 561 |  |  | 38 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (6,234 | ) |  | (10,806 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase of common stock | (62,679 | ) |  | (30,000 | )
Proceeds from line of credit | 154,529 |  |  | 6,758 |
Repayments of line of credit and capital leases | (5,415 | ) |  | (6,459 | )
Dividends paid | (10,169 | ) |  | (9,901 | )
Cash paid on behalf of employees for shares withheld | (7,699 | ) |  | (5,864 | )
Net cash provided by (used) in financing activities | 68,567 |  |  | (45,466 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | (3,527 | ) |  | (149 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 71,531 |  |  | (46,773 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 230,210 |  |  | 160,180 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 301,741 |  |  | $ | 113,407 |
Noncash activity during the period |  |  |  |  |
Noncash capital expenditures | $ | 289 |  |  | $ | 284 |
Dividends declared but not paid | 10,204 |  |  | 9,761 |
Contingent consideration for acquisition | — |  |  | 309 |
Issuance of Company’s common stock for compensation | 322 |  |  | 292 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements
7

Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)
1. Basis of Presentation
Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”). Investments in 50% or less owned entities are accounted for using either cost or the equity method. All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management believes that these consolidated financial statements include all normal and recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation under GAAP. Uncertainty created by the COVID-19 pandemic will likely impact our operations, customers, and various areas of risk. We assessed certain accounting matters that require the use of estimates and assumptions in context with the known and projected future impacts of COVID-19. The Company's actual results could differ materially from those estimates.
Interim Reporting Period
The accompanying unaudited quarterly condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations for reporting on Form 10-Q. Accordingly, certain information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted. These interim statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 (the “2019 Form 10-K”).
The unaudited quarterly condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited annual consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, contain all adjustments (consisting of only normal recurring adjustments) necessary to state fairly the financial information set forth therein in accordance with GAAP. Certain prior period amounts in the condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes have been reclassified to conform to the current period’s presentation. The year-end condensed consolidated balance sheet data provided herein were derived from audited financial statements included in the 2019 Form 10-K, but do not include all disclosures required by GAAP. The Company’s quarterly results fluctuate. As a result, the Company believes the results of operations for this interim period presented are not indicative of the results to be expected for any future periods.
Revenue Recognition
Generally, the Company’s revenue contract with a customer exists when goods are shipped, and services (if any) are rendered; and its related invoice is generated. The duration of the contract does not extend beyond the promised goods or services already transferred. The transaction price of each distinct promised product or service specified in the invoice is based on its relative standalone selling price. The Company recognizes revenue when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control over a product to a customer at a point in time. The Company’s shipping terms provide the primary indicator of the transfer of control. The Company’s general shipping terms are F.O.B. shipping point, where title and risk and rewards of ownership transfer at the point when the products leave the Company’s warehouse. The Company recognizes revenue based on the consideration specified in the invoice with a customer, less any sales incentives, discounts, and amounts collected on behalf of third parties (i.e., governmental tax authorities). Based on historical experience with the customer, the customer's purchasing pattern and its significant experience selling products, the Company concluded that a significant reversal in the cumulative amount of revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty (if any) is resolved (that is, when the total amount of purchases is known). Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
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Net Income Per Common Share
The Company calculates net income per common share based on the weighted-average number of the Company's common stock outstanding during the period. Potentially dilutive securities are included in the diluted per-share calculations using the treasury stock method for all periods when the effect is dilutive.
Accounting for Leases
The Company has operating and finance leases for certain facilities, equipment, autos and data centers. As an accounting policy for short-term leases, the Company elected to not recognize the right-of-use asset and liability, if, at the commencement date, the lease (1) has a term of 12 months or less and (2) does not include renewal and purchase options that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise. Monthly payments on short-term leases are recognized on the straight-line basis over the full lease term.
Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation
The Company recognizes stock-based expense related to restricted stock unit awards on a straight-line basis, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite service period of the awards, which is generally a vesting term of four years. Stock-based expense related to performance share grants are measured based on the grant date fair value and expensed on a graded basis over the service periods of the awards, which is generally a performance period of three years. The performance conditions are based on the Company's achievement of revenue growth and return on invested capital over the performance period, and are evaluated for the probability of vesting at each reporting period end with changes in expected results recognized as an adjustment to expense. The assumptions used to calculate the fair value of options or restricted stock units are evaluated and revised, as necessary, to reflect market conditions and the Company's expectations.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that is determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value are measured and classified under a three-tier fair valuation hierarchy based on the observability of the inputs available in the market: Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; Level 2 inputs are quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument; and Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs based on the Company’s assumptions used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value. The fair value hierarchy requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.
As of March 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company’s investments included in cash equivalents consisted of only money market funds, which are the Company’s primary financial instruments and carried at cost, approximating fair value, based on Level 1 inputs. The balance of the Company’s primary financial instruments as of March 31, 2020 and 2019 was $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively. The carrying amounts of trade accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and long-term debt approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The fair value of the Company’s contingent consideration related to acquisitions and equity investment are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy as it is based on unobserved inputs such as management estimates and entity-specific assumptions and is evaluated on an ongoing basis.
Income Taxes
The Company uses an estimated annual tax rate to measure the tax benefit or tax expense recognized in each interim period.
Accounting Standards - Recently Adopted
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” ASU 2016-13 amendments provide guidance on accounting for current expected credit losses on financial instruments that are not accounted for at fair value through net income, including loans held for investment, held-to-maturity debt securities, trade and other receivables, net investment in leases and other commitments to extend credit held by a reporting entity at each reporting date. The required measurement methodology is based on expected loss model that includes historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. ASU 2016-13 eliminates the probable incurred loss recognition in current GAAP. The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 prospectively on January 1, 2020. Historically, the Company's actual credit losses have not been material. The Company's financial assets in the scope of ASU 2016-13 mainly consist
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of short-term trade receivables. In estimating expected credit loss, we are using the aging method, such as pooling receivable based on the levels of delinquency and applying historical loss rates, adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts, to each pool. The Company will regularly reassess the customer group by using its best judgment when considering changes in customers' credit ratings, customers' historical payments and loss experience, current market and economic conditions, and the Company's expectations of future market and economic conditions. Adoption of ASU 2016-13 had no material effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements and footnote disclosures.
All other issued and effective accounting standards during the first quarter of 2020 were determined to be not relevant or material to the Company.
2. Revenue from Contracts with Customers
Disaggregated revenue
The Company disaggregates net sales into the following major product groups as described in the footnote for segment information included in these interim financial statements under Note 13.
Wood Construction Products Revenue. Wood construction products represented 86% and 84% of total net sales in the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Concrete Construction Products Revenue. Concrete construction products represented 14% and 16% of total net sales in the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Customer acceptance criteria. Generally, there are no customer acceptance criteria included in the Company's standard sales agreement with customers. When an arrangement with the customer does not meet the criteria to be accounted for as a revenue contract under the standard, the Company recognizes revenue in the amount of nonrefundable consideration received when the Company has transferred control of the goods or services and has stopped transferring (and has no obligation to transfer) additional goods or services. The Company offers certain customers discounts for paying invoices ahead of the due date, which are generally between 30 to 60 days after the issue date.
Other revenue. Service sales, representing after-market repair and maintenance, engineering activities and software license sales and services were less than 1.0% of net sales and recognized as the services are completed or by transferring control over a product to a customer at a point in time. Services may be sold separately or in bundled packages. The typical contract length for a service is generally less than one year. For bundled packages, the Company accounts for individual services separately when they are distinct within the context of the contract. A distinct service is separately identifiable from other items in the bundled package if a customer can benefit from the service on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer. The consideration (including any discounts) is allocated between separate services in a bundle based on their relative stand-alone selling prices. The stand-alone selling prices are determined based on the prices at which the Company separately sells the services.
Reconciliation of contract balances
Contract assets are the rights to consideration in exchange for goods or services that the Company has transferred to a customer when that right is conditional on something other than the passage of time. Contract liabilities are recorded for any services billed to customers and not yet recognizable if the contract period has commenced or for the amount collected from customers in advance of the contract period commencing. As of March 31, 2020, the Company had no contract assets or contract liabilities from contracts with customers.
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3. Net Income Per Share
The following table reconciles basic net income per share of the Company's common stock to diluted net income per share for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands, except per share amounts) | 2020 |  | 2019
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 36,826 |  |  | $ | 22,662 |
Basic weighted-average shares outstanding | 44,099 |  |  | 44,874 |
Dilutive effect of potential common stock equivalents — restricted stock units | 187 |  |  | 339 |
Diluted weighted-average shares outstanding | 44,286 |  |  | 45,213 |
Net income per common share: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.84 |  |  | $ | 0.51 |
Diluted | $ | 0.83 |  |  | $ | 0.50 |

