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Commitments and Contingencies | 6 Months Ended
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Jun. 30, 2019
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract] |
Commitments and Contingencies | Commitments and Contingencies The following table summarizes our expected contractual cash commitments as of June 30, 2019:
| 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | Thereafter |  | Total
Debt obligations | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  | $ | 694 |  |  | $ | 6,250 |  |  | $ | 7,949 |
Cash interest payments | 171 |  |  | 416 |  |  | 411 |  |  | 411 |  |  | 359 |  |  | 1,044 |  |  | 2,812 |
Satellite and transmission | 70 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 131 |
Programming and content | 131 |  |  | 235 |  |  | 133 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 130 |  |  | 723 |
Sales and marketing | 26 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 108 |
Satellite incentive payments | 5 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 95 |
Operating lease obligations | 32 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 171 |  |  | 436 |
Advertising sales commitments | 13 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 48 |
Royalties, minimum guarantees and other | 221 |  |  | 212 |  |  | 131 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 650 |
Total (1) | $ | 671 |  |  | $ | 1,056 |  |  | $ | 783 |  |  | $ | 1,609 |  |  | $ | 1,164 |  |  | $ | 7,669 |  |  | $ | 12,952 |
(1) | The table does not include our reserve for uncertain tax positions, which at June 30, 2019 totaled $9.
Debt obligations. Debt obligations include principal payments on outstanding debt and finance lease obligations. Cash interest payments. Cash interest payments include interest due on outstanding debt and capital lease payments through maturity. Satellite and transmission. We have entered into agreements with several third parties to design, build, launch and insure two satellites, SXM-7 and SXM-8. We also have entered into agreements with third parties to operate and maintain satellite telemetry, tracking and control facilities and certain components of our terrestrial repeater networks. Programming and content. We have entered into various programming and content agreements. Under the terms of these agreements, our obligations include fixed payments, advertising commitments and revenue sharing arrangements. In certain of these agreements, the future revenue sharing costs are dependent upon many factors and are difficult to estimate; therefore, they are not included in our minimum contractual cash commitments. Sales and marketing. We have entered into various marketing, sponsorship and distribution agreements to promote our brands and are obligated to make payments to sponsors, retailers, automakers and radio manufacturers under these agreements. Certain programming and content agreements also require us to purchase advertising on properties owned or controlled by the licensors. Satellite incentive payments. Boeing Satellite Systems International, Inc., the manufacturer of certain of our in-orbit satellites, may be entitled to future in-orbit performance payments upon XM-3 and XM-4 meeting their fifteen-year design life, which we expect to occur. Boeing may also be entitled to up to $10 of additional incentive payments if our XM-4 satellite continues to operate above baseline specifications during the five years beyond the satellite’s fifteen-year design life. Maxar Technologies (formerly Space Systems/Loral), the manufacturer of certain of our in-orbit satellites, may be entitled to future in-orbit performance payments upon XM-5, SIRIUS FM-5 and SIRIUS FM-6 meeting their fifteen-year design life, which we expect to occur. Operating lease obligations. We have entered into both cancelable and non-cancelable operating leases for office space, terrestrial repeaters, data centers and equipment. These leases provide for minimum lease payments, additional operating expense charges, leasehold improvements and rent escalations that have initial terms ranging from one to fifteen years, and certain leases have options to renew. Advertising Sales Commitments. We have entered into agreements with third parties that contain minimum advertising sales guarantees and require that we make guaranteed payments. As of June 30, 2019, we had future minimum guarantee commitments of $48, of which $13 will be paid in 2019 and the remainder will be paid thereafter. On a quarterly basis, we record the greater of the cumulative actual expense incurred or the cumulative minimum guarantee based on our forecast for the minimum guarantee period. The minimum guarantee period is the period of time that the minimum guarantee relates to, as specified in the agreement, which may be annual or a longer period. Royalties, Minimum Guarantees and Other. We have entered into music royalty arrangements that include fixed payments. Certain of our content agreements also contain minimum guarantees and require that we make upfront minimum guaranteed payments. During the six months ended June 30, 2019, we prepaid $22 in content costs related to minimum guarantees. As of June 30, 2019, we have future fixed minimum guarantee commitments of $147, of which $86 will be paid in 2019 and the remainder will be paid thereafter. On a quarterly basis, we record the greater of the cumulative actual content costs incurred or the cumulative minimum guarantee based on forecasted usage for the minimum guarantee period. The minimum guarantee period is the period of time that the minimum guarantee relates to, as specified in each agreement, which may be annual or a longer period. The cumulative minimum guarantee, based on forecasted usage, considers factors such as listening hours, revenue, subscribers and other terms of each agreement that impact our expected attainment or recoupment of the minimum guarantees based on the relative attribution method. Several of our content agreements also include provisions related to the royalty payments and structures of those agreements relative to other content licensing arrangements, which, if triggered, could cause our payments under those agreements to escalate. In addition, record labels, publishers and performing rights organizations (“PROs”) with whom we have entered into direct license agreements have the right to audit our content payments, and any such audit could result in disputes over whether we have paid the proper content costs. We have also entered into various agreements with third parties for general operating purposes. The cost of our common stock acquired in our capital return program but not paid for as of June 30, 2019 was also included in this category. In addition to the minimum contractual cash commitments described above, we have entered into other variable cost arrangements. These future costs are dependent upon many factors and are difficult to anticipate; however, these costs may be substantial. We may enter into additional programming, distribution, marketing and other agreements that contain similar variable cost provisions. We also have a surety bond of approximately $45 primarily used as security against non-performance in the normal course of business. We do not have any other significant off-balance sheet financing arrangements that are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. Legal