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Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits
We sponsor noncontributory defined benefit pension plans (qualified and non-qualified) covering a portion of our employees in the U.S. and Canada and certain employees in other foreign countries. Plans for most salaried employees provide pay-related benefits based on years of service. Plans for hourly employees generally provide benefits based on flat dollar amounts and years of service. Our general funding policy is to make contributions to the plans that comply with minimum funding requirements and are within the limits of deductibility under current tax regulations. Certain foreign countries allow income tax deductions without regard to contribution levels and our policy in those countries is to make contributions required by the terms of the applicable plan.
Included in our pension obligation are nonqualified supplemental retirement plans for certain key employees. Benefits provided under these plans are unfunded and we make direct payments to plan participants. We also provide healthcare and/or life insurance benefits for retired employees in the U.S., Canada and Brazil. Healthcare benefits for retirees outside the U.S., Canada and Brazil are generally covered through local government plans.
Pension Plans
Pension Obligation and Funded Status: The changes in pension benefit obligations and plan assets during 2024 and 2023, as well as the funded status and the amounts recognized in our Consolidated Balance Sheets related to our pension plans at December 31, 2024 and 2023, were as follows:
U.S. PlansNon-U.S. Plans
2024202320242023
Benefit obligation
At January 1$305 $300 $200 $188 
Divestiture (i)
— — (14)— 
Service cost3 3 3 4 
Interest cost14 15 9 10 
Benefits paid(20)(18)(11)(13)
Actuarial (gain) loss(14)5 — 8 
Curtailment/settlement/amendments— — (1)(1)
Foreign currency translation— — (16)4 
Benefit obligation at December 31$288 $305 $170 $200 
Fair value of plan assets
At January 1$325 $317 $200 $189 
Divestiture (i)
— — (16)— 
Actual return on plan assets10 25 14 17 
Employer contributions— 1 4 6 
Benefits paid(20)(18)(11)(13)
Plan settlements— — (2)(1)
Foreign currency translation— — (15)2 
Fair value of plan assets at December 31$315 $325 $174 $200 
Funded status$27 $20 $4 $— 
______________________
(i)As of February 1, 2024. we completed the sale of our South Korea business.
As of December 31, 2024, the actuarial gain for the U.S plans was primarily driven by an increase in the discount rate compared to the prior year. As of December 31, 2023, the actuarial loss for the U.S. and non-U.S. plans was primarily driven by a decrease in the discount rate compared to the prior year.
Amounts recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:
U.S. PlansNon-U.S. Plans
2024202320242023
Non-current asset$35 $28 $46 $47 
Current liabilities(1)(1)(1)(2)
Non-current liabilities(7)(7)(41)(45)
Net asset (liability) recognized$27 $20 $4 $— 
Amounts recorded in AOCL, excluding tax effects that have not yet been recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost at December 31, 2024 and 2023, were as follows:
U.S. PlansNon-U.S. Plans
2024202320242023
Net actuarial loss$25 $32 $16 $24 
Prior service (credit) cost(2)(2)1 — 
Net amount recognized$23 $30 $17 $24 
The amount recognized in AOCL at December 31, 2024 decreased compared to the prior year for the U.S. pension plans mainly due to the increase in discount rates used to measure our obligations under U.S. plans, partially offset because the actual return on assets was less than the expected return on assets. The net amount recognized in AOCL at December 31, 2024 for the non-U.S. pension plans decreased as compared to December 31, 2023 because the actual return on assets was higher than the expected return on assets and because of favorable foreign currency translation.
The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans was $442 million and $485 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023. Information for pension plans with a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets and an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets is as follows:
U.S. PlansNon-U.S. Plans
2024202320242023
Projected benefit obligation$(8)$(8)$(46)$(51)
Accumulated benefit obligation(8)(8)(36)(40)
Fair value of plan assets— — 4 4 
Components of net periodic benefit cost consist of the following for 2024, 2023 and 2022:
U.S. PlansNon-U.S. Plans
202420232022202420232022
Service cost$3 $3 $4 $3 $4 $3 
Interest cost14 15 9 9 10 9 
Expected return on plan assets(17)(17)(16)(9)(9)(7)
Amortization of actuarial loss— 1 — 1 1 1 
Amortization of prior service credit— (1)(1)— — — 
Net periodic benefit cost$— $1 $(4)$4 $6 $6 
Total pre-tax amounts recorded in other comprehensive income and net periodic benefit cost were as follows:
U.S. PlansNon-U.S. Plans
202420232022202420232022
Net actuarial (gain) loss $(7)$(3)$25 $(5)$— $(11)
Prior service cost— — — 1 — — 
Amortization of actuarial loss— (1)— (1)(1)(1)
Amortization of prior service credit— 1 1 — — — 
Foreign currency translation— — — (2)1 (2)
Total recorded in other comprehensive (income) loss(7)(3)26 (7)— (14)
Net periodic benefit cost— 1 (4)4 6 6 
Total recorded in other comprehensive (income) loss and net periodic benefit cost$(7)$(2)$22 $(3)$6 $(8)
The weighted average assumptions used to determine our obligations for the pension plans were as follows:
U.S. PlansNon-U.S. Plans
2024202320242023
Discount rate5.64 %5.00 %5.42 %5.24 %
Rate of compensation increase3.75 3.83 4.16 3.76 
Cash balance interest credit rate4.63 4.53 — — 
The weighted average assumptions used to determine our net periodic benefit cost for the pension plans were as follows:
U.S. PlansNon-U.S. Plans
202420232022202420232022
Discount rate5.00 %5.19 %2.91 %5.32 %5.67 %3.66 %
Expected long-term return on plan assets5.50 5.50 4.10 4.97 5.05 3.50 
Rate of compensation increase3.83 3.92 4.18 3.73 3.83 3.77 
Cash balance interest crediting rate4.53 4.21 4.11 — — — 
For 2024, we assumed an expected long-term rate of return on assets of 5.50 percent for U.S. plans and 4.58 percent for Canadian plans. In developing the expected long-term rate of return assumption on plan assets, which consist mainly of U.S. and Canadian debt and equity securities, we evaluated historical rates of return achieved on plan assets and the asset allocation of the plans, input from our independent actuaries and investment consultants, and historical trends in long-term inflation rates. Projected return estimates are based upon broad equity and bond indices.