4. Stockholders' Equity
Share Repurchases
During the first quarter of 2020, the Company repurchased 902,340 shares of the Company's common stock in the open market at an average price of $69.46 per share, for a total of $62.7 million. As of March 31, 2020, approximately $37.3 million remains available for repurchase under the previously announced $100.0 million share repurchase authorization (which expires at the end of 2020).
5. Stock-Based Compensation
The Company allocates stock-based compensation expense related to equity plans for employees and non-employee directors among the cost of sales, research and development and other engineering expense, selling expense, or general and administrative expense based on the job functions performed by the employees to whom the stock-based compensation is awarded. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense related to its equity plans for employees of $0.3 million and $4.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The $3.8 million decrease in stock-based compensation expense was due to the reevaluation of the expected performance conditions and updated expected vesting during the first quarter of 2020.
During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company granted 157,712 restricted stock units ("RSUs") to the Company's employees, including officers at an estimated weighted average fair value of $75.86 per share based on the closing price (adjusted for the present value of dividends) of the Company's common stock on the grant date. The RSUs granted to the Company's employees may be time-based and performance-based. Certain of the performance-based RSUs are granted to officers and key employees, where the number of performance-based awards to be issued is based on the achievement of certain Company performance criteria established in the RSU agreement over a cumulative three-year period. These awards cliff vest after three years. In addition, these same officers and key employees also receive time-based RSUs, which vest pursuant to a three-year graded vesting schedule. Time-based RSUs that are granted to the Company's employees excluding officers and certain key employees, vest ratably over the four year vesting-term of the award.
The Company’s seven non-employee directors are entitled to receive approximately $690 thousand in equity compensation annually. The number of shares ultimately granted are based on the average closing share price for the Company over the 60 day period prior to approval of the award in April of each year. In April 2020, the Company granted 9,239 shares of common stock to the Company's non-employee directors, based on the average closing price of $74.66 per share. The Company recognized expense on these shares at an estimated fair value of $58.72 per share based on the closing price of the Company's common stock on the grant date, for a total expense of $543 thousand.
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As of March 31, 2020, the Company's aggregate unamortized stock compensation expense was approximately $8.9 million, which is entirely attributable to unvested RSUs and is expected to be recognized in expense over a weighted-average period of 2.7 years.
6. Trade Accounts Receivable, Net
Trade accounts receivable at the dates indicated consisted of the following:

| At March 31, |  | At December 31,
(in thousands) | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2019
Trade accounts receivable | $ | 174,853 |  |  | $ | 176,896 |  |  | $ | 144,729 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | (2,761 | ) |  | (1,195 | ) |  | (1,935 | )
Allowance for sales discounts and returns | (3,356 | ) |  | (2,561 | ) |  | (3,430 | )
| $ | 168,736 |  |  | $ | 173,140 |  |  | $ | 139,364 |

7. Inventories
Inventories at the dates indicated consisted of the following:

| At March 31, |  | At December 31,
(in thousands) | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2019
Raw materials | $ | 89,903 |  |  | $ | 91,850 |  |  | $ | 95,575 |
In-process products | 19,464 |  |  | 24,690 |  |  | 23,672 |
Finished products | 146,353 |  |  | 155,919 |  |  | 132,660 |
| $ | 255,720 |  |  | $ | 272,459 |  |  | $ | 251,907 |

8. Property, Plant and Equipment, Net
Property, plant and equipment, net, at the dates indicated consisted of the following:

| At March 31, |  | At December 31,
(in thousands) | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2019
Land | $ | 27,964 |  |  | $ | 29,251 |  |  | $ | 28,092 |
Buildings and site improvements | 193,971 |  |  | 196,848 |  |  | 195,210 |
Leasehold improvements | 4,832 |  |  | 4,831 |  |  | 4,911 |
Machinery, equipment, and software | 354,931 |  |  | 335,906 |  |  | 351,379 |
| 581,698 |  |  | 566,836 |  |  | 579,592 |
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization | (351,776 | ) |  | (326,181 | ) |  | (346,594 | )
| 229,922 |  |  | 240,655 |  |  | 232,998 |
Capital projects in progress | 17,019 |  |  | 10,743 |  |  | 16,014 |
| $ | 246,941 |  |  | $ | 251,398 |  |  | $ | 249,012 |

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9. Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net
Goodwill at the dates indicated was as follows:

| At March 31, |  | At December 31,
(in thousands) | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2019
North America | $ | 95,988 |  |  | $ | 96,491 |  |  | $ | 96,244 |
Europe | 34,445 |  |  | 33,867 |  |  | 34,300 |
Asia/Pacific | 1,166 |  |  | 1,354 |  |  | 1,335 |
Total | $ | 131,599 |  |  | $ | 131,712 |  |  | $ | 131,879 |

Intangible assets, net, at the dates indicated were as follows:

| At March 31, 2020
| Gross |  |  |  | Net
| Carrying |  | Accumulated |  | Carrying
(in thousands) | Amount |  | Amortization |  | Amount
North America | $ | 33,755 |  |  | $ | (20,039 | ) |  | $ | 13,716 |
Europe | 25,410 |  |  | (15,672 | ) |  | 9,738 |
Total | $ | 59,165 |  |  | $ | (35,711 | ) |  | $ | 23,454 |

| At March 31, 2019
| Gross |  |  |  | Net
(in thousands) | Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Carrying Amount
North America | $ | 30,824 |  |  | $ | (16,795 | ) |  | $ | 14,029 |
Europe | 23,435 |  |  | (13,316 | ) |  | 10,119 |
Total | $ | 54,259 |  |  | $ | (30,111 | ) |  | $ | 24,148 |

| At December 31, 2019
| Gross |  |  |  | Net
(in thousands) | Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Carrying Amount
North America | $ | 33,756 |  |  | $ | (19,173 | ) |  | $ | 14,583 |
Europe | 25,500 |  |  | (15,012 | ) |  | 10,488 |
Total | $ | 59,256 |  |  | $ | (34,185 | ) |  | $ | 25,071 |

Intangible assets consist of definite-lived and indefinite-lived assets. Definite-lived intangible assets include customer relationships, patents, unpatented technology, and non-compete agreements. Amortization expense of definite-lived intangible assets was $1.5 million and $1.3 million for each of the three-month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The weighted-average amortization period for all amortizable intangibles on a combined basis is 5.7 years.
The only indefinite-lived intangible asset, consisting of a trade name, totaled $0.6 million at March 31, 2020.
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At March 31, 2020, the estimated future amortization of definite-lived intangible assets was as follows:

(in thousands) |
Remaining nine months of 2020 | $ | 4,441 |
2021 | 5,370 |
2022 | 3,437 |
2023 | 2,611 |
2024 | 1,660 |
2025 | 1,315 |
Thereafter | 4,004 |
| $ | 22,838 |

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill and intangible assets for the three months ended March 31, 2020, were as follows:

|  |  | Intangible
(in thousands) | Goodwill |  | Assets
Balance at December 31, 2019 | $ | 131,879 |  |  | $ | 25,071 |
Amortization | — |  |  | (1,526 | )
Foreign exchange | (280 | ) |  | (91 | )
Balance at March 31, 2020 | $ | 131,599 |  |  | $ | 23,454 |

