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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended: September 30, 2025
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission file number: 1-13429
Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 94-3196943
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation |  | (I.R.S. Employer
or organization) |  | Identification No.)

5956 W. Las Positas Blvd., Pleasanton, CA 94588
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(925) 560-9000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class | Trading Symbol | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share | SSD | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ý |  |  | Accelerated filer | ☐ |
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐ |
Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |  |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ý
The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding as o f November 5, 2025: 41,459,275

Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part I - Financial Information

Item 1 - Financial Statements |
|  | Page No.
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited) as of September 30, 2025, 2024 and December 31, 2024 | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings and Comprehensive Income (unaudited) for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (unaudited) for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 | 8
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 9
Item 2 - Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 26
Item 3 - Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 38
Item 4 - Controls and Procedures | 39
Part II - Other Information
Item 1 - Legal Proceedings | 41
Item 1A - Risk Factors | 41
Item 2 - Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 41
Item 3 - Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 41
Item 4 - Mine Safety Disclosures | 41
Item 5 - Other Information | 42
Item 6 - Exhibits | 43

PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements.
Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In thousands, unaudited)

| September 30, |  | December 31,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2024
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 297,304 |  |  | $ | 339,427 |  |  | $ | 239,371 |
Trade accounts receivable, net | 395,353 |  |  | 360,350 |  |  | 284,392 |
Inventories | 591,877 |  |  | 583,380 |  |  | 593,175 |
Other current assets | 64,834 |  |  | 51,609 |  |  | 59,383 |
Total current assets | 1,349,368 |  |  | 1,334,766 |  |  | 1,176,321 |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 613,896 |  |  | 495,822 |  |  | 531,655 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 94,363 |  |  | 87,097 |  |  | 93,933 |
Goodwill | 557,836 |  |  | 550,946 |  |  | 512,383 |
Intangible assets, net | 392,517 |  |  | 395,517 |  |  | 375,051 |
Other noncurrent assets | 37,443 |  |  | 33,311 |  |  | 46,825 |
Total assets | $ | 3,045,423 |  |  | $ | 2,897,459 |  |  | $ | 2,736,168 |
LIABILITIES, MEZZANINE EQUITY, AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Trade accounts payable | $ | 103,593 |  |  | $ | 110,321 |  |  | $ | 100,972 |
Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities | 277,204 |  |  | 245,130 |  |  | 242,876 |
Long-term debt, current portion | 22,500 |  |  | 22,500 |  |  | 22,500 |
Total current liabilities | 403,297 |  |  | 377,951 |  |  | 366,348 |
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion | 76,599 |  |  | 70,496 |  |  | 76,184 |
Long-term debt, net of current portion and issuance costs | 346,709 |  |  | 442,885 |  |  | 362,563 |
Deferred income tax | 94,088 |  |  | 89,226 |  |  | 90,303 |
Other long-term liabilities | 111,437 |  |  | 53,457 |  |  | 27,636 |
Total liabilities | 1,032,130 |  |  | 1,034,015 |  |  | 923,034 |
Commitments and contingencies (see Note 12) |  |  |  |  |
Non-qualified deferred compensation plan share awards | 6,653 |  |  | 6,473 |  |  | 7,786 |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |
Common stock, at par value | 419 |  |  | 424 |  |  | 424 |
Additional paid-in capital | 322,828 |  |  | 311,885 |  |  | 307,197 |
Retained earnings | 1,798,165 |  |  | 1,606,371 |  |  | 1,646,568 |
Common stock held in non-qualified deferred compensation plan ("DCP") | (2,859) |  |  | (1,074) |  |  | (1,297) |
Treasury stock | (90,755) |  |  | (50,280) |  |  | (100,771) |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (21,158) |  |  | (10,355) |  |  | (46,773) |
Total stockholders’ equity | 2,006,640 |  |  | 1,856,971 |  |  | 1,805,348 |
Total liabilities, mezzanine equity, and stockholders’ equity | $ | 3,045,423 |  |  | $ | 2,897,459 |  |  | $ | 2,736,168 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements
4

Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings and Comprehensive Income
(In thousands except per-share amounts, unaudited)

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30, |  | September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Net sales | $ | 623,513 |  |  | $ | 587,153 |  |  | $ | 1,793,463 |  |  | $ | 1,714,710 |
Cost of sales | 334,251 |  |  | 312,096 |  |  | 957,711 |  |  | 916,551 |
Gross profit | 289,262 |  |  | 275,057 |  |  | 835,752 |  |  | 798,159 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development and other engineering expense | 20,793 |  |  | 20,546 |  |  | 61,399 |  |  | 59,759 |
Selling expense | 56,123 |  |  | 52,997 |  |  | 166,730 |  |  | 160,755 |
General and administrative expense | 85,375 |  |  | 75,329 |  |  | 238,229 |  |  | 219,977 |
Total operating expenses | 162,291 |  |  | 148,872 |  |  | 466,358 |  |  | 440,491 |
Acquisition and integration related costs | 309 |  |  | 1,356 |  |  | 449 |  |  | 4,992 |
Net gain on disposal of assets | (14,081) |  |  | (25) |  |  | (14,361) |  |  | (460) |
Income from operations | 140,743 |  |  | 124,854 |  |  | 383,306 |  |  | 353,136 |
Interest income, net and other finance costs | 2,317 |  |  | 1,668 |  |  | 4,315 |  |  | 4,111 |
Other & foreign exchange gain (loss), net | 777 |  |  | (29) |  |  | 151 |  |  | 352 |
Income before taxes | 143,837 |  |  | 126,493 |  |  | 387,772 |  |  | 357,599 |
Provision for income taxes | 36,393 |  |  | 32,974 |  |  | 98,903 |  |  | 90,821 |
Net income | $ | 107,444 |  |  | $ | 93,519 |  |  | $ | 288,869 |  |  | $ | 266,778 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Translation adjustments and other, net of tax | 352 |  |  | 26,320 |  |  | 64,610 |  |  | 4,409 |
Unamortized pension adjustments, net of tax | (16) |  |  | (367) |  |  | 394 |  |  | (653) |
Cash flow hedge adjustment, net of tax | 5,158 |  |  | (11,427) |  |  | (39,389) |  |  | (4,121) |
Comprehensive net income | $ | 112,938 |  |  | $ | 108,045 |  |  | $ | 314,484 |  |  | $ | 266,413 |
Net income per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 2.59 |  |  | $ | 2.22 |  |  | $ | 6.92 |  |  | $ | 6.31 |
Diluted | $ | 2.58 |  |  | $ | 2.21 |  |  | $ | 6.89 |  |  | $ | 6.28 |
Weighted-average number of shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 41,520 |  |  | 42,151 |  |  | 41,737 |  |  | 42,254 |
Diluted | 41,704 |  |  | 42,335 |  |  | 41,903 |  |  | 42,464 |
Cash dividends declared per common share | $ | 0.29 |  |  | $ | 0.28 |  |  | $ | 0.86 |  |  | $ | 0.83 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements
5

Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(In thousands except per-share data, unaudited)
Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

| Common Stock | Additional Paid-in | Retained | Accumulated Other Comprehensive | DCP Vested | Treasury |
| Shares | Par Value | Capital | Earnings | Loss | Stock | Stock | Total
Balance at June 30, 2025 | 41,590 |  | $ | 419 |  | $ | 315,528 |  | $ | 1,702,437 |  | $ | (26,652) |  | $ | (1,235) |  | $ | (60,457) |  | $ | 1,930,040 |
Net income | — |  | — |  | — |  | 107,444 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 107,444 |
Translation adjustment and other, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 352 |  | — |  |  | 352 |
Pension adjustment, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (16) |  | — |  |  | (16) |
Cash flow hedges, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 5,158 |  | — |  |  | 5,158 |
Stock-based compensation expense and deferred compensation plan ("DCP") expense | — |  | — |  | 5,705 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 5,705 |
Common stock held in DCP | — |  | — |  | 1,686 |  | — |  | — |  | (1,686) |  | — |  | — |
Distribution/ diversification of common stock held in DCP | 1 |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | 62 |  | — |  | 62 |
Change in redemption value of stock awards in DCP | — |  | — |  |  | 246 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 246 |
Shares issued from release of Restricted Stock Units | 1 |  | — |  | (91) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (91) |
Repurchase of common stock, including excise tax | (159) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (30,298) |  | (30,298) |
Cash dividends declared on common stock, $0.29 per share | — |  | — |  | — |  | (11,962) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (11,962) |
Balance at September 30, 2025 | 41,433 |  | $ | 419 |  | $ | 322,828 |  | $ | 1,798,165 |  | $ | (21,158) |  | $ | (2,859) |  | $ | (90,755) |  | $ | 2,006,640 |
Balance June 30, 2024 | 42,163 |  | $ | 424 |  | $ | 313,323 |  | $ | 1,526,192 |  | $ | (24,881) |  | $ | — |  | $ | (50,257) |  | $ | 1,764,801 |
Net income | — |  | — |  | — |  | 93,519 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 93,519 |
Translation adjustment and other, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 26,320 |  | — |  | — |  | 26,320 |
Pension adjustment, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (367) |  | — |  | — |  | (367) |
Cash flow hedges, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (11,427) |  | — |  | — |  | (11,427) |
Stock-based compensation and deferred compensation plan ("DCP") expense | — |  | — |  | (2,506) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (2,506) |
Common stock held in DCP | — |  | — |  | 1,074 |  | — |  | — |  | (1,074) |  | — |  | — |
Change in redemption value of share awards in DCP | — |  | — |  | — |  | (1,533) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (1,533) |
Shares issued from release of Restricted Stock Units | 1 |  | — |  | (6) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (6) |
Repurchase of common stock, including excise tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (23) |  | (23) |
Cash dividends declared on common stock, $0.28 per share | — |  | — |  | — |  | (11,807) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (11,807) |
Balance at September 30, 2024 | 42,164 |  | $ | 424 |  | $ | 311,885 |  | $ | 1,606,371 |  | $ | (10,355) |  | $ | (1,074) |  | $ | (50,280) |  | $ | 1,856,971 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements
6

Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(In thousands except per-share data, unaudited)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

| Common Stock | Additional Paid-in | Retained | Accumulated Other Comprehensive | DCP Vested | Treasury |  |  |  |  |
| Shares | Par Value | Capital | Earnings | Loss | Stock | Stock | Total |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2024 | 41,878 |  | $ | 424 |  | $ | 307,197 |  | $ | 1,646,568 |  | $ | (46,773) |  | $ | (1,297) |  | $ | (100,771) |  | $ | 1,805,348 |  |  |  |  |
Net income | — |  | — |  | — |  | 288,869 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 288,869 |  |  |  |  |
Translation adjustment, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 64,610 |  | — |  | — |  | 64,610 |  |  |  |  |
Pension adjustment and other, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 394 |  | — |  | — |  | 394 |  |  |  |  |
Cash flow hedges, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (39,389) |  | — |  | — |  | (39,389) |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation and deferred compensation plan ("DCP") expense | — |  | — |  | 15,061 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 15,061 |  |  |  |  |
Common stock held in DCP | (16) |  | — |  | 1,724 |  | — |  | — |  | (1,724) |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Distribution/ diversification of common stock held in DCP | 1 |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | 162 |  | — |  | 162 |  |  |  |  |
Changes in redemption value of stock awards in DCP | — |  | — |  | — |  | (656) |  | — |  |  | — |  | (656) |  |  |  |  |
Shares issued from release of Restricted Stock Units | 71 |  | 1 |  | (4,680) |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (4,679) |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase of common stock, including excise tax | (522) |  |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (90,755) |  | (90,755) |  |  |  |  |
Retirement of treasury stock | — |  | (6) |  | — |  | (100,765) |  | — |  | — |  | 100,771 |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Cash dividends declared on common stock, $0.86 per share | — |  | — |  | — |  | (35,851) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (35,851) |  |  |  |  |
Common stock issued at $165.83 per share for stock bonus | 21 |  | — |  | 3,526 |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | 3,526 |  |  |  |  |
Balance at September 30, 2025 | 41,433 |  | $ | 419 |  | $ | 322,828 |  | $ | 1,798,165 |  | $ | (21,158) |  | $ | (2,859) |  | $ | (90,755) |  | $ | 2,006,640 |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | 42,323 |  | $ | 426 |  | $ | 313,119 |  | $ | 1,426,554 |  | $ | (9,990) |  | $ | — |  | $ | (50,363) |  | $ | 1,679,746 |  |  |  |  |
Net income | — |  | — |  | — |  | 266,778 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 266,778 |  |  |  |  |
Translation adjustment, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 4,409 |  | — |  | — |  | 4,409 |  |  |  |  |
Pension adjustment and other, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (653) |  | — |  | — |  | (653) |  |  |  |  |
Cash flow hedges, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (4,121) |  | — |  | — |  | (4,121) |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation and deferred compensation plan ("DCP") expense | — |  | — |  | 5,246 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 5,246 |  |  |  |  |
Common stock held in DCP | — |  | — |  | 1,074 |  | — |  | — |  | (1,074) |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Change in redemption value of share awards in DCP | — |  | — |  | — |  | (1,533) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (1,533) |  |  |  |  |
Shares issued from release of Restricted Stock Units | 124 |  | 1 |  | (7,554) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (7,553) |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase of common stock, including excise tax | (283) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (50,280) |  | (50,280) |  |  |  |  |
Retirement of treasury stock | — |  | (3) |  | — |  | (50,360) |  | — |  | — |  | 50,363 |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Cash dividends declared on common stock, $0.83 per share | — |  | — |  | — |  | (35,068) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (35,068) |  |  |  |  |
Balance at September 30, 2024 | 42,164 |  | $ | 424 |  | $ | 311,885 |  | $ | 1,606,371 |  | $ | (10,355) |  | $ | (1,074) |  | $ | (50,280) |  | $ | 1,856,971 |  |  |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements
7

Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands, unaudited)

| Nine Months Ended
| September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |
Net income | $ | 288,869 |  |  | $ | 266,778 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Net gain on disposal of assets | (14,361) |  |  | (460) |
Depreciation and amortization | 64,619 |  |  | 60,979 |
Noncash lease expense | 14,789 |  |  | 11,902 |
Release of acquisition related tax and legal contingency | — |  |  | (1,830) |
Loss in equity method investment, before tax | 450 |  |  | 645 |
Deferred income taxes | 3,549 |  |  | (9,189) |
Noncash compensation related to stock plans and other changes in the fair value of DCP | 19,716 |  |  | 16,017 |
Provision for credit losses | 1,772 |  |  | 70 |
Deferred hedge gain | (5,320) |  |  | (2,556) |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities |  |  |
Trade accounts receivable | (101,822) |  |  | (73,474) |
Inventories | 20,819 |  |  | (28,066) |
Trade accounts payable | 1,330 |  |  | 6,085 |
Other current assets | 454 |  |  | (7,848) |
Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities | 21,737 |  |  | (3,648) |
Other noncurrent assets and liabilities | (13,629) |  |  | (13,040) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 302,972 |  |  | 222,365 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (124,343) |  |  | (124,848) |
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired |  |  | (77,641) |
Purchases of equity investments | (3,236) |  |  | (1,495) |
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment | 21,050 |  |  | 1,869 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (106,529) |  |  | (202,115) |
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |
Repurchase of common stock | (90,000) |  |  | (50,000) |
Issuance of common stock | 3,526 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from line of credits | 29,509 |  |  | 1,296 |
Repayments of line of credit and term loan | (45,939) |  |  | (20,080) |
Dividends paid | (35,557) |  |  | (34,694) |
Cash paid on behalf of employees for shares withheld | (4,680) |  |  | (7,554) |
Net cash used in financing activities | (143,141) |  |  | (111,032) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | 4,631 |  |  | 387 |
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | 57,933 |  |  | (90,395) |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 239,371 |  |  | 429,822 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 297,304 |  |  | $ | 339,427 |
Noncash activity during the period |  |  |
Noncash capital expenditures | $ | 8,010 |  |  | $ | 6,294 |
Dividends declared but not paid | 11,962 |  |  | 11,806 |
Issuance of Company’s common stock for compensation | 3,526 |  |  | — |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements
8

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)
1. Basis of Presentation
Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”). Investments in 50% or less owned entities are accounted for using either the cost or the equity method. All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated. Certain amounts in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of the prior year have been reclassified to conform to the fiscal 2025 presentation. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company also reclassified certain engineering costs related to the Company's digital efforts from research and development and engineering expense as well as selling expense to general and administrative expense. These reclassifications had no impact on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity or Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management believes that these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include all normal and recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation under GAAP.
Effective January 1, 2025, the Company changed its method of computing depreciation of Machinery and Equipment from accelerated methods to a straight-line method. The Company determined that the change in depreciation method is considered change in accounting estimate affected by a change in accounting principle. Accordingly, a change in accounting estimate affected by a change in accounting principle was applied prospectively. The effect of the change to the straight-line method resulted in a reduction of $1.6 million in depreciation expense and an estimated $1.2 million increase in net income, or approximately $0.03 per basic and $0.03 per diluted share; for the three months ended September 30, 2025. The effect of the change for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 resulted in a reduction of $5.2 million in depreciation expense and an estimated $3.9 million increase in net income, or approximately $0.09 per basic and $0.09 per diluted share.
Interim Reporting Period
The accompanying unaudited quarterly Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP pursuant to the rules and regulations for reporting interim financial information and instructions on Form 10-Q. Accordingly, certain information and footnotes required by GAAP have been condensed or omitted. These interim statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 (the “2024 Form 10-K”).
The unaudited quarterly Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, contain all adjustments (consisting of only normal recurring adjustments) necessary to state fairly the financial information set forth therein in accordance with GAAP. The year-end Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet data provided herein were derived from audited consolidated financial statements included in the 2024 Form 10-K, but do not include all disclosures required by GAAP. The Company’s quarterly results fluctuate. As a result, the results of operations for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any future periods.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company classifies investments that are highly liquid and have maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase as cash equivalents.
9

Current Estimated Credit Loss - Allowance for doubtful accounts
The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts receivable for estimated future expected credit losses resulting from customers' failure to make payments on its accounts receivable. The Company determines the estimate of the allowance for doubtful accounts receivable by considering several factors, including (1) specific information on the financial condition and the current creditworthiness of customers, (2) credit rating, (3) payment history and historical experience, (4) aging of the accounts receivable, and (5) reasonable and supportable forecasts about collectability. The Company also reserves 100% of the amounts deemed uncollectible due to a customer's deteriorating financial condition or bankruptcy. Every quarter, the Company evaluates the customer group using the accounts receivable aging report and its best judgment when considering changes in customers' credit ratings, level of delinquency, customers' historical payments and loss experience, current market and economic conditions, and expectations of future market and economic conditions.
The changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts receivable for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 are outlined in the table below:

| December 31, 2024 |  | Expense (Deductions), net |  | Write-Offs 1 |  | September 30, 2025
Allowance for credit losses | $ | 2,998 |  |  | 1,772 |  |  | (130) |  |  | $ | 4,640 |

1 Amount is net of recoveries and the effect of foreign currency fluctuations.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair value is an exit price representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between unrelated market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that is determined based on assumptions that unrelated market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value are measured and classified under a three-tier fair valuation hierarchy based on the observability of the inputs available in the market: Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; Level 2 inputs are quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument; and Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs based on the Company’s assumptions used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value. The fair value hierarchy requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The carrying amounts of trade accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other current liabilities approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The fair values of the Company's investments and liabilities in the deferred compensation plan are classified as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy, and are subject to investment risks. The fair values of interest rate and foreign currency contracts are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. The fair values of the Company’s contingent consideration related to acquisitions is classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy, as these amounts are based on unobservable inputs such as management estimates and entity-specific assumptions and are evaluated on an ongoing basis.
The following tables summarize the financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value for the Company as of September 30, 2025 and 2024:

| 2025 |  | 2024
(in thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents (1) | $ | 32,148 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 34,174 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Derivative instruments - assets (3) | — |  |  | 15,223 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,199 |  |  | — |
Investment in deferred compensation plan (4) | 1,317 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 896 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Term loan due 2027 (2) | — |  |  | 371,250 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 393,750 |  |  | — |
Revolver due 2027 (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 75,038 |  |  | — |
Derivative instruments - liabilities (3) | — |  |  | 87,461 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30,059 |  |  | — |
Deferred compensation plan liabilities (4) | 5,620 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,053 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Contingent considerations | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,400 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,587 |

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(1) The carrying amounts of cash equivalents, representing money market funds traded in an active market with relatively short maturities, are reported on the consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2025 and 2024 as a component of "Cash and cash equivalents".
(2) The carrying amounts of our term loan and revolver approximate fair value as of September 30, 2025 based upon their terms and conditions in comparison to debt instruments with similar terms and conditions available on the same date.
(3) Derivatives for interest rate, foreign exchange and forward swap contracts are discussed in Note 7.
(4) Non-qualified deferred compensation plan.
Derivative Instruments
The Company uses derivative instruments as a risk management tool to mitigate the potential impact of certain market risks. Foreign currency and interest rate risk are the primary market risks the Company manages through the use of derivative instruments, which are accounted for as cash flow hedges or net investment hedges under the accounting standards and carried at fair value as other current or noncurrent assets or as other current or other long-term liabilities. Assets and liabilities with the legal right of offset are not offset in the consolidated balance sheets. Net deferred gains and losses related to changes in fair value of cash flow hedges are included in accumulated other comprehensive income/loss (“OCI”), a component of stockholders' equity, and are reclassified into the line item in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Earnings and Comprehensive Income in which the hedged items are recorded in the same period the hedged item affects earnings. The effective portion of gains and losses attributable to net investment hedges is recorded net of tax to OCI to offset the change in the carrying value of the net investment being hedged. Recognition in earnings of amounts previously recorded to OCI are limited to circumstances such as complete or substantially complete liquidation of the net investment in the hedged foreign operation. Changes in fair value of any derivatives that are determined to be ineffective are immediately reclassified from OCI into earnings.
Deferred Compensation Plan
The Company established a non-qualified deferred compensation plan ("DCP" or “the Plan”) in April 2023 for eligible employees and members of the Board of Directors. The Plan provides eligible participants the opportunity to defer and invest a specified percentage of their compensation, including the Company stock awards upon vesting. The Plan is a non-qualified plan that is informally funded by assets in a rabbi trust, which restricts the Company's use and access to the assets held but is subject to the claims of the Company's creditors in the event that the Company becomes insolvent. The amount of compensation to be deferred by participants are based on their own elections and are adjusted for any investment changes that the participants direct. This plan does not provide for employer contributions.
The Plan permits diversification of vested shares (common stock) into other equity securities subject to a six-month holding period subsequent to vesting. Accounting for deferred common stock will be under either plan C or plan D. Accounting will depend on whether or not the employee has diversified the common stock. Under plan C, diversification is permitted but the employee has not diversified. Under plan D, diversification is permitted and the employee has diversified.
For common stock that has not been diversified, the Company common stock held in the deferred compensation plan is classified in a manner similar to treasury stock and presented separately on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as Company's common stock held by the non-qualified deferred compensation plan. Common stock is recorded at fair value of the stock at the time it vested, subsequent changes in the value of the common stock is not recognized. The deferred compensation obligations are measured independently at fair value of the common stock with a corresponding charge or credit to compensation cost. Fair value is determined as the product of the common stock and the closing price of the stock each reporting period.
Under plan D, assets held by the rabbi trust are subject to applicable GAAP. The deferred compensation obligation is measured independently at fair value of the underlying assets.
Business Combinations and Asset Acquisitions
Business combinations are accounted for under the acquisition method in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. The acquisition method requires identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the business acquired be recognized and measured at fair value on the acquisition date, which is the date that the acquirer obtains control of the acquired business. The amount by which the fair value of consideration transferred as the purchase price exceeds the net fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill.
Acquisitions that do not meet the definition of a business under the ASC 805 are accounted for as an acquisition of assets, whereby all of the cost of the individual assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including certain transactions costs, are allocated on a relative fair value basis. Accordingly, goodwill is not recognized in an asset acquisition.
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Revenue Recognition
Generally, the Company's revenue contract with a customer exists when (1) the goods are shipped, services are rendered, and the related invoice is generated, (2) the duration of the contract does not extend beyond the promised goods or services already transferred and (3) the transaction price of each distinct promised product or service specified in the invoice is based on its relative stated standalone selling price. The Company recognizes revenue when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control of a product to a customer at a point in time. The Company's shipping terms provide the primary indicator of the transfer of control. The Company's general shipping terms are Incoterm C.P.T. (F.O.B. shipping point), where the title, and risk and rewards of ownership transfer at the point when the products are no longer on the Company's premises. Other Incoterms are allowed as exceptions depending on the product or service being sold and the nature of the sale. The Company recognizes revenue based on the consideration specified in the invoice with a customer, excluding any sales incentives, discounts, and amounts collected on behalf of third parties (i.e., governmental tax authorities). Based on historical experience with the customer, the customer's purchasing pattern, and its significant experience selling products, the Company concluded that a significant reversal in the cumulative amount of revenue recognized would not occur when the uncertainty (if any) is resolved (that is, when the total amount of purchases is known).
Contract liability is recorded when consideration is received from a customer and the Company has remaining unsatisfied performance obligations.
The Company presents taxes collected and remitted to governmental authorities on a net basis in the consolidated statements of operations. Additionally, all taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction and collected from a customer (e.g., sales, use, value added, and some excise taxes) are excluded from revenue. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
Leases
The Company has operating leases for certain facilities, equipment, autos and data centers. As an accounting policy for short-term leases, the Company elected to not recognize a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and liability if, at the commencement date, the lease (1) has a term of 12 months or less and (2) does not include renewal and purchase options that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise. Monthly payments on short-term leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the full lease term.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense related to the estimated fair value of restricted stock awards on a straight-line basis, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite service period of the awards, which is generally the vesting term of three or four years. Stock-based compensation related to performance share grants are measured based on grant date fair value and expensed on a graded basis over the service period of the awards, which is generally a performance period of three years. The performance conditions are based on the Company's achievement of revenue growth and return on invested capital over the performance period, and are evaluated for the probability of vesting at the end of each reporting period with changes in expected results cumulatively recognized as an adjustment to expense. The assumptions used to calculate the fair value of restricted stock grants are evaluated and revised, as necessary, to reflect market conditions and the Company’s experience.
Income Taxes
Income taxes are calculated using an asset and liability approach. The provision for income taxes includes federal, state and foreign taxes currently payable, and deferred taxes due to temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities. In addition, future tax benefits are recognized to the extent that realization of such benefits is more likely than not. This method gives consideration to the future tax consequences of the deferred income tax items and immediately recognizes changes in income tax laws in the year of enactment.
The Company uses an estimated annual tax rate to measure the tax benefit or tax expense recognized in each interim period.
Net Income Per Share
Basic net income per common share is computed based on the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Potentially dilutive shares are included in the diluted per-share calculations using the treasury stock method for all periods when the effect of their inclusion is dilutive.
Accounting Standard Adopted
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In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standard Update ("ASU") 2023-07, which aligns interim segment disclosure requirements with existing annual requirements and includes updates to segment reporting, most notably through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”). The Company adopted the ASU for annual disclosures for the year ended December 31, 2024, and interim disclosures beginning in the first quarter of 2025. The ASU is applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements, and it had no impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Refer to Note 13 for more information.
Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 requiring enhanced income tax disclosures. The ASU requires disclosure of specific categories and disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation table. The ASU also requires disclosure of disaggregated information related to income taxes paid, income or loss from continuing operations before income tax expense or benefit, and income tax expense or benefit from continuing operations. The requirements of the ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted and the amendments can be applied either on a prospective or a retrospective basis. The Company will adopt the ASU beginning with its fourth quarter ending December 31, 2025 and expects the application of this ASU will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03 requiring public companies to disclose, in interim and annual reporting periods, additional information about certain expenses in the financial statements. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted and is effective on either a prospective basis or retrospective basis. The Company is currently assessing the potential impacts of adoption on the consolidated financial statements.
In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05 that provides a practical expedient in developing forecasts as part of estimating expected credit losses. The amendment permits the Company to elect a practical expedient that assumes that current conditions as of the balance sheet date do not change for the remaining life of the asset. The ASU is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2025. Early adoption is permitted and is effective on a prospective basis. The Company is currently assessing the potential impacts of adoption on the consolidated financial statements.
In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06 that removes all references to prescriptive and sequential software development stages throughout Subtopic 350-40. The amendment modernizes the guidance for internal-use software costs, including website development, by eliminating development stage requirements and introducing a probable-to-complete threshold for capitalization. The ASU is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted and is effective on either a prospective, modified or retrospective transition approach. The Company is currently assessing the potential impacts of adoption on the consolidated financial statements.
The Company does not believe other new accounting pronouncements issued by the FASB that have not become effective will have a material impact on its Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
2. Revenue from Contracts with Customers
Disaggregated revenue
The Company disaggregates net sales into the following major product groups as described in its segment information included in these interim financial statements under Note 13.
Wood Construction Products Revenue. Wood construction products represented approximately 84.8% and 85.2% of total net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Concrete Construction Products Revenue. Concrete construction products represented approximately 15.0% and 14.7% of total net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Customer acceptance criteria. Generally, there are no customer acceptance criteria included in the Company's standard sales agreement with customers. When an arrangement with the customer does not meet the criteria to be accounted for as a revenue contract under the standard, the Company recognizes revenue in the amount of nonrefundable consideration received when the Company has transferred control of the goods or services and has stopped transferring (and has no obligation to transfer)
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additional goods or services. The Company offers certain customers discounts for paying invoices ahead of the due date, which are generally 30 to 60 days after the issue date.
Other revenue. Service sales, representing after-market repair and maintenance, engineering activities and software license sales and services were less than 0.5% of total net sales and recognized as the services are completed or by transferring control over a product to a customer at a point in time. Services may be sold separately or in bundled packages. The typical contract length for services is generally less than one year. For bundled packages, the Company accounts for individual services separately when they are distinct within the context of the contract. A distinct service is separately identifiable from other items in the bundled package if a customer can benefit from it on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer. The consideration (including any discounts) is allocated between separate services in a bundle based on their stand-alone selling prices. The stand-alone selling prices are determined based on the prices at which the Company separately sells the services.
Reconciliation of contract balances
Contract assets are the right to receive consideration in exchange for goods or services that the Company has transferred to a customer when that right is conditional on something other than the passage of time. Contract liabilities are recorded for any services billed to customers and not yet recognizable if the contract period has commenced or for the amount collected from customers in advance of the contract period commencing.
Contract liabilities consist of billings in excess of costs and earnings and other deferred revenue on cancellable contracts. The time period between when consideration was received to when performance obligations are complete may not be significant. As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company's contract liability was $4.1 million and $10.3 million, respectively. The Company recognized revenue of $3.0 million and $1.6 million from the contract liability during the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company had no material contract assets from contract with customers.
3. Net Income per Share
The following shows a reconciliation of basic net earnings per share ("EPS") to diluted EPS:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands, except per share amounts) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 107,444 |  |  | $ | 93,519 |  |  | $ | 288,869 |  |  | $ | 266,778 |
Basic weighted-average shares outstanding | 41,520 |  |  | 42,151 |  |  | 41,737 |  |  | 42,254 |
Dilutive effect of potential common stock equivalents | 184 |  |  | 184 |  |  | 166 |  |  | 210 |
Diluted weighted-average shares outstanding | 41,704 |  |  | 42,335 |  |  | 41,903 |  |  | 42,464 |
Net earnings per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 2.59 |  |  | $ | 2.22 |  |  | $ | 6.92 |  |  | $ | 6.31 |
Diluted | $ | 2.58 |  |  | $ | 2.21 |  |  | $ | 6.89 |  |  | $ | 6.28 |