The discount rate reflects a rate of return on high-quality fixed-income investments that match the duration of the expected benefit payments. We typically use returns on long-term, high-quality corporate AA bonds as a benchmark in establishing this assumption, and we elect to use a full yield curve approach to estimate these components of benefit cost by applying the specific spot rates along the yield curve used to determine the benefit obligation to the relevant projected cash flows.
Plan Assets: Our investment policy for our pension plans is to balance risk and return through diversified portfolios of fixed income securities, equity instruments and short-term investments. Maturities for fixed income securities are managed such that sufficient liquidity exists to meet near-term benefit payment obligations. For U.S. pension plans, the weighted average target range allocation of assets was 7 to 14 percent in equity instruments and 86 to 93 percent in fixed income securities, inclusive of other short-term investments. The asset allocation is reviewed regularly, and portfolio investments are rebalanced to the targeted allocation when considered appropriate.
Our weighted average asset allocations as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 for U.S. and non-U.S. pension plan assets were as follows:
U.S. PlansNon-U.S. Plans
2024202320242023
Equity securities7 %12 %9 %8 %
Debt securities91 86 84 78 
Cash and other2 2 7 14 
Total100 %100 %100 %100 %
With the exception of cash, which is considered Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy, all significant pension plan assets are held in collective trusts by our U.S. and non-U.S. plans. The fair values of shares of collective trusts are based upon the net asset value (“NAV”) of the fund reported by the fund managers based on quoted market prices of the underlying securities as of the balance sheet date and are considered to be Level 2 fair value measurements. Investments measured at NAV as a practical expedient for fair value are excluded from the fair value hierarchy. This may produce a fair value measurement that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, while we believe our valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with those of other market participants, different methods could result in different fair value measurements at the reporting date.
The fair values of our plan assets by asset category were as follows:
Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2024
NAVLevel 1Level 2Total
20242023202420232024202320242023
U.S. Plans:
Equity index:
U.S. (i)
$— $— $— $— $14 $24 $14 $24 
International (ii)
— — — — 7 16 7 16 
Fixed income index:
Long bond (iii)
— — — — 125 133 125 133 
Government bond (iv)
— — — — 100 89 100 89 
Other fixed income (v)
63 57 — — — — 63 57 
Cash & Short-term Investments (vi)
— — — — 6 6 6 6 
Total U.S. Plans$63 $57 $— $— $252 $268 $315 $325 
Non-U.S. Plans:
Equity index:
U.S. (i)
$— $— $— $— $10 $10 $10 $10 
International (ii)
— — — — 5 6 5 6 
Fixed income index:
Government bond (vii)
— — — — 73 78 73 78 
Corporate bond (viii)
— — — — 74 79 74 79 
Other (ix)
— — — — 10 25 10 25 
Cash & Short-term Investments (vi)
— — 2 2 — — 2 2 
Total Non-U.S. Plans$— $— $2 $2 $172 $198 $174 $200 
______________________
(i)This category consists of both passively and actively managed equity index funds that track the return of large capitalization U.S. equities.
(ii)This category consists of both passively and actively managed equity index funds that track an index of returns on international developed and emerging market equities.
(iii)This category consists of an actively managed fixed income index fund that invests in a diversified portfolio of fixed-income securities with maturities generally exceeding 10 years.
(iv)This category consists of both passively and actively managed fixed income index funds that invest in a diversified portfolio of fixed income government debt securities with varying maturities.
(v)This category consists of an actively managed common collective fund that invests in government bonds, collateralized mortgage obligations, investment grade private credit and real estate debt. This fund is priced monthly at the aggregated market value of the underlying investments and may be fully redeemed with 95 days notice.
(vi)This category represents cash, cash equivalents or highly liquid short-term investments.
(vii)This category consists of both passively and actively managed fixed income index funds that track the return of government bonds with varying maturities.
(viii)This category consists of actively managed fixed income index funds that track the return of investment grade corporate bonds with varying maturities.