10. Leases
Operating Lease and Finance Obligations
The Company has operating leases for certain facilities, equipment and autos. The existing operating leases expire at various dates through 2024, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 5 years. The Company measured the lease liability at the present value of the lease payments to be made over the lease term. The lease payments are discounted using the Company's incremental borrowing rate. The Company measured the ROU assets at the amount at which the lease liability is recognized plus initial direct costs incurred or prepayment amounts. The ROU assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Finance Lease Obligations
The Company has finance leases for data centers and certain office equipment, which was recorded in fixed assets as capital lease obligations. These finance lease obligations are included in current liabilities and other long-term liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The interest rates for these two capital leases are 2.89% and 3.50%, respectively, and the two leases will mature in May 2021 and July 2021, respectively.
The following table provides a summary of leases included on the condensed consolidated balance sheets, condensed consolidated statements of earnings, and condensed consolidated statements of cash flows as of March 31, 2020 and 2019:
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| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets Line Item | March 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Operating leases |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |
Operating leases | Operating lease right-of-use assets | $ | 33,725 |  |  | 34,324 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |
Operating - current | Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | $ | 7,603 |  |  | 6,256 |
Operating - noncurrent | Operating lease liabilities | 26,084 |  |  | 28,878 |
Total operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 33,687 |  |  | 35,134 |
|  |  |  | — |
Finance leases |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |
Property and equipment, gross | Property, plant and equipment, net | $ | 3,566 |  |  | 3,569 |
Accumulated amortization | Property, plant and equipment, net | (2,903 | ) |  | (2,255 | )
Property and equipment, net | Property, plant and equipment, net | $ | 663 |  |  | 1,314 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |
Other current liabilities | Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | $ | 1,125 |  |  | 1,098 |
Other long-term liabilities | Deferred income tax and other long-term liabilities | 6 |  |  | 1,319 |
Total finance lease liabilities |  | $ | 1,131 |  |  | 2,417 |

The components of lease expense were as follows:

| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations Line Item | Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Operating lease cost | General administrative expenses and cost of sales | $ | 2,492 |  |  | $ | 2,191 |
Finance lease cost: |  |  |  |
Amortization of right-of-use assets | General administrative expenses | $ | 218 |  |  | $ | 218 |
Interest on lease liabilities | Interest expense, net | 11 |  |  | 20 |
Total finance lease |  | $ | 229 |  |  | $ | 238 |

Other information
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands) | 2020 |  | 2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |
Operating cash flows for operating leases | $ | 2,418 |  |  | $ | 2,087 |
Finance cash flows for finance leases | 290 |  |  | 270 |
Operating right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations during the current period | 2,068 |  |  | 407 |

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The following is a schedule, by years, of maturities of lease liabilities as of March 31, 2020:

(in thousands) | Operating Leases |  | Finance Leases
Remaining nine months of 2020 | $ | 7,200 |  |  | $ | 870 |
2021 | 8,477 |  |  | 285 |
2022 | 6,392 |  |  | — |
2023 | 4,358 |  |  | — |
2024 | 2,458 |  |  | — |
Thereafter | 11,282 |  |  | — |
Total lease payments | 40,167 |  |  | 1,155 |
Less: Present value discount | (6,480 | ) |  | (24 | )
Total lease liabilities | $ | 33,687 |  |  | $ | 1,131 |

The following table summarizes the Company's lease terms and discount rates as of March 31, 2020 and 2019:

Weighted-average remaining lease terms (in years): | 2020 |  | 2019
Operating leases | 6.38 |  |  | 7.21 |
Finance leases | 1.19 |  |  | 2.18 |
Weighted-average discount rate: |  |  |
Operating leases | 5.36 | % |  | 5.37 | %
Finance leases | 3.24 | % |  | 3.22 | %

11. Debt
The Company is a borrower, and certain of its domestic subsidiaries are guarantors under a credit agreement, which provides the Company with $304.0 million in revolving credit lines and an irrevocable standby letter of credit in support of various insurance deductibles.
As previously disclosed, the Company's primary credit facility is the $300.0 million revolving line of credit (the “Credit Facility”). In March 2020, the Company elected to draw down $150.0 million from the Credit Facility to increase its cash position and preserve financial flexibility in light of current uncertainty resulting from the COVID-19 outbreak. Total available credit as of March 31, 2020, was $153.8 million, including the Credit Facility and other revolving credit lines.
The Company had $0.2 million and $0.7 million outstanding balance under other revolving credit lines, as of March 31, 2020, and December 31, 2019, respectively, and had $1.5 million outstanding balance as of March 31, 2019. The Company was in compliance with its financial covenants at March 31, 2020.
12. Commitments and Contingencies
Environmental
The Company’s policy with regard to environmental liabilities is to accrue for future environmental assessments and remediation costs when information becomes available that indicates that it is probable that the Company is liable for any related claims and assessments and the amount of the liability is reasonably estimable. The Company does not believe that any such matters will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, cash flows or results of operations.
Litigation and Potential Claims
From time to time, the Company is involved in various legal proceedings and other matters arising in the normal course of business. Corrosion, hydrogen embrittlement, cracking, material hardness, wood pressure-treating chemicals, misinstallations,
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misuse, design and assembly flaws, manufacturing defects, labeling defects, product formula defects, inaccurate chemical mixes, adulteration, environmental conditions, or other factors can contribute to failure of fasteners, connectors, anchors, adhesives, specialty chemicals, such as fiber reinforced polymers, and tool products. In addition, inaccuracies may occur in product information, descriptions and instructions found in catalogs, packaging, data sheets, and the Company’s website.
The resolution of any claim or litigation is subject to inherent uncertainty and could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, cash flows or results of operations.
Gentry Homes, Ltd. v. Simpson Strong-Tie Company Inc., et al., Case No. 17-cv-00566, was filed in a federal district court in Hawaii against Simpson Strong-Tie Company Inc. and the Company on November 20, 2017. The Gentry case is a product of a previous state court class action, Nishimura v. Gentry Homes, Ltd., et al., Civil No. 11-1-1522-07, which is now closed. The Nishimura case concerned alleged corrosion of the Company’s galvanized “hurricane straps” and mudsill anchor products used in a residential project in Ewa by Gentry, Honolulu, Hawaii. In the Nishimura case, the plaintiff homeowners and the developer, Gentry Homes, Ltd. (“Gentry”), arbitrated their dispute and agreed on a settlement in the amount of approximately $90 million. In the subsequent Gentry case, Gentry alleges breach of warranty and negligent misrepresentation by the Company related to its “hurricane strap” and mudsill anchor products, and demands general, special, and consequential damages from the Company in an amount to be proven at trial. Gentry also seeks pre-judgment and post-judgment interest, attorneys’ fees and costs, and other relief. The Company admits no liability and will vigorously defend the claims brought against it. At this time, the Company cannot reasonably ascertain the likelihood that it will be found responsible for substantial damages to Gentry. Based on the facts currently known, and subject to future events and circumstances, the Company believes that all or part of the claims brought against it in the Gentry case may be covered by its insurance policies.
Given the nature and the complexities involved in the Gentry proceeding, the Company is unable to estimate reasonably the likelihood of possible loss or a range of possible loss until the Company knows, among other factors, (i) the specific claims brought against the Company and the legal theories on which they are based; (ii) what claims, if any, might be dismissed without trial; (iii) how the discovery process will affect the litigation; (iv) the settlement posture of the other parties to the litigation; (v) the damages to be proven at trial, particularly if the damages are not specified or are indeterminate; (vi) the extent to which the Company’s insurance policies will cover the claims or any part thereof, if at all; and (vii) any other factors that may have a material effect on the proceeding.
13. Segment Information
The Company is organized into three reportable segments, which are defined by the regions where the Company’s products are manufactured, marketed and distributed to the Company’s customers. The three regional segments are the North America segment, comprising primarily the United States and Canada; the Europe segment, comprising continental Europe and the United Kingdom; and the Asia/Pacific segment, comprising the Company’s operations in China, Hong Kong, the South Pacific and the Middle East. The Company's China and Hong Kong operations are manufacturing and administrative support locations, respectively. These three reportable segments are similar in several ways, including the types of materials used in production, production processes, distribution channels and product applications. The Company’s measure of profit or loss for its reportable segments is income (loss) from operations.
The following tables illustrate certain measurements used by management to assess the performance of its reportable segments as of or for the following periods:
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| Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands) | 2020 | 2019
Net Sales |  |  |  |
North America | $ | 249,050 |  | $ | 221,431 |
Europe | 32,732 |  | 35,780 |
Asia/Pacific | 1,886 |  | 2,033 |
Total | $ | 283,668 |  | $ | 259,244 |
Sales to Other Segments* |  |  |  |
North America | $ | 640 |  | $ | 341 |
Europe | 1,254 |  | 458 |
Asia/Pacific | 4,813 |  | 6,396 |
Total | $ | 6,707 |  | $ | 7,195 |
Income (Loss) from Operations |  |  |  |
North America | $ | 53,561 |  | $ | 32,814 |
Europe | (1,670 | ) | (384 | )
Asia/Pacific | (604 | ) | (542 | )
Administrative and all other | (1,937 | ) | (1,865 | )
Total | $ | 49,350 |  | $ | 30,023 |