4. Stock-Based Compensation
The Company currently maintains the Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. Amended and Restated 2011 Incentive Plan (the “2011 Plan”) as its only equity incentive plan. Under the 2011 Plan, no more than 16.3 million shares of the Company’s common stock in aggregate may be issued, including shares already issued pursuant to prior awards granted under the 2011 Plan. Shares of the Company's common stock underlying awards to be issued pursuant to the 2011 Plan are registered under the Securities Act of 1933. Under the 2011 Plan, the Company may grant restricted stock and restricted stock units. The Company currently intends to award only performance-based stock units ("PSUs") and/or time-based restricted stock units ("RSUs").
The Company allocates stock-based compensation expense amongst cost of sales, research and development and other engineering expense, selling expense, or general and administrative expense based on the job functions performed by the employees to whom the stock-based compensation is awarded. Stock-based compensation capitalized in inventory was immaterial for all periods presented. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense related to its equity plans for
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employees of $5.8 million and $4.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $18.7 million and $15.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company granted an aggregate of 118,984 RSUs and PSUs to the Company's employees, including officers at an estimated weighted-average fair value of $169.91 per share based on the closing price (adjusted for certain market factors primarily the present value of dividends) of the Company's common stock on the grant date. The RSUs and PSUs granted to the Company's employees may be time-based, performance-based, or time and performance-based. Certain of the PSUs are granted to officers and key employees, where the number of performance-based awards to be issued is based on the achievement of certain Company performance criteria established in the award agreement over a cumulative three year period. These awards cliff vest after three years. In addition, these same officers and key employees also receive time-based RSUs, which vest pursuant to a three-year graded vesting schedule. Time based RSUs are granted to the Company's employees excluding officers and certain key employees, vest ratably over the four year vesting-term of the award.
The Company’s seven non-employee directors are entitled to receive an aggregate of approximately $1.0 million in equity compensation annually under the Company's non-employee director compensation program. The number of shares ultimately granted are based on the average closing share price for the Company's common stock over the 60 day period prior to approval of the award in the second quarter of each year. In May 2025, the Company granted 6,000 shares of the Company's common stock to the non-employee directors, based on the average closing price of $155.09 per share and recognized $0.9 million of expense.
As of September 30, 2025, the Company's aggregate unamortized stock compensation expense was approximately $28.3 million which is expected to be recognized in expense over a weighted-average period of 2.2 years.
5. Trade Accounts Receivable, net
Trade accounts receivable consisted of the following:

| As of September 30, |  | As of December 31,
(in thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2024
Trade accounts receivable | $ | 404,041 |  |  | $ | 368,445 |  |  | $ | 291,480 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | (4,640) |  |  | (3,052) |  |  | (2,998) |
Allowance for sales discounts and returns | (4,048) |  |  | (5,043) |  |  | (4,090) |
| $ | 395,353 |  |  | $ | 360,350 |  |  | $ | 284,392 |

6. Inventories
The components of inventories are as follows:

| As of September 30, |  | As of December 31,
(in thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2024
Raw materials | $ | 187,929 |  |  | $ | 195,077 |  |  | $ | 207,818 |
In-process products | 58,590 |  |  | 57,657 |  |  | 57,627 |
Finished products | 345,358 |  |  | 330,646 |  |  | 327,730 |
| $ | 591,877 |  |  | $ | 583,380 |  |  | $ | 593,175 |

7. Derivative Instruments
The Company enters into derivative instrument agreements, including forward foreign currency exchange contracts, interest rate swaps, and cross currency swaps to manage risk in connection with changes in foreign currency and interest rates. The Company hedges committed exposures and does not engage in speculative transactions. The Company only enters into derivative instrument agreements with counterparties who have highly rated credit.
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As of September 30, 2025, the aggregate notional amounts of the Company's outstanding interest rate contracts, cross currency swap contracts, EUR forward contract, and net investment hedge were $371.3 million, $389.2 million, $321.7 million, and $557.2 million, respectively.
In May 2025, the Company entered into a cross-currency swap expiring in May 2032 to hedge its exposure to adverse foreign currency exchange rate movements for its operations in Europe, which qualifies as net investment hedge. For the derivative instrument, the gain or loss on the derivative instrument attributable to changes in the spot rate is reported in the CTA section of OCI and will remain in OCI until the hedged net investment is sold or liquidated. The Company has elected to assess hedge effectiveness based on changes in spot exchange rates. Under this method, the Company recognizes in earnings the initial value of the component excluded from the assessment of effectiveness over the life of the hedging instrument. The interest accruals are also recognized in earnings (interest expense). Any difference between the change in fair value of the excluded component and amounts recognized in earnings will be recognized in the CTA section of OCI.
The effects of cash flow hedge accounting on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Earnings and Comprehensive Income for the nine months ended September 30, were as follows:

|  | 2025 |  | 2024
(in thousands) |  | Cost of sales |  | Interest income, net and other finance costs |  | Other & foreign exchange loss, net |  | Cost of sales |  | Interest income, net and other finance costs |  | Other & foreign exchange loss, net
Total amounts of income and expense line items presented in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Earnings in which the effects of fair value or cash flow hedges are recorded |  | $ | 957,711 |  |  | $ | 4,315 |  |  | $ | 151 |  |  | $ | 916,551 |  |  | $ | 4,111 |  |  | $ | 352 |
The effects of cash flow hedging |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain or (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from OCI to earnings |  | — |  |  | 5,868 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,303 |  |  | — |
Cross currency swap contract |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from OCI to earnings |  | — |  |  | 1,929 |  |  | (49,869) |  |  | — |  |  | 3,433 |  |  | (4,900) |
Forward contract |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount of gain reclassified from OCI to earnings |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (188) |  |  | — |  |  | — |

The effects of derivative instruments on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Earnings and Comprehensive Income for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

Cash Flow Hedging Relationships |  | Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI |  | Location of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from OCI into Earnings |  | Gain (Loss) Reclassified from OCI into Earnings
(in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Interest rate contracts |  | $ | 364 |  |  | $ | (7,000) |  |  | Interest expense |  | $ | 1,952 |  |  | $ | 3,067 |
Cross currency contracts |  | 4,211 |  |  | (13,285) |  |  | Interest expense |  | 390 |  |  | 898 |
Forward contracts |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | FX gain (loss) |  | 11 |  |  | (19,134) |
Total |  | $ | 4,575 |  |  | $ | (20,285) |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,353 |  |  | $ | (15,169) |

The effects of derivative instruments on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Earnings and Comprehensive Income for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:
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Cash Flow Hedging Relationships |  | Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI |  | Location of Loss Reclassified from OCI into Earnings |  | Gain (Loss) Reclassified from OCI into Earnings
(in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Interest rate contracts |  | $ | (1,759) |  |  | $ | 2,173 |  |  | Interest expense |  | $ | 5,868 |  |  | $ | 9,303 |
Cross currency contracts |  | (45,007) |  |  | 3,048 |  |  | Interest expense |  | 1,929 |  |  | 3,433 |
Forward contracts |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | FX loss |  | (49,869) |  |  | (4,900) |
|  |  |  |  |  | Cost of goods sold |  | — |  |  | (188) |
Total |  | $ | (46,766) |  |  | $ | 5,221 |  |  |  |  | $ | (42,072) |  |  | $ | 7,648 |

For the three months ending September 30, 2025 and 2024, net investment hedge gain of $7.8 million and loss of $8.8 million were included in OCI, respectively. For the three months ending September 30, 2025 and 2024, excluded loss of $1.3 million and gain of $1.3 million were reclassified from OCI to interest expense, respectively.
For the nine months ending September 30, 2025 and 2024, loss on the net investment hedge of $41.8 million and gain on the net investment hedge of $1.0 million were included in OCI, respectively. For the nine months ending September 30, 2025 and 2024, excluded loss of $3.8 million and gain of $3.8 million were reclassified from OCI to interest expense, respectively.
As of September 30, 2025, the aggregate fair values of the Company’s derivative instruments on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet were comprised of an asset of $15.2 million, of which $13.9 million is included in other current assets, and the balance of $1.4 million as other non-current assets, and of a non-current liability of $87.5 million included in the “Other long-term liabilities” of the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
8. Property, Plant and Equipment, net
Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following:

|  | As of September 30, |  | As of December 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2024
Land |  | $ | 59,872 |  |  | $ | 62,332 |  |  | $ | 61,054 |
Buildings and site improvements |  | 249,461 |  |  | 249,921 |  |  | 246,138 |
Leasehold improvements |  | 12,614 |  |  | 10,899 |  |  | 11,313 |
Machinery and equipment |  | 623,523 |  |  | 562,199 |  |  | 567,322 |
|  | 945,470 |  |  | 885,351 |  |  | 885,827 |
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization |  | (560,817) |  |  | (514,009) |  |  | (516,320) |
|  | 384,653 |  |  | 371,342 |  |  | 369,507 |
Capital projects in progress |  | 229,243 |  |  | 124,480 |  |  | 162,148 |
Total |  | $ | 613,896 |  |  | $ | 495,822 |  |  | $ | 531,655 |