Proceedings In the ordinary course of business, we are a defendant or party to various claims and lawsuits, including those discussed below. We record a liability when we believe that it is both probable that a liability will be incurred, and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. We evaluate developments in legal matters that could affect the amount of liability that has been previously accrued and make adjustments as appropriate. Significant judgment is required to determine both probability and the estimated amount of a loss or potential loss. We may be unable to reasonably estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss for a particular legal contingency for various reasons, including, among others, because: (i) the damages sought are indeterminate; (ii) the proceedings are in the relative early stages; (iii) there is uncertainty as to the outcome of pending proceedings (including motions and appeals); (iv) there is uncertainty as to the likelihood of settlement and the outcome of any negotiations with respect thereto; (v) there remain significant factual issues to be determined or resolved; (vi) the relevant law is unsettled; or (vii) the proceedings involve novel or untested legal theories. In such instances, there may be considerable uncertainty regarding the ultimate resolution of such matters, including the likelihood or magnitude of a possible eventual loss, if any. Telephone Consumer Protection Act Suits. On March 13, 2017, Thomas Buchanan, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, filed a class action complaint against Sirius XM in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, Dallas Division. The plaintiff in this action alleges that Sirius XM violated the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 (the “TCPA”) by, among other things, making telephone solicitations to persons on the National Do-Not-Call registry, a database established to allow consumers to exclude themselves from telemarketing calls unless they consent to receive the calls in a signed, written agreement, and making calls to consumers in violation of our internal Do-Not-Call registry. The plaintiff is seeking various forms of relief, including statutory damages of five hundred dollars for each violation of the TCPA or, in the alternative, treble damages of up to fifteen hundred dollars for each knowing and willful violation of the TCPA and a permanent injunction prohibiting us from making, or having made, any calls to land lines that are listed on the National Do-Not-Call registry or our internal Do-Not-Call registry. Following a mediation, in April 2019, Sirius XM entered into an agreement to settle this purported class action suit. The settlement resolves the claims of consumers for the period October 2013 through January 2019. As part of the settlement, Sirius XM paid $25 into a non-reversionary settlement fund from which cash to class members, notice, administrative costs, and attorney's fees and costs will be paid. The settlement also contemplates that Sirius XM will provide three months of service to its All Access subscription package for those members of the class that elect to receive it, in lieu of cash, at no cost to those class members and who are not active subscribers at the time of the distribution. The availability of this three-month service option will not diminish the $25 common fund. As part of the settlement, Sirius XM will also implement certain changes relating to its “Do-Not-Call” practices and telemarketing programs. Settlement of this matter is subject to, among other things, final approval by the Court. Pre-1972 Sound Recording Litigation. On October 2, 2014, Flo & Eddie Inc. filed a class action suit against Pandora in the federal district court for the Central District of California. The complaint alleges a violation of California Civil Code Section 980, unfair competition, misappropriation and conversion in connection with the public performance of sound recordings recorded prior to February 15, 1972 (which we refer to as, "pre-1972 recordings"). On December 19, 2014, Pandora filed a motion to strike the complaint pursuant to California’s Anti-Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation ("Anti-SLAPP") statute, which following denial of Pandora’s motion was appealed to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. In March 2017, the Ninth Circuit requested certification to the California Supreme Court on the substantive legal questions. The California Supreme Court accepted certification. In May 2019, the California Supreme Court issued an order dismissing consideration of the certified questions on the basis that, following the enactment of the Orrin G. Hatch-Bob Goodlatte Music Modernization Act, Pub. L. No. 115-264, 132 Stat. 3676 (2018) (the “MMA”), resolution of the questions posed by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals was no longer “necessary to . . . settle an important question of law.” In September and October 2015, Arthur and Barbara Sheridan filed separate class action suits against Pandora in the federal district courts for the Northern District of California and the District of New Jersey. The complaints allege a variety of violations of common law and state copyright statutes, common law misappropriation, unfair competition, conversion, unjust enrichment and violation of rights of publicity arising from allegations that Pandora owes royalties for the public performance of pre-1972 recordings. The Sheridan actions in California and New Jersey are currently stayed pending the Ninth Circuit's decision in Flo & Eddie, Inc. v. Pandora Media, Inc. In September 2016, Ponderosa Twins Plus One and others filed a class action suit against Pandora alleging claims similar to those asserted in Flo & Eddie, Inc. v. Pandora Media Inc. This action is also currently stayed in the Northern District of California pending the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Flo & Eddie, Inc. v. Pandora Media, Inc. The MMA grants a newly available federal preemption defense to the claims asserted in the aforementioned lawsuits. In July 2019, Pandora made the required payments and reporting under the MMA for certain of its uses of pre-1972 recordings to avail itself of this federal preemption defense. Based on the federal preemption contained in the MMA (along with other considerations), Pandora has asked the Ninth Circuit to order the dismissal of the Flo & Eddie, Inc. v. Pandora Media, Inc. case. When the stays in the remaining cases-the two Sheridan v. Pandora Media, Inc. cases and the Ponderosa Twins Plus One et al. v. Pandora Media case-are lifted, Pandora expects to file motions to dismiss those actions as well. We believe we have substantial defenses to the claims asserted in these actions, and we intend to defend these actions vigorously. Other Matters. In the ordinary course of business, we are a defendant in various other lawsuits and arbitration proceedings, including derivative actions; actions filed by subscribers, both on behalf of themselves and on a class action basis; former employees; parties to contracts or leases; owners of patents, trademarks, copyrights or other intellectual property and certain contingencies related to Pandora. None of these other matters, in our opinion, is likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

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