* Sales to other segments are eliminated in consolidation.

|  |  | At
| At March 31, | December 31,
(in thousands) | 2020 | 2019 | 2019
Total Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
North America | $ | 1,153,775 |  | $ | 1,155,633 |  | $ | 1,269,545 |
Europe | 163,476 |  | 167,769 |  | 169,785 |
Asia/Pacific | 27,919 |  | 27,131 |  | 30,055 |
Administrative and all other | (146,922 | ) | (320,181 | ) | (374,019 | )
Total | $ | 1,198,248 |  | $ | 1,030,352 |  | $ | 1,095,366 |

Cash collected by the Company’s United States subsidiaries is routinely transferred into the Company’s cash management accounts and, therefore, has been included in the total assets of “Administrative and all other.” Cash and cash equivalent balances in the “Administrative and all other” segment were $248.7 million, $76.0 million, and $161.4 million, as of March 31, 2020 and 2019, and December 31, 2019, respectively. Total "Administrative and all other" assets are net of inter-segment due to and from accounts eliminated in consolidation.
While the Company manages its business by geographic segment, the following table illustrates the distribution of the Company’s net sales by product group as additional information for the following periods:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands) | 2020 |  | 2019
Wood construction products | $ | 242,520 |  |  | $ | 217,613 |
Concrete construction products | 41,012 |  |  | 41,577 |
Other | 136 |  |  | 54 |
Total | $ | 283,668 |  |  | $ | 259,244 |

Wood construction products include connectors, truss plates, fastening systems, fasteners and pre-fabricated shearwalls, and are used for connecting and strengthening wood-based construction primarily in the residential construction market. Concrete construction products include adhesives, chemicals, mechanical anchors, carbide drill bits, powder actuated tools and fiber
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reinforcing materials, and are used for restoration, protection or strengthening concrete, masonry and steel construction in residential, industrial, commercial and infrastructure construction.
No customer accounted for as much as 10% of net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The Company’s largest customer for three months ended March 31, 2019 accounted for 10.6% of net sales, which was attributable mostly to the North America segment.
14. Subsequent Events
In March 2020, the World Health Organization categorized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic, and the President of the United States declared the COVID-19 outbreak a national emergency. COVID-19 continues to spread throughout the United States and other countries across the world, and the duration and severity of its effects are currently unknown. While the response to the COVID-19 outbreak continues to rapidly evolve, it has led to stay-at-home orders and social distancing guidelines that have seriously disrupted activities in large segments of the economy.
As of the date of issuance of the financial statements, April 2020 sales decreased approximately 15.0% percent compared to March 2020 sales, driven by the COVID-19 related economic slowdown. The Company considers the outbreak of COVID-19 as a nonrecognized subsequent event in accordance with accounting standards codification Topic 855, Subsequent Events, requiring disclosure in these unaudited condensed consolidated financial Statements. The Company’s consolidated financial statements presented herein reflect estimates and assumptions made by management that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods presented.
We are mitigating negative impacts to our operating results by taking significant actions, including postponing non-essential capital expenditures, reducing operating costs, modulating production in line with demand, and substantially reducing discretionary spending. These countermeasures are expected to partially mitigate the impacts of COVID-19 on the Company's full-year 2020 financial results. As the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy and the Company's operations evolves, the Company will continue to assess the impact on the Company's operations and respond accordingly.
On April 23, 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.23 per share, estimated to be $10.2 million in total. The dividend will be payable on July 23, 2020, to the Company's stockholders of record on July 2, 2020.
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Each of the terms the “Company,” “we,” “our,” “us” and similar terms used herein refer collectively to Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc., a Delaware corporation and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, including Simpson Strong-Tie Company Inc., unless otherwise stated. The Company regularly uses its website to post information regarding its business and governance. The Company encourages investors to use http://www.simpsonmfg.com as a source of information about the Company.
“Strong-Tie” and our other trademarks appearing in this report are our property. This report contains additional trade names and trademarks of other companies. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trade names or trademarks to imply an endorsement or sponsorship of us by such companies, or any relationship with any of these companies.
CAUTIONARY NOTE ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). Forward-looking statements generally can be identified by words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “target,” “continue,” “predict,” “project,” “change,” “result,” “future,” “will,” “could,” “can,” “may,” “likely,” “potentially,” or similar expressions that concern our strategy, plans, expectations or intentions. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about future financial and operating results, our plans, objectives, business outlook, priorities, expectations and intentions, expectations for sales growth, comparable sales, earnings and performance, stockholder value, capital expenditures, cash flows, the housing market, the home improvement industry, demand for services, share repurchases, our strategic initiatives, including the impact of these initiatives on our strategic and operational
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plans and financial results, and any statement of an assumption underlying any of the foregoing and other statements that are not historical facts. Although we believe that the expectations, opinions, projections and comments reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, such statements involve risks and uncertainties and we can give no assurance that such statements will prove to be correct. Actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied in such statements.
Forward-looking statements are subject to inherent uncertainties, risk and other factors that are difficult to predict and could cause our actual results to vary in material respects from what we have expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause our actual results and financial condition to differ materially from those expressed in our forward looking statements include, among others, those discussed under the Item 1A. Risk Factors and Item7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in the 2019 Form 10-K and Item2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Part II Item 1A Risk Factors in this Form 10-Q. Additional risks include: the cyclicality and impact of general economic conditions; changing conditions in global markets including the impact of sanctions and tariffs, quotas and other trade actions and import restrictions; the impact of pandemics, epidemics or other public health emergencies, such as the recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); volatile supply and demand conditions affecting prices and volumes in the markets for both our products and raw materials we purchase; the impact of foreign currency fluctuations; potential limitations on our ability to access capital resources and existing credit facilities; restrictions on our business and financial covenants under our bank credit agreement; and reliance on employees subject to collective bargaining agreements.
We caution that you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this report. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise. Readers are urged to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made by us in this report and in our other reports filed with the SEC that advise of the risks and factors that may affect our business.
Overview
We design, manufacture and sell building construction products that are of high quality and performance, easy to use and cost-effective for customers. We operate in three business segments determined by geographic region: North America, Europe and Asia/Pacific.
Our strategic plan for growth includes increasing our market share and profitability in Europe; growing our market share in the concrete space; and continuing to develop our software to support our core wood products offering while leveraging our strengths in engineering, sales and distribution, and our strong brand name. We believe these initiatives and objectives are crucial to not only offer a more complete solution to our customers and bolster our sales of core wood connector products, but also to mitigate the effect of the cyclicality of the U.S. housing market.
On October 30, 2017, we announced the 2020 Plan to provide additional transparency into the execution of our strategic plan and financial objectives. Under the 2020 Plan, we initially assumed (i) housing starts growing as a percentage in the mid-single digit, (ii) increasing our market share and profitability in Europe, and (iii) gaining market share in both our truss and concrete product offerings. At the time of the announcement, our 2020 Plan was centered on the following three key operational objectives.

• | Achieve a net sales compounded annual growth rate of approximately 8% (from $860.7 million reported in fiscal 2016) through fiscal 2020.

• | Rationalize our cost structure to improve company-wide profitability by reducing total operating expenses as a percentage of net sales from 31.8% in fiscal 2016 to a range of 26.0% to 27.0% by fiscal 2020.

• | Improve our working capital management and overall balance sheet discipline primarily through the reduction of inventory levels in connection with the implementation of Lean principles in many of our factories.