Assets held-for sale
In January 2025, the Company made a decision to sell its unimproved land located in Stockton, California that is part of the Company's North America segment. The Company determined that the long-lived assets meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in its condensed financial statements, and expected to be sold by the first quarter of 2026. The Company presented the asset's carrying value of approximately $2.4 million in “Other current assets” of the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Asset sale
In July 2025, the Company sold its existing facility in Gallatin, Tennessee that is part of the Company's Administrative and All Other segment for approximately $19.0 million in net proceeds after closing costs and sale price adjustments, which resulted in an estimated gain on disposal of fixed assets of $12.9 million. The Company recognized the gain as i ncome from operations with the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings and Comprehensive Income. To provide a temporary transition until the Company relocates to the new facility, the Company has leased back the sold facility from the buyer for approximately five months. The Company treated the leaseback transaction as a short-term lease and will recognize the rent expense on the straight-line basis over the lease term.
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9. Goodwill and Intangible Assets, net
Goodwill consisted of the following:

| As of September 30, |  | As of December 31,
(in thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2024
North America | $ | 131,088 |  |  | $ | 144,369 |  |  | $ | 134,148 |
Europe | 425,487 |  |  | 405,257 |  |  | 377,049 |
Asia/Pacific | 1,261 |  |  | 1,320 |  |  | 1,186 |
Total | $ | 557,836 |  |  | $ | 550,946 |  |  | $ | 512,383 |

Amortizable intangible assets were as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
Patents |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 38,598 |  |  | $ | (4,854) |  |  | $ | 33,744 |
Amortization |  | — |  |  | (2,071) |  |  | (2,071) |
Foreign exchange |  | 189 |  |  | — |  |  | 189 |
Balance as of September 30, 2024 |  | 38,787 |  |  | (6,925) |  |  | 31,862 |
Reclassifications 2 |  | 15,800 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,800 |
Amortization |  | — |  |  | (1,397) |  |  | (1,397) |
Foreign exchange |  | (1,115) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,115) |
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  | 53,472 |  |  | (8,322) |  |  | 45,150 |
Disposals |  | (3,434) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,434) |
Amortization |  | — |  |  | (2,553) |  |  | (2,553) |
Foreign exchange |  | 5,522 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,522 |
Balance as of September 30, 2025 |  | $ | 55,560 |  |  | $ | (10,875) |  |  | $ | 44,685 |

(in thousands) |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
Unpatented Technology |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 22,508 |  |  | $ | (20,279) |  |  | $ | 2,229 |
Amortization |  | — |  |  | (689) |  |  | (689) |
Foreign exchange |  | 382 |  |  | — |  |  | 382 |
Balance as of September 30, 2024 |  | 22,890 |  |  | (20,968) |  |  | 1,922 |
Amortization |  | — |  |  | (302) |  |  | (302) |
Foreign exchange |  | (431) |  |  | — |  |  | (431) |
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  | 22,459 |  |  | (21,270) |  |  | 1,189 |
Amortization |  | — |  |  | (545) |  |  | (545) |
Foreign exchange |  | 115 |  |  | — |  |  | 115 |
Balance as of September 30, 2025 |  | $ | 22,574 |  |  | $ | (21,815) |  |  | $ | 759 |

18

(in thousands) |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
Non-Compete Agreements, Trademarks and Other |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 28,147 |  |  | $ | (15,745) |  |  | $ | 12,402 |
Purchases |  | 29,095 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,095 |
Amortization |  | — |  |  | (1,824) |  |  | (1,824) |
Reclassifications 1 |  | (1,673) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,673) |
Foreign exchange |  | (6) |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |
Balance as of September 30, 2024 |  | 55,563 |  |  | (17,569) |  |  | 37,994 |
Amortization |  | — |  |  | (1,148) |  |  | (1,148) |
Reclassifications 2 |  | (14,995) |  |  | — |  |  | (14,995) |
Foreign exchange |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  | 40,567 |  |  | (18,717) |  |  | 21,850 |
Amortization |  | — |  |  | (3,170) |  |  | (3,170) |
Reclassifications |  | (270) |  |  | — |  |  | (270) |
Foreign exchange |  | 69 |  |  | — |  |  | 69 |
Balance as of September 30, 2025 |  | $ | 40,366 |  |  | $ | (21,887) |  |  | $ | 18,479 |

(in thousands) |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
Customer Relationships |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 269,166 |  |  | $ | (46,399) |  |  | $ | 222,767 |
Purchases |  | 14,277 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,277 |
Amortization |  | — |  |  | (13,381) |  |  | (13,381) |
Reclassifications 1 |  | 1,673 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,673 |
Foreign exchange |  | 2,992 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,992 |
Balance as of September 30, 2024 |  | 288,108 |  |  | (59,780) |  |  | 228,328 |
Disposals |  | 331 |  |  | — |  |  | 331 |
Amortization |  | — |  |  | (3,981) |  |  | (3,981) |
Reclassifications 2 |  | (3,717) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,717) |
Foreign exchange |  | (19,737) |  |  | — |  |  | (19,737) |
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  | 264,985 |  |  | (63,761) |  |  | 201,224 |
Amortization |  | — |  |  | (13,611) |  |  | (13,611) |
Reclassifications |  | 919 |  |  | — |  |  | 919 |
Foreign exchange |  | 24,768 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,768 |
Balance as of September 30, 2025 |  | $ | 290,672 |  |  | $ | (77,372) |  |  | $ | 213,300 |

Definite-lived and indefinite-lived intangible assets, net, by segment were as follows:

| As of September 30, 2025
| Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
(in thousands) |  |
North America | $ | 116,273 |  |  | $ | (44,102) |  |  | $ | 72,171 |
Europe | 404,333 |  |  | (87,203) |  |  | 317,130 |
Asia/Pacific | 4,116 |  |  | (900) |  |  | 3,216 |
Total | $ | 524,722 |  |  | $ | (132,205) |  |  | $ | 392,517 |

1 In 2024, the Company reclassified certain intangible assets from the “Non-Compete Agreements, Trademarks and Other” to “Customer Relationships.”
2 In 2024, the Company finalized acquisitions of businesses that resulted in reclassifications of certain intangible assets with offset to goodwill and other net working capital adjustments. The final amounts are measurement period adjustments for conditions that existed at the acquisition date.
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| As of September 30, 2024
| Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
(in thousands) |  |
North America | $ | 107,561 |  |  | $ | (37,131) |  |  | $ | 70,430 |
Europe | 389,148 |  |  | (67,801) |  |  | 321,347 |
Asia/Pacific | 4,296 |  |  | (556) |  |  | 3,740 |
Total | $ | 501,005 |  |  | $ | (105,488) |  |  | $ | 395,517 |

| As of December 31, 2024
| Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
(in thousands) |  |
North America | $ | 116,550 |  |  | $ | (39,061) |  |  | $ | 77,489 |
Europe | 366,586 |  |  | (72,621) |  |  | 293,965 |
Asia/Pacific | 4,240 |  |  | (643) |  |  | 3,597 |
Total | $ | 487,376 |  |  | $ | (112,325) |  |  | $ | 375,051 |

Intangible assets consist of definite-lived and indefinite-lived assets. Definite-lived intangible assets include customer relationships, patents, unpatented technology, and non-compete agreements. Amortization of definite-lived intangible assets was $7.1 million and $6.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and was $19.9 million and $18.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The weighted-average amortization period for all amortizable intangibles on a combined basis is 6.5 years.
Indefinite-lived intangible assets are primarily trade names, which totaled $115.3 million, $95.7 million, and $105.7 million as of September 30, 2025, and 2024 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
At September 30, 2025, the estimated future amortization of definite-lived intangible assets was as follows:

(in thousands) |
Remaining three months of 2025 | $ | 6,678 |
2026 | 25,056 |
2027 | 24,908 |
2028 | 24,759 |
2029 | 24,114 |
2030 | 23,503 |
Thereafter | 148,205 |
| $ | 277,223 |

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill and intangible assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, were as follows:

(in thousands) | Goodwill |  | Intangible Assets
Balance at December 31, 2024 | $ | 512,383 |  |  | $ | 375,051 |
Disposals | (33) |  |  | (3,512) | 3
Reclassifications 4 | (3,149) |  |  | 3,149 |
Amortization | — |  |  | (19,879) |
Foreign exchange | 48,635 |  |  | 37,708 |
Balance at September 30, 2025 | $ | 557,836 |  |  | $ | 392,517 |

10. Leases
3 During the period ended September 30, 2025, the Company disposed certain intangible assets.
4 During the period ended September 30, 2025, the Company finalized an acquisition of a business that resulted in $3.1 million decrease in goodwill with offsets to tradenames, developed technology, and customer relationships. The final amounts are measurement period adjustments for conditions that existed at the acquisition date.
20

The Company has operating leases for certain facilities, equipment and automobiles. The existing operating leases expire at various dates through 2039, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to five years. The Company measured the lease liability at the present value of the lease payments to be made over the lease term. The lease payments are discounted using the Company's incremental borrowing rate. The Company measured the ROU assets at the amount at which the lease liability is recognized plus initial direct costs incurred or prepayment amounts. The ROU assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
The following table provides a summary of leases included on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2025 and 2024 and December 31, 2024, Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings and Comprehensive Income, and Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

|  | Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets Line Item |  | September 30, |  | December 31,
(in thousands) |  |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2024
Operating leases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  | Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | $ | 94,363 |  |  | $ | 87,097 |  |  | $ | 93,933 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current |  | Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  | $ | 19,965 |  |  | $ | 18,094 |  |  | $ | 19,415 |
Noncurrent |  | Operating lease liabilities |  | 76,599 |  |  | 70,496 |  |  | 76,184 |
Total operating lease liabilities |  |  |  | $ | 96,564 |  |  | $ | 88,590 |  |  | $ | 95,599 |

The components of lease expense were as follows:

|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings and Comprehensive Income Line Item |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |
(in thousands) |  |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |
Lease cost |  | General administrative expenses and cost of sales |  | $ | 6,478 |  |  | $ | 5,599 |  |  |  |

Other Information
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows for operating leases |  | $ | 6,336 |  |  | $ | 5,559 |
Operating right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities |  | 742 |  |  | 5,862 |

The following is a schedule, by years, of maturities of operating lease liabilities as of September 30, 2025:

(in thousands) | Operating Leases
Remaining three months of 2025 | $ | 6,416 |
2026 | 23,034 |
2027 | 19,918 |
2028 | 17,493 |
2029 | 13,644 |
2030 | 10,208 |
Thereafter | 22,180 |
Total lease payments | 112,893 |
Less: Present value discount | (16,329) |
Total lease liabilities | $ | 96,564 |

21

The following table summarizes the Company's lease terms and discount rates as of September 30, 2025 and 2024:

| 2025 |  | 2024
Weighted-average remaining lease terms (in years) | 6.4 |  | 6.5
Weighted-average discount rate | 5.2 | % |  | 5.1 | %

11. Debt
As of September 30, 2025, the Company had $371.3 million, excluding deferred financing costs, outstanding under its Amended and Restated Credit Facility. The Company had outstanding balances of $468.8 million and $388.1 million, excluding deferred financing costs, under the Amended and Restated Credit Facility as of September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2024, respectively.
The following is a schedule, by years, of maturities for the remaining term loan facility as of September 30, 2025:

(in thousands) | Five-Year Term Loan
Remaining three months of 2025 | $ | 5,625 |
2026 | 22,500 |
2027 | 343,125 |
Total loan outstanding | $ | 371,250 |

The Company was in compliance with its financial covenants under the Amended and Restated Credit Facility as of September 30, 2025.
A certain number of the Company's domestic subsidiaries are guarantors for a credit agreement between certain of its foreign subsidiaries and institutional lenders that is in addition to the Amended and Restated Credit Facility. As of September 30, 2025, all of the Company's credit facilities provide a total of $456.6 million in available borrowing capacity and an irrevocable standby letter of credit in support of various insurance deductibles.
12. Commitments and Contingencies
Environmental
The Company’s policy with regard to environmental liabilities is to accrue for future environmental assessments and remediation costs when information becomes available that indicates that it is probable that the Company is liable for any related claims and assessments and the amount of the liability is reasonably estimable. The Company does not believe that any such matters will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, cash flows or results of operations.
Litigation and Potential Claims
From time to time, the Company is involved in various legal proceedings and other matters arising in the normal course of business. Corrosion, hydrogen embrittlement, cracking, material hardness, wood pressure-treating chemicals, misinstallations, misuse, design and assembly flaws, manufacturing defects, labeling defects, product formula defects, inaccurate chemical mixes, adulteration, environmental conditions, or other factors can contribute to failure of fasteners, connectors, anchors, adhesives, specialty chemicals, such as fiber reinforced polymers, and tool products. In addition, inaccuracies may occur in product information, descriptions and instructions found in catalogs, packaging, data sheets, and the Company’s website.
The resolution of any claim or litigation is subject to inherent uncertainty and could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, cash flows or results of operations.
13. Segment Information
The Company is organized into three reporting segments defined by the regions where the Company’s products are manufactured, marketed and distributed to the Company's customers. The financial information of these segments is available and utilized by the Chief Executive Officer, the Company’s CODM, to assess the segments’ performance. The primary measurements used to measure the financial performance of the segments are revenue, gross margins, and operating margins to
22

decide whether to reinvest the profits, make acquisitions, pay down debt or borrow, or to return capital to shareholders via dividends and share repurchases.
The three regional segments are the North America segment (comprised primarily of the Company’s operations in the U.S. and Canada), the Europe segment, and the Asia/Pacific segment (comprised of the Company’s operations in Asia, the South Pacific, and the Middle East). These segments are similar in several ways, including the types of materials used, the production processes, the distribution channels and the product applications.
The Administrative & All Other column primarily includes expenses such as self-insured workers compensation claims for employees, stock-based compensation for certain members of management, interest expense, foreign exchange gains or losses and income tax expense, as well as revenues and expenses related to real estate activities.
The following table presents financial information of each segment that is used by the CODM to assess the performance of segments for three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