(ix)This category mainly consists of investment products provided by insurance companies that offer returns that are subject to a minimum guarantee and mutual funds.
During 2024, we made an insignificant cash contribution to our U.S. pension plans and $4 million to our non-U.S. pension plans. We anticipate that in 2025 we will make cash contributions of $1 million to our U.S. pension plans and $2 million to our non-U.S. pension plans. Cash contributions in subsequent years will depend on a number of factors, including the performance of plan assets.
We expect to pay the following benefit payments to beneficiaries, which reflect anticipated future service, as appropriate:
U.S. PlansNon-U.S. Plans
2025$28 $10 
202628 11 
202728 12 
202825 12 
202924 12 
Thereafter113 69 
We also maintain defined contribution plans. We make matching contributions to these plans that are subject to certain vesting requirements and are based on a percentage of employee contributions. The expense for defined contribution plans was $30 million in 2024, $28 million for 2023, and $22 million in 2022.
Postretirement Benefit Plans
Our postretirement benefit plans currently are not funded. The information presented below includes plans in the U.S., Brazil and Canada. The changes in the benefit obligations of the plans during 2024 and 2023, as well as the amounts recognized in our Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2024 and 2023, were as follows:
20242023
Accumulated postretirement benefit obligation
At January 1$64 $58 
Service cost— 1 
Interest cost4 4 
Amendments— 2 
Actuarial (gain) loss(7)1 
Benefits paid(3)(4)
Foreign currency translation (loss) gain(6)2 
At December 3152 64 
Fair value of plan assets— — 
Funded status$(52)$(64)
As of December 31, 2024, the decrease in the postretirement benefit obligation was mainly driven by higher actuarial gains and favorable foreign currency. As of December 31, 2023, the actuarial loss was insignificant.
Amounts recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:
20242023
Current liabilities$(4)$(4)
Non-current liabilities(48)(60)
Net liability recognized$(52)$(64)
Amounts recorded in AOCL, excluding tax effects that have not yet been recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost at December 31, 2024 and 2023, were as follows:
20242023
Net actuarial (gain) loss$(5)$4 
Prior service cost5 6 
Net amount recognized$— $10 
Components of net periodic benefit cost consisted of the following for 2024, 2023 and 2022:
202420232022
Service cost$— $1 $1 
Interest cost4 4 3 
Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss— (1)— 
Amortization of prior service cost1 1 — 
Net periodic benefit cost$5 $5 $4 
Total pre-tax amounts recorded in other comprehensive income and net periodic benefit cost for 2024, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:
202420232022
Net actuarial loss (gain)$(7)$1 $(7)
Prior service cost— 2 — 
Amortization of prior service (cost)(1)(1)— 
Amortization of actuarial gain— 1 — 
Foreign currency translation (loss) gain(2)1 — 
Total recorded in other comprehensive loss (income)(10)4 (7)
Net periodic benefit cost5 5 4 
Total recorded in other comprehensive (income) loss and net periodic benefit cost$(5)$9 $(3)
We used the following weighted average assumptions to determine our postretirement benefit obligations for 2024 and 2023:
20242023
Discount rate7.75 %7.37 %
The following weighted average assumptions were used to determine our net postretirement benefit cost:
202420232022
Discount rate7.37 %7.30 %4.22 %
The discount rate reflects a rate of return on high-quality fixed-income investments that match the duration of expected benefit payments. We typically use returns on long-term, high-quality corporate AA bonds as a benchmark in establishing this assumption.
The healthcare cost trend rates used in valuing our postretirement benefit obligations are established based upon actual healthcare trends and consultation with actuaries and benefit providers. We used the following assumptions as of December 31, 2024:
U.S. Canada Brazil
2024 increase in per capita cost8.40 %5.25 %8.42 %
Ultimate trend4.50 %4.05 %8.42 %
Year ultimate trend reached203420402024
We expect to make the following benefit payments to beneficiaries under our postretirement benefit plans, which reflect anticipated future service, as appropriate:
2025$4 
20264 
20274 
20284 
20294 
Thereafter20 
Multi-employer Plan
We participate in and contribute to one multi-employer benefit plan under the terms of collective bargaining agreements that cover certain union-represented employees and retirees in the U.S. The plan covers medical and dental benefits for active hourly employees and retirees represented by the United Steelworkers Union for certain U.S. locations. The risks of participating in this multi-employer plan are different from risk of participating in single-employer plans. This plan receives contributions from two or more unrelated employers pursuant to one or more collective bargaining agreements, and the assets contributed by one employer may be used to fund the benefits of all employees covered within the plan.
We are required to make contributions to this multi-employer plan as determined by the terms and conditions of the collective bargaining agreements and plan terms, but we do not provide more than five percent of the total contributions to the plan. We made regular contributions to the plan of $10 million in 2024, $11 million in 2023, and $10 million in 2022. We cannot currently estimate the amount of multi-employer plan contributions that will be required in 2025 and future years, but these contributions could increase due to healthcare cost trends. The remaining collective bargaining agreements associated with the multi-employer plan expire during 2027 and 2028.