Through execution on the 2020 Plan, we targeted a return on invested capital (1) within the range of 15% to 16% by the end of fiscal 2020.
On January 30, 2020, the WHO announced a global health emergency because of COVID-19 and the risks to the international community as the virus spreads globally beyond its point of origin in Wuhan, China. In March 2020, the WHO categorized COVID-19 as a pandemic based on the rapid increase in exposure globally, and the President of the United States declared the COVID-19 outbreak a national emergency. COVID-19 continues to spread throughout the United States and other countries across the world, and the duration and severity of its effects are currently unknown. Additionally, government authorities in the countries and states where we operate have issued various and differing shelter in place, stay at home, social distancing guidelines and other measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In many of those locations our products and services are classified as an essential business and all of our North America manufacturing and distribution facilities continue to operate in accordance with those orders.
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However in late March, two of our larger European manufacturing facilities in the United Kingdom and France were ordered to cease nearly all operations, forcing us to temporarily furlough many of those affected employees. Our supply chain partners have been very supportive and continue to do their part to ensure that service levels to our customers remain strong and, to date, we have not experienced any supply-chain disruptions related to COVID-19 and have been able to meet our customers’ needs.
A significant portion of the Company's total product sales is dependent on US housing starts and its business, financial condition and results of operations depends significantly on the level of housing and residential construction activity, which is expected to be negatively affected by the COVID-19 outbreak and pandemic. The Company anticipates a downturn in economic conditions and a slowdown in single-family housing starts. In the month of April sales declined compared to March levels due to lower demand from the anticipated slowdown in housing starts and general construction activity. Declines in housing and residential construction, such as housing starts and home improvement projects, which generally occur during economic downturns, have in the past significantly reduced, and in the future can be expected to reduce, the demand for, and net sales, of the Company's products.
During the first quarter of 2020, the execution of our 2020 Plan continued to deliver financial and operational efficiencies. However, we anticipate that the effects of responses to COVID-19 will have a negative effect on our North America and Europe operations in the short term. The magnitude and duration of the outbreak, including its impact on our operations, supply chain partners and general economic conditions, is uncertain and we continue to monitor the impact of the pandemic on our operations and financial condition, which was not significantly adversely impacted in the first quarter of 2020. We are uncertain of the long-term effects on the North America segment and Europe segment at this time
The Company has proactively taken measures to maintain and preserve its strong financial position and flexibility, including drawing down on the Credit Facility, temporarily suspending our stock repurchase program, implementing a hiring freeze and adjusting employee hours based on lower production levels in the near term. The Company will also remain conservative in our capital allocation approach with a focus on cash preservation.
The rapidly developing COVID-19 pandemic has generated significant uncertainty in the economy and the full impact of the outbreak continues to evolve. As such, it is uncertain as to the full magnitude that the pandemic will have on the Company’s financial condition, liquidity, and future results of operations. Management is actively monitoring the impact of the global situation on its financial condition, liquidity, operations, suppliers, industry, and workforce. Given the daily evolution of the COVID-19 outbreak and the global responses to curb its spread, the Company is not able to estimate the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on its results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity for fiscal year 2020.
Given the uncertainties surrounding the impact of COVID-19 on our business, which may include the economic impact on our operations, consumers, suppliers and vendors, we are withdrawing our prior full year 2020 guidance, as well as the financial targets from our 2020 Plan and, at this time, we are unable to provide updated full year 2020 guidance.
Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations
Unlike lumber or other products that have a more direct correlation to U.S. housing starts, our products are used to a greater extent in areas that are subject to natural forces, such as seismic or wind events. Our products are generally used in a sequential process that follows the construction process. Residential and commercial construction begins with the foundation, followed by the wall and the roof systems, and then the installation of our products, which flow into a project or a house according to these schedules.
Our sales also tend to be seasonal, with operating results varying from quarter to quarter. With some exceptions, our sales and income have historically been lower in the first and fourth quarters than in the second and third quarters of a fiscal year, as our customers tend to purchase construction materials in the late spring and summer months for the construction season. Weather conditions, such as extended cold or wet weather, which affect and sometimes delay installation of some of our products, could negatively affect our results of operations. Political, economic events such as tariffs and the possibility of additional tariffs on imported raw materials or finished goods or such as labor disputes can also have an effect on our gross and operating profits as well as the amount of inventory on-hand.
Our operations expose us to risks associated with pandemics, epidemics or other public health emergencies, such as the recent outbreak of COVID-19 which has spread from China to many other countries including the United States. The outbreak has resulted in governments around the world implementing increasingly stringent measures to help control the spread of the virus, including quarantines, social distancing guidelines, “shelter in place” and “stay at home” orders, travel restrictions, business curtailments, school closures, and other measures. In addition, governments and central banks in several parts of the world have enacted fiscal and monetary stimulus measures to counteract the impacts of COVID-19.
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Notwithstanding our continued operations and first quarter performance, COVID-19 may have negative impacts on our operations, supply chain, transportation networks and customers, which may compress our margins, including as a result of preventative and precautionary measures that we, other businesses and governments are taking. The COVID-19 outbreak is a widespread public health crisis that is adversely affecting the economies and financial markets of many countries. Any resulting economic downturn could adversely affect demand for our products and contribute to volatile supply and demand conditions affecting prices and volumes in the markets for our products, services and raw materials. The progression of this matter could also negatively impact our business or results of operations through the temporary closure of our operating locations or those of our customers or suppliers, among others.
In addition, the ability of our employees and our suppliers’ and customers’ employees to work may be significantly impacted by individuals contracting or being exposed to COVID-19, or as a result of the control measures noted above, which may significantly hamper our production throughout the supply chain and constrict sales channels. The extent to which COVID-19 may adversely impact our business depends on future developments, which are highly uncertain and unpredictable, including new information concerning the severity of the outbreak and the effectiveness of actions globally to contain or mitigate its effects. The current level of uncertainty over the economic and operational impacts of COVID-19 means the related financial impact cannot be reasonably estimated at this time. Our consolidated financial statements and discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations reflect estimates and assumptions made by management as of March 31, 2020. Events and changes in circumstances arising after March 31, 2020, including those resulting from the impacts of COVID-19, will be reflected in management’s estimates for future periods. For further discussion of this matter, refer “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in Part II of this Form 10-Q.
ERP Integration
In July 2016, our Board of Directors (the “Board”) approved a plan to replace our current in-house enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) and externally sourced accounting platforms with a fully integrated ERP platform from SAP America, Inc. (“SAP”) in multiple phases by location at all facilities plus our headquarters, with a focus on configuring, instead of customizing, the standard SAP modules.
We went live with our first wave of the SAP implementation project in February of 2018, and we implemented SAP at three additional locations in 2019 and 2020. We are tracking toward rolling out SAP technology in our remaining North America branches by late 2020, and companywide completion of the SAP roll-out is currently targeted for the end of 2021. Meeting the 2021 goal is highly dependent on the lifting of current travel restrictions, which are the result of COVID-19. While we believe the SAP implementation will be beneficial to the Company over time, annual operating expenses have and are expected to continue to increase through 2024 as a result of the SAP implementation, primarily due to increases in training costs and the depreciation of previously capitalized costs. As of March 31, 2020, we have capitalized $19.4 million and expensed $29.3 million of the costs, including depreciation of capitalized costs associated with the ERP project.
Business Segment Information
Historically our North America segment has generated more revenues from wood construction products compared to concrete construction products. During most of the first quarter of 2020, favorable economic conditions and weather resulted in higher than projected single-family housing starts and increased wood construction product sales volumes over the same time period of 2019, which had extremely wet weather and lower single family housing starts. Our wood construction product net sales increased 14.5% for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 compared to March 31, 2019, primarily due to increased sales volumes. Our concrete construction product net sales increased 1.4% for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 compared to March 31, 2019 due to lower volumes higher average prices. Operating profits increased due to higher sales, lower cost of goods sold, mostly due to lower material and factory and overhead costs, and flat operating expenses. In operating expenses, a reduction in stock-based compensation expense was partly offset by an increase in cash profit sharing expense.
Our Europe segment also generates more revenues from wood construction products than concrete construction products. Europe net sales decreased primarily due to the effects of COVID-19, which was primarily due to a number of countries issuing home and shelter orders ahead of the United States and also due to a decreased number concrete jobs in the first quarter of 2020 compared to the first quarter of 2019. Wood construction product sales decreased 6.8% for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 compared to March 31, 2019. Concrete construction product sales are mostly project based, and net sales decreased 17.8% for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 compared to March 31, 2019. Europe net sales were negatively affected by approximately $1.0 million in foreign currency translations due to Europe currencies weakening against the United States dollar. Gross margins improved slightly, mostly due to lower material costs while operating expenses increased $0.4 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 compared to March 31, 2019, which was partly due to increased severance and intangible amortization expense.
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Our Asia/Pacific segment has generated revenues from both wood and concrete construction products. We believe that the Asia/Pacific segment is not significant to our overall performance.
As of the date of issuance of the financial statements, April 2020 sales decreased approximately 15% percent compared to March 2020 sales, driven by the COVID-19 related economic slowdown.
Results of Operations for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020, Compared with the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
Unless otherwise stated, the below results, when providing comparisons (which are generally indicated by words such as “increased,” “decreased,” “unchanged” or “compared to”), compare the results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2020, against the results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2019. Unless otherwise stated, the results announced below, when referencing “both quarters,” refer to the three months ended March 31, 2019 and the three months ended March 31, 2020.
First Quarter 2020 Consolidated Financial Highlights
The following table illustrates the differences in our operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2020, from the three months ended March 31, 2019, and the increases or decreases for each category by segment:

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended
| Increase (Decrease) in Operating Segment
| March 31, | North |  | Asia/ | Admin & | March 31,
(in thousands) | 2019 | America | Europe | Pacific | All Other | 2020
Net sales | $ | 259,244 |  | $ | 27,619 |  | $ | (3,048 | ) | $ | (147 | ) | $ | — |  | $ | 283,668 |
Cost of sales | 148,990 |  | 7,221 |  | (2,194 | ) | 5 |  | (20 | ) | 154,002 |
Gross profit | 110,254 |  | 20,398 |  | (854 | ) | (152 | ) | 20 |  | 129,666 |
Research and development and other engineering expense | 12,260 |  | 1,153 |  | 7 |  | (27 | ) | (11 | ) | 13,382 |
Selling expense | 28,112 |  | 449 |  | 93 |  | (102 | ) | (25 | ) | 28,527 |
General and administrative expense | 39,549 |  | (1,590 | ) | 344 |  | 41 |  | 127 |  | 38,471 |
Total operating expenses | 79,921 |  | 12 |  | 444 |  | (88 | ) | 91 |  | 80,380 |
Net loss (gain) on disposal of assets | 310 |  | (361 | ) | (12 | ) | (1 | ) | — |  | (64 | )
Income from operations | 30,023 |  | 20,747 |  | (1,286 | ) | (63 | ) | (71 | ) | 49,350 |
Interest expense, net and other | (763 | ) | (733 | ) | (1,390 | ) | 180 |  | 173 |  | (2,533 | )
Income before income taxes | 29,260 |  | 20,014 |  | (2,676 | ) | 117 |  | 102 |  | 46,817 |
Provision for income taxes | 6,598 |  | 3,809 |  | (486 | ) | 53 |  | 17 |  | 9,991 |
Net income | $ | 22,662 |  | $ | 16,205 |  | $ | (2,190 | ) | $ | 64 |  | $ | 85 |  | $ | 36,826 |

Net sales increased 9.4% to $283.7 million from $259.2 million. Net sales to home centers, dealer distributors, lumber dealers and contract distributors increased primarily due to increases in sales volumes. Wood construction product net sales, including sales of connectors, truss plates, fastening systems, fasteners and shearwalls, represented 86% and 84% of the Company's total net sales in the first quarters of 2020 and 2019, respectively. Concrete construction product net sales, including sales of adhesives, chemicals, mechanical anchors, powder actuated tools and reinforcing fiber materials, represented 14% and 16% of the Company's total net sales in the first quarters of 2020 and 2019, respectively.
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Gross profit increased 17.6% to $129.7 million from $110.3 million. Gross margins increased to 45.7% from 42.5%, primarily due to lower material and factory and overhead expense (on higher production), partly offset by higher warehouse, labor and shipping expense each as a percentage of net sales. Gross margins, including some inter-segment expenses, which were eliminated in consolidation, and excluding other expenses that are allocated according to product group, increased to 47.5% from 44.7% for wood construction products and increased to 45.3% from 39.4% for concrete construction products, respectively.
Research and development and engineering expense increased 9.2% to $13.4 million from $12.3 million, primarily due to increases of $0.6 million in cash profit sharing expense and $0.4 million in personnel costs.
Selling expense increased 1.5% to $28.5 million from $28.1 million, primarily due to increases of $1.7 million in cash profit sharing and sales commission expense, $0.7 million in personnel costs, partly offset by decreases of $0.3 million in advertising and promotion expense and $0.2 million in professional fees.
General and administrative expense decreased 2.7% to $38.5 million from $39.5 million, primarily due to decreases of $2.4 million in stock-based compensation expense and $2.0 million in professional fees, including consulting fees, partly offset by increases of $1.5 million in personnel expense, $1.4 million in cash profit sharing expense and $0.7 million in bad debt expense. Included in general and administrative expense are SAP implementation and support costs of $3.4 million, which increased $1.0 million from the prior quarter.
Our effective income tax rate de creased to 21.3% from 22.5%, primarily due to a windfall tax credit on the vesting of restricted stock units during the first quarter of 2020.
Consolidated net income was $36.8 million compared to $22.7 million. Diluted net income per common share was $0.83 compared to $0.50.
Net sales
The following table represents net sales by segment for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively:

| North |  |  |  | Asia/ |  |
(in thousands) | America |  | Europe |  | Pacific |  | Total
Three months ended |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
March 31, 2019 | $ | 221,431 |  |  | $ | 35,780 |  |  | $ | 2,033 |  |  | $ | 259,244 |
March 31, 2020 | 249,050 |  |  | 32,732 |  |  | 1,886 |  |  | 283,668 |
Increase (decrease) | $ | 27,619 |  |  | $ | (3,048 | ) |  | $ | (147 | ) |  | $ | 24,424 |
Percentage Increase (decrease) | 12.5 | % |  | (8.5 | )% |  | (7.2 | )% |  | 9.4 | %

The following table represents segment net sales as percentages of total net sales for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively:

| North America |  | Europe |  | Asia/ Pacific |  | Total
Percentage of total 2019 net sales | 85 | % |  | 14 | % |  | 1 | % |  | 100 | %
Percentage of total 2020 net sales | 88 | % |  | 12 | % |  | — | % |  | 100 | %

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Gross profit
The following table represents gross profit by segment for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively:

| North |  |  |  | Asia/ |  | Admin & |  |
(in thousands) | America |  | Europe |  | Pacific |  | All Other |  | Total
Three months ended |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
March 31, 2019 | $ | 98,397 |  |  | $ | 11,555 |  |  | $ | 319 |  |  | $ | (17 | ) |  | $ | 110,254 |
March 31, 2020 | 118,795 |  |  | 10,701 |  |  | 167 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 129,666 |
Increase (decrease) | $ | 20,398 |  |  | $ | (854 | ) |  | $ | (152 | ) |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 19,412 |
Percentage Increase (decrease) | 20.7 | % |  | (7.4 | )% |  | * |  |  | * |  |  | 17.6 | %

* The statistic is not meaningful or material.
The following table represents gross profit as a percentage of sales by segment for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively:

| North America |  | Europe |  | Asia/ Pacific |  | Admin & All Other |  | Total
2019 gross profit percentage | 44.4 | % |  | 32.3 | % |  | 15.7 | % |  | * |  | 42.5 | %
2020 gross profit percentage | 47.7 | % |  | 32.7 | % |  | 8.9 | % |  | * |  | 45.7 | %

* The statistic is not meaningful or material.
North America

• | Net sales increased 12.5%, primarily due to increases in sales volumes. Canada's net sales were negatively affected by foreign currency translation.