(in thousands) |  | North America |  | Europe |  | Asia/ Pacific |  | Administrative & All Other |  | Total
Three months ended September 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |
Net sales |  | $ | 483,606 |  |  | $ | 134,431 |  |  | $ | 5,476 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 623,513 |
Wood Products |  | 415,782 |  |  | 104,234 |  |  | 4,423 |  |  | — |  |  | 524,439 |
Concrete Products |  | 66,640 |  |  | 30,197 |  |  | 963 |  |  | — |  |  | 97,800 |
Cost of sales |  | 246,425 |  |  | 83,417 |  |  | 3,399 |  |  | 1,010 |  |  | 334,251 |
Gross profit |  | 237,181 |  |  | 51,014 |  |  | 2,077 |  |  | (1,010) |  |  | 289,262 |
Research and development, and other engineering expenses |  | 18,265 |  |  | 2,313 |  |  | 215 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,793 |
Selling expenses |  | 43,027 |  |  | 12,092 |  |  | 1,004 |  |  | — |  |  | 56,123 |
General and administrative expenses |  | 53,267 |  |  | 19,835 |  |  | 433 |  |  | 11,840 |  |  | 85,375 |
Sales to other segments * |  | 1,015 |  |  | 1,122 |  |  | 7,876 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,013 |
Income (loss) from operations |  | 125,179 |  |  | 16,119 |  |  | 555 |  |  | (1,110) |  |  | 140,743 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 13,319 |  |  | 8,142 |  |  | 529 |  |  | 1,350 |  |  | 23,340 |
Significant non-cash charges |  | 3,641 |  |  | 564 |  |  | 112 |  |  | 2,404 |  |  | 6,721 |
Provision for income taxes |  | 30,082 |  |  | 2,409 |  |  | 357 |  |  | 3,545 |  |  | 36,393 |
Business Acquisition; capital expenditures; asset acquisitions, net of cash acquired; and equity investments |  | 38,341 |  |  | 2,025 |  |  | 158 |  |  | (4,130) |  |  | 36,394 |

(in thousands) |  | North America |  | Europe |  | Asia/ Pacific |  | Administrative & All Other |  | Total
Three months ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |
Net sales |  | $ | 461,356 |  |  | $ | 121,170 |  |  | $ | 4,627 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 587,153 |
Wood Products |  | 397,755 |  |  | 97,622 |  |  | 4,169 |  |  | — |  |  | 499,546 |
Concrete Products |  | 62,709 |  |  | 23,548 |  |  | 458 |  |  | — |  |  | 86,715 |
Cost of sales |  | 233,187 |  |  | 76,843 |  |  | 3,008 |  |  | (942) |  |  | 312,096 |
Gross profit |  | 228,169 |  |  | 44,327 |  |  | 1,619 |  |  | 942 |  |  | 275,057 |
Research and development, and other engineering expenses |  | 18,230 |  |  | 2,038 |  |  | 278 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,546 |
Selling expenses |  | 40,285 |  |  | 11,767 |  |  | 945 |  |  | — |  |  | 52,997 |
General and administrative expenses |  | 46,403 |  |  | 17,492 |  |  | 136 |  |  | 11,298 |  |  | 75,329 |
Sales to other segments * |  | 711 |  |  | 1,032 |  |  | 6,146 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,889 |
Income (loss) from operations |  | 123,251 |  |  | 12,635 |  |  | 260 |  |  | (11,292) |  |  | 124,854 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 13,544 |  |  | 7,839 |  |  | 751 |  |  | (476) |  |  | 21,658 |
Significant non-cash charges |  | 3,070 |  |  | 672 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 1,833 |  |  | 5,641 |
Provision for income taxes |  | 24,744 |  |  | 2,867 |  |  | 366 |  |  | 4,997 |  |  | 32,974 |
Business Acquisition; capital expenditures; asset acquisitions, net of cash acquired; and equity investments |  | 100,520 |  |  | 3,669 |  |  | 2,129 |  |  | 193 |  |  | 106,511 |

23

(in thousands) |  | North America |  | Europe |  | Asia/ Pacific |  | Administrative & All Other |  | Total
Nine months ended September 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |
Net sales |  | $ | 1,396,993 |  |  | $ | 381,688 |  |  | $ | 14,782 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,793,463 |
Wood Products |  | 1,204,338 |  |  | 303,923 |  |  | 12,022 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,520,283 |
Concrete Products |  | 189,482 |  |  | 77,765 |  |  | 2,638 |  |  | — |  |  | 269,885 |
Cost of sales |  | 703,466 |  |  | 242,377 |  |  | 9,445 |  |  | 2,423 |  |  | 957,711 |
Gross profit |  | 693,527 |  |  | 139,311 |  |  | 5,337 |  |  | (2,423) |  |  | 835,752 |
Research and development, and other engineering expenses |  | 53,792 |  |  | 6,789 |  |  | 818 |  |  | — |  |  | 61,399 |
Selling expenses |  | 126,959 |  |  | 37,037 |  |  | 2,734 |  |  | — |  |  | 166,730 |
General and administrative expenses |  | 148,969 |  |  | 53,717 |  |  | 1,149 |  |  | 34,394 |  |  | 238,229 |
Sales to other segments * |  | 2,600 |  |  | 5,165 |  |  | 24,525 |  |  | — |  |  | 32,290 |
Income (loss) from operations |  | 366,516 |  |  | 41,097 |  |  | 828 |  |  | (25,135) |  |  | 383,306 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 35,472 |  |  | 23,984 |  |  | 1,635 |  |  | 3,528 |  |  | 64,619 |
Significant non-cash charges |  | 11,966 |  |  | 1,698 |  |  | 281 |  |  | 5,771 |  |  | 19,716 |
Provision for income taxes |  | 85,841 |  |  | 8,442 |  |  | 951 |  |  | 3,669 |  |  | 98,903 |
Business Acquisition; capital expenditures; asset acquisitions, net of cash acquired; and equity investments |  | 111,340 |  |  | 7,915 |  |  | 616 |  |  | 7,708 |  |  | 127,579 |
Total assets as of September 30, 2025 |  | 2,156,204 |  |  | 805,759 |  |  | 50,175 |  |  | 33,285 |  |  | 3,045,423 |

(in thousands) |  | North America |  | Europe |  | Asia/ Pacific |  | Administrative & All Other |  | Total
Nine months ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |
Net sales |  | $ | 1,331,126 |  |  | $ | 370,985 |  |  | $ | 12,599 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,714,710 |
Wood Products |  | 1,151,338 |  |  | 299,081 |  |  | 10,994 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,461,413 |
Concrete Products |  | 178,383 |  |  | 71,904 |  |  | 1,605 |  |  | — |  |  | 251,892 |
Cost of sales |  | 670,839 |  |  | 236,897 |  |  | 8,818 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 916,551 |
Gross profit |  | 660,287 |  |  | 134,088 |  |  | 3,781 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 798,159 |
Research and development, and other engineering expenses |  | 52,845 |  |  | 6,320 |  |  | 594 |  |  | — |  |  | 59,759 |
Selling expenses |  | 120,095 |  |  | 38,130 |  |  | 2,530 |  |  | — |  |  | 160,755 |
General and administrative expenses |  | 133,376 |  |  | 53,718 |  |  | 1,284 |  |  | 31,599 |  |  | 219,977 |
Sales to other segments * |  | 2,410 |  |  | 3,695 |  |  | 23,716 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,821 |
Income (loss) from operations |  | 354,212 |  |  | 33,037 |  |  | (617) |  |  | (33,496) |  |  | 353,136 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 34,391 |  |  | 23,288 |  |  | 1,890 |  |  | 1,410 |  |  | 60,979 |
Significant non-cash charges |  | 9,643 |  |  | 2,172 |  |  | 167 |  |  | 4,035 |  |  | 16,017 |
Provision for income taxes |  | 80,040 |  |  | 8,714 |  |  | 649 |  |  | 1,418 |  |  | 90,821 |
Business Acquisition; capital expenditures; asset acquisitions, net of cash acquired; and equity investments |  | 183,151 |  |  | 10,841 |  |  | 3,652 |  |  | 6,340 |  |  | 203,984 |
Total assets as of September 30, 2024 |  | 2,013,641 |  |  | 751,419 |  |  | 48,618 |  |  | 83,781 |  |  | 2,897,459 |

* Sales to other segments are eliminated upon consolidation.
Cash collected by the Company’s U.S. subsidiaries is routinely transferred into the Company’s cash management accounts and, therefore is in the total assets of “Administrative and all other.” Cash and cash equivalent balances in the “Administrative and all other” segment were $168.0 million and $208.3 million as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had $133.7 million or 45.0% of its cash and cash equivalents held outside the U.S. in accounts belonging to the Company’s various foreign operating entities. The majority of this balance is held in foreign currencies and could be subject to additional taxation if repatriated to the U.S.
The Company’s wood construction products include connectors, truss plates, fastening systems, fasteners and pre-fabricated shearwalls and are used for connecting and strengthening wood-based construction primarily in the residential and commercial construction market. Its concrete construction products include adhesives, specialty chemicals, mechanical anchors, carbide drill bits, powder actuated tools and reinforcing fiber materials and are used for restoration, protection or strengthening concrete, masonry and steel construction in residential, industrial, commercial and infrastructure construction. The following
24

table illustrates the distribution of the Company’s net sales by product group as additional information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Wood construction products | $ | 524,439 |  |  | $ | 499,546 |  |  | $ | 1,520,283 |  |  | $ | 1,461,413 |
Concrete construction products | 97,800 |  |  | 86,715 |  |  | 269,885 |  |  | 251,892 |
Other | 1,274 |  |  | 892 |  |  | 3,295 |  |  | 1,405 |
Total | $ | 623,513 |  |  | $ | 587,153 |  |  | $ | 1,793,463 |  |  | $ | 1,714,710 |