• | Gross profit as a percentage of net sales increased to 47.7% from 44.4% primarily due to lower material costs and factory and overhead costs (on higher production), partly offset by higher warehouse, labor and shipping expense, each as a percentage of net sales.

• | Research and development and engineering expense increased $1.2 million, primarily due to an increases of $0.7 million in cash profit sharing expense and $0.4 million in personnel costs.

• | Selling expense increased $0.4 million, primarily due to increases of $1.9 million in cash profit sharing and sales commission expense and $0.6 million in personnel costs, partly offset by decreases of $1.1 million in stock-based compensation, $0.4 million in advertising and promotional expenses and $0.2 million in professional fees.

• | General and administrative expense decreased $1.6 million, primarily due to decreases of $2.4 million in stock-based compensation and $2.0 million in professional fees, partly offset by increases of $1.6 million in personnel expense mostly from increased SAP implementation expenses, $0.7 million in bad debt expense and $0.7 million in cash profit sharing expense. Included in general and administrative expense are SAP related costs of $2.7 million, which increased $0.7 million from the prior quarter.

• | Income from operations increased by $20.7 million, primarily due to increased gross profit.

Europe

• | Net sales decreased 8.5%, primarily due to lower sales volumes, which was partly related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Net sales were impacted by approximately $1.0 million of negative foreign currency translations resulting from some Europe currencies weakening against the United States dollar. In local currency, Europe net sales decreased.

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• | Gross profit as a percentage of net sales increased to 32.7% from 32.3%, primarily due to decreases in material costs, partly offset by higher labor, factory and overhead costs, shipping and warehouse costs, each as a percentage of net sales.

• | General and administrative expense increased $0.3 million, primarily due to increases of $0.2 million cash profit sharing expense and $0.2 million in severance expense, partly offset by an increase of $0.1 million in amortization expense on intangibles acquired in fiscal year 2019. Included in general and administrative expense are SAP related costs of $0.6 million, which increased $0.4 million from the prior quarter.

• | Loss from operations was $1.7 million compared to a loss of $0.4 million, primarily due to lower net sales and increased operating expenses.

Asia/Pacific

• | For information about the Company's Asia/Pacific segment, please refer to the tables above setting forth changes in our operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Effect of New Accounting Standards
See "Note 1 Basis of Presentation — Recently Adopted Accounting Standards” to the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements.
Liquidity and Sources of Capital
The Company is a borrower, and certain of its domestic subsidiaries are guarantors under a revolving credit agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. as administrative agent, and certain other lenders, which provides the Company with a $300.0 million revolving line of credit (the “Credit Facility”), and an irrevocable standby letter of credit in support of various insurance deductibles.
As previously disclosed, as a proactive measure, the Company elected to draw down $150.0 million from the Credit Facility to increase its cash position and preserve financial flexibility in light of current uncertainty resulting from the COVID-19 outbreak. The proceeds from the borrowings are available to be used for working capital, general corporate or other purposes permitted by the Credit Facility. Total available credit as of March 31, 2020, was $153.6 million, including the Credit Facility and other revolving credit lines.
Given current circumstances, the Company has temporarily suspended until further notice its capital allocation strategy first announced in August 2015 and updated in August 2016, which included growing our business by internal improvements and repurchasing our common stock. Our current principal use of liquidity are the costs and expenses associated with our operations.
As of March 31, 2020, our cash and cash equivalents consisted of deposits and money market funds held with established national financial institutions. Cash and cash equivalents of $53.1 million are held in the local currencies of our foreign operations and could be subject to additional taxation if repatriated to the United States. The Company is maintaining a permanent reinvestment assertion on its foreign earnings relative to remaining cash held outside the United States.
The following table presents selected financial information as of March 31, 2020, December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2019, respectively:

|  | At March 31, |  | At December 31, |  | At March 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2019
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 301,741 |  |  | $ | 230,210 |  |  | $ | 113,407 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | 246,941 |  |  | 249,012 |  |  | 251,398 |
Goodwill, intangible assets and equity investment |  | 157,527 |  |  | 159,430 |  |  | 158,371 |
Working capital |  | 589,132 |  |  | 482,000 |  |  | 425,160 |

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The following table provides cash flow indicators for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Net cash provided by (used in): |  |  |  |
Operating activities |  | $ | 12,725 |  |  | $ | 9,648 |
Investing activities |  | (6,234 | ) |  | (10,806 | )
Financing activities |  | 68,567 |  |  | (45,466 | )

Cash flows from operating activities result primarily from our earnings, and are also affected by changes in operating assets and liabilities which consist primarily of working capital balances. As a significant portion of our revenues are derived from manufacturing building construction materials, our operating cash flows are subject to seasonality and are cyclically associated with the volume and timing of construction project starts. For example, trade accounts receivable is generally at its lowest at the end of the fourth quarter and increases during the first, second and third quarters.
During the three months ended March 31, 2020, operating activities provided $12.7 million in cash and cash equivalents, as a result of $36.8 million from net income and $14.1 million from non-cash adjustments to net income, which included depreciation and amortization expense. The increase in net cash provided by operating activities was partly offset by a decrease of $38.2 million in the net change in operating assets and liabilities, including an increase of $32.2 million in trade accounts receivable. Cash used in investing activities of $6.2 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020 consisted primarily of $6.8 million for property, plant and equipment expenditures. Cash provided by financing activities of $68.6 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020 consisted primarily of $150.0 million provided by a draw\ on our credit facility, partly offset by $62.7 million used for share repurchases and $10.2 million used to pay cash dividends.
Cash flow used for investing activities result primarily from the capital expenditures. Our capital spending in 2018, 2019 and the three months ended March 31, 2020 was $29.3 million, $32.7 million and $6.8 million, respectively, which was primarily used for machinery and equipment purchases and software in development. Based on current information and subject to future events and circumstances, we postponed new capital spending for fiscal year 2020 except primarily for safety and equipment replacement projects.
Cash flow provided by financing activities was primarily due to the Company borrowing $150.0 million on its credit facility. During the first quarter of 2020, we used $62.7 million to purchase 902,340 shares of the Company's common stock on the open market at an average price of $69.46 per share and we used $10.2 million to pay dividends to our stockholders.
On April 23, 2020, the Board declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.23 per share, estimated to be $10.2 million in total. The dividend will be payable on July 23, 2020, to the Company's stockholders of record on July 2, 2020.
As illustrated in the table below, since 2014, the Company has repurchased over seven-and-a-half million shares of the Company's common stock, which represents approximately 15.4% of our shares of common stock outstanding at the beginning of 2015. Including dividends, we have returned cash of $604.3 million, which represents 84.6% of our total cash flow from operations during the same period.

(in thousands) | Number of Shares Repurchased |  | Cash Paid for Share Repurchases |  | Cash paid for Dividends |  | Total
January 1 - April 30, 2020 | 902 |  |  | $ | 62,679 |  |  | $ | 20,400 |  |  | $ | 83,079 |
January 1 - December 31, 2019 | 972 |  |  | 60,816 |  |  | 40,258 |  |  | 101,074 |
January 1 - December 31, 2018 | 1,955 |  |  | 110,540 |  |  | 39,891 |  |  | 150,431 |
January 1 - December 31, 2017 | 1,138 |  |  | 70,000 |  |  | 36,981 |  |  | 106,981 |
January 1 - December 31, 2016 | 1,244 |  |  | 53,502 |  |  | 32,711 |  |  | 86,213 |
January 1 - December 31, 2015 | 1,339 |  |  | 47,144 |  |  | 29,352 |  |  | 76,496 |
Total | 7,550 |  |  | $ | 404,681 |  |  | $ | 199,593 |  |  | $ | 604,274 |