14. Subsequent Events
Dividend Declared
On October 23, 2025, the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.29 per share, estimated to be $12.0 million in total. The dividend will be payable on January 22, 2026, to the Company's stockholders of record on January 2, 2026.
Share Repurchase Authorizations
On October 23, 2025, the Board authorized the Company to repurchase an additional $20.0 million of shares of the Company's common stock through the end of the year 2025 increasing the 2025 share repurchase authorization to $120.0 million, and authorized the Company to repurchase up to $150.0 million of shares of the Company's common stock, effective January 1, 2026 through December 31, 2026.
Share Repurchases
On October 31, 2025, the Company repurchased an additional 57,000 shares of the Company’s common stock in the open market at an average price of $175.43 per share, for a total of $10.0 million. As a result, as of November 7, 2025, approximately $20.0 million remained available for repurchase through December 31, 2025 under the 2025 share repurchase authorization.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Each of the terms the “Company,” “we,” “our,” “us” and similar terms used herein refer collectively to Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, including Simpson Strong-Tie Company Inc., unless otherwise stated. The Company regularly uses its website to post information regarding its business and governance. The Company encourages investors to use http://www.simpsonmfg.com as a source of information about the Company. The information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this report or other material we file with or furnish to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), except as explicitly noted or as required by law.
The following discussion and analysis provides information which management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of the Company’s consolidated financial condition and results of operations. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in this report.
“Strong-Tie” and our other trademarks appearing in this report are our property.
CAUTIONARY NOTE ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains statements concerning our expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, strategies, and future events or performance. Such statements are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Forward-looking statements generally can be identified by words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “target,” “continue,” “predict,” “project,” “change,” “result,” “future,” “will,” “could,” “can,” “may,” “likely,” “potentially,” or similar expressions. Forward-looking statements are all statements other than those of historical fact and include, but are not limited to, statements about future financial and operating results, our plans, objectives, business outlook, priorities, expectations and intentions, expectations for sales and market growth, comparable sales, earnings and performance, stockholder value, capital expenditures, cash flows, the housing market, the home improvement industry, demand for services, share repurchases, our strategic initiatives, including the impact of these initiatives on our strategic and operational plans and financial results, and any statement of an assumption underlying any of the foregoing.
Forward-looking statements are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and other factors that are difficult to predict and could cause our actual results to vary in material respects from what we have expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause our actual results and financial condition to differ materially from those expressed in or implied by our forward-looking statements include, the effect of tariffs and international trade policies on our business operations, the effects of inflation and labor and supply shortages on our operations, and the operations of our customers, suppliers and business partners, and those factors discussed under Item 1A. Risk Factors and Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. Additional risks include: the cyclicality and impact of general economic conditions; changing conditions in global markets including the impact of sanctions and tariffs, quotas and other trade actions and import restrictions; the impact of sales price increases of our products, the impact of pandemics, epidemics or other public health emergencies; volatile supply and demand conditions affecting prices and volumes in the markets for both our products and raw materials we purchase; the impact of foreign currency fluctuations; potential limitations on our ability to access capital resources and borrowings under our existing credit agreement; restrictions on our business and financial covenants under our credit agreement; reliance on employees subject to collective bargaining agreements; and our ability to repurchase shares of our common stock and the amounts and timing of repurchases, if any.
We caution that you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this report. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as may be required by law. Readers are urged to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made by us in this report and in our other reports filed with the SEC that advise of the risks and factors that may affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
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Overview
We design, manufacture, and sell building construction products that are of high quality and performance, easy to use, and cost-effective for customers. We operate in three business segments determined by geographic region: North America, Europe, and Asia/Pacific. Within the North America segment, our sales efforts are aligned to customer market teams dedicated to serving the following markets:
•Residential;
•Commercial;
•Original Equipment Manufacturers (“OEM”);
•National Retail; and
•Component Manufacturers
Our organic growth opportunities are focused on expanding our product lines with our current customers while also identifying new market share gain opportunities within our core product and market competencies.
To grow in these markets, we aspire to be among the leaders in engineered load-rated construction building products and systems as well as digital product offerings. We also aspire to leverage our engineering expertise, deep-rooted relationships with top builders, engineers, contractors, code officials and distributors, along with our ongoing commitment to testing, research and innovation. Importantly, we currently have existing products, testing results, distribution and manufacturing capabilities to support our ambitions. This will ultimately be a function of expanding our sales and/or marketing functions to promote our products to different end users and distribution channels, expanding our customer base, and introducing new products in the future.
Our commitment to continuous improvement has fostered our core Company ambitions, which we will pursue including:
•Strengthen our values-based culture;
•Be the partner of choice;
•Be an innovative leader in the markets we operate;
•Above market growth relative to the U.S. housing starts (exceeding our historical average volume performance in North America);
•An operating income margin at or above 20%; and
•Earnings per share growth exceeding net revenue growth.
Since announced in 2021, we continue to make progress on our key growth initiatives. Examples include:
•Added approximately $1.0 billion in revenue and $200.0 million in operating profit.
•Realigned our sales team by end market, making our distribution process more efficient, and made significant investments in our field sales and engineering teams.
•Made significant footprint investments in both production and warehouses. Our investment in our new Gallatin, Tennessee facility enables us to onshore additional fastener and anchor production, and the operation will in-source key manufacturing processes such as heat treating and coating of fasteners. Additional warehouse capabilities will also enhance next day delivery for our North American customers.
•Invested significantly in digital solutions, combined with the other initiatives strengthened our business model, which drove hardware sales, created value for our customers and made us a partner of choice.
•Strengthened our senior leadership team through a combination of internal development and external experts.
As a result, we believe we are now in an even stronger market position in connectors with significant gains in both fasteners and anchors. In addition, due to our high service levels, increasingly diverse portfolio of products and software as well as our commitment to innovation and developing complete solutions for the markets we serve, we believe we can continue to achieve above market growth in the North America relative to U.S. housing starts for fiscal 2025 and beyond. These examples further emulate our Founder, Barclay Simpson’s, nine principles of doing business, and more specifically the focus and obsession on customers and users.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the recent tariff and trade policy actions have had some impact and will continue to impact our results of operations. We also experienced increased foreign currency exchange rate volatility, which we attribute, in part, to the rapidly changing global trade environment.
As previously announced, we increased prices as of June 2, 2025 on certain wood connectors, fasteners and mechanical anchors in the U.S., and increased prices as of October 15, 2025 on certain fasteners and mechanical anchors in the U.S. We believe
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North America net sales could increase in future periods even if demand does not increase. However, increased selling prices are expected to be offset by increased non-material costs including labor, energy, transportation, and equipment incurred over the prior three years. In addition, the announced price increases will partly offset the increased costs related to the tariffs that effected a portion of our fastener and anchors sales, while it does not offset tariffs announced after October 15, 2025.
Due to a declining housing starts market, we are undertaking proactive strategic cost savings initiatives to align our operations with evolving market demand to position the Company for long-term success. These actions include workforce reduction and portfolio management. As a result, we incurred approximately $3.0 million, net, in one-time charges during the third quarter of 2025, and estimate total one-time charges of approximately $9.0 million to $12.0 million, net, in fiscal year 2025. We expect these initiatives will generate at least $30.0 million in annualized cost savings.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
In addition to financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP, we use adjusted EBITDA as a non-GAAP financial measure in evaluating the ongoing operating performance of our business. We define adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) before income taxes, adjusted to exclude depreciation and amortization, integration, acquisition and restructuring costs, non-qualified deferred compensation adjustments, goodwill impairment, gain on bargain purchase, net loss or gain on disposal of assets, interest income or expense, and foreign exchange and other expense (income). This provides additional insight into the Company’s operating performance in light of the significant levels of growth investment we have made in our operations, the effect depreciation and acquisition as well as integration costs will have on our operating results. We believe this will also provide a better approximation of our cash flows compared to operating income.
Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations
Our business, financial condition, and results of operations depend in large part on the level of U.S. housing starts and residential construction activity. Overall U.S. housing starts have been decreasing year over year since 2021. Lower housing starts in the U.S. could result in lower demand, which would affect our sales and possibly operating profit.
Unlike lumber or other products that have a more direct correlation to U.S. housing starts, our products are used to a greater extent in areas that are subject to natural forces, such as seismic or wind events. Our products are generally used in a sequential progression that follows the construction process. Residential and commercial construction begins with the foundation, followed by the wall and the roof systems, and then the installation of our products, which flow into a project or a house according to these schedules.
We are closely monitoring the recent tariff and trade policy actions taken by the U.S. and foreign governments. As the situation continues to remain fluid due to the rapidly changing global trade environment, we are still evaluating the potential implications of these actions on our business. While we are largely domestically sourced, we continue to monitor macroeconomic trends such as the impact of inflation, the effects of recently implemented tariffs, and the potential imposition of modified or additional tariffs in markets where we and our supplier operate. As a result of the tariff’s announced by the U.S. presidential administration on April 2, 2025 and June 15, 2025, and potential tariff modifications or the imposition of tariffs or export controls by other countries there is significant economic uncertainty. The extent and duration of tariffs and the resulting impact on macroeconomic conditions and on our business are uncertain and may depend on various factors beyond our control. We are closely monitoring the potential for the imposition of new or additional U.S. tariffs on imports, as well as potential retaliatory tariffs or other measures other countries may impose on U.S. imports, that may adversely affect the global economy. We are currently uncertain as to the ultimate impact these measure may have given the rapidly changing environment surrounding tariffs and other related political topics; however, if enacted as currently proposed, we expect that the proposed tariffs would primarily impact our North America segment as we procure fasteners and a small number of other products from countries that will be subjected to the these tariffs. Additionally, economic pressures on our customers, including the potential of higher inflation, fluctuations in consumer confidence, driven by economic concerns or price increases, such as those we recently announced, could reduce demand for our products and services negatively affecting our net sales and profitability in the future.
In prior years, our sales were heavily seasonal with operating results varying from quarter to quarter depending on weather conditions that could delay construction starts. Our sales and income have historically been lower in the first and fourth quarters than in the second and third quarters of a fiscal year. Increased tariffs (as noted above), political uncertainty, mortgage interest rates, and rising costs can also have an effect on our gross and operating profits as well. Due to efforts in diversifying our geographic footprint, product offerings, and changing our path to market in the U.S., sales from our product lines, customer base, and customer purchases are becoming less seasonal. Changes in raw material cost could impact the amount of inventory on-hand, and negatively affect our gross profit and operating margins depending on the timing of raw material purchases or how much sales prices can be increased to offset any increases in raw material costs. Changes in labor, freight and warehousing costs, could also negatively impact gross profit depending on timing and amount of sales price can be increased to offset the higher costs.
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Our operations also expose us to risks associated with pandemics, epidemics or other public health crises.
Business Segment Information
Historically, our North America segment has generated more revenues from wood construction products compared to concrete construction products. North America net sales increased for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024 due to price increase that took effect in June 2025 and incremental sales from the Company's 2024 acquisitions. The increases were partly offset by decreased sales volumes of 1.3% and the negative effect of approximately $2.2 million in foreign currency translation. Our wood construction product net sales increased 4.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to September 30, 2024. Our concrete construction product net sales increased 6.2% over the same periods. For 2025, U.S. housing starts could decline in the mid-single digit range from 2024 levels. We believe we will be able to continue to grow volumes above the U.S. housing starts market, one of our ambitions.
Operating income increased 3.5% to $366.5 million. The increase was primarily due to higher net sales, partially offset by higher operating expenses. The operating expense increases were driven primarily by higher personnel costs, variable compensation, subscription licensing costs, partially offset by decreases in professional fees, travel related costs, and advertising and tradeshow costs. Additional incremental investments in the business will be limited until the U.S. housing market shows long-term improvement.
We completed construction of our Columbus, Ohio facility in the second quarter and the construction of our new Gallatin, Tennessee facility was mostly completed in the third quarter with operations to commence in the fourth quarter of 2025. The cost of both projects was at or below budget. These facilities are expected to improve our overall service, production efficiencies and safety in the workplace, as well as reduce our reliance on certain outsourced finished goods and component products. These facilities will help ensure we have ample capacity to meet our customer needs. These investments reinforce our core business model differentiators to remain the partner of choice as we continue to produce products locally and ensure superior levels of customer service.
Europe net sales increase d 2.9% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024, mostly due to favorable foreign currency translations, and increased 10.9% or $13.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024, with approximately $8.1 million of the increase due to favorable foreign currency translation and remaining increase mostly due to increased sales volumes. Wood construction product net sales increase d 1.6% f or the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to September 30, 2024 and concrete construction product net sales, which are mostly project based, increased 8.2% over the same periods. Gross profit increa sed $5.2 million primarily due to higher net sales as well as gross margins increasing to 36.5% from 36.1% due to a decrease in material costs, as a percentage of net sales. Operating income increased $8.1 million and operating margin increased to 10.8% from 8.9% due to lower integration expenses and slightly lower operating expenses, negatively affected by foreign currency transactions. In local currency, operating expenses decreased by 3%. We currently anticipate Europe results for 2025 to be impacted by economic headwinds but also believe in the long term potential given Europe's on-going housing shortage (with an increasing use of wood construction) and new environmental regulations for which we have products and solutions.
Administrative and All Other loss from operations decreased to $1.1 million from $11.3 million due to a $12.9 million gain on disposal of assets from the sale of the existing Gallatin, Tennessee facility.
Our Asia/Pacific segment has generated revenues from both wood and concrete construction products. We believe that the Asia/Pacific segment is not significant to our overall performance.
Business Outlook
Based on business trends and conditions, the Company's outlook for the full fiscal year ending December 31, 2025 is as follows:
•Consolidated operating margin is estimated to be in the range of 19.0% to 20.0%, reflecting current market conditions and recent strategic initiatives. The outlook reflects the previously announced price increases that went into effect on June 2, 2025 and October 15, 2025 and includes a benefit of $12.9 million from the sale of the existing Gallatin, Tennessee facility as well as non-recurring severance costs related to the strategic cost savings initiatives of approximately $9.0 to $12.0 million.
•The effective tax rate is estimated to be in the range of 25.5% to 26.5%, incl uding both federal and state income tax rates as well as international income tax rates, and assumes minimal impact from recently passed tax legislation.
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•Capital expenditures are now estimated to be in the range of $150.0 million to $160.0 million, which includes approximately $75.0 million to $80.0 million remaining for both the Columbus, Ohio facility expansion and the new Gallatin, Tennessee facility construction.
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Results of Operations for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025, Compared with the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
Unless otherwise stated, the below results, when providing comparisons (which are generally indicated by words such as “increased,” “decreased,” “unchanged” or “compared to”), compare the results of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2025, against the results of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2024. Unless otherwise stated, the results announced below, when referencing “both quarters,” refer to the three months ended September 30, 2024 and the three months ended September 30, 2025. In the first quarter of 2025, the Company reclassified certain engineering costs related to the Company's digital efforts from research and development and engineering expense as well as selling expense to general and administrative expense. The financial results of prior three months ended September 30, 2024 were revised to reflect these changes with $3.1 million of costs being reclassified from research and development expenses and $1.6 million from selling expense to general and administrative expense. The reclassification did not have any impact on the total operating expenses.
Third Quarter 2025 Consolidated Financial Highlights
The following table shows the change in the Company's results of operations from the three months ended September 30, 2024 to the three months ended September 30, 2025, and the increases or decreases for each category by segment:

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended
|  | Increase (Decrease) in Operating Segment |
(in thousands) | September 30, 2024 |  | North America |  | Europe |  | Asia/ Pacific |  | Admin & All Other |  | September 30, 2025
Net sales | $ | 587,153 |  |  | $ | 22,250 |  |  | $ | 13,261 |  |  | $ | 849 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 623,513 |
Cost of sales | 312,096 |  |  | 13,238 |  |  | 6,574 |  |  | 391 |  |  | 1,952 |  |  | 334,251 |
Gross profit | 275,057 |  |  | 9,012 |  |  | 6,687 |  |  | 458 |  |  | (1,952) |  |  | 289,262 |
Research and development and other engineering expense | 20,546 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 275 |  |  | (63) |  |  | — |  |  | 20,793 |
Selling expense | 52,997 |  |  | 2,742 |  |  | 325 |  |  | 59 |  |  | — |  |  | 56,123 |
General and administrative expense | 75,329 |  |  | 6,864 |  |  | 2,343 |  |  | 297 |  |  | 542 |  |  | 85,375 |
Total operating expenses | 148,872 |  |  | 9,641 |  |  | 2,943 |  |  | 293 |  |  | 542 |  |  | 162,291 |
Acquisition and integration related costs | 1,356 |  |  | 58 |  |  | (254) |  |  | — |  |  | (851) |  |  | 309 |
Net gain on disposal of assets | (25) |  |  | (2,615) |  |  | 514 |  |  | (130) |  |  | (11,825) |  |  | (14,081) |
Income from operations | 124,854 |  |  | 1,928 |  |  | 3,484 |  |  | 295 |  |  | 10,182 |  |  | 140,743 |
Interest income, net and other | 1,668 |  |  | (404) |  |  | (47) |  |  | (7) |  |  | 1,107 |  |  | 2,317 |
Other & foreign exchange gain (loss), net | (29) |  |  | 18,062 |  |  | 1,570 |  |  | 174 |  |  | (19,000) |  |  | 777 |
Income before income taxes | 126,493 |  |  | 19,586 |  |  | 5,007 |  |  | 462 |  |  | (7,711) |  |  | 143,837 |
Provision for income taxes | 32,974 |  |  | 5,338 |  |  | (458) |  |  | (9) |  |  | (1,452) |  |  | 36,393 |
Net income | $ | 93,519 |  |  | $ | 14,248 |  |  | $ | 5,465 |  |  | $ | 471 |  |  | $ | (6,259) |  |  | $ | 107,444 |

Net sales increased 6.2% to $623.5 million from $587.2 million. Wood construction product sales, including sales of connectors, truss plates, fastening systems, fasteners and shearwalls, represented 84.1% and 85.1% of the Company's total sales in the third quarters of 2025 and 2024, respectively. Concrete construction product sales, including sales of adhesives, chemicals, mechanical anchors, powder actuated tools and reinforcing fiber materials, represented 15.7% and 14.8% of the Company's total sales in the third quarters of 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Gross profit increased 5.2% to $289.3 million from $275.1 million primarily due to higher net sales while gross margins decreased to 46.4% from 46.8%. From a product perspective, gross margin slightly decreased to 46.2% from 46.3% for wood construction products and decreased to 48.0% from 49.8% for concrete construction products, respectively.
Selling expense increased 5.9% to $56.1 million from $53.0 million, primarily due to increases of $1.9 million in personnel costs, $1.9 million in variable compensation, and $1.1 million in severance costs related to strategic cost savings initiatives.
General and administrative expense increased 13.3% to $85.4 million from $75.3 million, primarily due to increases of $3.0 million in variable compensation, $1.2 million in software related costs, net of amount capitalized, and $1.1 million in personnel costs.
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Income from operations increased 12.7% to $140.7 million from $124.9 million mostly due to a $12.9 million gain on disposal of assets from the sale of the existing Gallatin, Tennessee facility.
Our effective income tax rat e decreased to 25.3% from 26.1%.
Consolidated net income was $107.4 million compared to $93.5 million. Diluted earnings per share was $2.58 compared to $2.21.
Adjusted EBITDA 1 of $155.3 million increased 4.5% compared to $148.6 million, primarily due to higher gross profits.
Net sales
The following table shows net sales by segment for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively:

(in thousands) | North America |  | Europe |  | Asia/ Pacific |  | Total
Three months ended |  |  |  |  |  |  |
September 30, 2024 | $ | 461,356 |  |  | $ | 121,170 |  |  | $ | 4,627 |  |  | $ | 587,153 |
September 30, 2025 | 483,606 |  |  | 134,431 |  |  | 5,476 |  |  | 623,513 |
Increase | $ | 22,250 |  |  | $ | 13,261 |  |  | $ | 849 |  |  | $ | 36,360 |
Percentage increase | 4.8 | % |  | 10.9 | % |  | 18.3 | % |  | 6.2 | %

The following table shows segment net sales as percentages of total net sales for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively:

| North America |  | Europe |  | Asia/ Pacific |  | Total
Percentage of total 2024 net sales | 78 | % |  | 21 | % |  | 1 | % |  | 100 | %
Percentage of total 2025 net sales | 77 | % |  | 22 | % |  | 1 | % |  | 100 | %

Gross profit
The following table shows gross profit (loss) by segment for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively:

(in thousands) | North America |  | Europe |  | Asia/ Pacific |  | Admin & All Other |  | Total
Three months ended |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
September 30, 2024 | $228,169 |  | $44,327 |  | $1,619 |  | $942 |  | $275,057
September 30, 2025 | 237,181 |  | 51,014 |  | 2,077 |  | (1,010) |  | 289,262
Increase (decrease) | $9,012 |  | $6,687 |  | $458 |  | $(1,952) |  | $14,205
Percentage Increase | 3.9 | % |  | 15.1 | % |  | * |  | * |  | 5.2 | %

* The statistic is not meaningful or material.
The following table shows gross margin by segment for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively:

| North America |  | Europe |  | Asia/ Pacific |  | Admin & All Other |  | Total
2024 gross margin percentage | 49.5 | % |  | 36.6 | % |  | 35.0 | % |  | * |  | 46.8 | %
2025 gross margin percentage | 49.0 | % |  | 37.9 | % |  | 37.9 | % |  | * |  | 46.4 | %

* The statistic is not meaningful or material.
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North America
•Net sales increased 4.8%, primarily due to price increases that took effect in June 2025 and incremental sales from the Company's 2024 acquisitions, partially offset by a decrease in sales volume of 2.5% (volume is based on pounds shipped and excludes software, service and equipment sales).
•Gross margin decreased to 49.0% from 49.5%, primarily due to higher factory and overhead as well as warehouse costs, as a percentage of net sales.
•Selling expense increased 6.8%, primarily due to increases of $2.0 million in personnel costs, $1.3 million in variable compensation, and $0.9 million in severance costs related to strategic cost savings initiatives, partially offset by a decrease of $1.2 million in advertising and trade show costs.
•General and administrative expense increased 14.8%, primarily due to increases of $1.8 million in variable compensation and $1.1 in depreciation and amortization expenses.
•Income from operations increased by $1.9 million due to the factors discussed above.
Europe
•Net sales increased 10.9% due to higher sales volumes as well as the positive effect of approximately $8.1 million in foreign currency translation. In local currency, net sales increased 4.3%.
•Gross margin increased to 37.9% from 36.6%, primarily due to lower material costs, as a percentage of net sales.
•Income from operations increased by $3.5 million to $16.1 million from $12.6 million primarily due to an increase in gross profit, partially offset by increases in operating expenses mostly due to the negative effect of approximately $2.1 million in foreign currency translation.
Asia/Pacific
•For information about the Company's Asia/Pacific segment, please refer to the tables above setting forth changes in our operating results for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.
Administrative and All Other
•Loss from operations decreased to $1.1 million from $11.3 million due to a $12.9 million gain on disposal of assets from the sale of the existing Gallatin, Tennessee facility.
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Results of Operations for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025, Compared with the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Unless otherwise stated, the results announced below, when providing comparisons (which are generally indicated by words such as “increased,” “decreased,” “unchanged” or “compared to”), compare the results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, against the results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Unless otherwise stated, the results announced below, when referencing “both periods,” refer to the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and the nine months ended September 30, 2025. In the first quarter of 2025, the Company reclassified certain engineering costs related to the Company's digital efforts from research and development and engineering expense as well as selling expense to general and administrative expense. The financial results of prior nine months ended September 30, 2024, were revised to reflect these changes with $8.5 million of costs being reclassified from research and development expenses and $4.3 million from selling expense to general and administrative expense. The reclassification did not have any impact on the total operating expenses.
Year-to-Date (9-months) 2025 Consolidated Financial Highlights
The following table illustrates the differences in our operating results for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, from the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and the increases or decreases for each category by segment:

| Nine Months Ended |  | Increase (Decrease) in Operating Segment |  | Nine Months Ended
(in thousands) | September 30, 2024 |  | North America |  | Europe |  | Asia/ Pacific |  | Admin & All Other |  | September 30, 2025
Net sales | $ | 1,714,710 |  |  | $ | 65,867 |  |  | $ | 10,703 |  |  | $ | 2,183 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,793,463 |
Cost of sales | 916,551 |  |  | 32,627 |  |  | 5,480 |  |  | 627 |  |  | 2,426 |  |  | 957,711 |
Gross profit | 798,159 |  |  | 33,240 |  |  | 5,223 |  |  | 1,556 |  |  | (2,426) |  |  | 835,752 |
Research and development and other engineering expense | 59,759 |  |  | 947 |  |  | 469 |  |  | 224 |  |  | — |  |  | 61,399 |
Selling expense | 160,755 |  |  | 6,864 |  |  | (1,093) |  |  | 204 |  |  | — |  |  | 166,730 |
General and administrative expense | 219,977 |  |  | 15,593 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (135) |  |  | 2,795 |  |  | 238,229 |
Total operating expenses | 440,491 |  |  | 23,404 |  |  | (625) |  |  | 293 |  |  | 2,795 |  |  | 466,358 |
Acquisition and integration related costs | 4,992 |  |  | 58 |  |  | (2,844) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,757) |  |  | 449 |
Net gain on disposal of assets | (460) |  |  | (2,526) |  |  | 632 |  |  | (182) |  |  | (11,825) |  |  | (14,361) |
Income from operations | 353,136 |  |  | 12,304 |  |  | 8,060 |  |  | 1,445 |  |  | 8,361 |  |  | 383,306 |
Interest income, net and other | 4,111 |  |  | (861) |  |  | 249 |  |  | 308 |  |  | 508 |  |  | 4,315 |
Other & foreign exchange gain, net | 352 |  |  | (739) |  |  | 1,088 |  |  | 29 |  |  | (579) |  |  | 151 |
Income before income taxes | 357,599 |  |  | 10,704 |  |  | 9,397 |  |  | 1,782 |  |  | 8,290 |  |  | 387,772 |
Provision for income taxes | 90,821 |  |  | 5,801 |  |  | (272) |  |  | 302 |  |  | 2,251 |  |  | 98,903 |
Net income | $ | 266,778 |  |  | $ | 4,903 |  |  | $ | 9,669 |  |  | $ | 1,480 |  |  | $ | 6,039 |  |  | $ | 288,869 |

Net sales increased 4.6% to $1,793.5 million from $1,714.7 million driven by price increases that took effect in June 2025, positive effect of approximately $8.4 million in foreign currency translation, and incremental sales from the Company's 2024 acquisitions, partly offset by an overall decrease in sales volumes. Wood construction product sales represented 84.8% and 85.2% of the Company's total sales in the first nine months of 2025 and 2024. Concrete construction product sales represented 15.0% and 14.7% of the Company's total sales in the first nine months of 2025 and 2024.
Gross profit increased 4.7% to $835.8 million from $798.2 million. Gross margins remained relatively flat. Gross margins increased to 46.5% from 46.2% for wood construction products and decreased to 47.3% from 48.0% for concrete construction products.
Research and development and engineering expense increased 2.7% to $61.4 million from $59.8 million.
Selling expense increased to $166.7 million from $160.8 million, primarily due to increases of $6.7 million in personnel costs, $2.9 million in variable compensation and $1.4 million in severance costs partly related to strategic cost savings initiatives, partially offset by decreases of $2.5 million in advertising and trade shows costs and $1.1 million in travel related costs.
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General and administrative expense increased to $238.2 million from $220.0 million, primarily due to increases of $7.6 million in variable compensation, $7.6 million in personnel costs, and $2.8 million in depreciation and amortization expenses, partially offset by a decrease of $1.4 million in travel related costs.
Income from operations increased 8.5% to $383.3 million from $353.1 million primarily due to increase in net sales as noted above, a $12.9 million gain on disposal of assets from the sale of the existing Gallatin, Tennessee facility, and a decrease of $4.5 million in integration expenses.
Our effective income tax rate increased to 25.5% from 25.4%.
Consolidated net income was $288.9 million compared to $266.8 million. Diluted earnings per share was $6.89 compared to $6.28.
Adjusted EBITDA 1 of $437.2 million increased 4.3% compared to $419.3 million primarily due to higher gross profits.
Net sales
The following table represents net sales by segment for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2025:

(in thousands) | North America |  | Europe |  | Asia/ Pacific |  | Total
Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  |  |
September 30, 2024 | $ | 1,331,126 |  |  | $ | 370,985 |  |  | $ | 12,599 |  |  | $ | 1,714,710 |
September 30, 2025 | 1,396,993 |  |  | 381,688 |  |  | 14,782 |  |  | 1,793,463 |
Increase | $ | 65,867 |  |  | $ | 10,703 |  |  | $ | 2,183 |  |  | $ | 78,753 |
Percentage increase | 4.9 | % |  | 2.9 | % |  | 17.3 | % |  | 4.6 | %

The following table represents segment sales as percentages of total net sales for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2025, respectively:

| North America |  | Europe |  | Asia/ Pacific |  | Total
Percentage of total 2024 net sales | 78 | % |  | 22 | % |  | — | % |  | 100 | %
Percentage of total 2025 net sales | 78 | % |  | 21 | % |  | 1 | % |  | 100 | %

Gross profit
The following table represents gross profit (loss) by segment for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2025:

(in thousands) | North America |  | Europe |  | Asia/ Pacific |  | Admin & All Other |  | Total
Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
September 30, 2024 | $ | 660,287 |  |  | $ | 134,088 |  |  | $ | 3,781 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 798,159 |
September 30, 2025 | 693,527 |  |  | 139,311 |  |  | 5,337 |  |  | (2,423) |  |  | 835,752 |
Increase (decrease) | $ | 33,240 |  |  | $ | 5,223 |  |  | $ | 1,556 |  |  | $ | (2,426) |  |  | $ | 37,593 |
Percentage increase | 5.0 | % |  | 3.9 | % |  | * |  | * |  | 4.7 | %

* The statistic is not meaningful or material
1 Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure. For a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) net income see the schedule titled “Reconciliation of Net Income to Adjusted EBITDA.”
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The following table represents gross margins by segment for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2025:

| North America |  | Europe |  | Asia/ Pacific |  | Admin & All Other |  | Total
2024 gross margin percentage | 49.6 | % |  | 36.1 | % |  | 30.0 | % |  | * |  | 46.5 | %
2025 gross margin percentage | 49.6 | % |  | 36.5 | % |  | 36.1 | % |  | * |  | 46.6 | %