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Given current circumstances, the Company has temporarily suspended its share repurchase program as of March 31, 2020. As of March 31, 2020, approximately $37.3 million remained available under the $100.0 million repurchase authorization, which expires December 31, 2020.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of March 31, 2020.
Inflation and Raw Materials
We believe that the effect of inflation has not been material in recent years, as general inflation rates have remained relatively low. Our main raw material is steel. As such, increases in steel prices may adversely affect our gross profit margin if we cannot recover the higher costs through price increases.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
We have operations both within the United States and internationally, and are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business.
Foreign Exchange Risk
The Company has foreign exchange rate risk in its international operations, and through purchases from foreign vendors. Changes in the values of currencies of foreign countries affect our financial position, income statement and cash flows when translated into U.S. dollars. The Company does not currently hedge this risk. The Company estimates that if the exchange rate were to change by 10% in any one country where the Company has operations, the change in net income would not be material to the Company’s operations taken as a whole.
Foreign currency translation adjustments on the Company's underlying assets and liabilities resulted in an accumulated other comprehensive loss of $7.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, and an accumulated other comprehensive loss of $1.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, due to the strengthening of the United States dollar in relation to almost all currencies.
Interest Rate Risk
Our primary exposure to interest rate risk results from outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility, which bears interest at variable rates. The variable interest rates on the Credit Facility fluctuate and exposes us to short-term changes in market interest rates as our interest obligation on this instrument is based on prevailing market interest rates. Interest rates fluctuate as a result of many factors, including governmental monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations and other factors that are beyond our control. At March 31, 2020, the Company had $150.0 million outstanding under the Credit Facility at an average annualized interest rate of approximately 1.9%. We currently do not engage in any interest rate hedging activity and a 10% change in interest rates would affect our interest expense by approximately $0.3 million per year, assuming no changes in the amount outstanding or other variables under the Credit Facility.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures.
Disclosure Controls and Procedures. As of March 31, 2020, the Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the chief executive officer (“CEO”) and the chief financial officer (“CFO”), of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Based on this evaluation, the Company’s CEO and CFO have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level. Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures designed reasonably to assure that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures are also designed reasonably to assure that this information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including the CEO and the CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
The Company’s management, including the CEO and the CFO, does not, however, expect that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures or the Company’s internal control over financial reporting will prevent all fraud and material errors. Internal control over financial reporting, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. In addition, the design of a control system must reflect the facts that there are resource constraints and that the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. The inherent limitations in internal control over financial reporting include the realities that judgments can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Controls also can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of controls. The design of any system of internal control is also based in part on assumptions about the
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likelihood of future events, and there can be only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential events and conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in circumstances, or the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may deteriorate.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. In 2016, we began the process of implementing a fully integrated ERP platform from SAP America, Inc. (“SAP”), as part of a multi-year plan to integrate and upgrade our systems and processes. The first phase of this implementation became operational, at most of our North America sales, production, warehousing and administrative locations between February 2018 and March 2020. We believe the necessary steps have been taken to monitor and maintain appropriate internal control over financial reporting during this period of change and will continue to evaluate the operating effectiveness of related key controls during subsequent periods.
As the phased implementation of this system continues, we are experiencing certain changes to our processes and procedures which, in turn, result in changes to our internal control over financial reporting. While we expect SAP to strengthen our internal financial controls by automating certain manual processes and standardizing business processes and reporting across our organization, management will continue to evaluate and monitor our internal controls as each of the affected areas evolves. For a discussion of risks related to the implementation of new systems, see Item 1A - "Risk Factors - Other Risks - We rely on complex software systems and hosted applications to operate our business, and our business may be disrupted if we are unable to successfully/efficiently update these systems or convert to new systems." in the 2019 Form 10-K.
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in management's evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act during the three months ended March 31, 2020 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.
From time to time, the Company is involved in various legal proceedings and other matters arising in the normal course of business. Corrosion, hydrogen embrittlement, cracking, material hardness, wood pressure-treating chemicals, misinstallations, misuse, design and assembly flaws, manufacturing defects, labeling defects, product formula defects, inaccurate chemical mixes, adulteration, environmental conditions, or other factors can contribute to failure of fasteners, connectors, anchors, adhesives, specialty chemicals, such as fiber reinforced polymers, and tool products. In addition, inaccuracies may occur in product information, descriptions and instructions found in catalogs, packaging, data sheets, and the Company’s website.
The Company currently is not a party to any legal proceedings, which the Company expects individually or in the aggregate to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, cash flows or results of operations. Nonetheless, the resolution of any claim or litigation is subject to inherent uncertainty and we could in the future, incur judgments, enter into settlements of claims or revise our expectations regarding the outcome of the various legal proceedings and other matters we are currently involved in, which could materially impact our financial condition, cash flows or results of operations. See “Note 12 — Commitments and Contingencies” to the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements for certain potential third-party claims.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes to our risk factors reported or new risk factors identified since the filing of our Annual Report on From 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, except as follows:
A pandemic, epidemic or other public health emergency, such as the recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 ("COVID-19"), could have a material effect on our business, financial condition and cash flows.
Our operations expose us to risks associated with pandemics, epidemics or other public health emergencies, such as the recent outbreak of COVID-19 which has spread from China to many other countries including the United States. In March 2020, the WHO characterized COVID-19 as a pandemic, and the President of the United States declared the COVID-19 outbreak a national emergency. The outbreak has resulted in governments around the world implementing increasingly stringent measures to help control the spread of the virus, including quarantines, “shelter in place” and “stay at home” orders, travel restrictions, business
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curtailments, school closures, and other measures. In addition, governments and central banks in several parts of the world have enacted fiscal and monetary stimulus measures to counteract the impacts of COVID-19.
We are a company operating in a critical infrastructure industry, as defined by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Consistent with foreign and federal guidelines and with state and local orders to date, we currently continue to operate across our North America footprint but have temporarily ceased most operations at two of our larger manufacturing facilities in Europe as a result of government orders. Notwithstanding our level of continued operations, COVID-19 may have negative impacts on our operations, supply chain, transportation networks and customers, which may compress our margins, including as a result of preventative and precautionary measures that we, other businesses and governments are taking. The COVID-19 outbreak is a widespread public health crisis that is adversely affecting the economies and financial markets of many countries. Any resulting economic downturn could adversely affect our business, financial condition, demand for our products and contribute to volatile supply and demand conditions affecting prices and volumes in the markets for our products, services and raw materials. The progression of this matter could also negatively impact our business or results of operations through the temporary closure of our operating locations or those of our customers or suppliers, among others.
In addition, the ability of our employees and our suppliers’ and customers’ employees to work may be significantly impacted by individuals contracting or being exposed to COVID-19, or as a result of the control measures noted above, which may significantly hamper our production throughout the supply chain and constrict sales channels. The extent to which COVID-19 may adversely impact our business depends on future developments, which are highly uncertain and unpredictable, including new information concerning the severity of the outbreak and the effectiveness of actions globally to contain or mitigate its effects, means the related financial impact cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
The table below presents the monthly repurchases of shares of our common stock in the first quarter of 2020.

|  | (a) |  | (b) |  | (c) |  | (d)
Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased [1][2] |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs [2] |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased under the Plans or Programs [2]
January 1 - January 31, 2020 |  | 750 |  |  | $ | 81.81 |  |  | 500 |  |  | $100.0 million
February 1 - February 29, 2020 |  | 199,670 |  |  | $ | 81.82 |  |  | 109,457 |  |  | $91.3 million
March 1 - March 31, 2020 |  | 792,472 |  |  | 68.14 |  |  | 792,383 |  |  | $37.3 million
Total |  | 992,892 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

[1] Total number of shares purchased includes shares withheld for settlement of payroll taxes from stock-based compensation awards vested during the first quarter of 2020.
[2] Pursuant to the Board’s $100.0 million repurchase authorization that was publicly announced on December 9, 2019, which authorization is scheduled to expire on December 31, 2020.
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Item 6. Exhibits.

|  | EXHIBIT INDEX
3.1 |  | Certificate of Incorporation of Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc., as amended, are incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 9, 2018
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc., as amended, are incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of its Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 28, 2017.
31.1 |  | Chief Executive Officer's Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications is filed herewith.
31.2 |  | Chief Financial Officer's Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications is filed herewith.
32 |  | Section 1350 Certifications are furnished herewith.
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Schema Linkbase Document
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Labels Linkbase Document
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc.
|  | (Registrant)
DATE: | May 7, 2020 |  |  | By /s/Brian J. Magstadt
|  | Brian J. Magstadt
|  | Chief Financial Officer
|  | (principal accounting and financial officer)

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