* The statistic is not meaningful or material.
North America
•Net sales increased 4.9%, primarily due to price increases that took effect in June 2025 and incremental sales from the Company's 2024 acquisitions, partially offset by a decrease in sales volume of 1.3% (volume is based on pounds shipped and excludes software, service and equipment sales).
•Gross margin remained flat at 49.6%.
•Selling expense increased 5.7%, primarily due to increases of $7.1 million in personnel costs, $2.5 million in variable compensation, and $1.1 million in professional fees, partially offset by decreases of $2.1 million in advertising and trade shows expenses and $1.0 million in depreciation and amortization expenses.
•General and administrative expense increased 11.7%, primarily due to increases of $5.0 million in variable compensation, $4.2 million in depreciation and amortization expenses, $3.8 million in personnel costs, and $1.6 million in professional fees.
•Income from operations increas ed $12.3 million, du e to higher net sales, partially offset by increases in operating expenses.
Europe
•Net sales increased 2.9%, primarily due to the positive effect of $11.2 million in foreign currency translation. It remained relatively flat in local currency.
•Gross margin increased to 36.5% from 36.1%, primarily due to lower material costs, partly offset by higher labor, factory and overhead as well as warehouse costs, as percentages of net sales.
•Income from operations increased $8.1 million, primarily due to higher gross margins on increased net sales.
Asia/Pacific
•For information about the Company's Asia/Pacific segment, please refer to the tables above setting forth changes in our operating results for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.
Administrative and All Other
•Loss from operations decreased to $25.1 million from $33.5 million primarily due to a $12.9 million gain on disposal of assets from the sale of the existing Gallatin, Tennessee facility.
Effect of New Accounting Standards
See “Note 1 Basis of Presentation — Accounting Standard Adopted” and “Note 1 Basis of Presentation — Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted” to the accompanying unaudited interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
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We have historically met our capital needs through a combination of cash flows from operating activities and, when necessary, borrowings under our credit facilities. Our principal uses of capital include the costs and expenses associated with our operations, including financing working capital requirements and continuing our capital allocation strategy, which includes supporting capital expenditures, paying cash dividends, repurchasing the Company's common stock, and financing other investment opportunities from time to time.
On March 30, 2022, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement provides for a 5-year revolving credit facility of $450.0 million, which includes a letter of credit sub-facility up to $50.0 million and for a 5-year term loan facility of $450.0 million. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had no borrowings under the revolving credit facility and $371.3 million under the term loan facility, and has $450.0 million available to borrow under the revolving credit facility.
As of September 30, 2025, our cash and cash equivalents consisted of deposits and money market funds held with established national financial institutions, including $133.7 million that is held in the local currencies of our foreign operations and could be subject to additional taxation if repatriated to the U.S. The Company is maintaining a permanent reinvestment assertion on its foreign earnings relative to remaining cash held outside the United States.
We believe the Company's balances of cash and cash equivalents, cash flows from operating activities, and access to borrowings under our credit facilities are sufficient to satisfy its liquidity requirements and capital needs over the next 12 months and beyond.
The following table shows selected financial information as of September 30, 2025, December 31, 2024 and September 30, 2024, respectively:

|  | As of September 30, |  | As of December 31, |  | As of September 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2024
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 297,304 |  |  | $ | 239,371 |  |  | $ | 339,427 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | 613,896 |  |  | 531,655 |  |  | 495,822 |
Equity & other investments, goodwill and intangible assets |  | 972,937 |  |  | 903,498 |  |  | 962,215 |
Non-cash net working capital |  | 648,767 |  |  | 570,602 |  |  | 617,388 |

The following table presents the significant categories of cash flows used or provided during the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively:

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Net cash provided by (used in): |  |  |  |
Operating activities |  | $ | 302,972 |  |  | $ | 222,365 |
Investing activities |  | (106,529) |  |  | (202,115) |
Financing activities |  | (143,141) |  |  | (111,032) |

Cash flow from operating activities result primarily from our earnings before non-cash items such as depreciation, amortization, and stock-based compensation, and are also affected by changes in operating assets and liabilities which consist primarily of working capital balances. Our revenues are derived from manufacturing and sales of building construction materials. Our operating cash flows are impacted by prevailing macro-economic conditions and subject to seasonality, which is cyclically associated with the volume and timing of construction project starts. For example, as a result of seasonality our trade accounts receivable are generally lowest at the end of the fourth quarter and increases during the first, second, and third quarters as construction activity ramps in markets we serve.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, operating activities provided $303.0 million in cash, as a result of $288.9 million from net income plus $85.2 million non-cash expenses such as depreciation and amortization, deferred compensation, stock-based compensation, and leases. This amount was partly offset by $71.1 million used for the net change in operating assets and liabilities. The net change in operating assets and liabilities included increases of $101.8 million in trade accounts
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receivable, which was partly offset by an increase of $21.7 million in a ccrued liabilities and other current liabilities and a decrease of $20.8 million in inventory.
Cash flow used in investing activities of $106.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 consisted primarily of $124.3 million used for facility expansion projects as well as machinery and equipment purchases, partly offset by $21.1 million in proceeds from the sale of property and equipment, mostly from $18.2 million in net proceeds on the sale of the Gallatin facility. Due to updated forecasts on the timing of the spend and subject to future events and circumstances, capital expenditures are estimated to be in the range of $150.0 million and $160.0, which includes approximately $75.0 million to $80.0 million remaining for both the Columbus, Ohio facility expansion and the new Gallatin, Tennessee facility. The remaining capital expenditures will be primarily focused on purchases of new equipment to support increased productivity and efficiencies, enhancements to our existing facilities to expand our manufacturing footprint in-line with increasing customer needs, as well as investments for adjacencies and key growth initiatives.
Cash flow used in financing activities of $143.1 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 consisted primarily of $90.0 million in stock repurchases and $35.6 million used to pay dividends to our stockholders.
On October 23, 2025, the Company's Board of Directors (the “Board”) increased the 2025 share repurchase authorization by an additional $20.0 million resulting in a $30.0 million available for repurchases of the Company's common stock through December 31, 2025. The Board also authorized the Company to repurchase up to $150.0 million of the Company's common stock, effective January 1, 2026 through December 31, 2026.
On October 23, 2025, the Board declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.29 per share payable on January 22, 2026, to the Company's stockholders of record on January 2, 2026.
Since the beginning of 2022 through the period ended September 30, 2025, we have returned $489.8 million to stockholders, which represents 48.4% of our free cash flow from operations during the same period, and over the same period the Company has repurchased over two million shares of the Company's common stock, which represents approximately 5.2% of the outstanding shares of the Company's common stock at the start of 2022.
Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
(In thousands) (Unaudited)
A reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, is set forth below.

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Net Income | $ | 107,444 |  |  | $ | 93,519 |  |  | $ | 288,869 |  |  | $ | 266,778 |
Provision for income taxes | 36,393 |  |  | 32,974 |  |  | 98,903 |  |  | 90,821 |
Interest (income) expense, net and other financing costs | (2,317) |  |  | (1,668) |  |  | (4,315) |  |  | (4,111) |
Depreciation and amortization | 22,999 |  |  | 21,276 |  |  | 63,516 |  |  | 59,835 |
Other* | (9,265) |  |  | 2,513 |  |  | (9,789) |  |  | 5,972 |
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 155,254 |  |  | $ | 148,614 |  |  | $ | 437,184 |  |  | $ | 419,295 |

*Other: Includes acquisition integration and restructuring related expenses, non-qualified deferred compensation plan adjustments, other & foreign exchange loss net, and net loss or gain on disposal of assets.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of September 30, 2025.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
We have operations both within the United States and internationally, and are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business.
Foreign Exchange Risk
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We have foreign exchange rate risk in our international operations, and through purchases from foreign vendors. Changes in the values of currencies of foreign countries affect our financial position, income statement and cash flows when translated into U.S. Dollars. We estimate that if the exchange rate were to change by 10% in any one country where we have our operations, the change in net income would not be material to our operations taken as a whole.
We may manage our exposure to transactional risk by entering into foreign currency forward contracts and cross currency swaps for forecasted transactions and projected cash flows for foreign currencies in future periods. In 2021, 2022, 2023, and 2025, we entered into financial contracts at various times to hedge the risk of fluctuations associated with the Euro and the Chinese Yuan.
Interest Rate Risk
Our primary exposure to interest rate risk results from outstanding borrowings under the Credit Agreement, which bears interest at variable rates. As of September 30, 2025, the outstanding debt under the Credit Agreement subject to interest rate fluctuations was $371.3 million. The variable interest rates on the Credit Agreement fluctuate and expose us to short-term changes in market interest rates as our interest obligation on this instrument is based on prevailing market interest rates. Interest rates fluctuate as a result of many factors, including governmental monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations and other factors that are beyond our control.
We have entered into an interest rate swap agreement to convert the variable interest rate on the balances outstanding under our Credit Agreement to fixed interest rates. The objective of the interest rate swap agreement is to eliminate the variability of the interest payment cash flows associated with the variable interest rate outstanding under the borrowings. We designated the interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges. Refer to Note 7, “Derivatives and Hedging Instruments”, for further information on our interest rate swap contracts in effect as of September 30, 2025.
Commodity Price Risk
In the normal course of business, we are exposed to market risk related to our purchase of steel, a significant raw material upon which our manufacturing depends. Steel cost started to stabilize by the end of 2024 and began to raise again later part of the first nine months of 2025. While steel is typically available from numerous suppliers, the price of steel is a commodity subject to fluctuations that apply across broad spectrums of the steel market. We do not use any derivative or hedging instruments to manage steel price risk. If the price of steel increases, our variable costs would also increase. While historically we have successfully mitigated these increased costs through the implementation of price increases, in the future we may not be able to successfully mitigate these costs, which could cause our operating margins to decline.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures.
Disclosure Controls and Procedures. As of September 30, 2025, the Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the chief executive officer the (“CEO”) and the chief financial officer (the “CFO”), of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15-d-15(e) under the Exchange Act of 1934. Based on this evaluation, the Company’s CEO and CFO have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level. Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures designed reasonably to assure that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures are also designed reasonably to assure that this information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including the CEO and the CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
The Company’s management, including the CEO and the CFO, does not, however, expect that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures or the Company’s internal control over financial reporting will prevent all fraud and material errors. Internal control over financial reporting, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. In addition, the design of a control system must reflect the facts that there are resource constraints and that the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. The inherent limitations in internal control over financial reporting include the realities that judgments can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Controls also can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of controls. The design of any system of internal control is also based in part on assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be only reasonable, not absolute assurance that any design
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will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential events and conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in circumstances, or the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may deteriorate.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in management's evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act during the three months ended September 30, 2025, that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.
The Company currently is not a party to any legal proceedings which the Company expects individually or in the aggregate to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, cash flows or results of operations. Nonetheless, the resolution of any claim or litigation is subject to inherent uncertainty and we could in the future incur judgments, enter into settlements of claims or revise our expectations regarding the outcome of the various legal proceedings and other matters we are currently involved in, which could materially impact our financial condition, cash flows or results of operations. For information regarding legal proceedings, see Item 3. Legal Proceedings in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 and refer to Note 12, “Commitments and Contingencies,” to the accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements included in the quarterly report on Form 10-Q for a discussion of recent developments related to certain of the legal proceedings in which we are involved.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
There have been no material changes to our risk factors reported or new risk factors identified since the filing of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
The table below shows the monthly repurchases of shares of the Company's common stock in the third quarter of 2025.

|  | (a) |  | (b) |  | (c) |  | (d)
Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (2) |  | Approximate Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (2) (in thousands)
July 1 - July 31, 2025 |  | 88 |  |  | $ | 157.12 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 60,000 |
August 1 - August 31, 2025 |  | 150,409 |  |  | 188.81 |  |  | 150,236 |  |  | 31,632 |
September 1 - September 30, 2025 |  | 8,760 |  |  | 189.14 |  |  | 8,629 |  |  | 30,000 |
Total |  | 159,257 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) Total number of shares purchased includes shares withheld for settlement of payroll taxes from stock-based compensation awards vested and for retirement eligible employees who retired during the third quarter of 2025.
(2) On October 23, 2024, the Board authorized the Company to repurchase up to $100.0 million of shares of the Company's common stock, effective January 1, 2025 through December 31, 2025. On October 23, 2025, the Board authorized the Company to repurchase an additional $20 million of shares of the Company's common stock through the end of the year 2025, which increased the total amount that could be repurchased under the 2025 share repurchase authorization to $120.0 million. On October 31, 2025, the Company repurchased an additional 57,000 shares of the Company’s common stock for $10.0 million.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
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Item 5. Other Information.
None of the Company's directors or officers adopted, modified, or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement during the Company's fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2025, as such terms are defined under Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.
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Item 6. Exhibits.

|  | EXHIBIT INDEX
3.1 |  | Certificate of Incorporation of Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc., as amended (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 9, 2018).
3.2 |  | Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation of Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 6, 2024).
3.3 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc., as amended (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 14, 2023).
31.1 |  | Chief Executive Officer's Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications is filed herewith.
31.2 |  | Chief Financial Officer's Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications is filed herewith.
32 |  | Section 1350 Certifications are furnished herewith.
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Schema Linkbase Document
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Labels Linkbase Document
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc.
|  | (Registrant)
DATE: | November 7, 2025 |  |  | By /s/Matt Dunn
|  | Matt Dunn
|  | Chief Financial Officer
|  | (principal accounting and financial officer)

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